PHILIPPINE LAW JOURNAL MANUAL OF STYLE AND CITATION
WORKING DRAFT
November 10, 2013
Preface to the Working Draft
Behind this project lay always a question of necessity. For decades, Boards relied on two main
sources: the PHILIPPINE MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATIONS (PMLC), and the Bluebook. At some point, it
became apparent that neither exactly addressed the needs of the JOURNAL, and the goal of creating a
reliable citation system for the publication was born. In 2004, Oscar Tan, Chair of the Vol. 79 Editorial
Board, published the LITTLE BLACK BOOK, a simplified combination of the two works. The Boards that
followed Vol. 79 tried to expand Tan’s work, with the objective of reaching the sweet spot between the
simplicity of the PMLC and the Black Book, and the comprehensiveness of the Bluebook.
This Working Draft is the pre-final product of that decade-long project. In the months leading
to its completion, both editors and interns are encouraged to spot its inadequacies and excesses, and
point out its errors, both formal and substantive. (Even without corrections, the draft is incomplete; for
instance, because several examples were taken from the Black Book (2004), some of them do not have
reporter references yet.) This work is scheduled for completion by the time the JOURNAL celebrates its
centennial in August 2014, after which discussions with other local student-run law reviews on the
greater task of standardizing citations can begin.
May the JOURNAL’s duty to its readers and the public, as the foremost student-run law review in
the country, inspire its editors and interns to complete this project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I: Style
Rule 1. Fonts and Typeface…………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Rule 2. Names……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Rule 3. Dates……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Rule 4. Pages and Footnotes………………………………………………………………………………... 3
Rule 5. Signals……………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Rule 6. Repeating Citations…………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Rule 7. Internal Cross-References…………………………………………………………………………... 8
Rule 8. Citation Sentences…………………………………………………………………………………... 8
Rule 9. Quotations, Corrections, Omissions, and Emphases………………………………………………... 9
Rule 10. Other Rules………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Part II: Citation
Rule 11. Court Decisions…………………………………………………………………………………... 16
11.1. Philippine Supreme Court Decisions……………………………………………………….... 16
11.2. Other Decisions……………………………………………………………………………... 19
11.3. Case Short Forms…………………………………………………………………………… 19
Rule 12. Statutory Materials………………………………………………………………………………... 20
12.1. Constitutions………………………………………………………………………………... 20
12.2. Codes……………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
12.3. Statutes…………………………………………………………………………………….... 21
12.4. Other Legislative Materials………………………………………………………………….. 22
12.5. Executive Issuances and Administrative Regulations………………………………………... 22
12.6. Municipal Ordinances………………………………………………………………….……. 23
12.7. Rules of Court………………………………………………………………………………. 23
12.8. Treaties……………………………………………………………………………………… 23
12.9. Constitution and Statutes Short Forms……………………………………………………… 24
Rule 13. Secondary Sources………………………………………………………………………………... 25
13.1. Books, Pamphlets and Other Nonperiodicals……………………………………………….. 25
13.2. Journals and Consecutively-Paginated Periodicals…………………………………………… 26
13.3. Magazines and Ordinary Periodicals………………………………………………………… 27
13.4. Newspapers and Daily Publications…………………………………………………………. 27
13.5. Documents and Letters……………………………………………………………………… 28
13.6. Internet Sources……………………………………………………………………………... 28
Rule 14. Foreign Sources…………………………………………………………………………………... 29
Part III: Common Abbreviations
Table 1: Commonly-Used Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………... 31
Table 2: Months…………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
Table 3: Officials…………………………………………………………………………………………... 32
Table 4: Countries and Regions……………………………………………………………………………. 33
Table 5: Periodicals………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
Table 6: Executive Agencies and Instrumentalities………………………………………………………… 50
Table 7: Statutory Resources………………………………………………………………………………. 51
Table 8: Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies………………………………………………………………… 53
PART I: STYLE
Rule 1. Fonts and Typefaces
1.1
Generally, serif fonts are recommended for the body for ease of reading, while sans serif fonts
are used in article titles, headings, or newspaper headlines. Fonts are a matter of preference, but
in the case of the JOURNAL, it strictly employs Garamond for both body and headings.
1.2
Law journals employ different typefaces, as a matter of style, or for emphasis. The JOURNAL
uses the following typefaces:
Typeface
SMALL
CAPS
Usage
Article titles and headings
Book authors in footnotes
Book titles in footnotes
Journal titles in footnotes
Book titles in text
Bylines
Opening quotes
Italics
In-text emphases
Citing titles of articles or cases in
text
Short form of case titles in
footnotes
Short form of book titles in text
Article titles and headings
Bold
Article sub-headings
Examples
TURNING M IRANDA RIGHT SIDE-UP
LUIS B. REYES
COMMENTS AND CASES ON THE LABOR CODE
PHIL. L.J.
PHILIPPINE MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATIONS
Theodore O. Te
The business of a law school is not sufficiently
described when you merely say that it is to teach law
or to make lawyers.
Undeterred, the petitioners filed a third
motion for reconsideration.
In Sabio v. Gordon, the Court held…
In Turning Miranda Right Side-Up, Te writes…
See Allado, supra note 1, at 195.
Philippine Manual
INTRODUCTION: A “LOVE-HATE”
RELATIONSHIP
The Fifth Amendment and Admissibility
of Confessions
Rule 2. Names
2.1.
In general, cite an author’s name as the source lists it, but omit middle initials unless an author is
popularly known by these.
Example
Oscar Franklin Tan
Not
Oscar Franklin B. Tan
But
Vicente V. Mendoza
Jose B.L. Reyes
1
2.2.
When there are two or more authors, cite them using an ampersand.
Example
Mark Dennis Joven & William Varias
Not
Mark Dennis Joven and William Varias
2.3.
When there are more than two authors, either cite the name of the first author and add “et al.”
or list all the authors’ names. When there is a need to save space, the former method is preferred.
Include all authors’ names when doing so is particularly relevant. When listing all the names,
separate the names with commas, but use an ampersand to set off the last name. Note the
period in "et al."; a comma does not precede this.
Examples
IRENE CORTES ET AL., PHIL. MANUAL OF LEGAL CITATIONS (1976).
IRENE CORTES, MERLIN M. MAGALLONA & MYRNA S. FELICIANO, PHIL. MANUAL
LEGAL CITATIONS (1976).
2.4.
OF
For juridical persons, businesses, government agencies, and organizations, use the full name, but
apply the abbreviations below in both body and footnote text. However, never abbreviate the
first word of a name.
Association
Brothers
Company
Corporation
Ass’n
Bros.
Co.
Corp.
Incorporated
Limited
Number
Inc.
Ltd.
No.
Examples
Manila Electric Co.
Association of Major Religious Superiors of the Philippines.
Not
Manila Electric Company
Ass’n of Major Religious Superiors of the Philippines.
2.5.
In case of a long name, or if you wish to use a more familiar name, add a parenthetical
(hereinafter “<name>”) after the name, then use the shortened name for succeeding footnotes
and supra/infra references. In case of a government agency, use all caps to indicate the
abbreviation. For a list of abbreviations of Philippine government agencies, refer to Table 6.
Example
Department of Labor and Employment (hereinafter “DOLE”)
2
Rule 3. Dates
3.1.
Use <month> <day>, <year> format. Do not abbreviate the name of month in the body text.
However, for footnotes, abbreviate names of months to the first three letters only, except for
“May”, “June”, “July”, and “Sept.” Refer to Table 2.
Example
Mar. 1, 2012
3.2.
Dates are usually placed at the end of a citation in parentheses and often shortened to the year
only. In general, they are not enclosed in parentheses when necessary to identify a source, as in
letters, emails, unofficial or unpublished decisions, and treaties.
Rule 4. Pages and Footnotes
4.1.
When citing a page, do not use (p.). Simply indicate the page number immediately after the
reference.
Examples
ARACELI BAVIERA, SALES 3 (2005).
Not
ARACELI BAVIERA, SALES p.3 (2005).
ARACELI BAVIERA, SALES, p.3 (2005).
4.2.
In general, when necessary to avoid confusion or to indicate a page number, the reference is
preceded by a comma and then the word "at." Note that "at" precedes only page references;
never footnote, section, or paragraph references.
Examples
No. A-13-24, at 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, SJ, THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES:
A COMMENTARY, at xxxvii (2003).
Not
No. A-13-24 at 2
No. A-13-24, p. 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, SJ, THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES:
A COMMENTARY, xxxvii (2003).
4.3.
When citing multiple page, section, paragraph or footnote references—but not article, chapter,
and similar references—use commas to separate each page reference. Article (as used in a book,
not as used in statutes) and chapters need not be referenced. When citing consecutive ones, use a
dash and omit all but the last two digits unless this would be confusing.
Examples
1134, 1135, 1139-42
CIVIL CODE, art. 2176-2180
3
Not
1134, 1135, 1139-1142
CIVIL CODE, art. 2176-80
But
LABOR CODE, art. 234 to 234-A
4.4.
For articles, chapters or titles, precede the references with “art.”, “ch.”, or “tit.”, respectively.
Use the designations in the source. Refer to Table 7 for selected common abbreviations of
statutory resources.
Example
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 134.
Not
REV. PEN. CODE, Art. 134.
REV. PEN. CODE, Article 134.
4.5.
For statutes with several subdivisions, it is not necessary to include the title, chapter, or
subdivision in the citation, as long as the specific article or section is correctly identified. Include
reference to the subdivision only when necessary to avoid confusion.
Examples
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 134
CIVIL CODE, art. 2176
Not
REV. PEN. CODE, bk. 2, tit. 3, ch.1, art. 134
CIVIL CODE, tit. XVII, art. 2176
But
ADM. CODE OF 1987, bk. 7, sec.1
4.6.
For sections, precede the references with the section symbol (§) followed by a space. Use
parentheses to refer to specific subsections, if necessary, following the designations in the source.
Note that the section symbol is never preceded by "at", unlike page references.
Example
CONST., art. VIII, § 5(1).
4.7.
When referring to multiple sections otherwise, use two section symbols, then commas. Use
dashes for consecutive sections.
Example
Rep. Act No. 8042, §§ 1, 3, 6-8.
4.8.
When referring to multiple subsections in the same section, use a dash but enclose each
subsection reference in parentheses.
4
Example
CONST., art. VIII, § 5 (1)-(5).
Not
CONST., art. VIII, § 5 (1-5).
4.9.
Apply Rule 4.8. analogously when there are multiple subsections within a section.
Example
LOC. GOV. CODE, § 447 (a)(2)(i)-(v)
4.10.
When dashes would be confusing because the source designates subsections using dashes, use
the connector "to" instead.
Example
§§ 1-2 to 1-5.
4.11.
Apply the same rules for paragraphs, using the paragraph (¶) symbol. The section symbol is
likewise never preceded by "at", unlike page references.
Example
REV. PEN. CODE, art. 6, ¶¶ 2-3.
4.12.
Paragraph references are commonly used for Internet sources and documents with numbered
paragraphs such as International Court of Justice decisions. When helpful, add a section or
paragraph reference to make a page reference or references more specific.
Example
at 10, ¶¶ 4-6
4.13.
For citing footnotes in another work, use a page reference and add "n.", followed by the footnote
number without a space. Do not precede "n." with a comma. Note that footnotes within the
article itself are not cited using "n."
Example
at 543 n.42
Not
at 543, n.42
supra at n.5
4.14.
When referring to both the text on a page of another work and a footnote on that page, place an
ampersand between the page and the footnote reference.
