American and Florida History
Mrs. Maddox & Mr. Piernick
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First Industrial Revolution
• Spread from Great Britain to the United States
• Production passed to factories powered by
machines, mostly in northern states.
• Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. Southern
states became major cotton producers.
• Erie Canal built, as well as other canals,
railroads, and roads.
• Robert Fulton developed the first
commercially successful steamboat
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Social reform movements
• Abolitionism (Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd
Garrison, John Brown, Frederick Douglass,
Harriet Beecher Stowe)
• Temperance
• Women’s rights (Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton, Elizabeth Blackwell)
• Movements to improve conditions for workers
and prisoners
• Public education (Horace Mann)
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Famous writers
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James Fenimore Cooper
Washington Irving
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Edgar Allan Poe
Herman Melville
Walt Whitman
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
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North vs South
• Slavery existed in all 13 colonies, but widespread
slavery was only profitable in the South.
• After independence, the North and South
differed on tariffs, banking and currency, internal
improvements at federal expense, and slavery.
• North was more commercial and industrialized,
while the South was more agricultural.
• The Southern economy depended on slavery, but
most Southern whites did not own slaves.
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Missouri Compromise 1820
• Balance of power in Congress between slave
and free states was maintained, when Maine
was admitted along with Missouri.
• Maine had been part of Massachusetts.
Missouri was a slave state.
• Slavery in western territories was banned
north of 36° 30’ N. latitude
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Compromise of 1850
• California was admitted as a free state
• Abolition of the slave trade in the District of
Columbia
• Western territories could decide whether to
permit slavery
• Fugitive Slave Act
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Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
• Missouri Compromise had banned slavery in
these areas.
• Law allowed these territories’ citizens,
however, to decide whether to allow slavery
upon statehood.
• Bleeding Kansas: violent clashes between
opponents and supporters of slavery.
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Dred Scott case 1857
• Supreme Court decided that Dred Scott, a
slave from Missouri, did not become free by
entering Illinois, a free state.
• The Court declared that slaves were property,
not citizens, and had no standing to sue.
• The Missouri Compromise was declared
unconstitutional because Congress could not
prohibit slavery in western territories
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John Brown
• John Brown led a raid on Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia, attempting to seize a federal arsenal
and begin a slave uprising in the South.
• Brown was defeated and he was hanged.
• South saw this as proof that most Northerners
wanted to achieve abolition by force.
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Outbreak of the Civil War
• The new Republican Party opposed the expansion
of slavery. Its candidate, Abraham Lincoln of
Illinois, won the presidential election of 1860
because the Democratic party had split over the
issue of the expansion of slavery.
• Southern states responded by seceding from the
Union, starting with South Carolina, followed by
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,
Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North
Carolina
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Outbreak of the Civil War
• These eleven states formed the Confederate
States of America
• War started with the Confederate attack on
Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC, in April 1861
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North and South
• Larger population
• Greater wealth and more
natural resources
• Far more railroads and
factories
• Controlled the navy , which
blockaded the South, and
continued trading overseas
• Motivation was to preserve
the Union, which didn’t
command everyone’s support
• Only needed to fight a
defensive war.
• Hoped for British and
French recognition and
assistance, since they
depended on Southern
cotton
• Excellent military
leadership
• Stronger motivation to
fight, since they were
defending their homeland
and their independence.
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War strategies
• North
• Blockade the Confederate
coast in order to cripple
the Southern economy
• Seize control of the
Mississippi valley in order
to cut the South in half.
• Seize the Confederate
capital of Richmond, VA
• South
• Capture Washington, DC
and force the North to
surrender
• Exhaust the North, wear
it down through
determined and brave
resistance, and force it to
surrender, since it was
less motivated to fight.
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Civil War
• Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863. Robert E. Lee’s
invasion of the North failed
• Battle of Vicksburg, July 1863. North captured
last remaining Southern position on the
Mississippi
• Ulysses Grant then became commander in the
North. He invaded Virginia, while William
Sherman invaded through Georgia, cutting the
Confederacy in half.
• Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
Courthouse, VA, in April 1865.
