NFPA® 720
Standard for the Installation of
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Detection and Warning
Equipment
2015 Edition
NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471
An International Codes and Standards Organization
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-14368%28 238) 8LMW 2*4% HSGYQIRX MW QEHI EZEMPEFPI JSV
YWI WYFNIGX XS MQTSVXERX RSXMGIW ERH PIKEP HMWGPEMQIVW 8LIWI RSXMGIW
ERH HMWGPEMQIVW ETTIEV MR EPP TYFPMGEXMSRW GSRXEMRMRK XLMW HSGYQIRX
ERH QE] FI JSYRH YRHIV XLI LIEHMRK w-QTSVXERX 2SXMGIW ERH (MW
GPEMQIVW 'SRGIVRMRK 2*4% 7XERHEVHWx 8LI] GER EPWS FI SFXEMRIH
SR VIUYIWX JVSQ 2*4% SV ZMI[IH EX [[[RJTESVKHMWGPEMQIVW
238-') %R EWXIVMWO JSPPS[MRK XLI RYQFIV SV PIXXIV
HIWMKREXMRK E TEVEKVETL MRHMGEXIW XLEX I\TPEREXSV] QEXIVMEP
SR XLI TEVEKVETL GER FI JSYRH MR %RRI\ %
% VIJIVIRGI MR FVEGOIXW ? A JSPPS[MRK E WIGXMSR SV TEVEKVETL
MRHMGEXIW QEXIVMEP XLEX LEW FIIR I\XVEGXIH JVSQ ERSXLIV 2*4%
HSGYQIRX %W ER EMH XS XLI YWIV XLI GSQTPIXI XMXPI ERH IHMXMSR
SJ XLI WSYVGI HSGYQIRXW JSV I\XVEGXW MR QERHEXSV] WIGXMSRW SJ
XLI HSGYQIRX EVI KMZIR MR 'LETXIV ERH XLSWI JSV I\XVEGXW MR
MRJSVQEXMSREP WIGXMSRW EVI KMZIR MR %RRI\ ( )\XVEGXIH XI\X
QE] FI IHMXIH JSV GSRWMWXIRG] ERH WX]PI ERH QE] MRGPYHI XLI
VIZMWMSR SJ MRXIVREP TEVEKVETL VIJIVIRGIW ERH SXLIV VIJIV
IRGIW EW ETTVSTVMEXI 6IUYIWXW JSV MRXIVTVIXEXMSRW SV VIZMWMSRW
SJ I\XVEGXIH XI\X WLEPP FI WIRX XS XLI XIGLRMGEP GSQQMXXII VI
WTSRWMFPI JSV XLI WSYVGI HSGYQIRX
-RJSVQEXMSR SR VIJIVIRGIH TYFPMGEXMSRW GER FI JSYRH MR
'LETXIV ERH %RRI\ (
'LETXIV %HQMRMWXVEXMSR
7GSTI
8LMW WXERHEVH MW TVMQEVMP] GSRGIVRIH [MXL PMJI WEJIX] RSX
[MXL TVSXIGXMSR SJ TVSTIVX]
8LMW WXERHEVH GSZIVW XLI WIPIGXMSR HIWMKR ETTPMGEXMSR
MRWXEPPEXMSR PSGEXMSR TIVJSVQERGI MRWTIGXMSR XIWXMRK ERH
QEMRXIRERGI SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR ERH [EVRMRK
IUYMTQIRX MR FYMPHMRKW ERH WXVYGXYVIW
8LMW WXERHEVH GSRXEMRW VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV XLI WIPIGXMSR
MRWXEPPEXMSR STIVEXMSR ERH QEMRXIRERGI SJ IUYMTQIRX XLEX
HIXIGXW GSRGIRXVEXMSRW SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI XLEX GSYPH TSWI E
PMJI WEJIX] VMWO XS QSWX SGGYTERXW MR FYMPHMRKW ERH WXVYGXYVIW
4YVTSWI
8LI TYVTSWI SJ XLMW WXERHEVH MW XS TVSZMHI VIUYMVIQIRXW
JSV GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR ERH [EVRMRK IUYMTQIRX MR
XIRHIH XS [EVR SGGYTERXW SJ XLI TVIWIRGI SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
MR WYJJMGMIRX XMQI XS EPPS[ SGGYTERXW XS IMXLIV IWGETI SV XEOI
SXLIV ETTVSTVMEXI EGXMSR ERH [LIVI VIUYMVIH XS WYQQSR EMH
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW TVSZMHIH F] XLMW WXERHEVH EHHVIWW
XLI QIERW SJ WMKREP MRMXMEXMSR XVERWQMWWMSR RSXMJMGEXMSR ERH
ERRYRGMEXMSR XLI PIZIPW SJ TIVJSVQERGI ERH XLI VIPMEFMPMX] SJ
GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR ERH [EVRMRK IUYMTQIRX
%TTPMGEXMSR
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW WXERHEVH ETTP] XS XLI MRWXEPPE
XMSR SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR ERH [EVRMRK IUYMTQIRX
MRGPYHMRK XLI JSPPS[MRK
7MRKPI ERH QYPXMTPIWXEXMSR GEVFSR QSRS\MHI EPEVQW
'EVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXSVW ERH XLIMV VIPEXIH W]WXIQW ERH
GSQTSRIRXW
'EVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR ERH [EVRMRK IUYMTQIRX
WLEPP RSX FI YWIH MR PMIY SJ JMVI HIXIGXMSR SV [EVRMRK IUYMT
QIRX VIUYMVIH F] 2*4% 2EXMSREP *MVI %PEVQ ERH 7MKREPMRK
'SHI 2*4% 0MJI 7EJIX] 'SHI SV 2*4% &YMPHMRK 'SR
WXVYGXMSR ERH 7EJIX] 'SHI
)UYMZEPIRG] 2SXLMRK MR XLMW WXERHEVH MW MRXIRHIH XS TVI
ZIRX XLI YWI SJ W]WXIQW QIXLSHW HIZMGIW SV ETTPMERGIW SJ
IUYMZEPIRX SV WYTIVMSV UYEPMX] WXVIRKXL JMVI VIWMWXERGI IJJIG
XMZIRIWW HYVEFMPMX] ERH WEJIX] SZIV XLSWI TVIWGVMFIH F] XLMW
WXERHEVH
8IGLRMGEP HSGYQIRXEXMSR WLEPP FI WYFQMXXIH XS XLI EY
XLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR XS HIQSRWXVEXI IUYMZEPIRG]
8LI W]WXIQ QIXLSH HIZMGI SV ETTPMERGI WLEPP FI ET
TVSZIH JSV XLI MRXIRHIH TYVTSWI F] XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMW
HMGXMSR
%PP EPEVQW SV HIXIGXSVW ERH VIPEXIH IUYMTQIRX LEZMRK
QEXIVMEPW SV JSVQW HMJJIVIRX JVSQ XLSWI HIXEMPIH MR XLMW WXER
HEVH WLEPP FI I\EQMRIH ERH XIWXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL ETTPM
GEFPI WXERHEVHW ERH MJ JSYRH IUYMZEPIRX WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS
FI ETTVSZIH
9RMXW SJ 1IEWYVI
8LI YRMXW SJ QIEWYVI MR XLMW WXERHEVH EVI TVIWIRXIH MR
97 GYWXSQEV] YRMXW MRGLTSYRH YRMXW ;LIVI TVIWIRXIH -RXIVREXMSREP 7]WXIQ 7- YRMXW JSP
PS[ XLI MRGLTSYRH YRMXW MR TEVIRXLIWIW
;LIVI FSXL W]WXIQW SJ YRMXW EVI TVIWIRXIH IMXLIV W]W
XIQ WLEPP FI EGGITXEFPI JSV WEXMWJ]MRK XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW MR XLMW
WXERHEVH
;LIVI FSXL W]WXIQW SJ YRMXW EVI TVIWIRXIH YWIVW SJ XLMW
WXERHEVH WLEPP ETTP] SRI WIX SJ YRMXW GSRWMWXIRXP] ERH WLEPP RSX
EPXIVREXI FIX[IIR YRMXW
8LI ZEPYIW TVIWIRXIH JSV QIEWYVIQIRXW MR XLMW WXER
HEVH EVI I\TVIWWIH [MXL E HIKVII SJ TVIGMWMSR ETTVSTVMEXI JSV
TVEGXMGEP ETTPMGEXMSR ERH IRJSVGIQIRX -X MW RSX MRXIRHIH XLEX
XLI ETTPMGEXMSR SV IRJSVGIQIRX SJ XLIWI ZEPYIW FI QSVI TVI
GMWI XLER XLI TVIGMWMSR I\TVIWWIH
;LIVI I\XVEGXIH XI\X GSRXEMRW ZEPYIW I\TVIWWIH MR SRP]
SRI W]WXIQ SJ YRMXW XLI ZEPYIW MR XLI I\XVEGXIH XI\X LEZI FIIR
VIXEMRIH [MXLSYX GSRZIVWMSR XS TVIWIVZI XLI ZEPYIW IWXEFPMWLIH F]
XLI VIWTSRWMFPI XIGLRMGEP GSQQMXXII MR XLI WSYVGI HSGYQIRX
'LETXIV 6IJIVIRGIH 4YFPMGEXMSRW
+IRIVEP 8LI HSGYQIRXW SV TSVXMSRW XLIVISJ PMWXIH MR XLMW
GLETXIV EVI VIJIVIRGIH [MXLMR XLMW WXERHEVH ERH WLEPP FI GSR
WMHIVIH TEVX SJ XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW HSGYQIRX
2*4% 4YFPMGEXMSRW 2EXMSREP *MVI 4VSXIGXMSR %WWSGMEXMSR
&EXXIV]QEVGL 4EVO 5YMRG] 1% 2*4% 2EXMSREP )PIGXVMGEP 'SHI IHMXMSR
2*4% 2EXMSREP *MVI %PEVQ ERH 7MKREPMRK 'SHI IHMXMSR
2*4% 0MJI 7EJIX] 'SHI IHMXMSR
2*4% 7XERHEVH JSV )QIVKIRG] ERH 7XERHF] 4S[IV 7]WXIQW
IHMXMSR
)HMXMSR
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
z
-278%00%8-32 3* '%6&32 1323<-() '3 ()8)'8-32 %2( ;%62-2+ )59-41)28
2*4% 7XERHEVH SR 7XSVIH )PIGXVMGEP )RIVK] )QIVKIRG] ERH
7XERHF] 4S[IV 7]WXIQW IHMXMSR
2*4% 7XERHEVH JSV XLI -RWXEPPEXMSR 1EMRXIRERGI ERH 9WI
SJ )QIVKIRG] 7IVZMGIW 'SQQYRMGEXMSRW 7]WXIQW IHMXMSR
2*4% &YMPHMRK 'SRWXVYGXMSR ERH 7EJIX] 'SHI IHMXMSR
3XLIV 4YFPMGEXMSRW
%27- 4YFPMGEXMSRW %QIVMGER 2EXMSREP 7XERHEVHW -RWXM
XYXI -RG ;IWX VH 7XVIIX XL *PSSV 2I[ =SVO 2= %27- % &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 1MRMQYQ (IWMKR
0SEHW MR &YMPHMRKW ERH 3XLIV 7XVYGXYVIW %27- 7% 7TIGMJMGEXMSR JSV 7SYRH 0IZIP 1IXIVW 6 %27- 7 %YHMFPI )QIVKIRG] )ZEGYEXMSR 7MKREP 6 %27-8-% ' 3TXMGEP *MFIV 'EFPMRK 'SQTSRIRXW 7XER
HEVH .YRI -73 4YFPMGEXMSRW -RXIVREXMSREP 3VKERM^EXMSR JSV 7XER
HEVHM^EXMSR VYI HI :EVIQFÍ GEWI TSWXEPI ', +IR
IZI 7[MX^IVPERH
-73 )VKSRSQMGW { (ERKIV WMKREPW JSV [SVO TPEGIW { %Y
HMXSV] HERKIV WMKREPW 90 4YFPMGEXMSRW 9RHIV[VMXIVW 0EFSVEXSVMIW -RG 4JMRKWXIR 6SEH 2SVXLFVSSO -0 %27-90 7MKREPMRK (IZMGIW JSV ,IEVMRK -QTEMVIH 2S
ZIQFIV VIZMWIH 3GXSFIV %27-90 7MRKPI ERH 1YPXMTPI 7XEXMSR 'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI
%PEVQW *IFVYEV] VIZMWIH *IFVYEV] %27-90 +EW ERH :ETSV (IXIGXSVW ERH 7IRWSVW 1EVGL
1IVVMEQ;IFWXIVvW 'SPPIKMEXI (MGXMSREV] XL IHMXMSR 1IVVMEQ
;IFWXIV -RG 7TVMRKJMIPH 1% 6IJIVIRGIW JSV )\XVEGXW MR 1ERHEXSV] 7IGXMSRW
2*4% 2EXMSREP *MVI %PEVQ ERH 7MKREPMRK 'SHI IHM
XMSR
2*4% 7XERHEVH JSV 'LMQRI]W *MVITPEGIW :IRXW ERH 7SPMH
*YIPz&YVRMRK %TTPMERGIW IHMXMSR
2*4% 7XERHEVH JSV XLI -RWXEPPEXMSR 1EMRXIRERGI ERH 9WI
SJ )QIVKIRG] 7IVZMGIW 'SQQYRMGEXMSRW 7]WXIQW IHMXMSR
2*4% &YMPHMRK 'SRWXVYGXMSR ERH 7EJIX] 'SHI IHMXMSR
(IJMRMXMSRW
+IRIVEP 8LI HIJMRMXMSRW GSRXEMRIH MR XLMW GLETXIV WLEPP
ETTP] XS XLI XIVQW YWIH MR XLMW WXERHEVH ;LIVI XIVQW EVI RSX
HIJMRIH MR XLMW GLETXIV SV [MXLMR ERSXLIV GLETXIV XLI] WLEPP
FI HIJMRIH YWMRK XLIMV SVHMREVMP] EGGITXIH QIERMRKW [MXLMR
XLI GSRXI\X MR [LMGL XLI] EVI YWIH 1IVVMEQ;IFWXIVvW 'SPPIKMEXI
(MGXMSREV] XL IHMXMSR WLEPP FI XLI WSYVGI JSV XLI SVHMREVMP]
EGGITXIH QIERMRK
2*4% 3JJMGMEP (IJMRMXMSRW
%TTVSZIH %GGITXEFPI XS XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMW
HMGXMSR
)HMXMSR
0EFIPIH )UYMTQIRX SV QEXIVMEPW XS [LMGL LEW FIIR
EXXEGLIH E PEFIP W]QFSP SV SXLIV MHIRXMJ]MRK QEVO SJ ER SVKE
RM^EXMSR XLEX MW EGGITXEFPI XS XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR
ERH GSRGIVRIH [MXL TVSHYGX IZEPYEXMSR XLEX QEMRXEMRW TIVM
SHMG MRWTIGXMSR SJ TVSHYGXMSR SJ PEFIPIH IUYMTQIRX SV QEXI
VMEPW ERH F] [LSWI PEFIPMRK XLI QERYJEGXYVIV MRHMGEXIW GSQ
TPMERGI [MXL ETTVSTVMEXI WXERHEVHW SV TIVJSVQERGI MR E
WTIGMJMIH QERRIV
0MWXIH )UYMTQIRX QEXIVMEPW SV WIVZMGIW MRGPYHIH MR E
PMWX TYFPMWLIH F] ER SVKERM^EXMSR XLEX MW EGGITXEFPI XS XLI EY
XLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR ERH GSRGIVRIH [MXL IZEPYEXMSR SJ
TVSHYGXW SV WIVZMGIW XLEX QEMRXEMRW TIVMSHMG MRWTIGXMSR SJ
TVSHYGXMSR SJ PMWXIH IUYMTQIRX SV QEXIVMEPW SV TIVMSHMG IZEPY
EXMSR SJ WIVZMGIW ERH [LSWI PMWXMRK WXEXIW XLEX IMXLIV XLI IUYMT
QIRX QEXIVMEP SV WIVZMGI QIIXW ETTVSTVMEXI HIWMKREXIH WXER
HEVHW SV LEW FIIR XIWXIH ERH JSYRH WYMXEFPI JSV E WTIGMJMIH
TYVTSWI
7LEPP -RHMGEXIW E QERHEXSV] VIUYMVIQIRX
7LSYPH -RHMGEXIW E VIGSQQIRHEXMSR SV XLEX [LMGL MW
EHZMWIH FYX RSX VIUYMVIH
7XERHEVH % HSGYQIRX XLI QEMR XI\X SJ [LMGL GSRXEMRW
SRP] QERHEXSV] TVSZMWMSRW YWMRK XLI [SVH wWLEPPx XS MRHMGEXI
VIUYMVIQIRXW ERH [LMGL MW MR E JSVQ KIRIVEPP] WYMXEFPI JSV
QERHEXSV] VIJIVIRGI F] ERSXLIV WXERHEVH SV GSHI SV JSV EHST