Example
at 543 & n.42
Not
at 543, 543 n.42
5
4.15.
When referring to both the text on a page of another work and an endnote on that page, use an
ampersand and cite the page the endnote is found on.
Example
at 277 & 1094 n.131
4.16.
When referring to multiple footnotes in another work, use the rules for sections and paragraphs.
However, for multiple nonconsecutive footnotes, substitute an ampersand for the last comma,
to avoid confusion when citing footnotes on different pages.
Example
at 61 nn.42-43, 45 & 48, 62 n.50
Not
at 61 nn.42-43, 45, 48, 62 n.50
4.17.
When referring to specific material, add a descriptive abbreviation such as "fig." or "tbl." after
the page or other reference. If this appears confusing, use a parenthetical remark.
Example
at 2 fig. 3
4.18.
Do not use section and paragraph symbols outside an actual citation, unless abbreviating a
lengthy reference, similar to how one would cite the United States Code. Note that the words
"article," "section" and the like are not capitalized in body text.
Example
"Art. VIII, § 1 provides…. However, examining section 5…. "
Rule 5. Signals
5.1.
A source cited in a footnote but not preceded by a signal must identify the source of a quotation
or cited authority, or directly support the proposition in the text. The latter is a strong signal.
5.2.
A source preceded by “See” supports a proposition less directly, but clearly does so, either by
inference or by drawing a parallel. It may also present a source that contains a broader discussion
than what is stated in the proposition. This is a moderate signal.
5.3.
“See, e.g.” presents an example or examples that support the proposition. “See, generally,” presents
a general reference for the proposition.
5.4.
“But see” presents a source that contradicts the proposition.
5.5.
“See also” indicates a source that indirectly supports the proposition, discusses material that in
turn supports the proposition, or precedes additional supporting material. This is a weak signal.
5.6.
Limit use of signals to these simple, readily understood ones. Avoid use, for example, of “cf.”,
which has been criticized as vague. Limit the use of parenthetical explanations of more tangential
sources.
6
5.7.
Use semicolons and periods in “citation sentences” as one would an ordinary sentence.
Semicolons connect related sources in such a sentence.
Example
See Rachel Barkow, More Supreme Than Court? The Fall of the Political Question Doctrine and the
Rise of Judicial Supremacy, 102 COLUM. L. REV. 237 (2002); Mark Tushnet, Law and Prudence
in the Law of Justiciability: The Transformation and Disappearance of the Political Question Doctrine,
80 N.C.L. REV. 1203 (2002). See also Robert Post, Foreword: Fashioning the Legal Constitution:
Culture, Courts, and Law, 117 HARV. L. REV. 4, 7 (2003); Ronald Dworkin, Hard Cases, 88
HARV. L. REV. 1057, 1061 (1975).
5.8.
To connect sources in the same “citation sentence” with descriptive phrases such as “citing,”
“cited by,” “quoting,” “quoted by,” “reversing,” “reversed by,” “partially reversing,” “partially reversed by,”
“amending,” “amended by,” “repealing,” “repealed by,” and the like, place a comma after the first
source, followed by the descriptive phrase and the second source. Use periods and/or
semicolons to avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phrases in the same
footnote.
Example
Ayer Productions v. Capulong, G.R. No 82380, 160 SCRA 861, Apr. 29, 1988; Lopez v.
Court of Appeals, 34 SCRA 116, 126-27, G.R. No. 26549, Jul. 31, 1970, citing Curtis
Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S. 130 (1967). Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, 403 U.S. 29,
44-45 (1971), overruled by Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 346 (1974).
5.9.
Finally, one may connect sources with “Compare…, with” and “Compare…, with…, and”. Use
periods and/or semicolons to avoid confusion when using a number of sources and phrases in
the same footnote.
Example
Compare Jeb Rubenfeld, The Right to Privacy, 102 HARV. L. REV. 737 (1989), with Irene
Cortes, The Constitutional Foundations of Privacy (1970).
Compare Lemuel Lopez, The Right to Privacy in Inquiries in Aid of Legislation, 78 PHIL. L.J.
163 (2003), citing Ayer Productions v. Capulong, G.R. No 82380, 160 SCRA 861, Apr. 29,
1988; with Borjal v. Court of Appeals, 301 SCRA 1, G.R. No. 126466, Jan. 14, 1999, citing
Ayer, 160 SCRA 861; Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, 403 U.S. 29 (1971). The first cites
only half the jurisprudence cited in the second.
5.10.
Italicize all signals. Omit the distinction in the PMLC between primary and secondary sources.
Rule 6. Repeating Citations
6.1.
Use “id.” when referring to the immediately preceding source in the same footnote, or to the
immediately preceding source in the immediately preceding footnote if the footnote cites only
one source. Use “id.” by itself to refer to the same specific point referred to in the preceding
citation; use “at” to refer to another page and a comma to refer to another section or paragraph.
Note that “id.” may be used to refer to decisions, but not to constitutions and statutes.
7
Example
1 James Bradley Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, 7
HARV. L. REV. 129, 135 (1893).
2 Id. at 136.
3 Id.
4 Id. at 138.
6.2.
Use “<abbreviated name>, supra,” to refer to a previous source cited in the same footnote, and
“<abbreviated name>, supra note <number>,” to refer to a source cited in a previous footnote,
or to a source in the immediately preceding footnote if it cites more than one source. Note that
“supra” is never used to refer to constitutions, statutes, or decisions.
Example
1 James Bradley Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, 7
HARV. L. REV. 129, 135 (1893); Edwin Meese, The Law of the Constitution, 61 TUL. L. REV.
979, 981 (1987). Thayer further argues that judicial review is best employed narrowly.
Thayer, supra, at 136-37.
2 Thayer, supra note 1, at 140.
3 Meese, supra note 1, at 983.
6.3.
Avoid the use of other Latin words such as “ibid.” and “op. cit.”
Rule 7. Internal Cross-References
7.1.
To refer to preceding pages, use “See supra pp. <page numbers>”. This is the only instance “p.”
is used to indicate page numbers.
Example
See supra pp. 10-13.
7.2.
To refer to preceding footnotes, use “See supra notes <numbers>”.
Examples
See supra notes 12-15 and accompanying text.
See supra text accompanying notes 20-21.
7.3.
To refer to preceding sections, use “See supra Parts <numbers>”.
Example
See supra Part I.A.
7.4.
Use “infra” similarly to refer to succeeding pages, footnotes, or sections.
Rule 8. Citation sentences
8.1.
Citations to authorities that support a proposition made in the main text are placed in footnotes.
8
8.2.
A footnote number should appear at the end of a sentence (i.e. after the punctuation) if the cited
authority supports/contradicts the entire sentence.
8.3.
A footnote number should appear within the sentence next to the phrase the cited authority
supports/contradicts if it supports/contradicts only that part of the sentence.
8.4.
The footnote number comes after any punctuation mark except a dash or a colon.
8.5.
In addition to citation to authorities, a footnote may include textual sentences that are related to
the main text to which the footnote is appended.
8.6.
If a footnote itself contains a statement requiring support/contradiction, a citation to the
relevant authority should appear directly after the statement as either a citation sentence or a
citation clause. There are no footnotes to a footnote.
Example
1“It takes the risk of reeking of an objectionable air of supreme judicial arrogance.”
(Carpio-Morales, J., dissenting in De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, Apr. 20, 2010)
8.7.
Authorities that support/contradict an entire footnote sentence are cited in a separate citation
sentence immediately after the supported/contradicted sentence. The citation sentence starts
with a capital letter and ends with a period.
8.8.
Authorities that support/contradict only a part of a sentence within a footnote are cited in
clauses which are set off by commas. These clauses immediately follow the part that they
support/contradict.
Rule 9. Quotations, Corrections, Omissions, and Emphases
9.1.
Quotations in general
9.1.1.
For quotations of forty-nine (49) or fewer words: The quotation should be enclosed in
double quotation marks (“ ”). However, the quotation should not be blocked or set-off from the
rest of the text except when the material quoted would commonly be set-off such as dialogues or
poems. Quoted portions within the quotation should be enclosed only in single quotation marks
(‘ ’). If the entire quotation is in itself quoted, only one set of double quotation marks should be
used. The footnote number should also follow immediately after the closing double quotations
marks, unless placing it elsewhere is more accurate.
Example
According to the Court, the impediment to Sherbert's free exercise is apparent:
the decision of the unemployment commission "forces her to choose between following
the precepts of her religion and forfeiting benefits, on the one hand, and abandoning
one of the precepts of her religion in order to accept work, on the other hand."22
9.1.2.
For quotations of fifty (50) or more words: The quotation should be blocked—that is, ed on
the left and right, single-spaced, and without double quotation marks. If quotation and
punctuation marks are used within the block quotation, they should appear as they do in the
original. The footnote citation should also follow immediately after the final punctuation of the
9
quotation. Generally, the font size for the blocked quotation should be one (1) unit less than that
for the body text.
Example
According to Florin Hilbay, the Court in Sherbert v. Verner said:
[T[he impediment to Sherbert's free exercise is apparent: the decision of the
unemployment commission "forces her to choose between following the
precepts of her religion and forfeiting benefits, on the one hand, and
abandoning one of the precepts of her religion in order to accept work, on the
other hand.”22
(Note: This example ends with a double quotation mark applying the rule that quotation marks
in block quotations should appear as they do in the original.)
9.1.3.
In a block quote consisting of several paragraphs, further indicate the paragraph structure by
indenting the first line of each paragraph. However, it is not necessary to indent the first line of
a quoted paragraph if it is not the first line of the paragraph being quoted.
Example
In Angara, the Court held:
[T]he judiciary in turn, with the Supreme Court as the final arbiter, effectively
checks the other departments in the exercise of its power to determine the law,
and hence to declare executive and legislative acts void if violative of the
Constitution.
But in the main, the Constitution has blocked out with deft strokes and in
bold lines, allotment of power to the executive, the legislative and the judicial
departments of the government.22
9.1.4.
Always place commas and periods inside the quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks
inside the quotation marks only if they are part of the original text
9.2.
Corrections in quotations
9.2.1.
A change in the case of a letter should be enclosed in brackets. Inserted words, letters, and other
marks should also be bracketed.
Example
According to the Court: “[T]he [unwarranted] decision of the unemployment
commission ‘forces her to choose between following the precepts of her religion and
forfeiting benefits, on the one hand, and abandoning one of the precepts of her religion
in order to accept work, on the other hand.’"22
(Note: This example ends with a single and double quotation mark applying the rule in
quotations of 49 or fewer words that quoted portions in a quotation should be enclosed with
single quotation marks.)
9.2.2.
Substantial mistakes in the original should be followed by [sic], but otherwise left as they appear
in the original
10
Example
According to the Court: “The un-warranted [sic] decision was uncalled for.”22
9.3.
Omissions in quotations
9.3.1.
Omitted letters or punctuations must be indicated with empty brackets [ ]. However, do not
omit letters or punctuations resulting from grammatical errors. In such cases, apply the
immediate preceding Rule. For omitted words, follow the immediate succeeding Rule.
Example
“Decision[ ]”
9.3.2.
Omission of a word or words is generally indicated by the insertion of an ellipsis: three periods
set-off by a space before the first and after the last period ( … ), which take the place of the
word or words omitted. Following Rule 9.3.1., the ellipsis is enclosed in brackets. An ellipsis is
never used when individual words are merely altered, in which case the applicable rule is Rule
9.2.1, above.
Example
According to the Court: “[T]he [ … ] decision was uncalled for.”22
9.3.3.
