DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 FORM 4 Chap Terms/Laws Physical quantity Base quantity 1.1 2.1 2.3 Derived quantity Scalar quantity Vector quantity Linear motion Speed, v Velocity, v Acceleration, a Free fall motion Inertia 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 Newton’s first law of motion Momentum, p Definition/Statement A quantity that can be measured A physical quantity that cannot be derived from another physical quantity A quantity which can be obtained by combination of base quantities by mean of multiplication, division or both Physical quantities that have magnitude only Physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction Motion in a straight line Rate of change of distance Rate of change of displacement Rate of change of velocity A situation where an object falls down due to gravitational force only Tendency of an object to remain at rest or to continue its uniform motion in a straight line at uniform velocity An object will remain at rest or move at uniform velocity unless acted upon by an external foce A product of mass multiplies by velocity The action of pushing or pulling to change the size and direction of motion Force, F of an object Newton’s second law of Rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the force and motion acts in the direction of the applied force Impulse, J Change of momentum Rate of change of momentum in a collison or impact in a short period of Impulsive Force, F time Newton’s third law of For every action there is a reaction of equal magnitude but in the opposite motion direction Weight, W A gravitational force acting on an object Newton’s universal law The gravitational foce between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of the masses of both bodies and inversely proportional to the of gravitation square of the distance between the centres of the two bodies Centripetal force A force acts on the body in a direction towards the centre of the circle All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus (Law of Kepler’s first law Orbits) A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out the equal areas in Kepler’s second law equal times (Law of Areas) The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly proportional to Kepler’s third law the cube of the radius of its orbit (Law of Periods) Orbital radius Average value of the distance between the planet and the Sun Minimum velocity needed by an object on the surface of the Earth to Escape velocity, v overcome the gravitational force and escape to outer space Temperature, T Measure of the degree of hotness of an object The amount of thermal energy that can be transferred from one object to Heat, Q another Thermal equilibrium A condition where net heat transfer between two objects becomes zero Heat capacity, C Quantity of heat needed to raise temperature of the object by 1°C 1 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 Specific heat capacity, c Latent heat Specific latent heat, l 4.3 Specific latent heat of fusion, lf Specific latent heat of vaporisation, lv Boyle’s law 4.4 Charles’ law Gay-Lussac’s law Oscillation, vibration Amplitude, A Transverse wave Longitudinal wave 5.1 Period, T Frequency, f Wavelength, λ Wave speed, v External damping Internal damping 5.2 Damping Resonance 5.3 Wavefront 5.4 Refraction of waves 5.5 Diffraction of waves 5.6 Interference of waves Constructive Interference Destructive Interference Quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1kg mass of the substance by 1°C Heat that is absorbed during melting and boiling without change in temperature The quantity of heat that is absorbed or released during a change of phase of 1kg of the substance without any change in its temperature The quantity of heat that is absorbed during melting or the quantity of heat released during freezing of 1kg of the substance without any change in temperature (solid-liquid | liquid-solid) The quantity of heat that is absorbed during boiling or the quantity of heat released during condensation of 1kg of the substance without any change in temperature (liquid-gas | gas-liquid) Pressure is inversely proportional to volume for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature Volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure Pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume Repetitive motions about an equilibrium position in a closed path Maximum displacement from its equilibrium position A wave which the vibration of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave A wave which the vibration of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction of the wave The time taken by a particle to make one complete