XMSR MRXS PE[ 2SRQERHEXSV] TVSZMWMSRW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH MR ER
ETTIRHM\ SV ERRI\ JSSXRSXI MRJSVQEXMSREP RSXI SV SXLIV
QIERW EW TIVQMXXIH MR XLI 1ERYEP SJ 7X]PI JSV 2*4% 8IGLRMGEP
'SQQMXXII (SGYQIRXW
+IRIVEP (IJMRMXMSRW
3XLIV 4YFPMGEXMSRW
'LETXIV %YXLSVMX] ,EZMRK .YVMWHMGXMSR %,. %R SVKERM^EXMSR
SJJMGI SV MRHMZMHYEP VIWTSRWMFPI JSV IRJSVGMRK XLI VIUYMVI
QIRXW SJ E GSHI SV WXERHEVH SV JSV ETTVSZMRK IUYMTQIRX
QEXIVMEPW ER MRWXEPPEXMSR SV E TVSGIHYVI
%GSYWXMGEPP] (MWXMRKYMWLEFPI 7TEGI %(7 %R IQIV
KIRG] GSQQYRMGEXMSRW W]WXIQ RSXMJMGEXMSR ^SRI SV WYFHMZM
WMSR XLIVISJ XLEX QMKLX FI ER IRGPSWIH SV SXLIV[MWI TL]WMGEPP]
HIJMRIH WTEGI SV XLEX QMKLX FI HMWXMRKYMWLIH JVSQ SXLIV
WTEGIW FIGEYWI SJ HMJJIVIRX EGSYWXMGEP IRZMVSRQIRXEP SV YWI
GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW WYGL EW VIZIVFIVEXMSR XMQI ERH EQFMIRX WSYRH
TVIWWYVI PIZIP ? A
%PEVQ
'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI %PEVQ % WMRKPI SV QYPXMTPI
WXEXMSR GEVFSR QSRS\MHI EPEVQ MRXIRHIH JSV XLI TYVTSWI
SJ HIXIGXMRK GEVFSR QSRS\MHI KEW ERH EPIVXMRK SGGYTERXW
F] E HMWXMRGX EYHMFPI WMKREP GSQTVMWMRK ER EWWIQFP] XLEX
MRGSVTSVEXIW E WIRWSV GSRXVSP GSQTSRIRXW ERH ER EPEVQ
RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI MR E WMRKPI YRMX STIVEXIH JVSQ E
TS[IV WSYVGI IMXLIV PSGEXIH MR XLI YRMX SV SFXEMRIH EX XLI
TSMRX SJ MRWXEPPEXMSR
1YPXMTPI7XEXMSR ?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHIA %PEVQ % WMRKPI
WXEXMSR ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHIA EPEVQ GETEFPI SJ FIMRK MRXIV
GSRRIGXIH XS SRI SV QSVI EHHMXMSREP EPEVQW WS XLEX XLI
EGXYEXMSR SJ SRI GEYWIW XLI ETTVSTVMEXI EPEVQ WMKREP XS ST
IVEXI MR EPP MRXIVGSRRIGXIH EPEVQW ? A
7MRKPI7XEXMSR ?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHIA %PEVQ % HIXIGXSV
GSQTVMWMRK ER EWWIQFP] XLEX MRGSVTSVEXIW E WIRWSV GSRXVSP
GSQTSRIRXW ERH ER EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI MR SRI
YRMX STIVEXIH JVSQ E TS[IV WSYVGI IMXLIV PSGEXIH MR XLI
YRMX SV SFXEMRIH EX XLI TSMRX SJ MRWXEPPEXMSR ? A
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
()*-2-8-327
?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHIA 'SRXVSP *YRGXMSR -RXIVJEGI (IZMGI
% PMWXIH ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ GSQTSRIRX XLEX
HMVIGXP] MRXIVJEGIW [MXL XLI W]WXIQ XLEX STIVEXIW XLI ?GEVFSR
QSRS\MHIA GSRXVSP JYRGXMSR ? A
'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI 'SRXVSP *YRGXMSRW 'EVFSR QSRS\
MHI GSRXVSP IPIQIRXW SV W]WXIQW XLEX EVI MRMXMEXIH F] XLI GEV
FSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ ERH IMXLIV MRGVIEWI XLI PIZIP
SJ PMJI WEJIX] JSV SGGYTERXW SV GSRXVSP XLI WTVIEH SJ XLI LEVQ
JYP IJJIGXW SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI (IXIGXMSRA 'SRXVSP 9RMX % GSQTS
RIRX SJ XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ TVSZMHIH
[MXL TVMQEV] ERH WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WSYVGIW [LMGL VIGIMZIW WMK
REPW JVSQ MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGIW SV SXLIV ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIG
XMSRA GSRXVSP YRMXW ERH TVSGIWWIW XLIWI WMKREPW XS HIXIVQMRI
TEVX SV EPP SJ XLI VIUYMVIH ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]W
XIQ SYXTYX JYRGXMSR W ? A
'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI (IXIGXSV % HIZMGI LEZMRK E WIRWSV
XLEX VIWTSRHW XS GEVFSR QSRS\MHI KEW XLEX MW GSRRIGXIH XS ER
EPEVQ GSRXVSP YRMX
?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHIA ;EVRMRK )UYMTQIRX %R] HIXIGXSV
EPEVQ HIZMGI SV QEXIVMEP VIPEXIH XS WMRKPI ERH QYPXMTPI
WXEXMSR EPEVQW SV LSYWILSPH ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]W
XIQW ? A
'SQQYRMGEXMSRW 'IRXIV % FYMPHMRK SV TSVXMSR SJ E
FYMPHMRK XLEX MW WTIGMJMGEPP] GSRJMKYVIH JSV XLI TVMQEV] TYV
TSWI SJ TVSZMHMRK IQIVKIRG] GSQQYRMGEXMSRW WIVZMGIW SV TYF
PMG WEJIX] ERW[IVMRK TSMRX 47%4 WIVZMGIW XS SRI SV QSVI TYF
PMG WEJIX] EKIRGMIW YRHIV XLI EYXLSVMX] SV EYXLSVMXMIW LEZMRK
NYVMWHMGXMSR ?A
'SRXVSP 9RMX % W]WXIQ GSQTSRIRX XLEX QSRMXSVW MRTYXW
ERH GSRXVSPW SYXTYXW XLVSYKL ZEVMSYW X]TIW SJ GMVGYMXW
? A
([IPPMRK 9RMX 3RI SV QSVI VSSQW EVVERKIH JSV GSQ
TPIXI MRHITIRHIRX LSYWIOIITMRK TYVTSWIW [MXL WTEGI JSV
IEXMRK PMZMRK ERH WPIITMRK JEGMPMXMIW JSV GSSOMRK ERH TVSZM
WMSRW JSV WERMXEXMSR ? A
)QIVKIRG] 6IWTSRWI %KIRG] )6% 3VKERM^EXMSRW
TVSZMHMRK PE[ IRJSVGIQIRX IQIVKIRG] QIHMGEP JMVI VIWGYI
GSQQYRMGEXMSRW ERH VIPEXIH WYTTSVX WIVZMGIW ? A
*MVITPEGI % LIEVXL JMVI GLEQFIV SV WMQMPEVP] TVI
TEVIH EVIE ERH E GLMQRI] ? A
*VIUYIRG] 1MRMQYQ ERH QE\MQYQ XMQI FIX[IIR
IZIRXW ? A
;IIOP] *VIUYIRG] *MJX]X[S XMQIW TIV ]IEV SRGI
TIV GEPIRHEV [IIO ? A
1SRXLP] *VIUYIRG] 8[IPZI XMQIW TIV ]IEV SRGI
TIV GEPIRHEV QSRXL ? A
5YEVXIVP] *VIUYIRG] *SYV XMQIW TIV ]IEV [MXL E
QMRMQYQ SJ QSRXLW QE\MQYQ SJ QSRXLW ? A
7IQMERRYEP *VIUYIRG] 8[MGI TIV ]IEV [MXL E QMRM
QYQ SJ QSRXLW QE\MQYQ SJ QSRXLW ? A
%RRYEP *VIUYIRG] 3RGI TIV ]IEV [MXL E QMRMQYQ
SJ QSRXLW QE\MQYQ SJ QSRXLW ? A
*YIP&YVRMRK %TTPMERGI % HIZMGI XLEX FYVRW WSPMH PMU
YMH SV KEWISYW JYIP SV E GSQFMREXMSR XLIVISJ
z
+EXI[E] % HIZMGI XLEX MW YWIH MR XLI XVERWQMWWMSR SJ
WIVMEP HEXE HMKMXEP SV EREPSK JVSQ XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HI
XIGXMSRA GSRXVSP YRMX XS SXLIV FYMPHMRK W]WXIQ GSRXVSP YRMXW
IUYMTQIRX SV RIX[SVOW ERHSV JVSQ SXLIV FYMPHMRK W]WXIQ
GSRXVSP YRMXW XS XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA GSRXVSP
YRMX ? A
1YPXMTPI4YVTSWI %PEVQ %R EPEVQ XLEX MRGSVTSVEXIW
HIXIGXMSR GETEFMPMXMIW JSV QSVI XLER SRI LE^EVHSYW GSRHMXMSR
WYGL EW JMVI JYIP KEW SV GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
2SXMJMGEXMSR %TTPMERGI % ? A W]WXIQ GSQTSRIRX WYGL
EW E FIPP LSVR WTIEOIV PMKLX SV XI\X HMWTPE] XLEX TVSZMHIW
EYHMFPI XEGXMPI SV ZMWMFPI SYXTYXW SV ER] GSQFMREXMSR XLIVISJ
? A
3GGYTMEFPI % VSSQ SV IRGPSWIH WTEGI HIWMKRIH JSV
LYQER SGGYTERG] ? A
3GGYTMEFPI %VIE %R EVIE SJ E JEGMPMX] SGGYTMIH F]
TISTPI SR E VIKYPEV FEWMW ? A
4VSXIGXIH 4VIQMWIW 8LI TL]WMGEP PSGEXMSR TVSXIGXIH
F] E ? A W]WXIQ ? A
6IWTSRWI 4PER 8LI EGXMSR XS FI XEOIR MR VIWTSRWI XS E
GEVFSR QSRS\MHI EPEVQ WMKREP
7ITEVEXI 7PIITMRK %VIE 8LI EVIE SJ E H[IPPMRK YRMX
[LIVI XLI FIHVSSQW SV WPIITMRK VSSQW EVI PSGEXIH
7MKREP
'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI %PEVQ 7MKREP % WMKREP MRHMGEXMRK
E GSRGIRXVEXMSR SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI EX SV EFSZI XLI EPEVQ
XLVIWLSPH XLEX GSYPH TSWI E VMWO XS XLI PMJI WEJIX] SJ XLI
SGGYTERXW ERH XLEX VIUYMVIW MQQIHMEXI EGXMSR
7YTIVZMWSV] 7MKREP % WMKREP MRHMGEXMRK XLI RIIH
JSV EGXMSR MR GSRRIGXMSR [MXL E TVIEPEVQ GSRHMXMSR SV MR
GSRRIGXMSR [MXL XLI WYTIVZMWMSR SJ TVSXIGXIH TVIQMWIW GEV
FSR QSRS\MHI WEJIX] JYRGXMSRW SV IUYMTQIRX SV XLI QEMR
XIRERGI JIEXYVIW SJ VIPEXIH W]WXIQW
8VSYFPI 7MKREP % WMKREP MRMXMEXIH F] E W]WXIQ SV
HIZMGI MRHMGEXMZI SJ E JEYPX MR E QSRMXSVIH GMVGYMX W]WXIQ SV
GSQTSRIRX
7YTTPIQIRXEV] %W YWIH MR XLMW WXERHEVH WYTTPIQIRXEV]
VIJIVW XS IUYMTQIRX SV STIVEXMSRW RSX VIUYMVIH F] XLMW WXER
HEVH ERH HIWMKREXIH EW WYGL F] XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMG
XMSR ? A
7]WXIQ
'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI (IXIGXMSR 7]WXIQ % W]WXIQ SV
TSVXMSR SJ E GSQFMREXMSR W]WXIQ XLEX GSRWMWXW SJ E GSRXVSP
YRMX GSQTSRIRXW ERH GMVGYMXW EVVERKIH XS QSRMXSV ERH
ERRYRGMEXI XLI WXEXYW SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI EPEVQ MRMXMEXMRK
HIZMGIW ERH XS MRMXMEXI XLI ETTVSTVMEXI VIWTSRWI XS XLSWI
WMKREPW
'SQFMREXMSR 'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI (IXIGXMSR 7]WXIQ %
GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ MR [LMGL GSQTSRIRXW
EVI YWIH MR [LSPI SV MR TEVX MR GSQQSR [MXL E RSRz
GEVFSR QSRS\MHI WMKREPMRK W]WXIQ ERH MR [LMGL GSQTS
RIRXW EVI RSX YWIH EW TEVX SJ E JMVI EPEVQ W]WXIQ
'SQFMREXMSR 7]WXIQ % JMVI EPEVQ W]WXIQ MR [LMGL
GSQTSRIRXW EVI YWIH MR [LSPI SV MR TEVX MR GSQQSR [MXL
E RSRJMVI WMKREPMRK W]WXIQ ? A
)HMXMSR
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
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FMREXMSR W]WXIQ XLEX GSRWMWXW SJ GSQTSRIRXW ERH GMVGYMXW
EVVERKIH XS QSRMXSV ERH ERRYRGMEXI XLI WXEXYW SJ JMVI
EPEVQ SV WYTIVZMWSV] WMKREPMRMXMEXMRK HIZMGIW ERH XS MRMXMEXI
XLI ETTVSTVMEXI VIWTSRWI XS XLSWI WMKREPW ? A
,SYWILSPH 'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI (IXIGXMSR 7]WXIQ % W]W
XIQ SJ HIZMGIW XLEX YWIW E GSRXVSP YRMX XS TVSHYGI ER EPEVQ
WMKREP MR XLI LSYWILSPH JSV XLI TYVTSWI SJ RSXMJ]MRK XLI
SGGYTERXW SJ XLI TVIWIRGI SJ GSRGIRXVEXMSRW SJ GEVFSR
QSRS\MHI XLEX GSYPH TSWI E PMJI WEJIX] VMWO
'LETXIV *YRHEQIRXEPW SJ 'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI
(IXIGXMSR 7]WXIQW
4IVWSRRIP [MXL I\TIVXMWI MR XLI HIWMKR SJ GEVFSR QSRS\
MHI W]WXIQW XLEX EVI VIKMWXIVIH PMGIRWIH SV GIVXMJMIH F]
WXEXI SV PSGEP EYXLSVMX]
8LI W]WXIQ HIWMKRIV WLEPP TVSZMHI IZMHIRGI SJ UYEPMJM
GEXMSRW ERHSV GIVXMJMGEXMSRW [LIR VIUYIWXIH F] XLI EYXLSVMX]
LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR
8LI W]WXIQ HIWMKRIV WLEPP FI MHIRXMJMIH SR XLI W]WXIQ
HIWMKR HSGYQIRXW ?A
7]WXIQ -RWXEPPIV
?'EVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ MRWXEPPEXMSR
TIVWSRRIP WLEPP FI UYEPMJMIH SV WLEPP FI WYTIVZMWIH F] TIVWSRW
[LS EVI UYEPMJMIH MR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR MRWTIGXMSR ERH XIWXMRK SJ
XLI W]WXIQW ?A
%TTPMGEXMSR
;LIVI EZEMPEFPI WXEXI SV PSGEP PMGIRWYVI VIKYPEXMSRW
WLEPP FI JSPPS[IH XS HIXIVQMRI UYEPMJMIH TIVWSRRIP
8LI FEWMG JYRGXMSRW SJ E GSQTPIXI GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW
GLETXIV
(ITIRHMRK SR WXEXI SV PSGEP PMGIRWYVI VIKYPEXMSRW
UYEPMJMIH TIVWSRRIP WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS MRGPYHI FYX RSX FI
PMQMXIH XS SRI SV QSVI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW GLETXIV WLEPP ETTP] XS GEVFSR
QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQW IUYMTQIRX ERH GSQTSRIRXW EH
HVIWWIH MR 'LETXIV XLVSYKL 'LETXIV SJ XLMW HSGYQIRX
4IVWSRRIP [MXL I\TIVXMWI MR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR SJ GEVFSR
QSRS\MHI W]WXIQW XLEX EVI VIKMWXIVIH PMGIRWIH SV GIVXM
JMIH F] E WXEXI SV PSGEP EYXLSVMX]
4IVWSRRIP [LS EVI JEGXSV] XVEMRIH ERH GIVXMJMIH JSV GEV
FSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ MRWXEPPEXMSR SJ XLI WTI
GMJMG X]TI ERH FVERH SJ W]WXIQ FIMRK HIWMKRIH ERH [LS
EVI EGGITXEFPI XS XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR
4YVTSWI 8LI TYVTSWI SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]W
XIQW WLEPP FI TVMQEVMP] XS TVSZMHI RSXMJMGEXMSR SJ TVIHIXIV
QMRIH I\TSWYVI PIZIPW SJ GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
)UYMTQIRX
)UYMTQIRX GSRWXVYGXIH ERH MRWXEPPIH MR GSRJSVQMX]
[MXL XLMW WXERHEVH WLEPP FI PMWXIH JSV XLI TYVTSWI JSV [LMGL MX MW
YWIH ?A
8LI W]WXIQ MRWXEPPIV WLEPP TVSZMHI IZMHIRGI SJ UYEPMJM
GEXMSRW ERHSV GIVXMJMGEXMSRW [LIR VIUYIWXIH F] XLI EYXLSVMX]
LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR
-RWTIGXMSR 8IWXMRK ERH 1EMRXIRERGI 4IVWSRRIP
7]WXIQ GSQTSRIRXW WLEPP FI MRWXEPPIH XIWXIH MRWTIGXIH
ERH QEMRXEMRIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW TYF
PMWLIH MRWXVYGXMSRW ERH XLMW WXERHEVH ?A
7IVZMGI TIVWSRRIP WLEPP FI UYEPMJMIH ERH I\TIVMIRGIH
MR XLI MRWTIGXMSR XIWXMRK ERH QEMRXIRERGI SJ W]WXIQW EH
HVIWWIH [MXLMR XLI WGSTI SJ XLMW WXERHEVH
%PP HIZMGIW ERH ETTPMERGIW XLEX VIGIMZI XLIMV TS[IV
JVSQ XLI MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGI GMVGYMX SV WMKREPMRK PMRI GMVGYMX SJ E
GSRXVSP YRMX WLEPP FI PMWXIH JSV YWI [MXL XLI GSRXVSP YRMX
?A
5YEPMJMIH TIVWSRRIP WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS MRGPYHI
FYX RSX FI PMQMXIH XS SRI SV QSVI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK
;LIVI RS GEVFSR QSRS\MHI TVSHYGX PMWXMRK WXERHEVH
I\MWXW TVSHYGXW PMWXIH JSV JMVI EPEVQ WIVZMGI WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH
TVSZMHIH EPP XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW WXERHEVH EVI QIX
4IVWSRRIP 5YEPMJMGEXMSRW
7]WXIQ (IWMKRIV
'EVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ TPERW ERH
WTIGMJMGEXMSRW WLEPP FI HIZIPSTIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLMW
WXERHEVH F] TIVWSRW [LS EVI ORS[PIHKIEFPI ERH I\TIVM
IRGIH MR XLI TVSTIV HIWMKR ETTPMGEXMSR MRWXEPPEXMSR ERH
XIWXMRK SJ XLI W]WXIQW
;LIVI EZEMPEFPI WXEXI SV PSGEP PMGIRWYVI VIKYPEXMSRW
WLEPP FI JSPPS[IH XS HIXIVQMRI UYEPMJMIH TIVWSRRIP
(ITIRHMRK SR WXEXI SV PSGEP PMGIRWYVI VIKYPEXMSRW
UYEPMJMIH TIVWSRRIP WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS MRGPYHI FYX RSX FI
PMQMXIH XS SRI SV QSVI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK
4IVWSRRIP [LS EVI JEGXSV] XVEMRIH ERH GIVXMJMIH JSV GEV
FSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ HIWMKR SJ XLI WTIGMJMG
X]TI ERH FVERH SJ W]WXIQ FIMRK HIWMKRIH ERH [LS EVI
EGGITXEFPI XS XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR
)HMXMSR
4IVWSRRIP [LS EVI JEGXSV] XVEMRIH ERH GIVXMJMIH JSV XLI
WTIGMJMG X]TI ERH FVERH SJ W]WXIQ FIMRK WIVZMGIH
4IVWSRRIP [LS EVI VIKMWXIVIH PMGIRWIH SV GIVXMJMIH F] E
WXEXI SV PSGEP EYXLSVMX] XS TIVJSVQ WIVZMGI SR W]WXIQW EH
HVIWWIH [MXLMR XLI WGSTI SJ XLMW WXERHEVH
4IVWSRRIP [LS EVI IQTPS]IH ERH UYEPMJMIH F] ER SVKE
RM^EXMSR PMWXIH F] E REXMSREPP] VIGSKRM^IH XIWXMRK PEFS
VEXSV] JSV XLI WIVZMGMRK SJ W]WXIQW [MXLMR XLI WGSTI SJ
XLMW WXERHEVH
)ZMHIRGI SJ UYEPMJMGEXMSRW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH XS XLI
EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR YTSR VIUYIWX ?A
4S[IV 7YTTPMIW
7GSTI 8LI TVSZMWMSRW SJ XLMW WIGXMSR WLEPP ETTP] XS
TS[IV WYTTPMIW YWIH JSV GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]W
XIQW
'SHI 'SRJSVQERGI %PP TS[IV WYTTPMIW WLEPP FI MR
WXEPPIH MR GSRJSVQMX] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 2*4% 2E
XMSREP )PIGXVMGEP 'SHI JSV WYGL IUYMTQIRX ERH [MXL XLI VIUYMVI
QIRXW MRHMGEXIH MR XLMW WYFWIGXMSR ?A
4S[IV 7YTTP] 7SYVGIW
4S[IV WLEPP FI WYTTPMIH MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL IMXLIV
SV ?A
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
*92(%1)28%07 3* '%6&32 1323<-() ()8)'8-32 7=78)17
9RPIWW GSRJMKYVIH MR GSQTPMERGI [MXL EX PIEWX
X[S MRHITIRHIRX ERH VIPMEFPI TS[IV WYTTPMIW WLEPP FI TVS
ZMHIH SRI TVMQEV] ERH SRI WIGSRHEV] ?A
)EGL TS[IV WYTTP] WLEPP FI SJ EHIUYEXI GETEGMX] JSV
XLI ETTPMGEXMSR ?A
1SRMXSVMRK XLI MRXIKVMX] SJ TS[IV WYTTPMIW WLEPP FI MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL ?A
9RMRXIVVYTXMFPI 4S[IV 7YTTPMIW 947 8LI 947 HIZMGI WLEPP FI GSRJMKYVIH MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXL 2*4% 7XERHEVH SR 7XSVIH )PIGXVMGEP )RIVK] )QIVKIRG] ERH
7XERHF] 4S[IV 7]WXIQW JSV E 8]TI 3 'PEWW 0IZIP W]WXIQ
?A
8LI 947 HIZMGI WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW
SJ ?A
*EMPYVI SJ XLI 947 WLEPP VIWYPX MR XLI MRMXMEXMSR SJ E
XVSYFPI WMKREP MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR ?A
4VMQEV] 4S[IV 7YTTP]
&VERGL 'MVGYMX 8LI FVERGL GMVGYMX WYTTP]MRK XLI ?GEV
FSR QSRS\MHIA IUYMTQIRX W ?A WLEPP WYTTP] RS SXLIV PSEHW
ERH WLEPP FI WYTTPMIH F] SRI SJ XLI JSPPS[MRK
'SQQIVGMEP PMKLX ERH TS[IV
%R IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSV SV IUYMZEPIRX MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL [LIVI E TIVWSR WTIGMJMGEPP] XVEMRIH MR MXW ST
IVEXMSR MW SR HYX] EX EPP XMQIW
%R IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSV SV IUYMZEPIRX EVVERKIH JSV
GSKIRIVEXMSR [MXL GSQQIVGMEP PMKLX ERH TS[IV MR EGGSV
HERGI [MXL [LIVI E TIVWSR WTIGMJMGEPP] XVEMRIH MR
MXW STIVEXMSR MW SR HYX] EX EPP XMQIW
?A
'MVGYMX -HIRXMJMGEXMSR ERH %GGIWWMFMPMX]
8LI PSGEXMSR SJ XLI FVERGL GMVGYMX HMWGSRRIGXMRK
QIERW WLEPP FI TIVQERIRXP] MHIRXMJMIH EX XLI GSRXVSP YRMX
?A
z
GEXIH XS XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ [MXL
LSYVW SJ GETEGMX] EVVERKIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL ?A
7IGSRHEV] GMVGYMXW XLEX TVSZMHI TS[IV XS XLI GSRXVSP
YRMX ERH EVI RSX MRXIKVEP XS XLI YRMX WLEPP FI TVSXIGXIH EKEMRWX
TL]WMGEP HEQEKI ?A
'ETEGMX]
;LIVI E GSQFMREXMSR JMVI W]WXIQ MW YWIH XLI WIG
SRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP] GETEGMX] VIUYMVIQIRXW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL
ERH [MXL XLSWI SJ 2*4% 2EXMSREP *MVI %PEVQ ERH
7MKREPMRK 'SHI
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W]WXIQ MW YWIH XLI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP] GETEGMX] VIUYMVI
QIRXW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL ERH [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
XLI ETTPMGEFPI 2*4% GSHI SV WXERHEVH
8LI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP] WLEPP LEZI WYJJMGMIRX
GETEGMX] XS STIVEXI XLI GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ YR
HIV UYMIWGIRX PSEH W]WXIQ STIVEXMRK MR E RSREPEVQ GSRHM
XMSR JSV E QMRMQYQ SJ LSYVW ERH EX XLI IRH SJ XLEX TI
VMSH WLEPP FI GETEFPI SJ STIVEXMRK XLI GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ ERH EPP RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW JSV LSYVW
2SXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW WLEPP TIVJSVQ MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
)\GITXMSR 8LI LSYV VIUYMVIQIRX WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI VIHYGIH
XS QMRYXIW [LIVI XLI W]WXIQ MW QSRMXSVIH F] E WYTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSR
ERH IQIVKIRG] VIWTSRWI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL MW TVSZMHIH
*SV W]WXIQW RSX EHHVIWWIH F] XLVSYKL
XLI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP] GETEGMX] VIUYMVIH WLEPP
MRGPYHI EPP TS[IV WYTTP] PSEHW XLEX EVI RSX EYXSQEXMGEPP] HMW
GSRRIGXIH YTSR XLI XVERWJIV XS XLI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP]
7IGSRHEV] 4S[IV 3TIVEXMSR 3TIVEXMSR SR WIGSRHEV]
TS[IV WLEPP RSX EJJIGX XLI VIUYMVIH TIVJSVQERGI SJ E GEVFSR
QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ
'SRXMRYMX] SJ 4S[IV 7YTTPMIW
8LI GMVGYMX HMWGSRRIGXMRK QIERW WLEPP FI GPIEVP]
QEVOIH ERH WLEPP FI EGGIWWMFPI SRP] XS EYXLSVM^IH TIVWSRRIP
8LI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP] WLEPP EYXSQEXMGEPP] TVS
ZMHI TS[IV XS XLI TVSXIGXIH TVIQMWIW W]WXIQ [MXLMR WIGSRHW
[LIRIZIV XLI TVMQEV] TS[IV WYTTP] JEMPW XS TVSZMHI XLI QMRM
QYQ ZSPXEKI VIUYMVIH JSV TVSTIV STIVEXMSR ?A
1IGLERMGEP 4VSXIGXMSR 8LI FVERGL GMVGYMX W ERH
GSRRIGXMSRW WLEPP FI TVSXIGXIH EKEMRWX TL]WMGEP HEQEKI
?A
6IUYMVIH WMKREPW WLEPP RSX FI PSWX MRXIVVYTXIH SV HI
PE]IH F] QSVI XLER WIGSRHW EW E VIWYPX SJ XLI TVMQEV] TS[IV
JEMPYVI ?A
3ZIVGYVVIRX 4VSXIGXMSR %R SZIVGYVVIRX TVSXIGXMZI HI
ZMGI SJ WYMXEFPI GYVVIRXGEVV]MRK GETEGMX] XLEX MW GETEFPI SJ MR
XIVVYTXMRK XLI QE\MQYQ WLSVXGMVGYMX GYVVIRX XS [LMGL MX GER
FI WYFNIGX WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH MR IEGL YRKVSYRHIH GSRHYGXSV
?A
7XSVEKI FEXXIVMIW HIHMGEXIH XS XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\
MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ SV ER YRMRXIVVYTXMFPI TS[IV WYTTP]
947 EVVERKIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI TVSZMWMSRW SJ
