Unit 1 Self Text A “To Be That Self Which One Truly Is”: A Therapist’s View of Personal Goals Carl Rogers Learning Objectives Intercultural Competence Critical Thinking Communicative Competence Reading Skills Learning Objectives • Reading Skills • Scan for main ideas • Identify topic sentences • Identify supporting details • Communicative Competence • Illustrate your points with appropriate examples • Use topic sentences and supporting sentences to organize your presentation/essay • Be aware of different styles in communication Learning Objectives • Critical Thinking • Evaluate the validity of research methods • Clarify the meanings of key concepts about self • Avoid oversimplifications in causal reasoning • Intercultural Competence Evaluate the five value dimensions responsible for individual choices in different countries • Examine the cultural differences between the East and the West in understanding the concept of self • Lead in “Know thyself” is an ancient Greek aphorism inscribed on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Since the dawn of civilization, human beings have been asking themselves about the purpose of life and their place in it: “Who am I?” “What am I striving for? ” “What should be my goals?” These questions might have also troubled you now and then. Have you found answers? If not, this unit may provide inspiration for your exploration. Lead in In Text A, Carl Rogers, one of the greatest psychologists in the 20th century, demonstrates his understanding of the aim of life – “to be that self which one truly is” – based on his psychotherapeutic research. In text B, Friedrich Nietzsche, one of the most seminal philosophers of the 19th century, attempts to convince us that we are unique miracles and that we need to find ourselves, know ourselves, and be ourselves. Background Knowledge 1. About the author Carl Rogers, a widely celebrated American psychologist, was one of the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. Do some research on humanistic psychology （人本主义心理学） and find out more information about him. Academic interests: Carl R. Rogers is known as the father of client-centered therapy. Throughout his career he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology and is well known for his theory of personality development. Humanistic psychologists generally do not believe that we will understand human consciousness and behavior through Cartesian-Newtonian scientific research. continued The objection that humanistic psychologists have to traditional research methods is that they are derived from and suited for the physical sciences and not especially appropriate to studying the complexities and nuances of human meaning-making. Rogers attempted to change the world of psychotherapy when he boldly claimed that psychoanalytic, experimental, and behavioral therapists were preventing their clients from ever reaching selfrealization and self-growth due to their authoritative analysis. He argued that therapists should allow patients to discover the solution for themselves and endeavored to find out the optimal conditions for the clients to self-actualize. Not confined to the area of psychotherapy, Roger also intends to see how his theory can be applied to such areas as education, marriage, leadership, parent-child relationships, and the development of professional standards. Background Knowledge Theoretical contributions: Rogers' theory of the self is considered to be humanistic, existential, and phenomenological. His theory is based directly on the "phenomenal field” personality theory of Combs and Snygg (1949). Rogers' elaboration of his own theory is extensive. Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took place. This was one of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology. Important concepts that have been explored and discussed in great length by Carl Rogers include: self actualization, the fully functioning person, personality development, congruence, self worth and positive regard. continued Main publications: On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy, published in 1961, was one of Carl Roger’s best-known books. He wrote 16 books and many more journal articles. His other major books include: Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (1939) Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice (1942) Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications, and Theory (1951) Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human (1967) Freedom to Learn: A View of What Education Might Become (1969) On Encounter Groups (1970) Becoming Partners: Marriage and Its Alternatives (1972) On Personal Power: Inner Strength and Its Revolutionary Impact (1977) A Way of Being (1980) 2. The text is an extract from Rogers’s On Becoming a Person. Scan three of its chapters and summarize each chapter in less than 100 words. Chapter 10 Persons or Science? A Philosophical Question In this chapter, Rogers tries to grapple with the conflict he encounters as both a scientist (psychologist) and a psychotherapist. As a scientist, he treats his clients as “objects” and he is nothing but an outsider to them, in order to observe, record, analyze the data he collects from the clients. But when he works as a psychotherapist, he relies heavily on his intuition and his ongoing relationship with the clients. It is non-reflective and very subjective. His clinical experience with the clients seems not to be compatible with his scientific way of knowing. To integrate these two seemingly mutually exclusive ways of perceiving the world, Rogers manages to continued re-conceptualize “science” in a way that also accommodates subjective elements, which were ignored by most scientists. Rogers concludes that “science, as well as therapy, as well as all other aspects of living, is rooted in and based upon the immediate, subjective experience of a person”. Chapter 13 Personal Thoughts on Teaching and Learning Chapter thirteen is the shortest chapter in the book but according to the author, it is also the most explosive one. Rogers was invited to give a talk at a conference organized by Harvard university on the application of his therapeutic principles in education. It turned out that his ideas ignited heated discussions among teacher audiences. Among other things, Rogers questioned the very function of teaching and highly advocates the notion of self-discovered learning. continued The role of teachers in students’ learning process and outcome was minimized according to Rogers and to put it simply, teaching is futile. Similarly, Rogers rejected the practice of examinations and believed that we should do away with grades and credits. Chapter 14 