A quotation should never begin with an ellipsis. In lieu of an ellipsis, Rule 9.2.1 applies.
Not
According to the Court: “[ … ] the decision was uncalled for.”22
But
According to the Court: “[T]he decision was uncalled for.”22
9.3.4.
In block quotes, when the omission consists of one or more paragraphs, use three asterisks,
center-aligned and separated by single spaces, to indicate the omission.
Example
It cannot he presumed that any clause in the Constitution is intended to be
without effect; and, therefore, such a construction is inadmissible unless the
words require it.
***
It has been stated at the bar that the appellate jurisdiction may be exercised
in a variety of forms, and that, if it be the will of the legislature that a
mandamus should be used for that purpose, that will must be obeyed. This is
true, yet the jurisdiction must be appellate, not original.
9.4.
Emphases in quotations
9.4.1.
For consistency, use italics to emphasize parts of a quoted text. Never underline.
11
9.4.2.
Where the appropriate parenthetical (i.e. “emphasis supplied”, “emphasis omitted,” “emphasis in
the original”, “citations omitted”) should inserted will depend on the type of quotation use. For
quotations of 49 words or less (see Rule 9.1.1), insert the parenthetical in the footnote, at the end
of the citation. For quotations of 50 or more words, insert it immediately after the footnote citation
(and not in the footnote itself). Capitalize the first word, and end the parenthetical with a
punctuation mark. Enclose everything in parentheses.
Example
According to the Court: “[T]he decision was uncalled for.”22
_______
22Id.
(Emphasis supplied.)
But
It has been stated at the bar that the appellate jurisdiction may be exercised
in a variety of forms, and that, if it be the will of the legislature that a
mandamus should be used for that purpose, that will must be obeyed. This is
true, yet the jurisdiction must be appellate, not original.22 (Emphasis supplied,
citations omitted.)
Rule 10. Other Rules
10.1.
Capitalization
10.1.1. In titles and headings, capitalize words. Articles, conjunctions, and prepositions with less than
five letters should not be capitalized, but always capitalize the initial word and the first word
following a colon.
Example
Time is Up: Assessing the Life Tenure System in the American Supreme Court and the
Mandatory Retirement System in the Philippine Supreme Court
But
A Human Rights Discourse on Campaign Finance in the Philippines: An Analysis of the
1987 Philippine Constitution and International Human Rights Law
10.1.2. Nouns pertaining to a specific person and entity must always be capitalized, but not when they
are used in a common or generic sense.
Examples
The President of the Commission agreed to the proposal.
The presidents publicly assented to the proposal.
10.1.3. The titles of specific laws, the names of specific courts, and titles of specific persons must be
capitalized.
Examples
The Migrant Workers Act was passed in 1995.
The Regional Trial Court of Cebu convicted the accused.
Chief Justice Warren penned the two Brown decisions.
12
But
The judgments of regional trial courts do not have stare decisis effects.
10.2.
Italicization
10.2.1. Apart from emphasis and style, words and phrases are italicized when they are non-English,
unless they have been incorporated into common English usage or are used as proper nouns.
However, long Latin phrases, “id.,” and procedural phrases should remain italicized.
Example
Ex turpi causa non oritur actio.
But
Mandamus
Radio Veritas
However
Ignorantia legis non excusat.
In re Shoop
10.2.2. The lowercase letter “l” should be italicized when used as a subdivision to distinguish it from the
numeral “1.”
Example
Rep. Act No. 8042 (1995), § 6(l), amended by Rep. Act No. 10022 (2010).
10.3.
Abbreviations
10.3.1. In general, abbreviations and should be avoided when made at the body of text, except where
the abbreviation refers to a name of a juridical person previously adverted to.
Example
The contracting-out of work was recently regulated in a memorandum issued by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). In the issuance, the DOLE...
10.3.2. Generally, acronyms must be closed up and punctuated, but when an entity has a widely
recognized acronym and is commonly referred to in spoken language by the same (instead of its
full name), the abbreviations may be used without periods in text and even in case titles.
However, when the acronym or abbreviation is used as a reporter name, periods must be used,
unless convention or other rules hold otherwise.
Examples
Globe Telecom, Inc. (G.T.I.)
National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC)
Tamargo v. CA
ICJ
But
1 C.A. Rep. 23
13
However
50 SCRA 23
10.3.3. Countries such as the United States and United Kingdom that are commonly identified by their
acronyms may be abbreviated when used as an adjective without having to first use the full name.
For all other uses, Rules 10.3.1 and 10.3.2 apply.
Example
The U.K. law would allow same-sex couples…
But
The People’s Republic of China (P.R.C.) treated the said law as an act of aggression…
10.3.4. The abbreviations “i.e.” and “e.g.” are not italicized; neither are they followed by a comma.
10.3.5. When used in a parenthetical reference, titles of judges and justices are abbreviated and italicized.
Otherwise, they are referred to by their full title.
Examples
Justice Carpio-Morales, writing for the Court in Francisco…
1“It takes the risk of reeking of an objectionable air of supreme judicial arrogance.”
(Carpio-Morales, J., dissenting in De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, Apr. 20, 2010)
10.4.
Numerals
10.4.1. Generally, the numbers less than 10 are spelled out. When the first word of any sentence begins
with a number, the number must also be spelled out.
Example
Twenty-three petitioners similarly went to the Supreme Court.
But
The Supreme Court received petitions from 23 other parties.
10.4.2. When a number is a negative integer, or when it has a decimal, numerals must be used.
10.4.3. When a series includes numbers both less than 10 and greater than or equal to 10, numerals must
be used.
Example
The accused minors were aged 9, 12, and 15.
10.4.4. Numerals with 4 or more digits must use commas to separate every thousandth decimal place.
Example
1,234,567
14
10.5. Special Rules on Spacing
10.5.1. An en dash is preceded and followed by a space, while an em dash and a dash are not. Recall that,
generally, an en dash (the width of an “n”) is used for periods of time, an em dash (the width of
an “m”) is as an informal separator of a parenthetical reference, and a dash connects compound
words.
Examples
(En dash) Only those 40 – 70 years old may be appointed to the Supreme Court.
(Em dash) The rule admits one—and only one—exception to the rule.
(Dash) The Judge who rendered the decision was criticized as narrow-minded.
10.5.2. Currency symbols and the percentage sign (%) immediately precede or follow the numbers to
which they pertain.
Examples
$54,321
97%
15
PART II: CITATION
Rule 11. Court Decisions
11.1.
Philippine Supreme Court Decisions
11.1.1. Generally, cite cases by using the form <last name of first party> v. <last name of first opposing
party>, <reporter volume> <reporter abbreviation> <first page of decision in reporter>,
<specific page number in reporter> (year of promulgation). When used in the text, italicize the
title of the case and place the source or citation as a footnote.
11.1.2. When the case is reported in an unofficial reporter, i.e. a secondary source, first, include the
docket number between the case title and the reporter volume, and second, replace the year of
promulgation with the date of promulgation in full, unenclosed in parentheses. When the case is
unreported, follow the preceding sentence and simply omit the reporter information.
11.1.3. Use the abbreviations or acronyms by which public parties are commonly known (e.g. “People
of the Philippines” is abbreviated to “People,” “Republic of the Philippines” is shortened to
“Republic,” “United States” to “U.S.”). For abbreviations of decisions written in Spanish, use
the English equivalent (e.g. “People,” not “Pueblo,” for “El Pueblo de Filipinas”).
Examples
U.S. v. Arceo, 3 Phil. 381, 384 (1904).
Chi Ming Tsoi v. CA, G.R. No. 119190, 266 SCRA 324, 327, Jan. 16, 1997.
11.1.4. If two or more actions are consolidated in one decision, cite only the first listed. The same goes
for the docket number: only that of the first case is used.
Example
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710, 356 SCRA 108, 155-56, Mar. 2, 2001.
Not
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, 356 SCRA 108, 155-56, Mar. 2, 2001.
11.1.5. When there are multiple co-parties, use only the first on each side. Do not use “et al.”
Example
Oposa v. Factoran, G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792, July 30, 1993.
Not
Oposa et al. v. Factoran et al., G.R. No. 101083, 224 SCRA 792, July 30, 1993.
11.1.6. For natural persons, use last names only and omit titles, prefixes, and suffixes in party names.
However, when the name is Islamic, entirely in Mandarin or in another Oriental language where
names begin with the last name, cite the name in full.
Examples
Dela Cruz v. NLRC
16
Lim Sian Tek v. Ladislao
U.S. v. Ah Chong
Chi Ming Tsoi v. CA
Madula v. Santos
Not
Dela Cruz, Jr. v. NLRC
Tek v. Ladislao
U.S. v. Chong
Tsoi v. CA
Madula v. Judge Santos
11.1.7. As to Western or modern Oriental names, the general rule in Rule 11.1.1 should be followed.
Examples
Wong v. Carpio
Chua v. Timan
Not
Ignacio Wong v. Carpio
Salvador Chua v. Timan
11.1.8. Cite compound names in full.
Examples
People v. Dela Cruz
Cortes v. Chico-Nazario
Not
People v. Cruz
Cortes v. Chico
11.1.9. For private juridical persons, cite the name in full, but apply common abbreviations. Spell out
acronyms, unless they form part of the actual name. Do not omit suffixes that indicate a
corporation such as “Inc.” and “Corp.” Do not omit first names or middle initials when a
person’s name is used as part of a juridical person’s name.
Examples
Agan v. Phil. Int’l Air Terminals Co., Inc.
San Miguel Corp. Employees Union-PGTWO v. Confesor
Gregorio Araneta, Inc. v. Lyric Film Exchange, Inc.
Not
Agan v. PIATCO
San Miguel Corporation Employees Union – Philippine Transport General Workers
Organization v. Confesor
Araneta, Inc. v. Lyric Film Exchange, Inc.
17
11.1.10. For local government units, indicate the type of unit using prefixes such as “Province of”, “City
of”, or “Municipality of”. When particular government entities are named, use the complete
name, but apply common abbreviations.
Examples
City of Manila v. Chinese Community of Manila
Natl. Power Corp. v. Ibrahim
But not
Serrano v. National Labor Relations Commission (Apply instead Rule 11.1.3)
11.1.11. For cases that begin with procedural terms, use the italicized prefix “In re” and the last name of
the person concerned or the subject of the decision.
Examples
In re Sotto
Not
In re: Sotto
In the matter of Vicente Sotto
11.1.12. Old Philippine Supreme Court cases are commonly reported in the Philippine Reports (“Phil.”),
and more recent ones are found in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated (“SCRA”). In case an
author uses a less commonly-used reporter (e.g. the recent volumes of the Philippine Reports), it
is recommended that one replace the reference or add the reference to the commonly-used
reporter. If the decision is found nowhere else, one may also refer to the Official Gazette
(“O.G.”).
Not Recommended
Republic v. Phil. Coconut Producers Federation, Inc., 423 Phil. 735 (2001).
11.1.13. When the case is being cited in general and no particular page is referred to, omit the reference
to a specific page. If, however, the first page is referred to, do not omit the reference.
Example
U.S. v. Arceo, 3 Phil. 381, 381 (1904).
11.1.14. The convention is to footnote the first instance of a case name with a general citation to the case,
then footnote succeeding points with specific references. (Note that case names are italicized in
text, but not in citations.)
Example
In United States v. Arceo,1 the Court stated….
1 3 Phil. 381 (1904).