2*4% 7XERHEVH SR 7XSVIH )PIGXVMGEP )RIVK] )QIVKIRG] ERH
7XERHF] 4S[IV 7]WXIQW WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS WYTTPIQIRX XLI
WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP] XS IRWYVI VIUYMVIH STIVEXMSR HYVMRK
XLI XVERWJIV TIVMSH ?A
7IGSRHEV] 4S[IV 7YTTP]
7IGSRHEV] 4S[IV 7YTTP] JSV 4VSXIGXIH 4VIQMWIW
?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHI (IXIGXMSRA 7]WXIQW
8LI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTP] WLEPP GSRWMWX SJ SRI SJ
XLI JSPPS[MRK
% WXSVEKI FEXXIV] HIHMGEXIH XS XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HI
XIGXMSRA W]WXIQ EVVERKIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL %R EYXSQEXMGWXEVXMRK IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSV WIVZMRK
XLI FVERGL GMVGYMX WTIGMJMIH MR ERH EVVERKIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL ERH WXSVEKI FEXXIVMIW HIHM
;LIVI E 947 MW IQTPS]IH MR E TSWMXMZI
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XIQ [LMPI QEMRXEMRMRK GSRXMRYMX] SJ TS[IV WYTTP] XS XLI PSEH
WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH ?A
4S[IV 7YTTP] JSV 6IQSXIP] 0SGEXIH 'SRXVSP )UYMTQIRX
%HHMXMSREP TS[IV WYTTPMIW [LIVI TVSZMHIH JSV GSR
XVSP YRMXW GMVGYMX MRXIVJEGIW SV SXLIV IUYMTQIRX IWWIRXMEP XS
W]WXIQ STIVEXMSR ERH PSGEXIH VIQSXIP] JVSQ XLI QEMR GSRXVSP
YRMX WLEPP FI GSQTVMWIH SJ E TVMQEV] ERH WIGSRHEV] TS[IV
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WYTTP] XLEX WLEPP QIIX XLI WEQI VIUYMVIQIRXW EW XLSWI SJ XLVSYKL ERH ?A
8LI PSGEXMSR SJ ER] VIQSXIP] PSGEXIH TS[IV WYTTP]
WLEPP FI MHIRXMJMIH EX XLI QEWXIV GSRXVSP YRMX ?A
8LI QEWXIV GSRXVSP YRMX HMWTPE] WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS
WEXMWJ] XLI VIUYMVIQIRX SJ ?A
8LI PSGEXMSR SJ ER] VIQSXIP] PSGEXIH TS[IV WYTTP]
WLEPP FI MHIRXMJMIH SR XLI VIGSVH HVE[MRKW ?A
7XSVEKI &EXXIVMIW
1EVOMRK
&EXXIVMIW WLEPP FI QEVOIH [MXL XLI QSRXL ERH ]IEV SJ
QERYJEGXYVI YWMRK XLI QSRXL]IEV JSVQEX ?A
;LIVI XLI FEXXIV] MW RSX QEVOIH [MXL XLI QSRXL
]IEV F] XLI QERYJEGXYVIV XLI MRWXEPPIV WLEPP SFXEMR XLI HEXI
GSHI ERH QEVO XLI FEXXIV] [MXL XLI QSRXL]IEV SJ FEXXIV]
QERYJEGXYVI ?A
0SGEXMSR 7XSVEKI FEXXIVMIW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH WS XLEX XLI
?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA IUYMTQIRX MRGPYHMRK SZIVGYV
VIRX HIZMGIW EVI RSX EHZIVWIP] EJJIGXIH F] FEXXIV] KEWIW ERH
WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 2*4% 2EXMSREP )PIGXVM
GEP 'SHI %VXMGPI ?A
'IPPW WLEPP FI WYMXEFP] MRWYPEXIH EKEMRWX KVSYRH
JEYPXW ?A
'IPPW WLEPP FI WYMXEFP] MRWYPEXIH EKEMRWX GVSWWIW
?A
'IPPW WLEPP FI QSYRXIH MR WYGL E QERRIV WS EW XS FI
TVSXIGXIH JVSQ TL]WMGEP HEQEKI ?A
6EGOW WLEPP FI WYMXEFP] TVSXIGXIH EKEMRWX HIXIVMSVE
XMSR ?A
-J RSX PSGEXIH MR SV EHNEGIRX XS XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\
MHI HIXIGXMSRA GSRXVSP YRMX XLI FEXXIVMIW ERH XLIMV GLEVKIV
PSGEXMSR WLEPP FI TIVQERIRXP] MHIRXMJMIH EX XLI ?GEVFSR QSR
S\MHI HIXIGXMSRA GSRXVSP YRMX ?A
&EXXIV] 'LEVKMRK
%HIUYEXI JEGMPMXMIW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH XS EYXSQEXM
GEPP] QEMRXEMR XLI FEXXIV] JYPP] GLEVKIH YRHIV EPP GSRHMXMSRW SJ
RSVQEP STIVEXMSR ?A
%HIUYEXI JEGMPMXMIW WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH XS VIGLEVKI
FEXXIVMIW [MXLMR LSYVW EJXIV JYPP] GLEVKIH FEXXIVMIW LEZI
FIIR WYFNIGX XS E WMRKPI HMWGLEVKI G]GPI EW WTIGMJMIH MR ?A
9TSR EXXEMRMRK E JYPP] GLEVKIH GSRHMXMSR XLI
GLEVKI VEXI WLEPP RSX FI WS I\GIWWMZI EW XS VIWYPX MR FEXXIV]
HEQEKI ?A
7YTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSRW WLEPP QEMRXEMR WTEVI TEVXW SV
YRMXW EZEMPEFPI [LMGL WLEPP FI YWIH XS VIWXSVI JEMPIH GLEVKMRK
GETEGMX] TVMSV XS XLI GSRWYQTXMSR SJ SRILEPJ SJ XLI GETEGMX]
SJ XLI FEXXIVMIW JSV XLI WYTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSR IUYMTQIRX
?A
3ZIVGYVVIRX 4VSXIGXMSR
8LI FEXXIVMIW WLEPP FI TVSXIGXIH EKEMRWX I\GIWWMZI
PSEH GYVVIRX F] SZIVGYVVIRX HIZMGIW ?A
)HMXMSR
8LI FEXXIVMIW WLEPP FI TVSXIGXIH JVSQ I\GIWWMZI GLEVK
MRK GYVVIRX F] SZIVGYVVIRX HIZMGIW SV F] EYXSQEXMG GYVVIRX
PMQMXMRK HIWMKR SJ XLI GLEVKMRK WSYVGI ?A
1IXIVMRK 8LI GLEVKMRK IUYMTQIRX WLEPP TVSZMHI IM
XLIV MRXIKVEP QIXIVW SV VIEHMP] EGGIWWMFPI XIVQMREP JEGMPMXMIW JSV
XLI GSRRIGXMSR SJ TSVXEFPI QIXIVW F] [LMGL XLI FEXXIV] ZSPX
EKI ERH GLEVKMRK GYVVIRX GER FI HIXIVQMRIH ?A
1SRMXSVMRK -RXIKVMX] SJ &EXXIV] 'LEVKIV
1IERW JSV QSRMXSVMRK MRXIKVMX] ETTVSTVMEXI JSV XLI
FEXXIVMIW ERH GLEVKIV IQTPS]IH WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH XS HIXIGX E
FEXXIV] GLEVKIV JEMPYVI ?A
*EMPYVI SJ XLI FEXXIV] GLEVKIV WLEPP VIWYPX MR XLI MRM
XMEXMSR SJ E XVSYFPI WMKREP MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR ?A
)RKMRI(VMZIR +IRIVEXSVW
%TTPMGEXMSR ERH -RWXEPPEXMSR 8LI ETTPMGEXMSR ERH MR
WXEPPEXMSR SJ IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSVW WLEPP FI EW WTIGMJMIH MR
XLVSYKL ?A
4VMQEV] 4S[IV 7YTTP]
)RKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSVW EVVERKIH EW XLI TVMQEV]
WYTTP] WLEPP FI HIWMKRIH MR ER ETTVSZIH QERRIV ?A
)RKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSVW EVVERKIH EW XLI TVMQEV]
WYTTP] WLEPP FI MRWXEPPIH MR ER ETTVSZIH QERRIV ?A
7IGSRHEV] 4S[IV 7YTTPMIW
)RKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSVW YWIH XS TVSZMHI WIGSRHEV]
TS[IV JSV E ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXL 2*4% 7XERHEVH JSV )QIVKIRG] ERH 7XERHF] 4S[IV 7]WXIQW
'LETXIV VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV E 8]TI 'PEWW 0IZIP 7]WXIQ
?A
-RWXEPPEXMSR SJ IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSVW YWIH XS
TVSZMHI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV JSV E ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA
W]WXIQ WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 2*4% 2EXMSREP )PIGXVMGEP
'SHI %VXMGPI ?A
4IVJSVQERGI 3TIVEXMSR 8IWXMRK ERH 1EMRXIRERGI
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV TIVJSVQERGI STIVEXMSR XIWXMRK ERH
QEMRXIRERGI SJ IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSVW WLEPP GSRJSVQ XS XLI
ETTPMGEFPI TVSZMWMSRW SJ 2*4% 7XERHEVH JSV )QIVKIRG] ERH
7XERHF] 4S[IV 7]WXIQW ?A
'ETEGMX] 8LI YRMX WLEPP FI SJ E GETEGMX] XLEX MW WYJJM
GMIRX XS STIVEXI XLI W]WXIQ YRHIV XLI QE\MQYQ RSVQEP PSEH
GSRHMXMSRW MR EHHMXMSR XS EPP SXLIV HIQERHW TPEGIH YTSR XLI
YRMX ?A
*YIP 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI VIUYMVIH SV TIVQMXXIH MR
XLVSYKL JYIP WLEPP FI EZEMPEFPI MR WXSVEKI
WYJJMGMIRX JSV QSRXLW SJ XIWXMRK TPYW XLI GETEGMX] WTIGMJMIH MR
?A
-J E VIPMEFPI WSYVGI SJ WYTTP] MW EZEMPEFPI EX ER] XMQI
SR E LSYV RSXMGI MX WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS LEZI JYIP MR WXSVEKI
WYJJMGMIRX JSV LSYVW SJ STIVEXMSR EX JYPP PSEH ?A
*YIP W]WXIQW YWMRK REXYVEP SV QERYJEGXYVIH KEW
WYTTPMIH XLVSYKL VIPMEFPI YXMPMX] QEMRW WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH XS
LEZI JYIP WXSVEKI XEROW YRPIWW PSGEXIH MR WIMWQMG VMWO ^SRI SV
KVIEXIV EW HIJMRIH MR %27- % &YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW
JSV 1MRMQYQ (IWMKR 0SEHW MR &YMPHMRKW ERH 3XLIV 7XVYGXYVIW
?A
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
*92(%1)28%07 3* '%6&32 1323<-() ()8)'8-32 7=78)17
&EXXIV] ERH 'LEVKIV % WITEVEXI WXSVEKI FEXXIV] ERH
WITEVEXI EYXSQEXMG GLEVKIV WLEPP FI TVSZMHIH JSV WXEVXMRK XLI
IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSV ERH WLEPP RSX FI YWIH JSV ER] SXLIV
TYVTSWI ?A
(MWXMRGXMZI 7MKREPW
'EVFSR QSRS\MHI EPEVQ WMKREPW ERH GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ WYTIVZMWSV] ERH XVSYFPI WMKREPW WLEPP FI HMW
XMRGXMZIP] ERH HIWGVMTXMZIP] ERRYRGMEXIH
%YHMFPI EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW JSV E ?GEVFSR
QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ WLEPP TVSHYGI WMKREPW XLEX EVI HMW
XMRGXMZI JVSQ SXLIV WMQMPEV ETTPMERGIW YWIH JSV SXLIV TYVTSWIW
MR XLI WEQI EVIE XLEX EVI RSX TEVX SJ XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ ?A
%R EYHMFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI SR E GSRXVSP YRMX SV
SR QYPXMTPI GSRXVSP YRMXW XLEX EVI MRXIVGSRRIGXIH XS JSVQ E
W]WXIQ SV EX E VIQSXI PSGEXMSR WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS LEZI XLI
WEQI EYHMFPI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW JSV EPP EPIVXMRK JYRGXMSRW MRGPYH
MRK FYX RSX PMQMXIH XS EPEVQ XVSYFPI ERH WYTIVZMWSV] TVS
ZMHIH XLEX XLI HMWXMRGXMSR FIX[IIR WMKREPW WLEPP FI F] SXLIV
ETTVSTVMEXI QIERW WYGL EW ZMWMFPI ERRYRGMEXMSR ?A
7YTIVZMWSV] WMKREPW WLEPP FI HMWXMRGXMZI MR WSYRH JVSQ
SXLIV WMKREPW ERH XLIMV WSYRH WLEPP RSX FI YWIH JSV ER] SXLIV
TYVTSWI I\GITX EW TIVQMXXIH MR ?A
8VSYFPI WMKREPW VIUYMVIH XS MRHMGEXI EX XLI TVSXIGXIH
TVIQMWIW WLEPP FI MRHMGEXIH F] HMWXMRGXMZI EYHMFPI WMKREPW
[LMGL WLEPP FI HMWXMRGXMZI JVSQ EPEVQ WMKREPW I\GITX EW TIVQMX
XIH MR ?A
;LIR E GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ MW GSQ
FMRIH [MXL IMXLIV E JMVI EPEVQ W]WXIQ ERHSV ER MRXVYWMSR HI
XIGXMSR W]WXIQ XVSYFPI WMKREPW JVSQ IEGL W]WXIQ WLEPP FI TIV
QMXXIH XS YWI E GSQQSR EYHMFPI WMKREP
%PEVQ 7MKREPW
'EVFSR QSRS\MHI EPEVQ WMKREPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL %R EPEVQ WMKREP XLEX LEW FIIR HIEGXMZEXIH EX XLI TVSXIGXIH
TVIQMWIW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL ERH ?A
8LI EYHMFPI ERH ZMWMFPI EPEVQ WMKREP EX XLI GSRXVSP
YRMX SRP] WLEPP EYXSQEXMGEPP] VIEGXMZEXI IZIV] LSYVW SV PIWW
YRXMP EPEVQ WMKREP GSRHMXMSRW EVI VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP
?A
z
8LI QIERW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