oscillation or by a source to produce one complete cycle of wave Number of complete oscillations made by a particle or number of cycles of wave produced by a source in one second Distance between two consecutive points in phase Distance travelled per second by a wave profile Oscillating system loses energy to overcome friction or air resistance Oscillating system loses energy because of the stretching and compression of the vibrating particles in the system Reduction in amplitude in an oscillating system due to loss of energy When a periodic force is applied to an oscillating system at its natural frequency Lines joining all the points of the same phase The change in direction of propagation of waves caused by the change in the velocity of waves when the waves propagate from one medium to another The spreading of waves when the waves pass through a gap or round a barrier The superposition of two or more waves from a coherent source of waves Occurs when two crests or troughs are in superposition to produce maximum amplitude Occurs when a crest and a trough are in superposition to produce zero combined amplitude 2 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 5.7 Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic wave Refraction of light 6.1 Refractive index, n Snell’s Law Total internal reflection 6.2 Critical angle, c Formation of rainbow Optical centre, O Principle axis Axis of lens 6.3 Focal point, F Object ditance, u Image distance, v Focal length, f Linear magnification, m Principal axis 6.6 Centre or curvature, C Radius of curvature of mirror, r Focal point, F Object distance, u Image distance, v Focal length, f Seven types of electromagnetic waves that forms a continuos spectrum Produced when electric and magnetic field vibrate at right angle to each other A phenomenon when light changes direction when it travels from one medium to another medium of different densities The ratio od speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in medium When light travels from one mediu to another medium, the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal meet at one point and are in the same plane When light travels from a medium with high optical density to a medium of low optical density Incident anglewhen refracted angle equal to 90° Caused by refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection when light passes through water droplets in air Points at the centre of the lens Straight line through the optical centre of a lens and the centre of curvature of both surfaces of the lens Straight line through the optical centre and perpendicular to the principal axis Point located at the principle axis of a lens Distance between object and optical centre of a lens Distance between image and optical centre of a lens Distance between focal point, F and optical centre, O of a lens Ratio of image height to object height = ratio of image distance to object distance Straight line passing through the centre of curvature, C and pole of the spherical mirror, P Centre of sphere which produces a concave or convex mirror Distance between the pole of spherical mirror,P and the centre of curvature, C A point on the principal axis of the spherical mirror Distance between object and the pole of spherical mirror, P Distance between image and the pole of spherical mirror, P Distance between focal point, F and the pole of spherical mirror, P 3 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 FORM 5 Chap Terms/Laws 1.1 Resultant force 1.2 1.3 Resolution of forces Equilibrium of forces Elasticity 1.4 Hooke’s law 2.1 Pressure 2.2 Atmospheric pressure 2.3 Gas pressure 2.4 Pascal’s Principle Hydraulic system Buoyang force 2.5 Archimedes’ principle 2.6 Bernoulli’s principle Electric field 3.1 Electric field strength, E Current, I Potential difference, V Ohm’s law Ohmic conductors 3.2 Resistance, R Resistivity of a conductor, p Superconductors Critical temperature, T 3.3 3.4 Electromotive force Internal resistance, r Electrical energy Electric power Definiton/Statement The single force the represents the vector sum of two or more forces acting on an object Process of resolving a force into two components Forces acting on an object produce a zero resulting force The property of material that enables an object to return to its original shape and size after the force applied on it is removed Extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied on the spring provided the elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded Force per unit area Pressure due to the weight of the layer of air acting on the surface of the earth The force per unit area exerted by the gas molecules as they collide with the wall of the container Pressure