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Consequences of the Civil War
• More Americans were killed than in any other war in
U.S. history
• Southern way of life was lost, and bitterness and
resentment remained as a legacy in the South for
decades.
• Modern technologies and techniques played a decisive
role: trench warfare, repeating rifles, submarines,
ironclad ships, telegraphs, railroads.
• The principle that no state can leave the Union became
accepted, and a unified US went on to become a great
power.
• Slavery was abolished, although racism survived.
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Reconstruction
• Lincoln wanted generous terms for the Confederacy,
but he was assassinated days after the war ended.
• Under President Andrew Johnson, Congress imposed
harsher terms as it was dominated by Radical
Republicans.
• States were under federal army occupation. The
Freedmen’s Bureau was supposed to aid former slaves,
which led to resentment among Southern whites.
• Southern states adopted black codes, which denied
basic civil rights to blacks. Ku Klux Klan was established
a secret terrorist organization in order to intimidate
blacks through violence.
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Reconstruction
• Congress responded by passing the 13th
Amendment (abolition of slavery), 14th
Amendment (former slaves became citizens),
and the 15th Amendment (blacks could not be
denied the right to vote).
• Andrew Johnson was impeached because of
his conflicts with the Republican Congress.
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Society and economy 1870-1914
• After the Civil War, the United States became
fully industrialized and urbanized, and railroads
linked the entire country.
• The United States had abundant natural
resources: coal, iron, forests, copper, oil.
• Railroads and mass production made consumer
goods widely available.
• New technologies: electric light bulb,
phonograph, typewriter, telephone, barbed wire,
automobile, skyscraper
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Society and economy 1870-1914
• Mass immigration, which provided a labor
force and market for industry.
• Large corporations grew, and many
monopolies and trusts arose.
• Workers and farmers formed unions and
organizations to defend their rights.
• Susan B. Anthony began campaigning for
women’s suffrage. Wyoming became the first
state to grant women the right to vote.
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Progressive reforms
(T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson)
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Civil Service or Pendleton Act
Introduction of the secret ballot.
Direct election of senators
Muckraking journalists exposed abuses and
corruption
Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts
Federal Reserve Bank was established
Safety of food and drugs
Conservation of natural areas
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Imperialism
• 1890s. US became more interested in foreign
affairs, and some wanted to expand overseas, as
European powers were doing.
• Cuba rebelled against Spanish rule, and many
Americans wanted to intervene on Cubans’
behalf.
• U.S. declared war on Spain in 1898 after the
battleship Maine blew up in Havana.
• Treaty of Paris. U.S. acquired Guam, Puerto Rico,
and the Philippines. Spain lost Cuba, which
became independent after U.S. occupation.
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Imperialism
• President Theodore Roosevelt believed that the
U.S. should be a world power and in intervening
in the Americas. “Speak softly and carry a big
stick.”
• U.S. intervened in countries like the Dominican
Republic, Mexico, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Cuba
• Panama became independent, and the U.S.
gained the right to build, operate, and own the
Panama Canal
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World War I
• President Woodrow Wilson declared American
neutrality, but the U.S. entered the war in
1917 because of Germany’s practice of
unrestricted submarine warfare.
• Zimmermann Telegram: US discovered that
Germany was encouraging Mexico to enter
the war against the United States.
• New technologies: tank, poison gas, airplane,
submarines, machine guns
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• Massive mobilization of men and industry to fight
the war.
• Wilson’s peace plan was the Fourteen Points: peace
without victory, self-determination, disarmament,
new international organization to preserve peace.
• Paris Peace Conference ignored most of the Fourteen
Points, but Wilson went along in order to get his
League of Nations established.
• The Central Powers were punished harshly. They lost
territory and were forced to pay reparations.
• U.S. Senate rejected the League because most
Americans did not want to commit themselves to
automatic involvement in foreign wars.
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1920s
• 18th Amendment: Prohibition of the
manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
• 19th Amendment: women won the right to
vote.
• Much greater influence of automobiles.
• Jazz, motion pictures, aviation, household
appliances, and radio became part of daily life.
• Tremendous economic boom, with much
investment in the stock market.
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Great Depression
• Much stock speculation involved investing in
stock with borrowed money.