?A
7YFWIUYIRX EGXYEXMSR SJ MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGIW SR SXLIV
MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGI GMVGYMXW SV WYFWIUYIRX EGXYEXMSR SJ EHHVIWW
EFPI MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGIW SR WMKREPMRK PMRI GMVGYMXW WLEPP GEYWI XLI
RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW XS VIEGXMZEXI
)\GITXMSR 7YFWIUYIRX EGXYEXMSR SJ ERSXLIV EHHVIWWEFPI MRMXMEXMRK
HIZMGI SJ XLI WEQI X]TI MR XLI WEQI VSSQ SV WTEGI WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH XS
GEYWI XLI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI W XS VIEGXMZEXI
% ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHIA EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR HIEGXMZEXMSR
QIERW XLEX VIQEMRW MR HIEGXMZEXMSR TSWMXMSR [LIR XLIVI MW RS
EPEVQ GSRHMXMSR WLEPP STIVEXI ER EYHMFPI XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR
ETTPMERGI YRXMP XLI QIERW MW VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP ?A
6IWIXXMRK SJ EPEVQ WMKREPW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VI
UYMVIQIRXW SJ ?
7YTIVZMWSV] 7MKREPW
7YTIVZMWSV] 7MKREP -RHMGEXMSR :MWMFPI ERH EYHMFPI MRHM
GEXMSR SJ WYTIVZMWSV] WMKREPW ERH ZMWMFPI MRHMGEXMSR SJ XLIMV VIW
XSVEXMSR XS RSVQEP WLEPP FI MRHMGEXIH [MXLMR WIGSRHW EX XLI
JSPPS[MRK PSGEXMSRW
'SRXVSP YRMX JSV PSGEP GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQW
&YMPHMRK GSQQERH GIRXIV JSV IQIVKIRG] ZSMGIEPEVQ
GSQQYRMGEXMSRW W]WXIQW
7YTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSR PSGEXMSR JSV W]WXIQW MRWXEPPIH MR GSQ
TPMERGI [MXL 'LETXIV 7IPJ6IWXSVMRK 7MKREP % WYTIVZMWSV] WMKREP MRMXMEXMRK HI
ZMGI WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI WIPJVIWXSVMRK TVSZMHIH XLI GSR
XVSP TERIP GSRXMRYIW XS MRHMGEXI XLI WYTIVZMWSV] GSRHMXMSR
7YTIVZMWSV] 2SXMJMGEXMSR %TTPMERGI 0SGEXMSR 8LI EY
HMFPI WYTIVZMWSV] RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH MR ER
EVIE [LIVI XLI] EVI PMOIP] XS FI LIEVH ?A
7YTIVZMWSV] 7MKREP 6IEGXMZEXIH % WYTIVZMWSV] WMKREP XLEX
LEW FIIR HIEGXMZEXIH EX XLI TVSXIGXIH TVIQMWIW WLEPP GSQTP]
[MXL ERH ?A
8LI EYHMFPI ERH ZMWMFPI WYTIVZMWSV] WMKREP EX XLI GSR
XVSP YRMX SRP] WLEPP EYXSQEXMGEPP] VIEGXMZEXI IZIV] LSYVW SV
PIWW YRXMP WYTIVZMWSV] WMKREP GSRHMXMSRW EVI VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP
?A
8LI EYHMFPI ERH ZMWMFPI WYTIVZMWSV] WMKREP WLEPP STIVEXI
YRXMP MX MW QERYEPP] WMPIRGIH SV EGORS[PIHKIH ?A
8LI EYHMFPI ERH ZMWMFPI EPEVQ WMKREP WLEPP STIVEXI YR
XMP MX MW QERYEPP] WMPIRGIH SV EGORS[PIHKIH ?A
7YTIVZMWSV] 2SXMJMGEXMSR %TTPMERGI (IEGXMZEXMSR
?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHIA %PEVQ 2SXMJMGEXMSR %TTPMERGI
(IEGXMZEXMSR
% QIERW JSV HIEGXMZEXMRK E WYTIVZMWSV] RSXMJMGEXMSR
ETTPMERGI W WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH SRP] MJ MX GSQTPMIW [MXL XLVSYKL % QIERW JSV XYVRMRK SJJ EGXMZEXIH EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR
ETTPMERGI W WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH SRP] MJ MX GSQTPMIW [MXL XLVSYKL 8LI QIERW WLEPP FI OI]STIVEXIH SV PSGEXIH [MXLMR E
PSGOIH GEFMRIX SV EVVERKIH XS TVSZMHI IUYMZEPIRX TVSXIGXMSR
EKEMRWX YREYXLSVM^IH YWI ?A
)\GITXMSR %R MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGI [MXL MRXIKVEP WSYRHIV WLEPP FI TIVQMX
XIH XS GSQTP] [MXL 8LI QIERW JSV HIEGXMZEXMRK WYTIVZMWSV] RSXMJMGEXMSR
ETTPMERGIW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ ?A
;LIR ER SGGYTERX RSXMJMGEXMSR EPEVQ WMKREP HIEGXMZE
XMSR QIERW MW EGXYEXIH FSXL EYHMFPI ERH ZMWMFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR
ETTPMERGIW WLEPP FI WMQYPXERISYWP] HIEGXMZEXIH ?A
8LI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHIA EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR HIEGXMZE
XMSR QIERW WLEPP FI OI]STIVEXIH SV PSGEXIH [MXLMR E PSGOIH
GEFMRIX SV EVVERKIH XS TVSZMHI IUYMZEPIRX TVSXIGXMSR EKEMRWX
YREYXLSVM^IH YWI ?A
7YFWIUYIRX EGXYEXMSR SJ WYTIVZMWSV] MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGIW
MR SXLIV FYMPHMRK ^SRIW WLEPP GEYWI WYTIVZMWSV] RSXMJMGEXMSR
ETTPMERGIW XS EGXYEXI EW VIUYMVIH F] XLI W]WXIQ MRTYXSYXTYX
QEXVM\ ?A
% QIERW JSV HIEGXMZEXMRK WYTIVZMWSV] RSXMJMGEXMSR ET
TPMERGIW XLEX VIQEMR MR XLI HIEGXMZEXIH TSWMXMSR [LIR XLIVI MW
)HMXMSR
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
z
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RS WYTIVZMWSV] GSRHMXMSR WLEPP STIVEXI ER EYHMFPI XVSYFPI RS
XMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI YRXMP XLI QIERW MW VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP
?A
7YFWIUYIRX XVSYFPI WMKREPW WLEPP GEYWI XVSYFPI RSXMJM
GEXMSR ETTPMERGIW XS EGXMZEXI EW VIUYMVIH F] XLI W]WXIQ MRTYX
SYXTYX QEXVM\ ?A
8VSYFPI 7MKREPW
% QIERW JSV HIEGXMZEXMRK XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW
XLEX VIQEMRW MR XLI HIEGXMZEXIH TSWMXMSR [LIR XLIVI MW RS XVSYFPI
GSRHMXMSR WLEPP STIVEXI ER EYHMFPI XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI
YRXMP XLI QIERW MW VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP ?A
8VSYFPI WMKREPW ERH XLIMV VIWXSVEXMSR XS RSVQEP WLEPP FI
MRHMGEXIH [MXLMR WIGSRHW EX XLI PSGEXMSRW MHIRXMJMIH MR
?A
-RHMGEXMSR SJ TVMQEV] TS[IV JEMPYVI XVSYFPI WMKREPW
XVERWQMXXIH XS E WYTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSR WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL ?A
%R EYHMFPI XVSYFPI WMKREP WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI MRXIV
QMXXIRX TVSZMHIH MX WSYRHW EX PIEWX SRGI IZIV] WIGSRHW [MXL
E QMRMQYQ HYVEXMSR SJ WIGSRH ?A
% WMRKPI EYHMFPI XVSYFPI WMKREP WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS
ERRYRGMEXI QYPXMTPI JEYPX GSRHMXMSRW ?A
8LI EYHMFPI XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW WLEPP FI PS
GEXIH MR ER EVIE [LIVI XLI] EVI PMOIP] XS FI LIEVH ?A
%GXYEXIH RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW EX XLI TVSXIGXIH TVI
QMWIW WLEPP GSRXMRYI XS STIVEXI YRPIWW XLI] EVI QERYEPP] WM
PIRGIH EW TIVQMXXIH ?A
:MWMFPI ERH EYHMFPI XVSYFPI WMKREPW ERH ZMWMFPI MRHMGE
XMSR SJ XLIMV VIWXSVEXMSR XS RSVQEP WLEPP FI MRHMGEXIH EX XLI
JSPPS[MRK PSGEXMSRW
'SRXVSP YRMX JSV GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQW
&YMPHMRK GSQQERH GIRXIV JSV IQIVKIRG] ZSMGIEPEVQ
GSQQYRMGEXMSRW W]WXIQW
7YTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSRW JSV W]WXIQW MRWXEPPIH MR GSQTPMERGI
[MXL 'LETXIV % XVSYFPI WMKREP XLEX LEW FIIR HIEGXMZEXIH EX XLI TVS
XIGXIH TVIQMWIW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL ERH ?A
8LI EYHMFPI ERH ZMWMFPI XVSYFPI WMKREP WLEPP EYXS
QEXMGEPP] VIEGXYEXI EX XLI GSRXVSP YRMX IZIV] LSYVW SV PIWW
YRXMP XVSYFPI WMKREP GSRHMXMSRW EVI VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP
?A
8LI EYHMFPI ERH ZMWMFPI XVSYFPI WMKREP EWWSGMEXIH [MXL
WMKREPMRK XLI HITPIXMSR SV JEMPYVI SJ XLI TVMQEV] FEXXIV] SJ E
[MVIPIWW W]WXIQ EW VIUYMVIH F] ERH WLEPP
EYXSQEXMGEPP] VIWSYRH IZIV] LSYVW SV PIWW YRXMP XLI HITPIXMSR
WMKREP MW VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP ?A
8VSYFPI 2SXMJMGEXMSR %TTPMERGIW (IEGXMZEXMSR
% QIERW JSV HIEGXMZEXMRK XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPM
ERGI W WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH SRP] MJ MX GSQTPMIW [MXL XLVSYKL 8LI QIERW WLEPP FI OI]STIVEXIH SV PSGEXIH [MXL E
PSGO GEFMRIX SV EVVERKIH XS TVSZMHI IUYMZEPIRX TVSXIGXMSR
EKEMRWX YREYXLSVM^IH YWI ?A
8LI QIERW JSV HIEGXMZEXMRK XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ET
TPMERGIW WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ ?A
-J ER EYHMFPI XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW MW EPWS
YWIH XS MRHMGEXI E WYTIVZMWSV] GSRHMXMSR EW TIVQMXXIH F] E XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI HIEGXMZEXMSR QIERW WLEPP RSX
TVIZIRX WYFWIUYIRX EGXYEXMSR SJ WYTIVZMWSV] RSXMJMGEXMSR ET
TPMERGIW ?A
)HMXMSR
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI TIVQMXXIH F] XLI EYXLSVMRK LEZMRK
NYVMWHMGXMSR XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW EX XLI TVSXIGXIH
TVIQMWIW SJ E WYTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSR ? A EPEVQ W]WXIQ EVVERKIH MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 'LETXIV XLEX LEZI FIIR WMPIRGIH EX TVS
XIGXIH TVIQMWIW WLEPP EYXSQEXMGEPP] VIEGXYEXI IZIV] LSYVW SV
PIWW YRXMP XLI JEYPX GSRHMXMSRW EVI VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP
?A
?'EVFSR 1SRS\MHIA 'SRXVSP *YRGXMSR 7XEXYW -RHMGEXSVW
%PP GSRXVSPW TVSZMHIH WTIGMJMGEPP] JSV XLI TYVTSWI SJ
QERYEPP] SZIVVMHMRK ER] EYXSQEXMG ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI A GSR
XVSP JYRGXMSR WLEPP TVSZMHI ZMWMFPI MRHMGEXMSR SJ XLI WXEXYW SJ
XLI EWWSGMEXIH GSRXVSP GMVGYMXW ?A
;LIVI WXEXYW MRHMGEXSVW EVI TVSZMHIH JSV IQIVKIRG]
IUYMTQIRX SV ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI A GSRXVSP JYRGXMSRW XLI]
WLEPP FI EVVERKIH XS VIJPIGX XLI EGXYEP WXEXYW SJ XLI EWWSGMEXIH
IUYMTQIRX SV JYRGXMSR ?A
4IVJSVQERGI ERH 0MQMXEXMSRW
:SPXEKI 8IQTIVEXYVI ERH ,YQMHMX] :EVMEXMSR )UYMT
QIRX SXLIV XLER XLEX EHHVIWWIH F] ERH WLEPP
FI HIWMKRIH WS XLEX MX MW GETEFPI SJ TIVJSVQMRK MXW MRXIRHIH
JYRGXMSRW YRHIV XLI JSPPS[MRK GSRHMXMSRW
%X TIVGIRX ERH EX TIVGIRX SJ XLI REQITPEXI TVM
QEV] QEMR ERH WIGSRHEV] WXERHF] MRTYX ZSPXEKI W
%X EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVIW SJ ”* ”' ERH ”* ”'
%X E VIPEXMZI LYQMHMX] SJ TIVGIRX ERH ER EQFMIRX XIQ
TIVEXYVI SJ ”* ”'
-RWXEPPEXMSR ERH (IWMKR
%PP W]WXIQW WLEPP FI MRWXEPPIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