2 Id. at 384.
11.1.15. When the reporter citation is unavailable, omit it and rely on the docket number and full date.
This is used for very recent and still unpublished decisions.
18
Example
Nacar v. Gallery Frames, G.R. No. 189871, Aug. 13, 2013.
11.1.16. When referring to copies of decisions initially released by the Court instead of copies printed in
reporters, use “at” after the date to refer to specific pages. Add a description of the source the
first time it is cited. Note that because of the limited availability of such copies, such page
citations will rarely be useful.
Example
Lopez v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 163556, Jun. 8, 2004, at 12. This article
refers to the copy of this resolution specially released by the Court in booklet form.
11.1.17. When referring to a separate opinion, add “(<name>, J., <description>)” or “(<name>, C.J.,
<description>)” to the end of the citation. Cite the first page of the decision and not the first page
of the separate opinion as the first page. This notation may also be used to emphasize the ponente
in a majority decision.
Examples
Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, Nov. 10, 2003 (Puno, J.,
concurring and dissenting).
Phil. Comm’l & Indus. Bank v. Philnabank Employees’ Ass’n, G.R. No. 29630, 105
SCRA 314, 319, Jul. 2, 1981 (Fernando, C.J.).
11.2.
Decisions of Inferior Courts
11.2.1. Cite other Philippine cases and administrative decisions using the same form and rules.
Reproduce the full docket number and notation used. For trial courts, indicate the branch and
area before the docket number.
11.2.2. Except for the commonly-used abbreviations of judicial and quasi-judicial bodies in Table 8,
spell out the deciding body’s name.
Examples
1 Philippine Refining Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, CTA Case No. 2872,
Jan. 15, 1986, at 1.
2 Philippine American Life Insurance Co., Inc. v. CTA, CA-G.R. SP No. 31283, Apr. 25,
1995, at 2.
3 People v. Villanueva, RTC-Branch 50, Malolos, Crim. Case No. 1051-M-200, Mar. 11,
2003.
4 Gutierrez v. MAX Manufacturing Corp., NLRC Case No. 04-0015-04, Nov. 5, 2004.
11.3. Case Short Forms
11.3.1. “Id.” may be used with cases, but never “supra.” Use “Id.” only when the repeated citation is
within two footnotes. Considering the length of Philippine case citations, it cannot be
emphasized enough that ignoring this rule leads to embarrassingly grotesque formats.
11.3.2. The abbreviated case name is commonly the first party name, unless the second identifies the
case clearly, such as when the first party name is a government reference such as “People” or
“Republic.” Whenever it consists of only one name, italicize the short form.
19
11.3.3. In case of nonconsecutive but repetitive references to a case, one may use the short form
<abbreviated case name>, <reporter volume> <reporter abbreviation> at <specific page
reference>, omitting other information that would be repeated. Use this short form only when
the subsequent reference is on the same page or roughly within five footnotes of the full citation,
and the name is unambiguous.
Examples
Military and Paramilitary Activities, 1986 I.C.J. at 138.
Arceo, 3 Phil. at 384.
11.3.4. When a case is referred to throughout an article or the name is exceptionally long, one may also
use to use a parenthetical “(hereinafter “<name>”)” and use this in place of the full reference in
succeeding footnotes. Unlike in Rule 11.1.3.2, cite the whole reporter information, but remove
the docket number and date of promulgation. Afterwards, apply Rule 11.3.2. as needed.
Example
1Freedom from Debt Coalition v. Energy Regulatory Commission (hereinafter
“Freedom from Debt Coalition”), G.R. No. 161113, 432 SCRA 157, June 15, 2004.
23Freedom
from Debt Coalition, 432 SCRA 157, 189. (Note: Rule 11.3.4 applied)
27Freedom
from Debt Coalition, 432 SCRA at 190. (Note: Rule 11.3.3 applied)
(Note: Rule 11.3.1 applied)
29Id. at 191. (Note: Rule 11.3.2 applied)
30Id. at 201 (Puno, C.J., concurring and dissenting).
28Id.
Rule 12. Statutory Materials
12.1.
Constitutions
12.1.1. Use “Const.” in small caps. Cite specific articles using “art.” with no comma in between
“Const.” and “art.”
Example
CONST. art. VIII, §1
Not
CONST., art. VIII, §1
12.1.2. For a constitution no longer in force, add the year (in parentheses) to “Const.” Cite specific
articles by adding a comma then citing normally.
Example
CONST. (1935), art. VIII, §1
12.1.3. For a foreign Constitution, precede “Const.” with the proper country or state abbreviation.
20
Example
U.S. CONST. art. III, §1
12.1.4. For an amendment, use “amend.” instead of “art.” This is generally used for references to the
United States Constitution.
Example
U.S. CONST. amend. I
12.2. Codes
12.2.1. If referring to a code, use the appropriate abbreviation in small caps; the list of abbreviations is
in Table 7.1. If there is no abbreviation, retain the full name but still use small caps.
12.2.2. Because Philippine codification is not as organized as the United States Code, you may opt to
add a comment indicating the actual law the first time the code is cited in the work.
Example
1TAX CODE, § 1. The National Internal Revenue Code is Rep. Act No. 8424 (1997).
2TAX CODE, § 43(A)(4).
12.2.3. For codes, reference to the year need not be included, except when the cited code is one that has
already been superseded or repealed.
Example
CIVIL CODE (1889), § 1902.
12.2.4. Codes written in Spanish often have an official or commonly-used English translation. When
reference is to the English translation, apply the abbreviations in Table 7.1. When reference is to
the Spanish original, cite the actual name of the code and apply Rule 12.2.1. As a general rule, use
the English translation unless there is a conflict and the Spanish original has been held to be
controlling.
Example
1REV. PEN. CODE, art. 285, ¶ 2. But see CÓDIGO PENAL REVISADO, art. 285, ¶ 2.
12.3. Statutes
12.3.1. If the law is not a code, use <law form> <reference> (year of effectivity). The common
abbreviations of law forms are in Table 7.2.
12.3.2. Because Philippine codification is not as organized as the United States Code, you may opt to
add a comment indicating the law’s short name the first time it is cited. Because of the same lack
of codification, it is permissible to use these short forms in the text of articles.
Examples
Rep. Act No. 9995, § 1 (2009). Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009.
Rep. Act No. 9995, § 1 (2009). This is the Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009.
21
12.4. Other Legislative Materials
12.4.1. Use abbreviations when citing legislative materials. The common abbreviations of legislative
materials are in Table 7.3.
12.4.2. To cite a Senate or House Bill, use the form <reference>, <congress>, <session> (year). For
section references, place these after the session number. You may indicate the short name and
the author or the short name with a comment.
Example
H. No. 4244, 15th Cong., 1st Sess., § 4 (2011). Reproductive Health Bill of 2010.
12.4.3. To cite House/Senate Resolutions, use the form <reference>, <congress>, <session> (year).
For section references, place these after the session number. You may indicate the short name of
the Resolution with a comment.
Example
S. Res. 39, 15th Cong., 1st Sess (2011). Rules of Procedure on Impeachment Trials.
12.4.4. Cite Committee Reports by using the form <reference>, <congress>, <session> (year). Indicate
the name of the committee/s.
Example
S. Rpt. 125, 15th Cong., 2nd Sess. (2012). Committees on Banks, Financial Institutions
and Currencies; Public Order and Dangerous Drugs; Justice and Human Rights.
12.4.5. To refer to Congressional Journals, cite using this form: <reference>, <congress>, <session>
(date).
Example
H. Journal 34, 15th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Jan. 24, 2012).
12.5.
Executive Issuances and Administrative Regulations
12.5.1. In general, cite an executive issuance or administrative regulation as one would a regular statute.
See Table 7.4 for common abbreviations of executive and administrative issuances. Cite the
issuing agency’s name in full instead of its common abbreviation (compare with rules in citing
cases), unless one introduces these using “hereinafter.” Do not omit the date even if evident from
the regulation’s serial number.
Example
1Dep’t of Labor and Employment (hereinafter “DOLE”) Dep’t Order No. 119-12
(2012). Rules Implementing Rep. Act No. 10151.
2DOLE Dep’t Order No. 14 (2001), § 1. Guidelines Governing the Employment and
Working Conditions of Security Guards and Similar Personnel in the Private Security
Industry.
22
12.5.2. For Executive Orders, Proclamation Orders, Administrative Orders, Letter of Instructions and
General Orders issued by the President, this format may be uniformly used: <reference>
<number> (year). You may indicate the short name with a comment.
Examples
Exec. Order No. 1 (2010). This creates the Philippine Truth Commission of 2010.
Proc. No. 1017 (2006), declaring a State of National Emergency.
Adm. Order No. 208 (1996). This adopts a National ID System.
12.5.3. For Opinions of executive offices, cite using this form: <Type of opinion or the issuing agency>
<number> (date).
Example
Op. of the Sec. of Justice 12 (March 9, 2010).
12.6. Ordinances
12.6.1. To cite provincial, city and municipal ordinances, use the form: <provincial, city, municipal
unit>, <serial number of ordinance>, <date of adoption>. You may indicate the short name of
the ordinance, if any.
Example
Cebu City Ordinance 2241, June 23, 2010. Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of
Cebu City.
12.7. Rules of Court
12.7.1. Although not a statute, the Rules of Court are cited in the same way a codified law is, except one
uses “Rule” instead of “art.” Use Rules of Court, Rule <number>. Note that “Rule” is
capitalized.
Example
RULES OF COURT, Rule 111, § 1(a).
12.7.2. To refer to rules no longer in force, add the year after “Rules of Court”.
Example
RULES OF COURT (1940), Rule 41, § 3.
12.8. Treaties
12.8.1. For conventions and multilateral treaties, use the form <name>, <date of signing>, <cited
article>, <reporter citation or document>. One may add the date of entry into force or
ratification in a comment after the citation.
Examples
1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Jul. 9, 1992, preamble, 31
I.L.M. 849.
2 Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Apr. 15, 1994,
available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto.doc.
23
12.8.2. For bilateral treaties, add the two countries’ abbreviations and connect these with a dash, using
the form <name>, <date of signing>, <country-country>, <cited article>, <reporter citation or
document>. Note that “RP” or “Republic of the Philippines” is not the commonly-used
abbreviation.
Example
Convention with Respect to Income, Oct. 1, 1976, Phil.-U.S., art. 8, §1-2, available at
http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-trty/philip.pdf.
12.9. Constitution and Statute Short Forms
12.9.1. Do not use id. or supra as short forms for constitutions or statutes. For consecutive footnotes,
you may use the section or article reference alone after the first, without the reference to the
statute, adapting the short form for the United States Code. Note that because United States law
is primarily cited using codified versions, Philippine statute citations are relatively shorter.
Example
1 Rep. Act. No. 9995, § 2 (2009). This is the Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of
2009.
2 §§ 23-24.
3 § 28.
12.9.2. For nonconsecutive footnotes referring to a statute after the first reference, it is permissible to
use section or article references alone if the reference is on the same page or within roughly five
footnotes of the full citation. However, if this short form appears confusing, especially because
of section references to other sources, use the statute or bill reference with the section or article
reference, and omit the other data.
Example
1 H. No. 4244, 15th Cong., 1st Sess., § 4 (2011). This is the Reproductive Health Bill of
2010.
2 §§ 3-4.
3 § 5.
4 Kim Tan, Miriam asks Catholic Church to stop opposing the RH Bill, GMANews Online,
August 1, 2011, available at
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/228046/news/nation/miriam-asks-catholicchurch-to-stop-opposing-rh-bill
5 § 6.