• Stock market crash of October 1929 led to
financial ruin for many, the failure of many
banks, business failures, and very high
unemployment. Foreign trade collapsed.
• Depression was more severe in Germany,
which relied on American bank loans to pay its
war debts.
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Origin of World War II
• Italy was fascist, under Benito Mussolini.
• Japan, under Emperor Hirohito, was increasingly
militaristic.
• Both dictatorships saw aggressive nationalism and
expansion as the solution to their economic problems.
Japan invaded China, and Italy invaded Ethiopia.
• The humiliation of the harsh peace treaty, loss of
territory, the economic collapse, and the failure of
democratic governments led to the rise to power of
Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party in Germany in 1933.
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Origin of World War II
• Nazi Germany began rearming. It remilitarized
the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938,
seized the Sudetenland in 1938, and occupied the
rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939.
• Italy and Germany intervened in the Spanish Civil
War (1936-1939), and the Soviet Union under
Stalin aided the other side.
• Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939,
beginning World War II. Germany then
conquered much of the rest of Europe.
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United States and World War II
• President Franklin Roosevelt sympathized with
the Allies and feared an Axis victory. U.S. supplied
Allies with war materials.
• Isolationists did not want to get involved.
• U.S. opposed Japanese expansionism in Asia, and
restricted exports to Japan.
• In 1941, Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor naval
base in Hawaii in order to disable the U.S. fleet so
that it could have a free hand in the Pacific.
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World War II in Europe
• Allies agreed to concentrate on defeating Germany
before Japan. Allied leaders: Roosevelt, Stalin, and
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
• U.S. invaded North Africa, and then Italy in 1943.
• Germany had invaded the Soviet Union in 1941,
violating the Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact of 1939.
Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point, where
Germany started losing.
• D-Day (June 1944). Allies invaded France at Normandy.
• Germany was overrun by Allied armies from the East
and West, and surrendered in May 1945.
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World War II in the Pacific
• Japan conquered much of Southeast Asia and
the Pacific.
• U.S. pursued island-hopping to push toward
Japan.
• Japan surrendered after atomic bombs were
dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August
1945.
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Consequences of World War II
• Germany and its capital Berlin were divided into four
occupation zones (United States, Soviet Union, Great
Britain, and France). Germany lost its eastern territory to
Poland and the Soviet Union
• Nazi Party was banned, and the German military
disbanded.
• War crimes trials were held for German and Japanese
leaders.
• Japan was under U.S. military occupation, under General
Douglas MacArthur. Japan’s new constitution eliminated
the political role of the emperor and denied Japan the right
to wage war.
• United Nations was established to prevent future wars.
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Consequences of World War II
• Millions were killed in Nazi concentration camps.
Holocaust. Millions of civilians were killed, and
cities destroyed.
• United States and the Soviet Union became the
world’s leading powers., and their alliance soon
fell apart.
• Soviets established communist governments
across Eastern Europe.
• Mao Zedong’s communist forces seized control
of China in 1949.
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Cold War
• Dominated U.S. foreign policy between 1945 and
1990.
• Struggle and intense hostility between
communist bloc, led by the Soviet Union, and the
U.S. and its allies. Never became a “hot war.”
• Nuclear arms race: both sides built up their
arsenals until they developed the ability to
destroy each other.
• Truman Doctrine or containment: US policy was
to “contain” or halt the spread of communism
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• Marshall Plan (1947) After World War II, social
and economic chaos in Western Europe led to
fears that it could fall to communism. Marshall
Plan helped rebuild Western Europe
economically and assist its recovery
• Soviets tried to prevent German economic
unification and to expel the western Allies
from West Berlin through a blockade. Berlin
Airlift (1948): Western Allies resupplied the
city by air.
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Korea and Vietnam
• Korean War (1950-1953) North Korea invaded South
Korea, and US troops, along with other UN members,
defended the South.
• War ended with a cease-fire, and Korea remains
divided.
• US under Eisenhower and Kennedy began aiding South
Vietnam defend itself from communist forces
supported by North Vietnam.
• Under Lyndon Johnson, US troops entered the conflict.
War grew immensely unpopular, and US was divided.