QERYJEGXYVIVvW TYFPMWLIH MRWXEPPEXMSR MRWXVYGXMSRW ERH ETTPM
GEFPI GSHIW ERH WXERHEVHW
(IZMGIW ERH ETTPMERGIW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH ERH
QSYRXIH WS XLEX EGGMHIRXEP STIVEXMSR SV JEMPYVI MW RSX GEYWIH
F] ZMFVEXMSR SV NEVVMRK ?A
%PP ETTEVEXYW VIUYMVMRK ? A VIWIXXMRK XS QEMRXEMR RSV
QEP STIVEXMSR WLEPP FI VIWXSVIH XS RSVQEP EW TVSQTXP] EW TSW
WMFPI EJXIV IEGL EFRSVQEP GSRHMXMSR ERH QEMRXEMRIH MR RSV
QEP GSRHMXMSR JSV STIVEXMSR ?A
)UYMTQIRX WLEPP FI MRWXEPPIH MR PSGEXMSRW [LIVI GSR
HMXMSRW HS RSX I\GIIH XLI ZSPXEKI XIQTIVEXYVI ERH LYQMHMX]
PMQMXW WTIGMJMIH MR XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW TYFPMWLIH MRWXVYGXMSRW
?A
%RRYRGMEXMSR ERH %RRYRGMEXMSR >SRMRK
%PEVQ %RRYRGMEXMSR
8LI PSGEXMSR SJ ER EGXYEXIH MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGI WLEPP FI
ERRYRGMEXIH F] ZMWMFPI QIERW
:MWMFPI ERRYRGMEXMSR SJ XLI PSGEXMSR SJ ER STIVEXIH
MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGI WLEPP FI F] ER MRHMGEXSV PEQT EPTLERYQIVMG
HMWTPE] TVMRXSYX SV SXLIV ETTVSZIH QIERW ?A
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
*92(%1)28%07 3* '%6&32 1323<-() ()8)'8-32 7=78)17
8LI ZMWMFPI ERRYRGMEXMSR SJ XLI PSGEXMSR SJ STIVEXIH
MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGIW WLEPP RSX FI GERGIPIH F] XLI QIERW YWIH XS
HIEGXMZEXI EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW ?A
7YTIVZMWSV] ERH 8VSYFPI %RRYRGMEXMSR
7YTIVZMWSV] ERHSV XVSYFPI ERRYRGMEXMSR WLEPP FI
ERRYRGMEXIH F] ZMWMFPI QIERW
:MWMFPI ERRYRGMEXMSR WLEPP FI F] ER MRHMGEXSV PEQT
ER EPTLERYQIVMG HMWTPE] E TVMRXSYX SV SXLIV QIERW
?A
8LI ZMWMFPI ERRYRGMEXMSR SJ WYTIVZMWSV] ERHSV
XVSYFPI GSRHMXMSRW WLEPP RSX FI GERGIPIH F] XLI QIERW YWIH XS
HIEGXMZEXI WYTIVZMWSV] SV XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW
?A
%RRYRGMEXSV %GGIWW ERH 0SGEXMSR
%PP VIUYMVIH ERRYRGMEXMSR QIERW WLEPP FI VIEHMP] EG
GIWWMFPI XS VIWTSRHMRK TIVWSRRIP ?A
%PP VIUYMVIH ERRYRGMEXMSR QIERW WLEPP FI PSGEXIH EW
VIUYMVIH F] XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR XS JEGMPMXEXI ER
IJJMGMIRX VIWTSRWI XS XLI WMXYEXMSR ?A
%PEVQ %RRYRGMEXMSR (MWTPE] :MWMFPI ERRYRGMEXSVW WLEPP
FI GETEFPI SJ HMWTPE]MRK EPP ^SRIW MR EPEVQ ?A
-J EPP ^SRIW MR EPEVQ EVI RSX HMWTPE]IH WMQYPXE
RISYWP] XLI ^SRI SJ SVMKMR WLEPP FI HMWTPE]IH ?A
-J EPP ^SRIW MR EPEVQ EVI RSX HMWTPE]IH WMQYPXE
RISYWP] XLIVI WLEPP FI ER MRHMGEXMSR XLEX SXLIV ^SRIW EVI MR
EPEVQ ?A
%RRYRGMEXMSR >SRMRK
*SV XLI TYVTSWI SJ EPEVQ ERRYRGMEXMSR IEGL JPSSV
SJ XLI FYMPHMRK WLEPP FI GSRWMHIVIH EW E WITEVEXI ^SRI
?A
;LIVI XLI W]WXIQ WIVZIW QSVI XLER SRI FYMPHMRK
IEGL FYMPHMRK WLEPP FI ERRYRGMEXIH WITEVEXIP] ?A
1SRMXSVMRK -RXIKVMX]
1SRMXSVMRK -RXIKVMX] ERH 'MVGYMX 4IVJSVQERGI SJ -R
WXEPPEXMSR 'SRHYGXSVW ERH 3XLIV 7MKREPMRK 'LERRIPW
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI TIVQMXXIH SV VIUYMVIH F] XLVSYKL EPP QIERW SJ MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK IUYMTQIRX
HIZMGIW ERH ETTPMERGIW ERH [MVMRK GSRRIGXMSRW WLEPP FI QSRM
XSVIH JSV XLI MRXIKVMX] SJ XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK GSRHYGXSVW SV
IUYMZEPIRX TEXL WS XLEX XLI SGGYVVIRGI SJ E WMRKPI STIR SV E
WMRKPI KVSYRHJEYPX GSRHMXMSR MR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR GSRHYGXSVW SV
SXLIV WMKREPMRK GLERRIPW MW EYXSQEXMGEPP] MRHMGEXIH [MXLMR
WIGSRHW ?A
9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI TIVQMXXIH SV VIUYMVIH F] XLVSYKL EPP QIERW SJ MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK IUYMTQIRX
HIZMGIW ERH ETTPMERGIW ERH [MVMRK GSRRIGXMSRW WLEPP FI QSRM
XSVIH JSV XLI MRXIKVMX] SJ XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK GSRHYGXSVW SV
IUYMZEPIRX TEXL WS XLEX XLI VIWXSVEXMSR XS RSVQEP SJ E WMRKPI
STIR SV E WMRKPI KVSYRHJEYPX GSRHMXMSR MR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR
GSRHYGXSVW SV SXLIV WMKREPMRK GLERRIPW MW EYXSQEXMGEPP] MRHM
GEXIH [MXLMR WIGSRHW ?A
7LSVXW FIX[IIR GSRHYGXSVW WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH XS
FI QSRMXSVIH JSV MRXIKVMX] YRPIWW VIUYMVIH F] SV
?A
z
1SRMXSVMRK JSV MRXIKVMX] WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV
GSRRIGXMSRW XS ERH FIX[IIR WYTTPIQIRXEV] W]WXIQ GSQTS
RIRXW TVSZMHIH XLEX WMRKPI STIR KVSYRHJEYPX SV WLSVX
GMVGYMX GSRHMXMSRW SJ XLI WYTTPIQIRXEV] IUYMTQIRX SV MR
XIVGSRRIGXMRK QIERW SV FSXL HS RSX EJJIGX XLI VIUYMVIH
STIVEXMSR SJ XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ
?A
1SRMXSVMRK JSV MRXIKVMX] WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV
XLI GMVGYMX SJ ER EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI MRWXEPPIH MR
XLI WEQI VSSQ [MXL XLI GIRXVEP GSRXVSP IUYMTQIRX TVS
ZMHIH XLEX XLI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI GMVGYMX GSRHYGXSVW EVI
MRWXEPPIH MR GSRHYMX SV EVI IUYMZEPIRXP] TVSXIGXIH EKEMRWX
QIGLERMGEP MRNYV] ?A
1SRMXSVMRK JSV MRXIKVMX] WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV E
XVSYFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI GMVGYMX ?A
1SRMXSVMRK JSV MRXIKVMX] WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV
XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMSR FIX[IIR PMWXIH IUYMTQIRX [MXLMR E GSQ
QSR IRGPSWYVI ?A
1SRMXSVMRK JSV MRXIKVMX] WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV
XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMSR FIX[IIR IRGPSWYVIW GSRXEMRMRK GSRXVSP
IUYMTQIRX PSGEXIH [MXLMR JX Q SJ IEGL SXLIV [LIVI
XLI GSRHYGXSVW EVI MRWXEPPIH MR GSRHYMX SV IUYMZEPIRXP] TVS
XIGXIH EKEMRWX QIGLERMGEP MRNYV] ?A
1SRMXSVMRK JSV MRXIKVMX] WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV XLI
GSRHYGXSVW JSV KVSYRHzJEYPX HIXIGXMSR [LIVI E WMRKPI KVSYRH
HSIW RSX TVIZIRX XLI VIUYMVIH RSVQEP STIVEXMSR SJ XLI W]WXIQ
?A
1SRMXSVMRK JSV MRXIKVMX] WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV
XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK [MVMRK SJ E WXEXMSREV] GSQTYXIV ERH
XLI GSQTYXIVvW OI]FSEVH ZMHIS QSRMXSV QSYWIX]TI HI
ZMGI SV XSYGL WGVIIR EW PSRK EW XLI MRXIVGSRRIGXMRK [MVMRK
HSIW RSX I\GIIH JX Q MR PIRKXL MW E PMWXIH GSQTYXIV
HEXE TVSGIWWMRK GEFPI EW TIVQMXXIH F] 2*4% 2EXMSREP )PIG
XVMGEP 'SHI ERH JEMPYVI SJ GEFPI HSIW RSX GEYWI XLI JEMPYVI SJ
XLI VIUYMVIH W]WXIQ JYRGXMSRW RSX MRMXMEXIH JVSQ XLI OI]
FSEVH QSYWI SV XSYGL WGVIIR ?A
-RXIVGSRRIGXMSR QIERW WLEPP FI EVVERKIH WS XLEX E
WMRKPI FVIEO SV WMRKPI KVSYRHzJEYPX HSIW RSX GEYWI ER EPEVQ
WMKREP ?A
9REGORS[PIHKIH EPEVQ WMKREPW WLEPP RSX FI MRXIV
VYTXIH MJ E JEYPX SR ER MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGI GMVGYMX SV E WMKREPMRK
PMRI GMVGYMX SGGYVW [LMPI XLIVI MW ER EPEVQ GSRHMXMSR SR XLEX
GMVGYMX YRPIWW XLI JEYPXIH GMVGYMX MW YWIH XS MRXIVGSRRIGX GSR
XVSP YRMXW ?A
%R STIR KVSYRHJEYPX SV WLSVXGMVGYMX JEYPX SR
XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR GSRHYGXSVW SJ SRI EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPM
ERGI GMVGYMX WLEPP RSX EJJIGX XLI STIVEXMSR SJ ER] SXLIV
EPEVQ RSXMJMGEXMSR GMVGYMX JSV QSVI XLER WIGSRHW VI
KEVHPIWW SJ [LIXLIV XLI WLSVXGMVGYMX JEYPX MW TVIWIRX HYVMRK
RSVQEP SV EGXMZEXIH GMVGYMX WXEXI ?A
2SXMJMGEXMSR EPEVQ GMVGYMXW XLEX HS RSX LEZI RSXM
JMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW GSRRIGXIH HMVIGXP] XS XLI GMVGYMX WLEPP FI
GSRWMHIVIH GSRXVSP GMVGYMXW ?A
'SRXVSP GMVGYMXW WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH XS GSQTP]
[MXL TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI GMVGYMX MW QSRMXSVIH JSV MRXIK
VMX] MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL ERH E JEYPX MR XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR
GSRHYGXSVW WLEPP VIWYPX MR E XVSYFPI WMKREP MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
7IGXMSR ?A
)HMXMSR
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
z
-278%00%8-32 3* '%6&32 1323<-() '3 ()8)'8-32 %2( ;%62-2+ )59-41)28
% [MVIXS[MVI WLSVXGMVGYMX JEYPX SR ER] EPEVQ RS
XMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGI GMVGYMX WLEPP VIWYPX MR E XVSYFPI WMKREP MR
EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR ERH I\GITX EW TIVQMXXIH
F] SV ?A
;LIVI X[S SV QSVI W]WXIQW EVI MRXIVGSRRIGXIH XLI
W]WXIQW WLEPP FI GSRRIGXIH YWMRK 'PEWW % & SV < GMVGYMXW EW
HIWGVMFIH MR ?A
MRWXEPPMRK GSRXVEGXSV WLEPP JYVRMWL E [VMXXIR WXEXIQIRX WXEX
MRK XLEX XLI W]WXIQ LEW FIIR MRWXEPPIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL
ETTVSZIH TPERW ERH XIWXIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI QERYJEG
XYVIVvW TYFPMWLIH MRWXVYGXMSRW ERH XLI ETTVSTVMEXI 2*4%
VIUYMVIQIRXW ?A
1SRMXSVMRK -RXIKVMX] SJ 4S[IV 7YTTPMIW
8LI GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQ VIGSVH SJ
GSQTPIXMSR JSVQ *MKYVI WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI E
TEVX SJ XLI [VMXXIR WXEXIQIRX VIUYMVIH MR 9RPIWW SXLIV[MWI TIVQMXXIH SV VIUYMVIH F] XLVSYKL EPP TVMQEV] ERH WIGSRHEV] TS[IV WYTTPMIW
WLEPP FI QSRMXSVIH JSV XLI TVIWIRGI SJ ZSPXEKI EX XLI TSMRX SJ
GSRRIGXMSR XS XLI W]WXIQ ?A
;LIR QSVI XLER SRI GSRXVEGXSV LEW FIIR VI
WTSRWMFPI JSV XLI MRWXEPPEXMSR IEGL GSRXVEGXSV WLEPP GSQ
TPIXI XLI TSVXMSRW SJ XLI JSVQ JSV [LMGL XLEX GSRXVEGXSV LEH
VIWTSRWMFMPMX]
*EMPYVI SJ IMXLIV WYTTP] WLEPP VIWYPX MR E XVSYFPI
WMKREP MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL 7IGXMSR ?A
'SQTPIXMSR (SGYQIRXW
;LIVI XLI HMKMXEP EPEVQ GSQQYRMGEXSV XVERWQMX
XIV (%'8 MW TS[IVIH JVSQ E TVSXIGXIH TVIQMWIW ?GEVFSR
QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA GSRXVSP YRMX TS[IV JEMPYVI MRHMGEXMSR
WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL ?A