6 CONST. art. II, § 13.
7 S. No. 437, §§ 8-10.
12.9.3. One may opt to use a short name, indicated by a parenthetical “(hereinafter “<name>”)” before
the section reference in the first fill statute reference. Use the same short forms, but use the
indicated short name in place of the statute or bill reference.
Example
1 H. No. 4244, 15th Cong., 1st Sess. (hereinafter “Reproductive Health Bill”), § 4 (2011).
2 §§ 3-4.
3 § 5.
24
4 Kim
Tan, Miriam asks Catholic Church to stop opposing the RH Bill, GMANews Online,
August 1, 2011, available at
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/228046/news/nation/miriam-asks-catholicchurch-to-stop-opposing-rh-bill
5 § 6.
6 CONST. art. II, § 13.
7 Reproductive Health Bill, §§ 8-10.
12.9.4. When using a comment to introduce a statute’s short name, the following forms are permissible
and ordered according to preference: (1) simply indicating the title after the citation; (2) attaching
a descriptive phrase; (3) adding a descriptive sentence. As far as practicable, apply the first option.
Examples
(1) Rep. Act No. 10354 (2012). Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of
2012.
(2) Proc. No. 1017 (2006), declaring a State of National Emergency.
(3) Rep. Act. No. 9995, § 2 (2009). This is the Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of
2009.
Rule 13. Secondary Sources
Rule 13.1. Books, Pamphlets and Other Nonperiodicals
13.1.1. Books, pamphlets, formal reports, and other nonperiodical materials of substantial length are
distinguished from other sources by setting their titles and authors in Small Caps. Use the form
<volume number > <Author> <Title> <page number> (year published). The volume number
must be in roman numerals, while the author’s name must follow Rule 2.1. There is no comma
between the title of the work and the page number, but there should be a comma if instead of a
page number, reference is made to a subdivision (see example in Rule 13.2.2).
Example
ANTONIO NACHURA, OUTLINE REVIWER IN POLITICAL LAW 442-43 (2002).
II ARTURO TOLENTINO, CIVIL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 30 (1992).
AYN RAND, ATLAS SHRUGGED 382 (1957).
13.1.2. If an author is credited with the work but wrote it on behalf of an institution, specify this
institution after the author’s name; otherwise, specify the institution as the author. If a work is
part of a series, include the series number as part of the title.
13.1.3. If a source has multiple editions, specify the edition by adding the notation “ed.” in parentheses
with the year, using no comma.
Example
JOAQUIN BERNAS, S.J., THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES: A COMMENTARY
812 (2003 ed.).
JOHN WIGMORE, EVIDENCE IN TRIALS AT COMMON LAW, § 2290 (McNaughton rev. ed.
1961).
25
13.1.4. If a source has an editor, editors, or a translator, specify these with the notation “ed.”, “eds.”,
and “trans.”, respectively, followed by a comma.
Example
KARL MARX & FRIEDRICH ENGELS, MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY (Samuel
Moore trans., Friedrich Engels ed., 1888) (1848).
THE BLUEBOOK: A UNIFORM SYSTEM OF CITATION (Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al.
eds., 17th ed. 2000).
13.1.5. When referring to a copy with different pagination such as a later publication by another
publisher, specify the edition or publisher information in another parenthetical before the year as
follows:
Example
PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON, WHAT IS PROPERTY? OR, AN INQUIRY INTO THE PRINCIPLE
OF RIGHT AND OF GOVERNMENT 94 (Benj. Tucker trans., 1890) (1840).
ALEXANDRE DUMAS, THE THREE MUSKETEERS 219 (Signet Classic, 1991) (1844).
13.1.6. Generally, except for the Bible, ignore Bluebook special citation forms such as those for The
Federalist. These are not as commonly used in the Philippines, and they do not facilitate the
citation of specific pages, anyway.
13.1.7. When referring to a short work in a collection, use the form <author>, <title>, in <title of
collection> <page number> (year published). Set the name of the collection in small caps, but if
the collection features the work of only one author, format his name in small caps as well. In
exceptional cases where books are compiled in a collection, format both the author’s name and
the title in small caps. One may specify the publisher of the compilation if it helps identify the
collection.
Example
1 Martha Johnson, Research on Traditional Environmental Knowledge: Its Development and Its Role,
in LORE: CAPTURING TRADITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE 7-8 (Martha
Johnson ed., 1992).
2 John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, in ESSENTIAL WORKS OF JOHN STUART MILL 263 (Max
Lerner ed., 1961).
3 CHARLES DE MONTESQUIEU, THE SPIRIT OF LAWS, in 38 GREAT BOOKS OF THE
WESTERN WORLD 70 (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Maynard Hutchins ed., 1982).
13.2. Journals and Consecutively-Paginated Periodicals
13.2.1. Academic journals are among the most commonly-cited secondary sources in academic writing.
Use the form <author>, <title of article>, <volume number> <journal abbreviation> <first page
of article>, <specific page number> (year published).
Example
Samuel Warren & Louis Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 HARV. L. REV. 193 (1890).
Bartolome Carale, Criminal Adultery and Fornication in the Philippines: A Re-Examination, 45
PHIL. L.J. 344, 346-47 (1970).
26
13.2.2. Note that only the journal abbreviation is in small caps. These abbreviations need not be
memorized, and are created using standard geographic and commonly-used abbreviations. Thus,
for example, the Philippine Law Journal is “PHIL. L.J.” Only a handful of institutions enjoy
special abbreviations such as Harvard (“Harv.”) and Columbia (“Colum.”). See Table 5 for
abbreviations of foreign and local journals.
13.2.3. When the journal uses the year as its volume number, omit the year in parentheses.
Example
Linda Lacey, Of Bread and Roses and Copyrights, 1989 DUKE L.J. 1532, 1536-37.
13.2.4. When the article is prefixed by a description such as “Note”, “Comment”, or “Essay”, place this
before the title but do not italicize.
Example
Edson Eufemio, Comment, The Estate Planning Process in the Philippine Context: Substantive
and Procedural Issues in Protecting the Rights of the Estate Owner, 79 PHIL. L.J. 834 (2004).
Note, Incompetency to Stand Trial, 81 HARV. L. REV. 454, 459 (1967).
13.2.5. In the JOURNAL, student works are published as full articles, because very few lengthier,
comprehensive articles are written. Thus, in practice, a “Note” refers to a shorter student piece
while a “Comment” refers to a shorter piece by an author who is not a student.
13.3. Magazines and Ordinary Periodicals
13.3.1. Magazines and ordinary periodicals differ in that they are commonly referred to by date and not
by volume number. Use the form <author>, <title of article>, <periodical abbreviation>,
<inclusive dates>, at <first page of article>, <specific page number>.
Example
Maggie Keresey, Get a Better Body Image, Teen, Nov. 1997, at 59, 60.
13.3.2. The title of the article is italicized. The title of the publication is not set in small caps.
13.4. Newspapers and Daily Publications
13.4.1. For newspapers and daily publications, use the form <author>, <title of article>, <newspaper
abbreviation (geographic indicator)>, <date>, at <specific page number>. If the newspaper’s
title does not reveal its country of publication, specify this in parentheses. For example, “Today
(Phil.).”
Example
Christine Avendano et al., Poe camp cries foul over joint committee, Phil. Daily Inquirer, Jun. 1,
2004, at A14.
Paolo Romero, Opposition to question up to 25 COCs, Phil. Star, Jun. 2, 2004, at 1.
13.4.2. For opinion columns and other running pieces, add the title of the column before the title of the
article, but separate these using a colon instead of a comma.
27
Example
Raul Pangalangan, Passion for Reason: Bush vs. Gore, Philippine Version?, Phil. Daily Inquirer,
Jun. 4, 2004, ¶ 8, available at
http://www.inq7.net/opi/2004/jun/04/text/opi_rpangalangan-1-p.htm.
13.4.3. The title of the article (and the column, if applicable) is italicized. The title of the publication is
not set in small caps.
13.5. Documents and Letters
13.5.1. This is a last, catch-all category for miscellaneous sources. If referring to a document that is
formally catalogued such as United Nations Documents, use the form <author>, <title>, at
<specific page number>, <designation> (date).
Example
International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People, U.N. Doc. A/RES/49/214
(1994).
World Trade Organization, Elements of the Obligation to Disclose the Source and
Country of Origin of Biological Resource and/or Traditional Knowledge Used in an
Invention, WTO Doc. IP/C/W/429, at 2, ¶ 3 (Sep. 21, 2004).
13.5.2. Otherwise, use the simpler form <author>, <title>, at <specific page number> (date), but one
is advised to note where the document is located. This is often used for unpublished papers. For
academic works such as theses, however, specify the institution and relevant degree.
Example
1 Ellanmark Pailan, How to Find Love in Friendster.com (Jun. 21, 2004) (unpublished
manuscript on file with the author).
2 Oscar Franklin Tan, Intra-Industry Trade: A Game Without Losers (Mar. 2001)
(unpublished thesis for A.B. Economics Honors, Ateneo de Manila Unviersity, on file
with the Ateneo de Manila Department of Economics).
13.5.3. Use the same form for letters, interviews, speeches, and the like, but prefix them with descriptive
phrases such as “Letter from… to”, “Interview with” and “Speech delivered”. When applicable,
specify the venue or the occasion.
Example
1 Jovito Salonga, Speech delivered at the Philippine Law Journal’s 90th Anniversary,
Malcolm Hall, University of the Philippines (Sep. 14, 2004).
2 Letter to Tench Coxe (Mar. 28, 1790), in 13 THE PAPERS OF JAMES MADISON 128
(Charles Hobson et. al. eds, 1981).
13.6. Internet Sources
13.6.1. Cite Internet sources the same way one would similar conventional sources (for example, online
versions of books are cited using small caps), but add a comma and then “at <URL>” if the
source is found exclusively on the Internet, or “available at <URL>” if the source is an Internet
copy of a conventional source. The URL citation may replace a reporter citation, or may be cited
in addition to a conventional citation.
28
Example
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., THE COMMON LAW 207 (1881), available at
http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext00/cmnlw10.txt.
13.6.2. If an Internet source is undated, add the last date the website was updated or modified in
parenthesis. If this information is not available, indicate when the website was last checked.
Example
National Statistical Coordination Board, List of Municipalities, ¶ 1, at
http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listmun.asp (last modified Jul. 2004).
Government Portal, www.gov.ph, About the Philippines, ¶ 5 at
http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/general.asp (last visited Aug. 30, 2004).
13.6.3. If a web page has no equivalent conventional source, it is easily cited using <author>, <title of
page>, at <URL>.
Example
Supreme Court of the Philippines, A Brief History of the Supreme Court, at
http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/history.htm (last visited Nov. 10, 2004).
13.6.4. The title of the page or the article cited is italicized. The name of the website is not set in small
caps.
Rule 14. Foreign Materials
14.1.
The following rules control for the foreign materials they specifically govern. When the foreign
material is not covered by the following rules but can be cited following the above rules, the
latter apply. Otherwise, the Bluebook applies.
14.2.
Because even electronic copies of American and other foreign decisions follow reporter citations,
simply use the form <last name of first party> v. <last name of first opposing party>, <reporter
volume> <reporter abbreviation> <first page of decision in reporter>, <specific page number
in reporter>, <year of decision>. There is no need to specify the docket number unless the case
is recent and has not yet been published.
Example
Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962).
14.3.
Lower court rulings commonly specify the court before the year.
Example
Blumenthal v. Drudge, 186 F.R.D. 236 (D.D.C. 1999).