applied on an enclosed fluid is transmitted uniformly in all direction in the fluid A system that uses a liquid to transmit pressure Force acting upwards on an object immersed in a liquid when there is pressure difference between the lower surface and upper surface of the object An object which partially or fully immersed in afluid will experience a buoyang force equal to the weight of fluid displace When the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure in the fluid decreases and vice versa Region around a charged particle where any electric charge in the region will experience an electric force Electric force acting on aunit positive charge placed at a point Rate of flow of charge, Q in a conductor The work done, W in moving one coulomb of charge, Q from one point to another The electric current, I flowing through a conductor is directly proprortional to the potential difference across it if the temperature and other physical conditions are constant Conductors that obey Ohm’s law Ratio of the potential difference across the conductor to the electric current flowing through it A measure of a conductor’s ability to oppose the flow of electric current Materials that conduct electricity without any resistance The temperature when the resistivity of a superconductor becomes zero The energy transferred or work done by an electrical source to move one coulomb of charge in a complete circuit The resistance caused by electrolyte in the dry cell The ability of the electric current to do work The rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred 4 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 Catapult field 4.1 Magnetic field Electromagnetic induction 4.2 Induced current Lenz’s law Faraday’s law Transformer 4.3 Step-up transformer Step-down transformer Ideal transformer 5.1 Thermionic emission Cathode rays Semiconductor diode 5.2 Rectification Full-wave rectification 5.3 Transistor Radioactive decay 6.1 Alpha particle, α Beta particle, β Gamma rays, γ Half-life Nuclear energy Nuclear fission 6.2 Nuclear fusion Chain reaction Black body 7.1 Thermal radiation Quantum of energy Resultant magnetic field produced by the interaction between the magnetic field from a current-carrying conductor and the magnetic field from a permanent magnet A region in the surrounding of a magnet which a magnetic material experiences a detectable force Production of an induced e.m.f. in a conductor when there is relative motion between the conductor and a magnetic field or when the conductor is in a changing magnetic field The current produced when there is the change in magnetic flux The induced current always flow in a direction that opposes the change of magnetic flux that causes it The magnitude of indeuced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of cutting of magnetic flux An electrical device which increases or decreases an alternating voltage based on the principle of electromagnetic induction Trasformer that is used to increase the voltage Transformer that is used to decrease the voltage Transformer that does not experience any loss of energy, that is the efficiency, n is 100% The emission of free electrons from a heated metal surface Beams of electrons moving at high speed ina vacuum Electric component which allows electric current to flow in one direction only The process of converting an alternating current into a direct current Process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in the same direction An electronic component that has three terminals, namely emitter, E, base, B and collector, C Process in which an unstable nucleus becomes more stable by emitting radioactive readiation Helium nucleus which consist of two protons and two neutrons A fast-moving electron ( negative ) High-frequency electromagnetic wave ( neutral ) The time taken for a sample of radioactive nuclei to decay to half of its initial number Atomic energy, released during nuclear reactions such as radioactive decay, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion Nuclear reaction when a heavy nucleus splits into two or more lighter nuclei while releasing a large amount of energy Nuclear reaction in which small and light nuclei fuse to form a heaview nucleus while releasing a large amount of energy. This nuclear reaction happens under extremely high temperature and pressure A self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another similar reaction An idealised body that is able to absorb all electromagnetic radiation that falls on it Electromagnetic radiation that includes visible light and radiation that cannot be seen by the human eye such as infrared radiation Discrete energy packet and not a continuous energy 5 