1SRMXSVMRK WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV E TS[IV WYT
TP] JSV WYTTPIQIRXEV] IUYMTQIRX ?A
1SRMXSVMRK WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV XLI RIYXVEP SJ
E XLVII JSYV SV JMZI[MVI EPXIVREXMRK GYVVIRX EG SV HMVIGX
GYVVIRX HG WYTTP] WSYVGI ?A
1SRMXSVMRK WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV XLI QEMR
TS[IV WYTTP] MR E GIRXVEP WXEXMSR TVSZMHIH XLI JEYPX GSRHMXMSR
MW SXLIV[MWI MRHMGEXIH WS EW XS FI SFZMSYW XS XLI STIVEXSV SR
HYX] ?A
1SRMXSVMRK WLEPP RSX FI VIUYMVIH JSV XLI SYXTYX SJ
ER IRKMRIHVMZIR KIRIVEXSV XLEX MW TEVX SJ XLI WIGSRHEV] TS[IV
WYTTP] TVSZMHIH XLEX XLI KIRIVEXSV MW XIWXIH [IIOP] MR EGGSV
HERGI [MXL 'LETXIV ?A
4S[IV WYTTP] WSYVGIW ERH IPIGXVMGEP WYTIVZMWMSR JSV
HMKMXEP EPEVQ GSQQYRMGEXMSRW W]WXIQW WLEPP FI MR EGGSVHERGI
[MXL 7IGXMSRW ERH ?A
9RPIWW TVSLMFMXIH F] XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMG
XMSR [LIVI GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR W]WXIQW EVI GSR
RIGXIH XS E WYTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSR XLI W]WXIQ WLEPP FI EVVERKIH
XS HIPE] XVERWQMWWMSR SJ TVMQEV] TS[IV JEMPYVI WMKREPW JSV E
TIVMSH VERKMRK JVSQ XS QMRYXIW
4S[IV WYTIVZMWSV] HIZMGIW WLEPP FI EVVERKIH WS EW RSX
XS MQTEMV XLI VIGIMTX SJ ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHIA EPEVQ SV WYTIVZM
WSV] WMKREPW ?A
(SGYQIRXEXMSR
%TTVSZEP ERH %GGITXERGI
8LI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR WLEPP FI RSXMJMIH
TVMSV XS MRWXEPPEXMSR SV EPXIVEXMSR SJ IUYMTQIRX SV [MVMRK
?A
%X XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSRvW VIUYIWX GSQ
TPIXI MRJSVQEXMSR VIKEVHMRK XLI W]WXIQ SV W]WXIQ EPXIVEXMSRW
MRGPYHMRK WTIGMJMGEXMSRW X]TI SJ W]WXIQ SV WIVZMGI WLST HVE[
MRKW MRTYXSYXTYX QEXVM\ FEXXIV] GEPGYPEXMSRW ERH RSXMJMGE
XMSR ETTPMERGI GMVGYMX ZSPXEKI HVST GEPGYPEXMSRW WLEPP FI WYF
QMXXIH JSV ETTVSZEP
&IJSVI VIUYIWXMRK JMREP ETTVSZEP SJ XLI MRWXEPPE
XMSR MJ VIUYMVIH F] XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR XLI
)HMXMSR
4VITEVEXMSR
8LI TVITEVEXMSR SJ E GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIG
XMSR W]WXIQ VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR *MKYVI WLEPP FI
XLI VIWTSRWMFMPMX] SJ XLI UYEPMJMIH ERH I\TIVMIRGIH TIVWSR
HIWGVMFIH MR 8LI TVITEVEXMSR SJ E GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR
W]WXIQ VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR *MKYVI WLEPP FI MR EGGSV
HERGI [MXL XLVSYKL 4EVXW XLVSYKL SJ XLI VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR
WLEPP FI GSQTPIXIH EJXIV XLI W]WXIQ MW MRWXEPPIH ERH XLI MRWXEP
PEXMSR [MVMRK LEW FIIR GLIGOIH
4EVXW ERH SJ XLI VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR WLEPP
FI GSQTPIXIH EJXIV XLI STIVEXMSREP EGGITXERGI XIWXW LEZI FIIR
GSQTPIXIH
% TVIPMQMREV] GST] SJ XLI VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR
WLEPP FI KMZIR XS XLI W]WXIQ S[RIV ERH MJ VIUYIWXIH XS SXLIV
EYXLSVMXMIW LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR EJXIV GSQTPIXMSR SJ XLI MRWXEPPE
XMSR [MVMRK XIWXW
% JMREP GST] SJ XLI VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR WLEPP FI
TVSZMHIH EJXIV GSQTPIXMSR SJ XLI STIVEXMSREP EGGITXERGI XIWXW
3RI GST] SJ XLI VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR WLEPP FI
WXSVIH EX XLI GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSR GSRXVSP YRMX SV SXLIV
ETTVSZIH PSGEXMSR
8LMW GST] WLEPP FI YTHEXIH XS VIJPIGX EPP W]WXIQ
EHHMXMSRW SV QSHMJMGEXMSRW ERH QEMRXEMRIH MR E GYVVIRX GSRHM
XMSR EX EPP XMQIW
;LIVI RSX WXSVIH EX XLI QEMR GEVFSR QSRS\MHI
HIXIGXMSR GSRXVSP YRMX XLI PSGEXMSR SJ XLIWI HSGYQIRXW WLEPP
FI MHIRXMJMIH EX XLI QEMR JMVI EPEVQ GSRXVSP YRMX
-J XLI HSGYQIRXW EVI PSGEXIH MR E WITEVEXI IRGPS
WYVI SV GEFMRIX XLI WITEVEXI IRGPSWYVI SV GEFMRIX WLEPP FI
TVSQMRIRXP] PEFIPIH '%6&32 1323<-() ()8)'8-32
(3'91)287
6IZMWMSR %PP ?GEVFSR QSRS\MHI HIXIGXMSRA W]WXIQ
QSHMJMGEXMSRW QEHI EJXIV XLI MRMXMEP MRWXEPPEXMSR WLEPP FI VI
GSVHIH SR E VIZMWIH ZIVWMSR SJ XLI SVMKMREP ?VIGSVH SJ GSQTPI
XMSRA ?A
%PP GLERKIW JVSQ XLI SVMKMREP MRJSVQEXMSR WLEPP FI
WLS[R
8LI VIZMWIH VIGSVH SJ GSQTPIXMSR WLEPP MRGPYHI E
VIZMWMSR HEXI
'ST]VMKLX2EXMSREP*MVI4VSXIGXMSR%WWSGMEXMSR 2*4% 0MGIRWIHF]EKVIIQIRXJSVMRHMZMHYEPYWIERHHS[RPSEHSR*IFVYEV]XS(%6%0,%2(%7%,2SSXLIVVITVSHYGXMSRSVXVERWQMWWMSRMRER]JSVQTIVQMXXIH
[MXLSYX[VMXXIRTIVQMWWMSRSJ2*4%*SVMRUYMVIWSVXSVITSVXYREYXLSVM^IHYWIGSRXEGXPMGIRWMRK$RJTESVK
z
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'%6&32132<-()7=78)16)'36(3*'3140)8-32
8SFIGSQTPIXIHF]XLIW]WXIQMRWXEPPEXMSRGSRXVEGXSVEXXLIXMQISJW]WXIQEGGITXERGIERHETTVSZEP
-XWLEPPFITIVQMXXIHXSQSHMJ]XLMWJSVQEWRIIHIHXSTVSZMHIEQSVIGSQTPIXIERHSVGPIEVVIGSVH
-RWIVX2%MREPPYRYWIHPMRIW
%XXEGLEHHMXMSREPWLIIXWHEXESVGEPGYPEXMSRWEWRIGIWWEV]XSTVSZMHIEGSQTPIXIVIGSVH
4634)68=-2*361%8-32
2EQISJTVSTIVX]
%HHVIWW
(IWGVMTXMSRSJTVSTIVX]
3GGYTERG]X]TI
2EQISJTVSTIVX]VITVIWIRXEXMZI
%HHVIWW
4LSRI
*E\
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4LSRI
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4LSRI
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5YERXMX]
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7=78)143;)6 GSRXMRYIH
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0SGEXMSRSJKIRIVEXSV
0SGEXMSRSJJYIPWXSVEKI
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0SGEXMSRSJKIRIVEXSV
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0SGEXMSRSJ947W]WXIQ
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0SGEXMSRSJ947W]WXIQ
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6)'36(3*7=78)1-278%00%8-32
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2*4% )HMXMSR
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7MKRIH
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2*4% TSJ
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2*4% )HMXMSR
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7MKRIH
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7MKRIH
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7MKRIH
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7MKRIH
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8MXPI
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MREGGSVHERGI[MXLMXWETTVSZIHTPERWERHWTIGMJMGEXMSRW[MXLMXWETTVSZIHWIUYIRGISJSTIVEXMSRWERH[MXLEPP
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7MKRIH
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8LI MRWXEPPEXMSR [MVMRK FIX[IIR XLI ?GEVFSR QSRS\
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XLI TEVXMGYPEV MRMXMEXMRK HIZMGI MR EPEVQ ?A
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PMWXIH EW YWMRK E XVERWQMWWMSR QIXLSH XLEX MW LMKLP] VIWMWXERX XS
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LSYVW QE\MQYQ JSV E XVERWQMXXIV WIVZMRK E WMRKPI MRMXMEXMRK
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8LI TIVJSVQERGI PSGEXMSR ERH QSYRXMRK SJ RSXMJMGE
XMSR ETTPMERGIW YWIH XS MRMXMEXI SV HMVIGX IZEGYEXMSR SV VIPSGE
XMSR SJ XLI SGGYTERXW SV JSV TVSZMHMRK MRJSVQEXMSR XS SGGY
TERXW SV WXEJJ WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLMW GLETXIV ?A
8LI TIVJSVQERGI PSGEXMSR ERH QSYRXMRK SJ ERRYRGME
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WSRRIP SV WYTIVZMWMRK WXEXMSR TIVWSRRIP WLEPP GSQTP] [MXL XLMW
GLETXIV ?A
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLMW GLETXIV WLEPP ETTP] XS XLI EV
IEW WTEGIW SV W]WXIQ JYRGXMSRW [LIVI VIUYMVIH F] XLI IRJSVG
MRK EYXLSVMX] KSZIVRMRK PE[W GSHIW SV WXERHEVHW SV SXLIV
TEVXW SJ XLMW WXERHEVH VIUYMVMRK GSQTPMERGI [MXL XLMW GLETXIV
?A
8LI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LETXIV ERH 'LETXIV WLEPP
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GSRXVSP GSRJMKYVEXMSRW XLI TS[IV WYTTPMIW ERH XLI YWI SJ XLI
MRJSVQEXMSR TVSZMHIH F] RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW ?A
2SXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW WLEPP FI TIVQMXXIH XS FI YWIH
[MXLMR FYMPHMRKW SV SYXHSSVW ERH XS XEVKIX XLI KIRIVEP FYMPH
MRK EVIE SV WTEGI SV SRP] WTIGMJMG TEVXW SJ E FYMPHMRK EVIE SV
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7IGXMSR ?A
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1IGLERMGEP 4VSXIGXMSR
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PMWXIH JSV YWI [MXL XLI ETTPMERGI ?A
8LI IJJIGX SJ KYEVHW GSZIVW SV PIRWIW SR XLI ETTPM
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MRK VIUYMVIQIRXW ?A
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QERYJEGXYVIVvW TYFPMWLIH MRWXVYGXMSRW ?A
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HIJMRIH MR ?A
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238-*-'%8-32 %440-%2')7 *36 '%6&32 1323<-() ()8)'8-32 7=78)17
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VIHYGI EQFMIRX RSMWI WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ 'LET
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H&% ?A
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z
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?A
XLIWM^IH SV PMZI IK QMGVSTLSRI XIPITLSRI LERHWIX ERH
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?A
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MRK XLI EYHMFPI WMKREP XSRI WLEPP QIIX XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ
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8LI WSYRH TVIWWYVI PIZIP SJ XLI EYHMFPI XSRI WMKREP
WLEPP I\GIIH XLI QEWOIH XLVIWLSPH MR SRI SV QSVI SGXEZI
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EXMSR ?A
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MRK SV 7XVYGXYVI