In re Santa Fe International Corp., 272 F.3d 705, 708 (5th Cir. 2001).
14.4.
Refer to the BLUEBOOK for other forms such as those specifying old American reporters.
Consider these optional, however, and avoid using multiple reporters and lengthening the
citation by noting, for example, how certiorari was denied. Such detail is of lesser use to nonAmerican readers.
29
Example
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 176 (1803).
McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316, 407 (1819) (Marshall, C.J.).
14.5.
When a reporter citation form already uses the year as the volume number, omit the year from
the citation. If the full date is necessary, merely omit the year.
Example
Bellinger v. Bellinger, 2003 UKHL 21, ¶ 46.
14.6.
For international decisions and arbitrations, omit prefixes such as “Case Concerning.” Add a
parenthetical “(<country abbreviation> v. <country abbreviation>)” after the case name, unless
the decision is an advisory opinion. Note that the full date is specified in these citations and,
unlike domestic decisions, is enclosed in parentheses.
Example
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, 1986
I.C.J. 14, 142, 149 (Jun. 27).
Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 35 I.L.M.
809 (Jul. 8, 1996).
30
PART III: COMMON ABBREVIATIONS
Table 1. Commonly-Used Abbreviations
Academic
Accounting
Accountant
Accountancy
Administrative
Administration
Advocate
Advocacy
Annual
Appellate
Arbitration
Arbitrator
Atomic
Attorney
Bankruptcy
Bar
Behavior
Behavioral
Bulletin
Business
Catholic
Children
Chronicle
Civil
College
Commentary
Commercial
Communication
Comparative
Conference
Congressional
Constitution
Constitutional
Contemporary
Contract
Counsel
Counselor
Criminal
Court
Defense
Department
Development
Digest
Diplomacy
Acad.
Acct.
Acct.
Acct.
Admin.
Admin.
Advoc.
Advoc.
Ann.
App.
Arb.
Arb.
Atom.
Att’y
Bankr.
B.
Behav.
Behav.
Bull.
Bus.
Cath.
Child.
Chron.
Civ.
C.
Comment.
Comm’l
Comm.
Comp.
Conf.
Cong.
Const.
Const.
Contemp.
Cont.
Couns.
Couns.
Crim.
Ct.
Def.
Dep’t
Dev.
Dig.
Dipl.
Finance
Financial
Fornightly
Foundation
General
Government
Hispanic
Historical
History
Hospital
Human
Immigration
Independent
Industrial
Information
Injury
Institute
Insurance
Intellectual
Interdisciplinary
Interest
International
Journal
Judicial
Magazine
Justice
Juvenile
Labor
Law
Lawyer
Legislative
Legislation
Librarian
Library
Litigation
Local
Management
Maritime
Medical
Medicine
Military
Mineral
Municipal
National
31
Fin.
Fin.
Fort.
Found.
Gen.
Gov’t
Hisp.
Hist.
Hist.
Hosp.
Hum.
Immigr.
Indep.
Indus.
Info.
Inj.
Inst.
Ins.
Intell.
Interdisc.
Int.
Int’l
J.
Jud.
Mag.
Just.
Juv.
Lab.
L.
Law.
Legis.
Legis.
Libr.
Libr.
Litig.
Loc.
Mgmt.
Mar.
Med.
Med.
Mil.
Min.
Mun.
Nat’l
Politics
Practical
Practice
Practitioner
Probate
Proceedings
Procedure
Profession
Professional
Property
Psychology
Public
Quarterly
Record
Referees
Register
Regulation
Regulatory
Relations
Reproduction
Reproductive
Research
Reserve
Resolution
Responsibility
Review
Rights
School
Science
Section
Securities
Social
Society
Solicitor
South
Southern
State
Statistic
Statistical
Studies
Survey
Symposium
System
Taxation
Pol.
Prac.
Prac.
Prac.
Prob.
Proc.
Proc.
Prof.
Prof.
Prop.
Psychol.
Pub.
Q.
Rec.
Ref.
Reg.
Reg.
Reg.
Rel.
Reprod.
Reprod.
Res.
Res.
Resol.
Resp.
Rev.
Rts.
Sch.
Sci.
Sec.
Sec.
Soc.
Soc’y
Solic.
S.
S.
St.
Stat.
Stat.
Stud.
Surv.
Symp.
Sys.
Tax’n
Dispute
East
Eastern
Economics
Economy
Education
Employment
English
Entertainment
Environment
Environmental
Estate
Family
Federal
Federation
Disp.
E.
E.
Econ.
Econ.
Educ.
Emp.
Eng.
Ent.
Env’t
Envtl
Est.
Fam.
Fed.
Fed’n
Natural
Negligence
Newsletter
North
Northern
Order
Organization
Pacific
Patent
Personal
Perspective
Philosophical
Philosophy
Policy
Political
Nat.
Negl.
Newsl.
N.
N.
Ord.
Org.
Pac.
Pat.
Pers.
Persp.
Philo.
Philo.
Pol’y
Pol.
Table 2. Months
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Table 3: Officials
Administrative Law Judge
Arbitrator
Assembly[man, woman]
Attorney General
Baron
Chancellor
Chief Baron
Chief Judge, Chief Justice
Commissioner
Delegate
Judge, Justice
Judges, Justices
Lord Justice
Magistrate
Master of Rolls
A.L.J
Arb.
Assemb.
Att’y Gen.
B.
C.
C.B.
C.J.
Comm’r
Del.
J.
JJ.
L.J.
Mag.
M.R.
32
Teacher
Technology
Telecommunication
Transational
Transporation
Tribunal
Trial
University
Urban
Utilities
Week
Weekly
West
Western
Yearbook
Tchr.
Tech.
Telecomm.
Transnat’l
Transp.
Trib.
Tr.
U.
Urb.
Util.
Wk.
Wkly.
W.
W.
Y.B.
Mediator
Referee
Representative (not Congressman)
Senator
Solicitor General
Vice Chancellor
Med.
Ref.
Rep.
Sen.
Sol. Gen.
V.C
Table 4. Countries and Regions
Afghanistan
Africa
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antigua &
Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Afg.
Afr.
Alb.
Alg.
Andorra
Angl.
Anguilla
Ant. & Barb.
Colombia
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica
Cote d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Colom.
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica
Cote d’Ivoire
Croat.
Cuba
Cyprus
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Guinea-Bissau
Guy.
Haiti
Hond.
H.K.
Hung.
Ice.
Indon.
Arg.
Arm.
Austl.
Aus.
Azer.
Czech Rep.
Den.
Djib.
Dominica
Dom. Rep.
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Iran
Iraq
Ir.
Isr.
Italy
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia &
Herzogovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Bah.
Bahr.
Bangl.
Barb.
Belr.
Belg.
Belize
Benin
Berm.
Bhutan
Bol.
Bosn & Herz.
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican
Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
England
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Europe
Falkland Islands
Fiji
Finland
Ecuador
Egypt
El Dal.
Eng.
Eq. Guinea
Eri.
Est.
Eth.
Eur.
Falklang Is.
Fiji
Fin.
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Kuwait
Kyrgzystan
Laos
Latvia
Jam.
Japan
Jordan
Kaz.
Kenya
Kiribati
N. Korea
S. Korea
Kuwait
Kyrg.
Laos
Lat.
Bots.
Braz.
Brunei
Bulg.
Burk. Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Can.
Cape Verde
Cayman Is.
France
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany, Federal
Ghana
Gibraltar
Great Britain
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Fr.
Gabon
Gam.
Geor.
F.R.G.
Ghana
Gib.
Gr. Brit.
Greece
Green.
Gren.
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Leb.
Lesotho
Liber.
Libya
Leich.
Lith.
Lux.
Mac.
Maced.
Madag.
Malawi
33
Central African
Republic
Chad
Chile
China, People’s
Republic of
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Cent. Afr. Rep.
Guadalupe
Guad.
Malaysia
Malay.
Chad
Chile
P.R.C.
Guatamala
Guinea
Niger
Guat.
Guinea
Niger
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marsh. Is.
Mart.
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mex.
Micr.
Mold.
Monaco
Mong.
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozam.
Myan.
Namib.
Nauru
Nepal
Neth.
N.Z.
Nicar.
Nigeria
Northern Ireland
Norwawy
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Portugal
Qatar
Reunion
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
Nig.
N. Ir.
Nor.
Oman
Pak.
Palau
Pan.
Port.
Qatar
Reunion
Rom.
Russ.
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Sing.
Slovk.
Slovn.
Solom. Is.
Somal.
South Africa
South America
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Western Samoa
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
S. Ar.
S. Am.
Sudan
Surin.
Swaz.
Swed.
Switz.
Syria
Tunis.
Turk.
Turkm.
Tuvalu
Uganda
W. Samoa
Yemen
Zambia
Zimb.
Table 5. Periodicals
Table 5.1. International Periodicals
ABA Journal
Academ[ic, y]
Account [ant, ants, ing, ancy]
Adelaide Law Review
Administrat[ive, or, ion]
Administrative Law Journal
Administrative Law Journal of American University
Administrative Law Review
Advoca[te, cy]
Affairs
Africa[n]
African-American Law & Policy Report
Agricultur[e, al]
Air
Air Force Law Review
Akron Law Review
Akron Tax Journal
Alabama Law Review
34
A.B.A. J.
ACAD.
ACCT.
ADEL. L. REV.
ADMIN.
ADMIN. L.J.
ADMIN. L.J. AM. U.
ADMIN. L. REV.
ADVOC.
AFF.
AFR.
AFR.-AM. L. & POL'Y REP.
AGRIC.
AIR
A. F. L. REV.
AKRON L. REV.
AKRON TAX J.
ALA. L. REV.
Alaska Law Review
Albany Law Journal of Science & Technology
Albany Law Review
America [n, s]
American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review
American Bankruptcy Law Journal
American Bar Association
American Bar Foundation Research Journal
American Business Law Journal
American Criminal Law Review
American Indian Law Review
American Intellectual Property Law Association Quarterly
Journal
American Journal of Comparative Law
American Journal of Criminal Law
American Journal of International Arbitration
American Journal of International Law
American Journal of Jurisprudence
American Journal of Law & Medicine
American Journal of Legal History
American Journal of Trial Advocacy
American Law Institute
American Law Reports
American Review of International Arbitration
American University International Law Review
American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the
Law
American University Law Review
Animal Law
Annals
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science
Annals of Health Law
Annual
Annual Review of Banking and Financial Law
Annual Review of Banking Law
Annual Survey of American Law
Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law
Antitrust
Appellate
Arbitrat [ion, ors]
Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law
Arizona Law Review
Arizona State Law Journal
Arkansas Law Review
Army Lawyer
Art[s]
Asian Law Journal
35
ALASKA L. REV.
ALB. L.J. SCI. & TECH.
ALB. L. REV.
A M.
AM. BANKR. INST. L. REV.
AM. BANKR. L.J.
A. B. A.
AM. B. FOUND. RES. J.
AM. BUS. L. J.
AM. CRIM. L. REV.
AM. INDIAN L. REV.
AIPLA Q. J.
AM. J. COMP. L.
AM. J. CRIM. L.
AM. J. INT’L ARB.
AM. J. INT’L L.
AM. J. JURIS
AM. J.L. & MED.
AM. J. LEGAL HIST.
AM. J. TRIAL ADVOC.
A.L.I
A.L.R
AM. REV. INT'L ARB.
AM. U. INT'L L. REV.
AM. U. J. GENDER & SOC. POL'Y & L.