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 7.2 Photoelectric effect Work function 7.3 Treshold frequency When a metal surface is illuminated by a beam of light at a certain frequency, electrons can be emitted from the metal The minimum energy required for a photoelectron to be emitted from a metal surface The minimum frequency for a light photon to produce photoelectric effect FORM 4 FORMULAE Chap Terms/Laws 2.1 2.3 Chap Terms/Laws Formula Speed, v π£= π π‘ Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation πΉ= πΊπ1 π2 π2 Velocity, v π£= π π‘ Gravitational acceleration π= πΊπ (π + β)2 Gravitational acceleration on the surface of Earth π= Centripetal force ππ£ 2 πΉ= π Acceleration, a π£−π’ π= π‘ Linear motion without displacement π£ = π’ + ππ‘ Linear motion without acceleration 1 π = (π’ + π£)π‘ 2 Centripetal acceleration Linear motion without final velocity 1 π = π’π‘ + ππ‘ 2 2 Kepler’s III Law Linear motion without time π£2 = π’2 3.1 3.2 + 2ππ Free fall motion without displacement π£ = π’ + ππ‘ Free fall motion without acceleration 1 π = π’π‘ + ππ‘ 2 2 Free fall motion without time π£ 2 = π’ 2 + 2ππ Momentum 2.5 Formula π = ππ£ Principle of Conservation of Momentum π1 π’1 + π2 π’2 = π1 π£1 + π2 π£2 Explosion π1 π£1 = −π2 π£2 Solving problem of Kepler’s Law III Linear speed of satellite 3.3 4.1 π= π2 = ( π1 2 Force πΉ = ππ 6 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia 4π 2 3 )π πΊπ π1 3 π2 3 π£=√ πΊπ π π2 2 Linear speed of satellite on the surface of Earth π£=√ Escape velocity π£=√ Temperature π= Heat capacity 4.2 π£2 π = πΊπ π +π» π= π= 2πΊπ π πΏπ × 100°πΆ πΏ100 πΆ= Specific heat capacity 2.6 πΊπ π 2 π βπ π πβπ ππ‘ π(π2 − π1 ) DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 Newton’s II Law of Motion Impulse 2.7 Impulsive force 2.8 4.4 Weight πΉ= ππ£ − ππ’ π‘ Specific latent heat π½ = πΉπ‘ ππ£ − ππ’ πΉ= π‘ Specific latent heat 4.3 Specific latent heat Heat quantity π = ππ Boyle’s Law π1 π1 = π2 π2 Charles Law π1 π2 = π1 π2 Gay-Lussac LAw π1 π2 = π1 π2 1 π Wave frequency π= Wave speed π£ = ππ 5.3 Solving the problem of wave refraction π£1 π£2 = π1 π2 5.6 Wavelength π= 5.1 ππ₯ π· 7 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia Refractive index 6.1 Refractive index in transparent Snell’s Law 6.2 6.3 6.4 Critical angle π= π= π π ππ‘ (π1 − π2 ) ππ‘ = ππ ππβπ + ππ π= sin π sin π π= π1 sin π1 = π2 sin π2 sin π = 1 π π= βπ βπ π= π£ π’ Linear magnification Thin lens formula π» β 1 1 1 = + π π’ π£ DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 FORMULA FORM 5 Chap Term/Law Formula Chap Term/Law Horizontal component πΉπ₯ = πΉ πππ π Vertical component πΉπ¦ = πΉ π ππ π Sine rule π π = sin π₯ sin π¦ Hooke’s Law 1.4 3.2 Effective resistance of parallel circuit Elastic potential energy Elastic potential energy with a constant 1 πΈπ = ππ₯ 2 2 Density π= π π Pressure π= πΉ π΄ 2.1 Resistivity of conductor 3.3 3.4 Simple Transformer ππ ππ = ππ ππ 2.3 Gas pressure π = βππ Electric potential energy 2.4 Pascal principle πΉ2 πΉ1 = π΄2 π΄1 2.5 Buoyant force πΉπ΅ = πππ π π Electric current πΌ= π π‘ π= π π π= πΈ π Potetial difference 8 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia Principle of conservation of energy Amplifier π = ππ πΌπ × 100% ππ πΌπ πΈ = ππ 1 ππ = ππ£ 2 2 π½= 5.3 Output voltage 6.1 6.2 πΈ π‘ π = ππΌ π = βππ 5.1 πΈ = ππΌπ‘ Electrical power Efficiency of a transformer πΈ= πΈ π π= Atmospheric pressure Electric field strength of two parallel charged paltes π= Electrical power 2.2 Electric field strength π π΄ π Electromotive force Electrical energy π = βππ πΉ πΈ= π π= π = π + πΌπ 4.3 3.1 1 1 1 = + … π π 1 π 2 πΉ = ππ₯ 1 πΈπ = πΉπ₯ 2 Liquid pressure π = πΌπ Ohm Law 1.2 1.3 Formula πππ’π‘ = πΌπΆ πΌπ΅ π 2 π π 1 + π 2 ππ Alpha decay 4 2π»π Beta decay 0 −1π Number of radioactive nuclei that has not decayed 1 π π = ( ) π0 2 Total energy released πΈ = ππ 2 DEFINITION, TERMS & LAWS PHYSICS F4F5 Photon energy πΈ = βπ Photon energy πΈ= βπ π π= β ππ£ 7.1 Wavelength Photon power π = πβπ = 7.2 7.3 πβπ π Gradient of graph π= Einstein’s photoelectric equation 1 ππ£ 2 = βπ − π 2 1 ππ£ 2 = β(π − π0) 2 Work function π = βπ0 CONSTANT VALUE IN PHYSICS Term Timeinterval between 2 consecutive dots, t Gravitational acceleration, g Gravitational constant, G Mass of Earth, M Radius of Earth, R Specific heat capacity of water, c Value Term Value 0.02 s Speed of light in vacuum, c 3.0 × 108 m s-1 9.81 ms-2 / 9.81 N kg-1 Atmospheric pressure, Patm 76 cm Hg 6.67 × 10-11 N m2 kg-2 5.97 × 1024 kg 6.37 × 106 m Carge of an electron, e Mass of electron, m 1 unit jisim atom (u.j.a), m 1.6 × 10-19 C 9.11 × 10-31 kg 1.66 × 10-27 kg 4200 J kg-1 °C-1 Planck’s constant, h 6.63 × 10-34 J s 9 Disediakan oleh: Muhammad Adam Azis & Kamilia βπ π