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JSV XLEX HIZMGI ?A
1SYRXMRK LIMKLXW SXLIV XLER VIUYMVIH F] ERH
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PIZIP VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ JSV TYFPMG QSHI SV JSV TVMZEXI
QSHI SV JSV WPIITMRK EVIEW FEWIH SR XLI ETTPMGEXMSR
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0SGEXMSR SJ %YHMFPI 2SXMJMGEXMSR %TTPMERGIW JSV ;MHI
%VIE 7MKREPMRK %YHMFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW JSV [MHIEVIE
WMKREPMRK WLEPP FI MRWXEPPIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI VIUYMVI
QIRXW SJ XLI EYXLSVMX] LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR ETTVSZIH HIWMKR
HSGYQIRXW ERH XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW MRWXEPPEXMSR MRWXVYGXMSR XS
EGLMIZI XLI VIUYMVIH TIVJSVQERGI ?A
:SMGI -RXIPPMKMFMPMX] ;MXLMR XLI EGSYWXMGEPP] HMWXMRKYMWL
EFPI WTEGIW %(7 [LIVI ZSMGI MRXIPPMKMFMPMX] MW VIUYMVIH ZSMGI
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PE[W GSHIW SV WXERHEVHW SV F] SXLIV TEVXW SJ XLMW WXERHEVH
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XLVSYKL UYERXMXEXMZI QIEWYVIQIRXW ?A
5YERXMXEXMZI QIEWYVIQIRXW EW HIWGVMFIH MR ( SJ
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WLEPP FI EW VIUYMVIH F] SXLIV KSZIVRMRK PE[W GSHIW SV WXER
HEVHW ;LIVI XLI SXLIV KSZIVRMRK PE[W GSHIW SV WXERHEVHW
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PE[W GSHIW SV WXERHEVHW ?A
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HSGYQIRXEXMSR SJ XLI IJJIGXMZI MRXIRWMX] GH SJ XLI ZMWMFPI ET
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8LI TYPWI HYVEXMSR WLEPP FI HIJMRIH EW XLI XMQI MRXIV
ZEP FIX[IIR MRMXMEP ERH JMREP TSMRXW SJ TIVGIRX SJ QE\MQYQ
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0MKLXW YWIH JSV GEVFSR QSRS\MHI EPEVQ WMKREPMRK
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LEZMRK NYVMWHMGXMSR JSV XLI EVIE SV FYMPHMRK ERH WLEPP RSX I\
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XLI FYMPHMRK ?A
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%TTPMERGI 0SGEXMSR
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:MWMFPI RSXMJMGEXMSR ETTPMERGIW WLEPP FI MRWXEPPIH MR
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?A
8EFPI )JJIGXMZI -RXIRWMX] 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV
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Submitting Public Input / Public Comment through the Electronic Submission System (e-Submission):
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Information on the NFPA Standards Development Process
I. Applicable Regulations. The primary rules governing the processing of NFPA standards (codes, standards, recommended practices, and
guides) are the NFPA Regulations Governing the Development of NFPA Standards (Regs). Other applicable rules include NFPA Bylaws,
NFPA Technical Meeting Convention Rules, NFPA Guide for the Conduct of Participants in the NFPA Standards Development Process,
and the NFPA Regulations Governing Petitions to the Board of Directors from Decisions of the Standards Council. Most of these rules and
regulations are contained in the NFPA Standards Directory. For copies of the Directory, contact Codes and Standards Administration at
NFPA Headquarters; all these documents are also available on the NFPA website at “www.nfpa.org.”
The following is general information on the NFPA process. All participants, however, should refer to the actual rules and regulations for a
full understanding of this process and for the criteria that govern participation.
II. Technical Committee Report. The Technical Committee Report is defined as “the Report of the responsible Committee(s), in
accordance with the Regulations, in preparation of a new or revised NFPA Standard.” The Technical Committee Report is in two parts and
consists of the First Draft Report and the Second Draft Report. (See Regs at 1.4)
III. Step 1: First Draft Report. The First Draft Report is defined as “Part one of the Technical Committee Report, which documents the
Input Stage.” The First Draft Report consists of the First Draft, Public Input, Committee Input, Committee and Correlating Committee
Statements, Correlating Input, Correlating Notes, and Ballot Statements. (See Regs at 4.2.5.2 and Section 4.3) Any objection to an action
in the First Draft Report must be raised through the filing of an appropriate Comment for consideration in the Second Draft Report or the
objection will be considered resolved. [See Regs at 4.3.1(b)]
IV. Step 2: Second Draft Report. The Second Draft Report is defined as “Part two of the Technical Committee Report, which documents
the Comment Stage." The Second Draft Report consists of the Second Draft, Public Comments with corresponding Committee Actions
and Committee Statements, Correlating Notes and their respective Committee Statements, Committee Comments, Correlating Revisions,
and Ballot Statements. (See Regs at Section 4.2.5.2 and 4.4) The First Draft Report and the Second Draft Report together constitute the
Technical Committee Report. Any outstanding objection following the Second Draft Report must be raised through an appropriate
Amending Motion at the Association Technical Meeting or the objection will be considered resolved. [See Regs at 4.4.1(b)]
V. Step 3a: Action at Association Technical Meeting. Following the publication of the Second Draft Report, there is a period during
which those wishing to make proper Amending Motions on the Technical Committee Reports must signal their intention by submitting a
Notice of Intent to Make a Motion. (See Regs at 4.5.2) Standards that receive notice of proper Amending Motions (Certified Amending
Motions) will be presented for action at the annual June Association Technical Meeting. At the meeting, the NFPA membership can
consider and act on these Certified Amending Motions as well as Follow-up Amending Motions, that is, motions that become necessary as
a result of a previous successful Amending Motion. (See 4.5.3.2 through 4.5.3.6 and Table1, Columns 1-3 of Regs for a summary of the
available Amending Motions and who may make them.) Any outstanding objection following action at an Association Technical Meeting
(and any further Technical Committee consideration following successful Amending Motions, see Regs at 4.5.3.7 through 4.6.5.3) must be
raised through an appeal to the Standards Council or it will be considered to be resolved.
VI. Step 3b: Documents Forwarded Directly to the Council. Where no Notice of Intent to Make a Motion (NITMAM) is received and
certified in accordance with the Technical Meeting Convention Rules, the standard is forwarded directly to the Standards Council for action
on issuance. Objections are deemed to be resolved for these documents. (See Regs at 4.5.2.5)
VII. Step 4a: Council Appeals. Anyone can appeal to the Standards Council concerning procedural or substantive matters related to the
development, content, or issuance of any document of the Association or on matters within the purview of the authority of the Council, as
established by the Bylaws and as determined by the Board of Directors. Such appeals must be in written form and filed with the Secretary
of the Standards Council (See Regs at 1.6). Time constraints for filing an appeal must be in accordance with 1.6.2 of the Regs. Objections
are deemed to be resolved if not pursued at this level.
VIII. Step 4b: Document Issuance. The Standards Council is the issuer of all documents (see Article 8 of Bylaws). The Council acts on
the issuance of a document presented for action at an Association Technical Meeting within 75 days from the date of the recommendation
from the Association Technical Meeting, unless this period is extended by the Council (See Regs at 4.7.2). For documents forwarded
directly to the Standards Council, the Council acts on the issuance of the document at its next scheduled meeting, or at such other meeting
as the Council may determine (See Regs at 4.5.2.5 and 4.7.4).
IX. Petitions to the Board of Directors. The Standards Council has been delegated the responsibility for the administration of the codes
and standards development process and the issuance of documents. However, where extraordinary circumstances requiring the intervention
of the Board of Directors exist, the Board of Directors may take any action necessary to fulfill its obligations to preserve the integrity of the
codes and standards development process and to protect the interests of the Association. The rules for petitioning the Board of Directors
can be found in the Regulations Governing Petitions to the Board of Directors from Decisions of the Standards Council and in 1.7 of the
Regs.
X. For More Information. The program for the Association Technical Meeting (as well as the NFPA website as information becomes
available) should be consulted for the date on which each report scheduled for consideration at the meeting will be presented. For copies of
the First Draft Report and Second Draft Report as well as more information on NFPA rules and for up-to-date information on schedules
and deadlines for processing NFPA documents, check the NFPA website (www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes) or contact NFPA Codes &
Standards Administration at (617) 984-7246.
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