AM. U. L. REV.
ANIMAL L.
ANNALS
ANNALS AM. ACAD. POL. & SOC. SCI.
ANNALS HEALTH L.
ANN.
ANN. REV. BANKING & FIN. L.
ANN. REV. BANKING L.
ANN. SURV. AM. L.
ANN. SURV. INT'L & COMP. L.
ANTITRUST
APP.
ARB.
ARIZ. J. INT'L & COMP. L.
ARIZ. L. REV.
ARIZ. ST. L.J.
ARK. L. REV.
ARMY LAW.
ART [S]
ASIAN L.J.
Asian Pacific American Law Journal
Asian Pacific Law & Policy Journal
Association
Atomic Energy Law Journal
Attorney[s]
Auckland University Law Review
Banking Law Journal
Bankruptcy
Bankruptcy Developments Journals
Bar
Baylor Law Review
Behavior[al]
Behavioral Sciences and the Law
Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law
Berkeley Journal of International Law
Berkeley Technology Law Journal
Berkeley Women’s Law Journal
Black Law Journal
Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review
Boston College International and Comparative Law Review
Boston College Law Review
Boston College Third World Law Journal
Boston University International Law Journal
Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law
Boston University Journal of Tax Law
Boston University Law Review
Boston University Public Interest Law Journal
Brandeis Law Journal
Briefcase
Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal
Brigham Young University Law Review
British
Brooklyn Journal of International Law
Brooklyn Law Review
Buffalo Criminal Law Review
Buffalo Environmental Law Journal
Buffalo Human Rights Law Review
Buffalo Law Review
Buffalo Public Interest Law Journal
Buffalo Women's Law Journal
Bulletin
Business
Business Law Journal
Business Lawyer
Business Week
California Bankruptcy Journal
California Criminal Law Review
California Law Review
36
ASIAN PAC. AM. L.J.
ASIAN PAC. L. & POL’Y J.
ASS’N
ATOM. ENERGY L.J.
ATT’Y[S]
AUCKLAND U. L. REV.
BANKING L. J.
BANKR.
BANKR. DEV. J.
B.
BAYLOR L. REV.
BEHAV.
BEHAV. SCI. & L.
BERKELEY J. EMP. & LAB. L.
BERKELEY J. INT'L L.
BERKELEY TECH. L.J.
BERKELEY WOMEN’S L.J.
BLACK L.J
B.C. ENVTL. AFF. L. REV.
B.C. INT'L & COMP. L. REV.
B.C. L. REV.
B.C. THIRD WORLD L.J.
B.U. INT'L L.J.
B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L.
B. U. J. TAX L.
B.U. L. REV.
B.U. PUB. INT. L.J.
BRANDEIS L.J.
BRIEFCASE
BYU EDUC. & L.J.
BYU L. REV.
BRIT.
BROOK. J. INT'L L.
BROOK. L. REV.
BUFF. CRIM. L. REV.
BUFF. ENVTL. L.J.
BUFF. HUM. RTS. L. REV.
BUFF. L. REV.
BUFF. PUB. INTEREST L.J.
BUFF. WOMEN'S L.J.
BULL.
BUS.
BUS. L.J
BUS. LAW.
BUS. WK.
CAL. BANKR. J.
CAL. CRIM. L. REV.
CAL. L. REV.
California Western International Law Journal
California Western Law Review
Campbell Law Review
Canada-United States Law Journal
Capital Defense Digest
Capital Defense Journal
Capital University Law Review
Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal
Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution
Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law
Cardozo Law Review
Cardozo Online Journal of Conflict Resolution
Cardozo Women’s Law Journal
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
Case Western Reserve Law Review
Catholic Lawyer
Catholic University Law Review
Central
Chapman Law Review
Chartered Life Underwriters
Chicago Tribune
Chicago Journal of International Law
Chicago-Kent Law Review
Chicano Law Review
Chicana/o-Latina/o Law Review
Children’s Legal Rights Journal
Clearinghouse Review
Cleveland State Law Review
Cleveland-Marshall Law Review
Clinical Law Review
Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and
Policy
Colorado Lawyer
Columbia Business Law Review
Columbia Human Rights Law Review
Columbia Journal of Asian Law
Columbia Journal of East European Law
Columbia Journal of Environmental Law
Columbia Journal of European Law
Columbia Journal of Gender and Law
Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems
Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts
Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
Columbia Law Review
Columbia Science and Technology Law Review
Columbia-VLA Journal of Law & the Arts
CommLaw Conspectus: Journal of Communications Law and
Policy
37
CAL. W. INT'L L.J.
CAL. W. L. REV.
CAMPBELL L. REV.
CAN.-U.S. L.J.
CAP. DEF. DIG.
CAP. DEF. J.
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41
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Syracuse Law Review
Tax Law Review
Tax Management International JournalTax Lawyer
Taxes – The Tax Magazine
Temple Environmental Law & Technology Journal
Temple International and Comparative Law Journal
Temple Law Review
Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review
Tennessee Journal of Practice & Procedure
Tennessee Law Review
Texas Hispanic Journal of Law & Policy
Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal
Texas International Law Journal
Texas Journal of Business Law
46
SETON HALL CONST. L.J.
SETON HALL J. SPORT L.
SETON HALL J. SPORTS & ENT. L.
SETON HALL L. REV.
SETON HALL LEGIS. J.
SOC. SERV. REV.
SOFTWARE L.J.
S.C. ENVTL. L.J.
S.C. L. REV.
S.D. L. REV.
S. TEX. L. REV.
S. CAL. INTERDISC. L.J.
S. CAL. L. REV.
S. CAL. REV. L. & WOMEN'S STUD.
S. ILL. U. L.J.
SMU L. REV.
S.U. L. REV.
SW. J.L. & TRADE AMERICAS
SW. L. J.
SW. U. L. REV.
SPORTS LAW. J.
STAN. ENVTL. L.J.
STAN. J. INT'L L.
STAN. J.L. BUS. & FIN.
STAN. L. & POL'Y REV.
STAN. L. REV.
ST. B. TEX. ENVT’L. L.J
STETSON L. F.
STETSON L. REV.
SUFFOLK J. TRIAL & APP. ADVOC.
SUFFOLK TRANSNAT'L L. REV.
SUFFOLK U.L. REV.
SUP. CT. REV.
SYRACUSE J. INT'L L. & COM.
SYRACUSE L. REV.
TAX L. REV.
TAX MGM’T INT’L J.
TAXES
TEMP. ENVTL. L. & TECH. J.
TEMP. INT'L & COMP. L.J.
TEMP. L. REV.
TEMP. POL. & CIV. RTS. L. REV.
TENN. J.PRAC. & PROC.
TENN. L. REV.
TEX. HISP. J.L. & POL'Y
TEX. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
TEX. INT'L L.J.
TEX. J. BUS. L.
Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights
Texas Journal of Women and the Law
Texas Law Review
Texas Review of Law & Politics
Texas Wesleyan Law Review
Texas Tech Law Review
Third World Legal Studies
Thomas Jefferson Law Review
Thomas M. Cooley Journal of Practical and Clinical Law
Thomas M. Cooley Law Review
Thurgood Marshall Law Review
Toldeo Journal of Great Lake’s Law, Science & Policy
Tort Trial & Insurance Practice Law Journal
Touro International Law Review
Touro Law Review
Trademark Reporter
Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems
Transportation Law Journal
Transportation Practitioner’s Journal
Trial Lawyer’s Guide
Tulane Environmental Law Journal
Tulane European and Civil Law Forum
Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law
Tulane Journal of Law & Sexuality
Tulane Law Review
Tulane Maritime Law Journal
Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law
Tulsa Law Review
UCLA Bulletin of Law and Technology
UCLA Journal of Law and Technology
UCLA Entertainment Law Review
UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy
UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs
UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law
UCLA Law Review
UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal
UCLA Women's Law Journal
UMKC Law Review
UN Monthly Chronicle
Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal
Uniform Commercial Code Reporter-Digest
United States-Mexico Law Journal
University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review
University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal
University of Baltimore Journal of Environmental Law
University of Baltimore Law Forum
University of Baltimore Law Review
University of California Davis Journal of International Law and
47
TEX. J. C.L. & C.R.
TEX. J. WOMEN & L.
TEX. L. REV.
TEX. REV. L. & POL.
TEX. WESLEYAN L. REV.
TEX. TECH L. REV.
THIRD WORLD LEGAL STUD.
T. JEFFERSON L. REV.
T.M. COOLEY J. PRAC. & CLIN. L.
T.M. COOLEY L. REV.
T. MARSHALL L. REV.
TOL. J. GREAT LAKES’ L. SCI. & POL’Y
TORT TRIAL & INS. PRAC. L.J.
TOURO INT'L L. REV.
TOURO L. REV.
TRADEMARK REP.
TRANSNAT'L L. & CONTEMP. PROBS.
TRANSP. L.J.
TRANSP. PRAC. J.
TRIAL LAW. GUIDE
TUL. ENVTL. L.J.
TUL. EUR. & CIV. L.F.
TUL. J. INT'L & COMP. L.
TUL. J.L. & SEXUALITY
TUL. L. REV.
TUL. MAR. L.J.
TULSA J. COMP. & INT'L L.
TULSA L. REV.
UCLA BULL L. & TECH.
UCLA J.L. & TECH.
UCLA ENT. L. REV.
UCLA J. ENVTL. L. AND POL'Y
UCLA J. INT'L L. & FOREIGN AFF.
UCLA J. ISLAMIC & NEAR E.L.
UCLA L. REV.
UCLA PAC. BASIN L.J.
UCLA WOMEN'S L.J.
UMKC L. REV.
UN MONTHLY CHRON.
UCC L.J
UCC REP.-DIG.
U.S.-MEX. L.J.
U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV.
U. BALT. INTELL. PROP. L.J.
U. BALT. J. ENVTL. L.
U. BALT. L.F.
U. BALT. L. REV.
U.C. DAVIS J. INT'L L. & POL'Y
Policy
University of Chicago Law Review
University of Chicago Legal Forum
University of Cincinnati Law Review
University of Colorado Law Review
University of Dayton Law Review
University of Denver Water Law Review
University of Detroit Mercy Law Review
Univesity of the District of Columbia David Clarke School of
Law Law Review
University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy
University of Hawaii Law Review
University of Illinois Journal of Law, Technology & Policy
University of Illinois Law Review
University of Kansas Law Review
University of Memphis Law Review
University of Miami Business Law Review
University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review
University of Miami Inter-American Law Review
University of Miami International and Comparative Law
Review
University of Miami Law Review
University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic
Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment
Law
University of Pennsylvania Law Review
University of Pittsburgh Law Review
University of Puget Sound Law Review
University of Richmond Law Review
University of San Francisco Law Review
University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal
University of Seattle Law Review
University of Toledo Law Review
University of Toronto faculty of Law Review
University of Toronto Law Journal
University of West Los Angeles Law Review
Urban Lawyer
Utah Law Review
Valparaiso University Law Review
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment & Technology Law
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
Vanderbilt Law Review
Vermont Law Review
Villanova Environmental Law Journal
48
U. CHI. L. REV.
U. CHI. LEGAL F.
U. CIN. L. REV.
U. COLO. L. REV.
U. DAYTON L. REV.
U. DENV. WATER L. REV.
U. DET. MERCY L. REV.
UDC/ DCSL L. REV.
U. FLA. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y
U. HAW. L. REV.
U. ILL. J.L. TECH. & POL'Y
U. ILL. L. REV.
U. KAN. L. REV.
U. MEM. L. REV.
U. MIAMI BUS. L. REV.
U. MIAMI ENT. & SPORTS L. REV.
U. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV.