• US in 1973, under Nixon, signed an agreement with
North Vietnam, and withdrew its troops.
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Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
• Soviets decided to install nuclear missiles in
Cuba in order to defend Cuba from a feared
US invasion. US spy planes discovered them.
Kennedy decided to “quarantine” Cuba and
demanded the missiles’ withdrawal.
• Worst crisis of the cold war.
• Soviets withdrew the missiles from Cuba, and
US withdrew its missiles from Turkey. US
promised not to invade Cuba.
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Richard Nixon 1969-1974
• US had not recognized the communist
government of China since 1949. Nixon went to
China in 1972 in order to gain leverage in its
negotiations with North Vietnam and the Soviet
Union. Changed the nature of the cold war. US
and China established relations in 1979.
• Nixon resigned in 1974 after his involvement in
covering up the break-in at the Democratic Party
headquarters in the Watergate was discovered.
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Jimmy Carter 1977-1981
• Hosted negotiations at Camp David between
Egypt and Israel, who signed a peace treaty in
1979.
• Shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979, replaced
by an Islamic theocracy under Ayatollah
Khomeini. US embassy in Iran was overrun,
and the diplomats were held hostage.
• Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
• US was now seen as weak.
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Ronald Reagan 1981-1989
• US helped stop communist forces in El
Salvador, and tried to overthrow the
communist government in Nicaragua.
• Iran-contra scandal: Profits from selling arms
to Iran were used to fund Nicaraguan rebels.
• 1983: Hundreds of US marines were killed in a
suicide bombing in Beirut, Lebanon.
• 1983 US invasion of Grenada.
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End of the cold war
• Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev began to
reform the Soviet Union and ease tensions
with the United States.
• Berlin Wall fell in 1989.
• Communist governments fell across Eastern
Europe, and replaced by democracies.
• Yugoslavia fell apart, and some of its ethnic
groups went to war with each other.
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George H. W. Bush 1989-1993
• 1989. US invaded Panama to overthrow
military dictator Manuel Noriega.
• 1990 Iraq under Saddam Hussein invaded
Kuwait.
• 1991 Operation Desert Storm. US and its allies
freed Kuwait from Iraqi control.
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Bill Clinton 1993-2001
• North American Free Trade Agreement.
• 1993 Failed intervention and withdrawal in
Somalia
• Military Intervention in wars in Bosnia (1995)
and Kosovo (1999)
• 1994 Invasion of Haiti to restore Aristide
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George W Bush 2001-2009
• Election decided by the Supreme Court after
disputed election in Florida
• September 11, 2001 Islamic suicide hijackers
crashed planes into the World Trade Center and
the Pentagon
• “War on terror” began. Invasion of Afghanistan
(2001) and overthrow of the Taliban.
• 2003 Invasion of Iraq and overthrow of Saddam
Hussein.
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• New Deal (response to the Great Depression):
relief for farmers, regulation of banks, public
works, social security.
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
ended segregation of public schools.
• Civil rights movement (1950s-1960s). Led by Rev.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Civil Rights Act (1964)
prohibited racial discrimination in housing,
employment, and public accommodations.
• Use of oil led to dependence on imports, which
left US vulnerable to shortages and price
increases. Also contributed to pollution
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• 19th century immigrants served as a labor
force for the Industrial Revolution.
• Before about 1880, most immigrants were
from the British Isles, Scandinavia, Germany,
and the Netherlands.
• After, most came from Southern and Eastern
Europe.
• Large numbers of Chinese went to the Pacific
coast states, especially to work on the
railroads.
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• Hispanics, mostly from Mexico, came in the
first half of the 1900s to work in California and
the Southwest, mostly in agriculture, and
many seasonally.
• Problem of illegal immigration: Millions have
come from Latin America to work without
permission to work or reside in the United
States.
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African-Americans
• After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery,
African-Americans still suffered from
discrimination and inequality.
• Booker T. Washington advocated selfimprovement and vocational education.
Founded the Tuskegee Institute
• W.E.B. DuBois advocated continuous protests
against injustice. Founded the NAACP
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• Major Native American tribes in Florida: 1)
Calusa and Tequesta (South) 2) Ais (Central) 3)
Timucuans (North Central and Northeast) 4)
Apalachee (Northwest)
• Juan Ponce de Leon landed in northeastern
Florida on Easter Sunday 1513 and named it
after Pascua Florida (Spanish for Easter). Spain
would rule Florida for the next 250 years.
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• Spain sponsored several failed attempts at colonizing
Florida: Juan Ponce de Leon in 1521, Panfilo de
Narvaez in 1527, Hernando de Soto in 1539, Tristan de
Luna in 1559 in Pensacola. They were looking
unsuccessfully for treasure.
• French Protestants established Fort Caroline in 1562,
which led Spain to establish a permanent settlement
nearby.
• Pedro Menendez de Aviles established Saint Augustine
in 1565, which became the first permanent European
settlement in the United States.
• Most of the French were killed. Spanish fort in St.
Augustine is the Castillo de San Marcos.
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Colonial Florida
• Spanish established Catholic missions and forts in
Florida.
• In the 1700s, English colonists in South Carolina
and Georgia were hostile to Spain and attacked
Florida several times. Most of the missions were
burned.
• Creek Indians moved into Florida at this time, and
were known as Seminoles.
• British obtained Florida in 1763 in the Treaty of
Paris, in exchange for Havana.
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Colonial Florida
• British split Florida into two colonies. East (Saint
Augustine) and West (Pensacola).
• Spain was an ally of the American revolutionaries,
and invaded and captured Pensacola in 1781.
Spain regained Florida in 1783 in the peace
treaty.
• Spain would again rule Florida until 1821.
• Andrew Jackson led an army into Florida in 1818
in an expedition against Seminoles. Spanish
Florida was also a haven for escaped slaves.
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Territorial Florida
• US military pressure led to the Adams-Onis Treaty
of 1819, where Spain agreed to cede Florida to
the United States, which occurred in 1821.
Andrew Jackson established the territorial
government as Florida’s military governor.
• Settlers came to Florida from the southern states
to establish plantations. Tallahassee became the
capital because it was midway between
Pensacola and St. Augustine.
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Seminole Wars and statehood
• Whites desired Indian lands, and resented the
Seminoles for giving sanctuary to fugitive
slaves.
• Jackson wanted to remove them to the West.
This led to the Seminole wars. Many
Seminoles were able to seek refuge in the
Everglades.
• Florida became a state on March 3, 1845.
William D. Moseley became its first governor.
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Civil War
• Most white Floridians supported slavery and
opposed the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.
As a result of his victory, Florida seceded from the
Union on January 10, 1861.
• No decisive Civil War battles were fought in
Florida. Many ports were in Union hands, but the
interior remained Confederate.
• Florida supplied the South with agricultural
supplies. Tallahassee was the only Confederate
capital east of the Mississippi which remained in
Confederate hands until the end of the war.
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• Reconstruction. Republicans held office in Florida,
and blacks were able to vote.
• The Republican state government ensured that
Rutherford Hayes won Florida in the election of
1876.
• Reconstruction then ended, and white Democrats
reestablished control of the state government
• Economic development: cattle ranches,
phosphate mining, paper mills, lumber, cigar
manufacturing, citrus farming, railroad building
(under Henry Plant and Henry Flagler)
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• With steamships and railroads, tourism began
in the 1870s as northerners came to Florida
for its warm climate.
• The state offered land cheaply to those
building railroads.
• Railroad builders like Flagler built lavish hotels
near their railroad lines.
• Tampa served as the primary staging area for
the U.S. intervention in Cuba during the
Spanish-American War in 1898.
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• Early 20th century. With the automobile, Florida was
even more accessible to tourists. In South Florida, land
was developed and swamps were drained.
• Many military bases were built in Florida during World
War II, and many soldiers came to train. Many veterans
later settled in Florida after the war.
• In the 1950s, Cape Canaveral became the center of US
space exploration. Satellites and manned space
missions launch from the Kennedy Space Center.
• 1960s to the present: Major immigration to Florida,
especially from Cuba and Haiti.
• Tremendous urban and suburban growth, especially
after the construction of Walt Disney World in the
1970s.
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