U. MIAMI INT'L & COMP. L. REV.
U. MIAMI L. REV.
U. MICH. J.L. REFORM
U. PA. J. CONST. L.
U. PA. J. INT'L ECON. L.
U. PA. J. INT'L L.
U. PA. L. REV.
U. PA. L. REV.
U. PITT. L. REV.
U. PUGET SOUND L. REV.
U. RICH. L. REV.
U.S.F.L. REV.
U.S.F. MAR. L.J.
U. SEATTLE L. REV.
U. TOL. L. REV.
U. TORONTO FAC. L. REV.
U. TORONTO L.J.
U.WLA L.REV.
URB. LAW.
UTAH L. REV.
VAL. U. L. REV.
VAND. J. ENT. & TECH. L.
VAND. J. TRANSNAT'L L.
VAND. L. REV.
VT. L. REV.
VILL. ENVTL. L.J.
Villanova Law Review
Villanova Sports & Entertainment Law Journal
Virginia Environmental Law Journal
Virginia Journal of International Law
Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law
Virginia Journal of Sports and the Law
Virginia Journal of Law & Technology
Virginia Law Review
Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal
Virginia Tax Review
Wake Forest Law Review
Wall Street Journal
Washburn Law Journal
Washington and Lee Law Review
Washington Law Review
Washington Monthly
Washington University Journal of Law & Policy
Washington University Journal of Urban and Contemporary
Law
Washington University Law Quarterly
Washington University Law Review
Wayne Law Review
West Virginia Law Review
Western New England Law Review
Western State University Law Review
Whittier Law Review
Widener Journal of Public Law
Widener Law Review
Widener Law Symposium Journal
Willamette Law Review
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law
William and Mary Law Review
William Mitchell Law Review
Wisconsin International Law Journal
Wisconsin Law Review
Wisconsin Women's Law Journal
Women's Rights Law Reporter
Wyoming Law Review
Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal
Yale Journal of Health, Policy, Law, and Ethics
Yale Journal of International Law
Yale Journal of Law and Feminism
Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities
Yale Journal on Regulation
Yale Law & Policy Review
Yale Law Journal
49
VILL. L. REV.
VILL. SPORTS & ENT. L.J.
VA. ENVTL. L.J.
VA. J. INT'L L.
VA. J. SOC. POL'Y & L.
VA. J. SPORTS & L.
VA. J.L. & TECH.
VA. L. REV.
VA. SPORTS & ENT. L.J.
VA. TAX REV.
WAKE FOREST L. REV.
WALL ST. J.
WASHBURN L.J.
WASH. & LEE L. REV.
WASH. L. REV.
WASH. MONTHLY
WASH. U. J.L. & POL'Y
WASH. U. J. URB. & CONTEMP. L.
WASH. U. L.Q.
WASH. U. L. REV.
WAYNE L. REV.
W. VA. L. REV.
W. NEW ENG. L. REV.
W. ST. U. L. REV.
WHITTIER L. REV.
WIDENER J. PUB. L.
WIDENER L. REV.
WIDENER L. SYMP. J.
WILLAMETTE L. REV.
WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J.
WM. & MARY J. WOMEN & L.
WM. & MARY L. REV.
WM. MITCHELL L. REV.
WIS. INT'L L.J.
WIS. L. REV.
WIS. WOMEN'S L.J.
WOMEN'S RTS. L. REP.
WYOMING L. REV.
YALE HUM. RTS. & DEV. L.J.
YALE J. HEALTH POL'Y L. & ETHICS
YALE J. INT'L L.
YALE J.L. & FEMINISM
YALE J.L. & HUMAN.
YALE J. ON REG.
YALE L. & POL'Y REV.
YALE L.J.
Table 5.2. Local Periodicals
Ateneo Law Journal
Baguio Colleges Foundation Law Journal
Commission on Audit Journal
Decision Law Journal
Far Eastern Law Review
Filipino Lawyer
Foundation Law Review
Francisco College Law Journal
Journal of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines
Labor Review
Law & Development Review
Lawyers Journal
Lyceum of the Philippines Law Review
Mindanao Law Journal
M.L.Q. University Law Quarterly
Philippine International Law Journal
Philippine Journal of Public Administration
Philippine Labor Relations Journal
Philippine Law and Society Review
Philippine Law Gazette
Philippine Law Journal
Philippine Law Report
Philippine Lawyers Association Journal
Philippine Yearbook of International Law
San Beda Law Journal
Siliman Law Journal
University of San Carlos Law Review
University of Santo Tomas Law Review
University of the East Law Journal
University of Manila Law Gazette
ATENEO L.J.
B.C.F.L. REV.
C.O.A. J.
DEC. L.J.
FAR EAST L. REV.
FILIPINO LAW.
FOUNDATION L. REV.
FRANCISCO C. L.J.
J. INTEG. BAR PHIL.
LAB. REV.
LAW & DEV. REV.
LAW. J.
LY. PHIL. L. REV.
MINDANAO L.J.
MLQU L.Q.
PHIL. INT’L L.J.
PHIL. J. PUB. ADM.
PHIL. LAB. REL. J.
PHIL. L. & SOC’Y REV.
PHIL. L. GAZ.
PHIL. L.J.
PHIL. L. REP.
P.L.A. J.
PHIL. YRBK. INT’L L.
SAN BEDA L.J.
SILIMAN L.J.
U.S.C. L. REV.
U.S.T. L. REV.
U.E. L.J.
U.M. L. GAZ.
Table 6. Executive Agencies and Instrumentalities
Agricultural Invention Board
Armed Forces of the Philippines
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Board of Communications
Board of Investments
Bureau of Fisheries and Acquatic Resources
Bureau of Internal Revenue
Bureau of Labor Relations
Bureau of Lands
Bureau of Mines
Central Bank of the Philippines
Central Board of Assessment Appeals
Civil Aeronautics Board
Civil Aviation Association of the Philippines
AIB
AFP
BSP
BOC
BOI
BFAR
BIR
BLR
BL
BM
CBP
CBAA
CAB
CAAP
50
Commission on Immigration and Deportation
Dangeous Drugs Board
Department of Agriculture
Department of Agrarian Reform
Department of Budget and Management
Department of Energy
Department of Education
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Department of Finance
Department of Foreign Affairs
Department of Health
Department of Interior and Local Government
Department of Justice
Department of Labor and Employment
Department of National Defense
Department of Public Works and Highways
Department of Science and Technology
Department of Social Welfare and Development
Department of Trade and Industry
Department of Tourism
Department of Transportation and Communications
Food and Drug Administration
Games and Amusements Board
Laguna Lake Development Authority
Land Registration Authority
Land Transportation and Franchise Board
Monetary Board
National Cottage Industry Development Authority
National Economic and Development Authority
National Food Authority
National Historical Commission
National Historical Institute
National Housing Authority
National Irrigation Administration
National Police Commission
Office of the President
Office of the Solicitor General
Philippine Coconut Authority
Philippine National Police
CID
DDB
DA
DAR
DBM
DOE
Dep. Ed.
DENR
DOF
DFA
DOH
DILG
DOJ
DOLE
DND
DPWH
DOST
DSWD
DTI
DOT
DOTC
FDA
GAB
LLDA
LRA
LTFRB
MB
NACIDA
NEDA
NFA
NHC
NHI
NHA
NIA
NAPOLCOM
OP
OSG
PHILCOA
PNP
Table 7. Statutory Resources
Table 7.1. Codes
Agricultural Land Reform Code
Child and Youth Welfare Code
AGRARIAN CODE
CHILD & YOUTH WELFARE
CODE
CIVIL CODE
Civil Code
51
Coconut Industry Code
Code of Commerce
Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and
Employees
Cooperative Code
Corporate Code
Family Code
Fire Code
Fisheries Code
Flag and Heraldic Code
Forestry Code
Insurance Code
Intellectual Property Code
Labor Code
Land Transportation and Traffic Code
Local Government Code
Muslim Code of Personal Laws
National Building Code
National Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes and Supplements
National Internal Revenue Code
Omnibus Election Code
Omnibus Investments Code
Philippine Environment Code
Real Property Tax Code
Revised Administrative Code
Revised National Plumbing Code
Revised Penal Code
Sanitation Code
Securities Regulation Code
State Auditing Code
Tariff and Customs Code
Water Code
COCONUT INDUS. CODE
COM. CODE
CODE OF CONDUCT OF
PUBLIC OFFICIALS
COOPERATIVE CODE
CORP. CODE
FAM. CODE
FIRE CODE
FISHERIES CODE
FLAG & HER. CODE
FORESTRY CODE
INS. CODE
INTELL. PROP. CODE
LAB. CODE
TRANSP. & TRAFFIC CODE
LOCAL GOV’T CODE
MUSLIM CODE
BLDG. CODE
MILK CODE
TAX CODE
ELECT. CODE
INVESTMENTS CODE
ENVIRON. CODE
PROP. TAX CODE
REV. ADM. CODE
PLUMBING CODE
REV. PEN. CODE
SANITATION CODE
SEC. REG. CODE
AUDIT CODE
TARIFF CODE
WATER CODE
Table 7.2. Law Forms
Public Laws (1900-1934)
Commonwealth Acts (1935-1945)
Presidential Decrees (1972-1986)
Batas Pambansa (1984-1986)
Executive Order (1986-1987)
Republic Act
<LGU> Ordinance
Act No.
Com. Act No.
Pres. Dec. No.
Batas Blg.
Exec. Order No.
Rep. Act No.
<Unit> Ordinance No.
Table 7.3. Other Legislative Materials
Senate Bill
House Bill
Senate Concurrent Resolution
S. No.
H. No.
S. Con. Res.
52
House Concurrent Resolution
Senate Committee Report
House Committee Report
Resolution of both Houses, sitting together but voting separately
House Journal
Senate Journal
H. Con. Res.
S. Rpt.
H. Rpt.
R.B.H.
H. Journal
S. Journal
Table 7.4. Executive and Administrative Issuances
Executive Order
<Agency> Administrative Order
<Department> Department Order
Proclamation
General Order
Letter of Instruction
Letter of Implementation
Letter of Authority
Memorandum
Circular
Exec. Order No.
<Agency> Adm. Order No.
<Dep’t> Dep’t Order No.
Proc. No.
Gen. Order No.
Letter of Inst. No.
Letter of Impl. No.
Letter of Auth. No.
Memo.
Circ.
Table 8. Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies
Table 8.1. Judicial Bodies
Court of Appeals
Sandiganbayan
Court of Tax Appeals
Regional Trial Court
Municipal Trial Court
Metropolitan Trial Court
Municipal Circuit Trial Court
Shari’ah District Court
Shari’ah Circuit Court
Judicial and Bar Council
CA
Sandiganbayan
CTA
RTC
MTC
MeTC
MCTC
Shari’ah Dist. Ct.
Shari’ah Circ. Ct.
JBC
Table 8.2: Quasi-Judicial Bodies
Civil Service Commission
Commission on Audit
Commission on Elections
Commission on Human Rights
Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board
Energy Regulatory Board
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Insurance Commission
Movie and Television Review and Classification Board
National Labor Relations Commission
National Telecommunications Commission
53
CSC
COA
COMELEC
CHR
DARAB
ERB
HLURB
Ins. Com.
MTRCB
NLRC
NTC
Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
Professional Regulations Commission
Securities and Exchange Commission
Social Security Commission
POEA
PRC
SEC
SSC
54