Significant Learning: In Therapy and In Education This chapter could be viewed as an extended version of chapter 13 for Rogers here was trying to make some less disturbing claims but still evolving around the radical implications of a therapeutic approach. He first clarified the definition of “significant learning” and then presented the conditions required if teachers wanted this kind of significant learning to happen in classrooms. These conditions include facing a problem, congruence, unconditional positive regard, continued an empathetic understanding and the fact that the above conditions have been successfully communicated to the clients. The pedagogical implications of these conditions are as follows: students need to bring real problems to the classroom which he wishes to resolve; teachers are expected to create a facilitating environment so that significant learning could take place. Background Knowledge The hierarchy of needs is one of the best-known theories of motivation. Created by psychologist Abraham Maslow, the hierarchy is often displayed as a pyramid, with the most basic needs at the bottom and more complex needs at the peak. The four lowest-level needs are what Maslow referred to as D-needs (or deficiency needs). These needs are due to a lack of something and need to be satisfied in order to avoid unpleasant feelings and to move on to higher level needs. The uppermost needs in the hierarchy are referred to B-needs (being needs or growth needs) and involve the desire to grow as an individual and fulfill one’s own potential. Background Knowledge 3. Abraham Maslow was one of the most important psychologists in the 20th century, who was well-known for his theoretical model of the hierarchy of needs. Do some research on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and summarize his theory in less than 100 words. Text Analysis Text Structure Detailed Analysis Evaluation and exploration Text Structure Part Para(s). Main idea I 1 The questions about the aim of life that every individual must ask and answer II 2-7 Five dimensions of value put forward by a recent study III 8-9 Rogers’ opinion on the aim of life IV 10-21 V 22-28 VI 29 The five moving-away tendencies: emerging patterns of the clients from Rogers’ clinical experience The directions that client move “toward” A recap of the pattern of the movement seen in the clients Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part I Comprehension Check 1. What are the five dimensions of value revealed by Charles Morris in his study of the pathways of life which were preferred by students in six different countries? What research method did he use? The five dimensions of value revealed by Charles Morris in his study of the pathways of life are a preference for a responsible, moral, self-restrained participation in life, a confident initiation of change, the value of a self-sufficient inner life with a rich and heightened self-awareness, a receptivity to persons and to nature and sensuous enjoyment. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI continued Although the text did not tell the readers explicitly what research method Charles Morris adopted for his study, we could infer from Roger’s descriptions’ of the study that Morris probably used a large-scale survey (could be questionnaires) to collect data among students in six different countries and factor analysis to analyze data. The word “objectively” in the second paragraph also implies that it was a quantitative research. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part I Word Study 1.meditatively (Para. 1, line 3) adverb thinking deeply and seriously about something 深思地，冥 想地 e.g. Martin rubbed his chin meditatively. 马丁若有所思地摸 着下巴。 Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2.agonizing (Para. 1, line 3) adjective very unpleasant to experience, especially because of involving a difficult choice or a long wait (尤因难以抉择或等待过久而) 折磨人的 e.g. an agonizing decision —agonizingly adverb at an agonizingly slow pace Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 3.counsellor (Para. 1, line 6) noun [countable] someone whose job is to help and support people with problems 顾问，辅导员 e.g. Are you seeing a counsellor? student/marriage guidance/stress etc. counsellor Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part I Sentence Analysis 1. These are questions which every individual asks himself at one time or another, sometimes calmly and meditatively, sometimes in agonizing uncertainty or despair. (Para. 1) Paraphrase the sentence Every individual has asked themselves these questions in various situations. There are times when they are left alone, meditating, and there are times when the painful experience of not knowing what to do is almost killing them. Either way, these questions could pop up in their minds. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part II Word Study 1.endeavor (Para. 2, line 4) verb [intransitive] British English endeavour formal to try very hard 尝试，努力 endeavor to do something e.g. We always endeavor to please our customers. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2.underlying (Para. 2, line 5) adjective underlying cause/principle/problem etc 根本的原因/原则/问 题等 underlie verb [transitive] e.g. the one basic principle that underlies all of the party’s policies 3.self-restrained (Para. 3, line 2) adjective 自我克制的，自我约束的 Derivative: self-restraint noun Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 4.participation (Para. 3, line 2) noun [uncountable] the act of taking part in an activity or event 参加，参与 Synonym: involvement [+in] 5.conserve (Para. 3, line 2) to protect something and prevent it from changing or being damaged 保护，保存 Synonym: preserve Derivative: conservation noun e.g. We must conserve our woodlands for future generations. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 6.vigorous (Para. 4, line 1) adjective using a lot of energy and strength or determination 强度大的； 积极的 e.g. Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 7.obstacle (Para. 4, line 2) noun [countable] something that makes it difficult to achieve something 障碍， 阻碍，妨碍 [+to] e.g. Fear of change is an obstacle to progress. overcome an obstacle (also surmount an obstacle) = ( find a solution to an obstacle) e.g. We need to help young people overcome the obstacles that poverty puts in their way. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 8.initiation (Para. 4, line 2) noun [countable, uncountable] the act of starting something such as an official process, a new plan etc (正式程序、新计划等的)发起，实施 [+of] Derivative: initiate verb [transitive] or noun [countable], initially adverb Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 9. resolve (Para. 4, line 2) verb [transitive] to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty 解决(问题、困难) Synonym: solve, settle resolve a dispute/conflict/problem etc Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 10. self-sufficient (Para. 5, line 1) adjective able to provide all the things you need without help from other people 自给自足的 Derivative: self-sufficiency noun [uncountable] 11. receptivity (Para. 6, line 1) noun [countable, uncountable] receptivity (to something) the quality of being willing to listen to or to accept new ideas or suggestions接受能力，倾听能力 Synonym: responsiveness noun [uncountable] Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 12.inspiration (Para. 6, line 2) noun [countable, uncountable] a good idea about what you should do, write, say etc, especially one which you get suddenly 灵感 e.g. He had a sudden flash of inspiration. 13. responsiveness (Para. 6, line 3) an interested and enthusiastic reaction to somebody/something 感兴趣；热诚；响应性 responsiveness (to somebody/something) Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 14.Sensuous (Para. 7, line 1) adjective pleasing to your senses 愉悦感官的 e.g. the sensuous feeling of silk on her skin 15. abandonment(Para. 7, line 2) noun [uncountable, countable] formal the act of leaving a person, thing or place with no intention of returning 放弃，断念 Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part III Comprehension Check 1. In Para. 9, Rogers says, “So I trust you will look at these views with critical scepticism, and accept them only in so far as they ring true in your own experience.” Why does Rogers mention this concern before he begins his argument? What effect does this reminder produce on you as a reader? Rogers did not want to sound too assertive in his statements of those patterns emerging from his clients’ account of themselves. He believed that they were very personal and what he was about to present should not be treated like the “correct” answers or some indisputable laws of nature. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI continued Also, as a psychologist and veteran psychotherapist, Rogers was quite aware of the anecdotal nature of his “findings”. He did not conduct an empirical study and did not go through rigorous data collection and analysis procedures. Rather, all that he was going to argue was based on his personal experiences with his clients. It was not systematic investigation and prone to personal predisposition and bias. Therefore, his findings were more of explorative and hypothesis-generating than predictive and hypothesis-testing. As for the effect this reminder might produce on us readers, I don’t think it will make the readers lose interest in his arguments and trust him much less. The readers are made keenly aware of where the value of this article resides: its relatableness. That is, to Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI continued what extent readers could relate to those patterns. So instead of focusing on the “reliability” and “validity” of the claims made by the author, readers become less braced to launch an attack on the authors but digest his views with a more open mind. If we analyze the function of this sentence from the perspective of academic writing, it may also be explained as an example of “hedging”, which academic writers use to protect themselves from making statements that are beyond their certainty. The need to be cautious in one’s statement is very common and a universally held practice of scholars in good academic writing. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part III Word Study 1. capture （Para. 8, line 6） verb [transitive] [film/record/art] to succeed in recording, showing, or describing a situation or feeling, using words or pictures (用文字或图片)记录，描述，捕捉 e.g. These photographs capture the essence of working-class life at the turn of the century. e.g. The robbery was captured on police video cameras. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2. absurd (Para. 9, line 4) adjective completely stupid or unreasonable 荒谬的，荒唐的，愚蠢的 Synonym: ridiculous quite/slightly/completely etc absurd 3.the remainder (Para.9, line 5) countable the part of something left after the other parts have gone or been dealt with 剩余物，剩余部分 e.g. He spent the remainder of his police career behind a desk. the rest [+of] Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 4. at/from the outset (Para.9, line 6) at or from the beginning of an event or process 在开头时/从 一开始 e.g. A person with higher qualifications can get a better paid job at the outset of their career. 5. scepticism (Para. 9, line 10) noun [uncountable] an attitude of doubting that particular claims or statements are true or that something will happen 怀疑态度，怀疑论 e.g. Like policemen, they have a hardened scepticism about humanity. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 6. in so far as/insofar as/in as far as (Para. 9, line 10) formal to the degree that 到……的程度 7. ring true (Para. 9, line 10) idiom 听起来真实可靠 e.g. Her explanation didn't ring true. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part IV Comprehension Check 1. What typical tendencies does Rogers discover among his clients? Illustrate these tendencies with examples of your own experiences. Away from facades, away from oughts, away from meeting expectations, away from pleasing others, toward selfdirection, toward being process, toward openness to experience, toward acceptance of others and toward trust of self. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2. In Para. 12, Rogers mentions “a frightened person hiding behind a facade.” What does “facade” imply in this context? Why is the person “frightened” according to him? Here “facade” refers to the guise of “being hot”. He is frightened because he does not hold a positive self-image and he fears that once people know the real him, they would dislike him and stay away from him. He is afraid of being alienated from his friends just because of who he really is. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 3. In Para. 17, Rogers cites William H. Whyte’s concept of “organization man” to explain the pressures that culture puts on individuals. Find out some information about Whyte’s wellknown book The Organization Man. In what sense does Whyte’s theory lend support to Morris’s argument here? The book The Organization Man is considered one of the most influential books on management ever written. A key point made was that people became convinced that organizations and groups could make better decisions than individuals, and thus serving an organization became logically preferable to advancing one's individual creativity. Rogers found that his clients, if given Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Continued a choice, resented the idea of having to conform to the group needs and organizational expectations. Similarly, in the study by William Whyte, he observed that actually individual work and creativity can produce better outcomes than collectivist processes. So both two scholars questioned the traditional idea of collectivist ethic at the expense of individualism. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part IV Word Study 1.move away from something (Para. 10, line 1-2) to shift one's ideas, beliefs, or ideologies, especially if they we re particularly rigid or inflexible. 离开，抛弃 2.facade (Para.12, line 2) noun [countable] [usually singular] a way of behaving that hides your real feelings (掩盖真实感情的)表面 e.g. Behind her cheerful facade, she’s a really lonely person. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 3.inward (Para. 13, line 4) adjective [only before noun] felt or experienced in your own mind but not expressed to other people 内心的；精神的 Antonym: outward 4.submissive (Para. 13, line 13) adjective always willing to obey someone and never disagreeing with them, even if they are unkind to you 服从的，顺从的;恭顺的 e.g. In those days, women were expected to be quiet and submissive. Antonym: assertive Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 5.compliant (Para. 13, line 13) adjective willing to obey or to agree to other people’s wishes and demands (对他人的意愿和要求) 顺从的，听从的，服从的 e.g. For years I had tried to be a compliant and dutiful wife. 6. wishy-washy (Para. 13, line 17) informal someone who is wishy-washy does not have firm or clear ideas and seems unable to decide what they want – used to show disapproval (人)优柔寡断的，没有明确目标的(含 贬义) e.g. a bunch of wishy-washy liberals Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 7.adamantly (Para. 16, line 1) adverb in a way that shows you are determined not to change your mind or to be persuaded about something 固执地，坚定不 移地 e.g. Britain is adamantly opposed to the new directive. 8. subordinate to (Para. 17, line 5) adjective less important than something else 次要的 Synonym: secondary e.g. These aims were subordinate to the main aims of the mission. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 9. well-rounded (Para. 17, line 6) adjective 1). a well-rounded person has a range of interests and skills and a variety of experience 〔兴趣或技能〕多面的，全面的 e.g. well-rounded graduates 2). well-rounded education or experience of life is complete and varied 〔教育或生活阅历〕全面的，多方面的 e.g. She has a well-rounded background in management. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 10. conformity (Para. 19, line 1) noun [uncountable] behavior that obeys the accepted rules of society or a group, and is the same as that of most other people (对公认的社会 或团体规则的)遵守，遵从，依照 Antonym: non-conformity Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 11. imperative (Para. 21, line 6) noun [countable] 1). formal an idea or belief that has a strong influence on people, making them behave in a particular way （对人的行 为具有很大影响的）观念，信念 e.g. Sharing food is the most important moral imperative in Semai society. 2). something that must be done urgently 紧急的事 e.g. A broad and balanced education is an imperative for raising standards. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part IV Sentence Analysis 1. Thus, though these words convey nothing of the self she might be moving toward, the weariness and disdain in both her voice and her statement make it clear that she is moving away from a self which has to be good, which has to be submissive. (Para. 14) What she said might not reveal to us directly what kind of person she wants to be. But when she delivered those words, we can make inference from her tone that those images imposed on her were held with contempt and exhausted her. She rejected the image of having to be good and obedient. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2. It seems to mean that the individual moves toward being, knowingly and acceptingly, the process which he inwardly and actually is. He moves away from being what he is not, from being a facade. (Para. 29) It looks like that the individual knows exactly what is happening to him/her and he/she kind of accepts it as the way it is. He stops being someone else and he throws away the mask on his face. He demonstrates to the public who he really is. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part V Comprehension Check 1. What are the major facets Rogers discover in the directions in which his clients move? What types of evidence does he cite to demonstrate his claims? The client moves toward being autonomous, toward more openly being a process, toward openness to experience, to others, toward trust to oneself. Mostly he cites his clinical experience with his clients and occasionally he chose some examples of famous people to support his argument. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2. What examples does Rogers cite to illustrate a person who “trusts and values the process which is himself” (Para. 28)? What inference does he draw from the evidence? The Rogers cites examples of famous people who are very successful in their areas to illustrate his point of view. The inference he draws from the evidence is that if people can trust themselves in terms of thoughts, ideas, and idiosyncratic styles they own without being constrained by external standards, they are more likely to become creative. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part V Word Study 1.autonomous (Para. 23, line 1) adjective formal having the ability to work and make decisions by yourself without any help from anyone else 有自主能力的， 自主的 Synonym: independent Derivative: autonomously adverb Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2.diminish (Para. 24, line 7) verb [transitive] to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are 削弱，贬低〔重 要性或价值〕 e.g. Don’t let him diminish your achievements. 3.tentatively (Para. 25, line 6) adverb in a way that is not done with confidence 踌躇不决地，犹豫 地 Synonym: hesitantly Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 4.physiological (Para. 26, line 8) adjective connected with the way in which a particular living thing functions（人或动物的）生理机能，生理地 Derivative: physiology Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 5.perception (Para. 28, line 7) noun [countable, uncountable] 1).[C,U] the way you think about something and your idea of what it is like 认识，观念；看法 [+of] e.g. children’s perceptions of the world 2). [U] the way that you notice things with your senses of sight, hearing etc 感觉，感知方式 e.g. visual perception 3). [U] the natural ability to understand or notice things quickly 洞察力；理解能力；感知能力 e.g. Ross shows unusual perception for a boy of his age. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part VI Comprehension Check 1. What does the title of the text suggest to you at first sight? What does Rogers mean by this quote from Kierkegaard? Do you think the title can serve as the thesis of the text? Why or why not? At first sight, the title of the text suggests to me a rather prescriptive and normative tone. It seems to me that possibly the author attempts to argue for the benefits of “be yourself” when it comes to setting up personal goals. Here, by this quote from Kierkegaard, Rogers wants to highlight the core message he takes away from his clients’ narratives and he believes this core message could be boiled down to this one phrase: “to be that self which one truly is”. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Continued I think this title can serve as the thesis of the text. Since it is only a phrase and not a complete sentence, there is more than one way to interpret it. From a philosophical viewpoint, it can be interpreted as an ideal lifestyle that philosophers advocate. From a psychotherapist’s viewpoint, it can be a tendency or trend that he identifies among his clients. Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part VI Word Study 1.attendant （Para. 29, line 6） adjective formal relating to or caused by something 伴随的，随之而 来的，附带的 Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 2.bombastic (Para. 29, line 6) adjective (of somebody's words) sounding important but having little meaning and used to impress people 华丽空洞的 3.defensiveness (Para. 29, line 6) noun [uncountable] the fact of showing that you feel people are criticizing you 戒备，防卫 Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI 4.the recesses of sth (Para. 29, line 8) the inner hidden parts of something 某事物的隐秘[幽深]处 e.g. the deep recesses of the cave e.g. fears hidden away in the darker recesses of her mind 5. incredulity (Para. 29, line 12) noun [uncountable] a feeling that you cannot believe something 不相信，怀疑 e.g. When she told her family she was gay, they reacted with a mixture of shock and incredulity. Synonym: disbelief Detailed Analysis Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V Part VI Part VI Sentence Analysis It seems to mean that the individual moves toward being, knowingly and acceptingly, the process which he inwardly and actually is. He moves away from being what he is not, from being a facade. (Para. 29) It looks like that the individual knows exactly what is happening to him/her and he/she kind of accepts it as the way it is. He stops being someone else and he throws away the mask on his face. He demonstrates to the public who he really is. Text Analysis Text Structure Detailed Analysis Evaluation and exploration Evaluation and Exploration Discuss the following questions in small groups. (1) How would you answer the questions that Rogers asks in the first paragraph: “What is my goal in life?” “What am I striving for?” “What is my purpose?” Write a 100-word reflection. After group discussion, teachers might ask some individual students to come to the blackboard and make a mini-speech based on his/her reflections. Text Analysis Text Structure Detailed Analysis Evaluation and exploration (2) On what grounds does Rogers challenge the results of Morris’s investigation? What method does Rogers use in his research? Do you think he has convincingly invalidated Morris’s findings? Why or why not? Rogers noticed that none of the Morris’s research findings can be found from his own experience with his clients. His research is mostly based on his personal experiences. I don’t think he has convincingly invalidated Morris’ findings because he did not plan on challenging Morris’s results from an academic perspective, but meant to offer some alternative views on the goal of life based on his counseling with the clients. To invalidate one’s findings, you have to either make a replica study and get the conflicting results or you problematize the research design and point out that Text Analysis Text Structure Detailed Analysis Evaluation and exploration continued certain methodological flaws have contaminated the data. That is not Rogers’ intention to write this article. The patterns Rogers identified are not used to contradict, but supplement Morris’ findings from a more subjective and humanistic approach, which has been largely ignored in the scientific community. (3) Rogers seems to regard culture negatively only as a pressure for conformity. So according to him, for individuals to be what they are, they should move away from the constraint of culture. What role do you think culture plays as we attempt to grow into autonomous, self-actualizing individuals? Can we and should we do away with the influence of culture altogether? Why or why not? Text Analysis Text Structure Detailed Analysis Evaluation and exploration I think culture plays both a constraining and an enabling role in the growth of individuals. It is constraining in the sense that the way we think and the way we behave are bounded by cultural norms, values and expectations. Our culture tells us, for example, what to wear, when to get married, how to greet people and whom to respect. The enabling role of culture in our process of becoming an autonomous individual can be exemplified by the language we speak, the institutions where our talents and potentials can be appreciated and developed, the commonalities (similar beliefs, history, cognitive preferences, etc. ) by means of which we can bond and form a community for mutual rapport, the stableness that gives people within the culture a sense of security and certainty. We Text Analysis Text Structure Detailed Analysis Evaluation and exploration continued cannot and should not do away with the influence of culture altogether. Firstly, our culture is ingrained in our identity and we are partly defined by our culture. Secondly, self-actualization needs material and symbolic resources, which can be provided by culture. Thirdly, culture offers the tools for us to understand the world and more importantly, to make sense of ourselves. (4) Do you agree with Rogers that being oneself would necessarily lead to creativity, why or why not? I think being creativity requires more than “being oneself”. In today’s society, creativity is highly valued and the slogan of “think outside the box” can be heard everywhere. But before we initiate any novel ideas, we have to first figure out what “conventional” ideas people normally have had right now. It’s Text Analysis Text Structure Detailed Analysis Evaluation and exploration continued like doing a marketing survey. Being oneself and not caring about what others think of this issue would only lead to complacency and narrow-mindedness. Creativity is based on the heightened awareness of the gap between what people have got used to and what people might be appealed to. Granted that being oneself could direct people to listen to their own inner voices, but it does not guarantee innovation that is necessarily understood and accepted by others. (5) Make a five-minute speech entitled “To Thine Own Self Be True.” Discuss why one should be true to his or her own self and how to achieve that purpose. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse Language Enhancement I. Words and phrases 1. Fill in the blanks to complete the ideas on self-consciousness and then define these terms with the help of reference books or online resources. Morris’s findings: five dimensions of value • Participation in real life obstacles • Overcoming of (1)________ • (2) Self-sufficient ____________ inner life • (3) Receptivity _______________________________ to persons and to nature • Sensuous enjoyment Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse being a facade Rogers’s idea: true self, movement from (4) _____________to the process he inwardly and actually is (5) __________________________________ • fear of exposing the self • the “ought-to-be” self • the negative self • the culturally-expected self • the autonomous self • the changing self • openness to self • openness to others Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse 2. Select ONE answer choice that best completes each blank of the following sentences. (1) The whole affair was based on evidence from a(n) B ________ from the secret service, who claimed that the secret service had conducted unauthorized surveillance against many civilians, including politicians, journalists and religious figures. A. abandoner B. deserter C. renouncer D. quitter (2) The classic working-class “mum,” living at home to look after her numerous children with the man as the breadwinner, was a folk myth sustained by the population census in A the 1970s which ________ less and less to reality now. A. conforms B. resembles C. is similar D. is identical Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (3) Although some jurors were sympathetic, others did not C think her stories of abuse and violence________ true. A. bore B. ringed C. rang D. bear (4) The plot of the play is very simple: Six characters attempt B to have a meal together, yet behind the ________ of respectability can be found corruption, political oppression and even drug-trafficking. A. wall B. facade C. fence D. front (5) Kafka’s gift to posterity lay not in any facile outline of the Nazi concentration camps, but in his ability to articulate A or D of our terrors which we all have lurking in the ________ minds. A. back B. inside C. parts D. recesses Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (6) This anniversary serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made during the wartime years by those who worked unstintingly to ________the freedom we now enjoy. A A. preserve B. conserve C. reserve D. serve (7) University students should be encouraged to express their opinions and argue a point of view, to be ________ the B contributions of others and be helped to make their own contributions confidently and effectively. A. ignorant of B. receptive to C. indifferent with D. susceptive to (8) For years, our politicians have been droning A the need to train our workers to the level of the Germans, oblivious C the somewhat obvious fact that we are not Germans so cannot be expected to behave like them. i: A. on about B. on C. about ii: A. upon B. about C. to Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (9) If an art critic has a very B political or religious point of view, this can A other considerations in judgments about art and give a bias to the description or interpretation made. i: A. sensitive B. decided C. wavering ii: A. override B. overrun C. overcome (10) Today we have two kinds of knowledge: acquired knowledge from A —experience, teaching, research—and inspired knowledge which comes from C . i: A. without B. inside C. exterior ii: A. interior B. outside C. within Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse 3. Complete the following sentences with words or expressions given in the box below. Change the form where necessary. fit into in so doing find oneself involve at one time or another tendency toward emerge at the outset in flux (1) It is clear that among the more prosperous merchants in the 12th and 13th centuries, there was the first beginning of a(n) tendency toward specialization, in types of goods carried and markets exploited. (2) Exercise is just as important as the other little extras you fit into your routine. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (3) In a social situation where old relations were in flux and general insecurity was growing, ethnic minorities would see their own language and culture as the ultimate certainty which they could always cling to. (4) Of course, all parents and teachers are beset by disobedient children at one time or another . (5) He has no hesitation in saying that the most difficult aspects of management for him are those that involve making decisions about people, whether it be a question of promotion or demotion. (6) After he took over the chairmanship of the troubled Westland Group in June, he found himself at the center of media and national attention. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (7) New evidence is now emerging that shows even greater military discontent with the general’s rule than was previously thought. (8) It is hoped that the new measure will invest in people to enable every individual to fulfill their potential, and in so doing, build the nation’s economic and social strength. (9) How successful a computer installation is will depend largely on how clearly the customer and the supplier have defined at the outset what the system is supposed to achieve. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse 4. Select ONE answer choice that best completes each of the following sentences. Then supply two other words or expressions with similar meaning to the chosen one. (1) These reformers are simultaneously in favor of high levels of public spending and the B control of public spending, low interest rates and an extended welfare state. A. vigorous B. rigorous C. gorgeous hard; harsh; strict Words or expressions with similar meaning: ________________ A (2) It’s been widely acknowledged that there is scientific evidence that cigarette smoke causes lung cancer in non-smokers around them as well. A. compelling B. unclear C. clean impressive Words or expressions with similar meaning: powerful; ________________ Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (3) Many undergraduates do not like being asked to choose between differing judgments on the same text and often become confused if asked to choose between different critical approaches and all their C ideological baggage. A. hiding B. following C. attendant accompanying; Words or expressions with similar meaning: _______________ concomitant; associated; related _______________________________ (4) As a newcomer to a job and organization, you may find yourself B around to discover how status operates. A. listening B. groping C. observing fumbling; Words or expressions with similar meaning: _______________ probing; feeling ________________ Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (5) Protected by the sheltering arm of state-owned companies and A politicians, the nuclear industry has set some of its strongest claims in recent years. A. compliant B. complaint C. compliment submissive; Words or expressions with similar meaning: _______________ _______________ obedient Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse II. Sentences and Discourse 1. Paraphrase the following sentences. You may need to refer to the context in which they are used. (1) These are questions which every individual asks himself at one time or another, sometimes calmly and meditatively, sometimes in agonizing uncertainty or despair. (Para. 1) Every individual has asked themselves these questions in various situations. There are times when they are left alone, meditating, and there are times when the painful experience of not knowing what to do is almost killing them. Either way, these questions could pop up in their minds. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (2) Thus, though these words convey nothing of the self she might be moving toward, the weariness and disdain in both her voice and her statement make it clear that she is moving away from a self which has to be good, which has to be submissive. (Para. 14) What she said might not reveal to us directly what kind of person she wants to be. But when she delivered those words, we can make inference from her tone that those images imposed on her were held with contempt and exhausted her. She rejected the image of having to be good and obedient. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (3) It seems to mean that the individual moves toward being, knowingly and acceptingly, the process which he inwardly and actually is. He moves away from being what he is not, from being a facade. (Para. 29) It looks like that the individual knows exactly what is happening to him/her and he/she kind of accepts it as the way it is. He stops being someone else and he throws away the mask on his face. He demonstrates to the public who he really is. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse 2. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (1) There are certain common features in ethical attitudes: puritanical attitudes in sexual matters, conservatism, friendliness, “down-to-earthiness,” sense of duty to neighbors, critical attitudes to officialdom, and similar judgments as to what constitutes good and bad conduct. 在伦理态度中存在某些共同特征：性行为上清教徒式的禁 欲态度、保守主义、友善、脚踏实地、对邻里的责任感、 对官僚主义的批判态度、以及相似的判断构成善行和恶行 的标准。 Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse (2) It is senior management’s responsibility to initiate, devise, maintain and evaluate a viable policy and system of communication which is designed to inform employees regularly about the enterprise. 高管人员有责任发起、制定、维护以及评价可行性政策和 沟通系统，以此定期向员工报告企业情况。 (3) In general, this piling up of canonic texts in the exposition of elementary notions and principles, with quotations buttressing each other up and introducing ideas foreign to the main theme, creates confusion in the minds of simple average souls who are the majority among the readership. 读者群中绝大多数都是普通人，一般来说，用堆砌经典文 本的方法来阐释一些简单的概念和原则，外加一些互相支 撑的引文，以及引入主题之外的观点，这样的做法只会让 他们脑子更混乱。 Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse 3. Translate the following selection into English. Then compare your translation with the suggested version provided by the instructor and analyze the differences in terms of choices of words, sentence patterns, transitions between ideas and conciseness. 很 多 生 物 （ organism ） 都 具 有 至 少 初 级 形 式 的 （rudimentary form）自我意识形式，以此来感知自身与环境 的区别。然而，人类的自我意识更加深奥，这使人具有反思、 自省（introspection and self-reflection）等人类独有的能力。 自我意识通常分为两种形式，分别对应人类关注自身的两 种 角 度 （ vantage point ） 。 所 谓 私 我 意 识 （ private selfconsciousness），是指人倾向于从个人角度来聚焦自我，关注 （attend to）旁人不能轻易了解的自我的某些方面，如思想与 情感等。所谓公我意识（public self-consciousness），则指人 Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse continued 倾向于从真实或假想的他者角度来聚焦自我、关注旁人可以 了解的自我的某些方面，如外表、行为等。更强的私我意识 意味着更好的自我认知，以及不论是好是坏都想增进自我认 知的更浓厚兴趣。因此，这类人更能表里如一，言行一致。 公我意识意味着在意别人对自己的看法。公我意识强的人更 容易屈从于群体压力，并能更准确判断别人对自己的评价。 Many organisms exhibit at least a rudimentary form of selfawareness by which they experience themselves as distinct from their environment. However, humans are capable of more profound forms of self-awareness that make possible uniquely human capacities such as introspection and selfreflection. continued A distinction typically is drawn between forms of selfconsciousness corresponding to the two distinct vantage points from which people can direct attention toward themselves. Private self-consciousness is the tendency to focus on oneself from a personal vantage point and attend to aspects of the self that are not readily apparent to others, such as one’s thoughts and feelings. Public self-consciousness is the tendency to focus on oneself from the perceived vantage point of real or imagined others and to attend to aspects of the self that are observable by others, such as facets of one’s appearance and behavior. continued Private self-consciousness is associated with better access to self-knowledge, and a greater interest in new self-knowledge regardless of whether that knowledge is positive. As a result, their attitudes are more predictive of their behavior. Public self-consciousness is associated with phenomena that involve perceptions of how other people view the self. People high in public self-consciousness are more likely to conform to group pressure, and they are more accurate in their perception of how others perceive them. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse 4. The following passage is an excerpt from Others in Mind: Social Origins of Self-Consciousness , in which Philippe Rochat reviews key issues in self-consciousness research. Complete the passage with the best choices from the box below. Self-consciousness is a classic philosophical conundrum in the Western tradition since the Greeks. Plato and the ancient Greeks began questioning systematically (1) C , extended by a long dualist tradition that culminated with Descartes’s famous Cogito, which continues to be debated in current philosophy of mind. Ideas and debates around mind and body as separate entities have dominated Western philosophy. In recent years, however, the mind-body issue has been greatly tempered, even Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse continued dismissed, by the recent advances in neurosciences that provide abundant evidence of an “embodied mind.” The neurosciences provide literal images of a mind incarnated in the neural flesh of the brain. In a way, neuroimages give the hope of grounding and finally naturalizing the phenomenon of consciousness. Presumably, they provide the final blow to the persistent metaphysical idea (2) A , an idea that implicitly or explicitly dominated the philosophy of mind since the Greeks. (3) E . They are still considered by many as wishful thinking, a long way from giving the final blow to the dualist ideology of Descartes. These attempts are the expression of a persisting, relentless effort by neuroscientists to reduce higher-order processes and representations to simpler, more parsimonious, Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse and ultimately more predictable causal accounts. Inseparable to the mind-body problem is the perennial problematic of (4) B . This problematic rests on the following basic questions: What is it that we construe as the self and where might it be located? Furthermore, if it exists, (5) D ? These questions are far from being resolved and probably will never be. They form an eternal conundrum, a very human conundrum. Even if we accept the existence of a self, the threefold question of its nature, locus, and origins is far from being resolved. It continues to animate fierce debates in the philosophy of mind. It is also a very engaging question for current cognitive and developmental scientists, as well as researchers in the booming field of cognitive neurosciences. Language Enhancement Words and phrases Sentences and discourse A. of the mind as soul hosted in a physical body B. the self C. the relation of the mind to the body D. where might it come from E. However, these attempts at reducing the mind to biology do not elude criticisms Intercultural Reflection Intercultural Reflection The following research topics are designed to help you find out more about the self in an intercultural context. Choose one from them, hold a group discussion based on prior independent research, and then prepare a ten-minute presentation or write an essay of 400-500 words. 1. Evaluate the five value dimensions that Charles Morris has identified among six different countries in Text A. To what extent does each value apply to China today? Justify your position. “The first such value dimension involves a preference for a responsible, moral, self-restrained participation in life, appreciating and conserving what man has attained.” I think a Intercultural Reflection continued majority of people in China today still conform to moral standards when they pursue their goals of life. Most Chinese people abide by laws, have self-discipline when it comes to illicit obsessions and do not spend money extravagantly. However, there is the emerging tendency nowadays in China that people would risk their fame and trade integrity for higher financial returns and social status. “The second places stress upon delight in vigorous action for the overcoming of obstacles. ” I think the courage to take action for changing status quo is not as prevalent in China as in other countries. Fixing personal troubles in China might pose less of a threat to individuals than endeavoring to fix social problems. Systematic defects are much more complicated for change overnight. And one of the common traits among Chinese culture Intercultural Reflection continued is that we do not like changes, especially big changes in social world. As for the confidence in changes in the natural world, however, it is a very promising picture. Chinese people have no fears in transforming the natural world we inhabit. And we are proud to be the authors of the natural world. “The third dimension stresses the value of a self-sufficient inner life with a rich and heightened self-awareness. ” I think Chinese people nowadays are losing the patience AND the ability to listen to our inner voice and we rarely stop to meditate, to figure out what we really want and what really makes us happy. Searching for meaning in life has gradually been replaced by consumerism. “The fourth underlying dimension values a receptivity to persons and to nature.” “The fifth and final dimension stresses Intercultural Reflection continued sensuous enjoyment.” I think the desire to pursue sensuous enjoyment become a lifestyle that wealthy people are more entitled to. Hi-fi stereo system and home theaters are affordable to an increasing number of households. Theme parks, cuttingedge electronic devices not only meet needs of human beings, but also create unexpected experiences. This relentless quest for new experiences and better experiences, I suppose, maximize the opportunities of abandoning oneself to the moment. 2. In Text B, Nietzsche says, “Why go on clinging to this clod of earth, this way of life, why pay heed to what your neighbour says? It is so parochial to bind oneself to views which are no longer binding even a couple of hundred miles away. Orient and Occident are chalk-lines drawn before us to fool our timidity. Intercultural Reflection continued I will make an attempt to attain freedom, the youthful soul says to itself; and is it to be hindered in this by the fact that two nations happen to hate and fight one another, or that two continents are separated by an ocean, or that all around it a religion is taught which did not yet exist a couple of thousand years ago.” (Para. 3) Discuss the implications of these bold claims in the context of intercultural communication. Here Nietzsche tries to break the geographical confines and religious restraints. He encourages people to pursue absolute freedom in one’s way of life and dismisses the cultural differences between east and west as contrived and inconsequential. Following are possible implications of these bold claims in the context of intercultural communications: Intercultural Reflection continued a.When people coming from different places of the world meet and communicate, they are unique individuals and should behave by their own laws and standards. Cultural differences and norms should not be barriers for interpersonal communication but give way to personalities and individuality. b. People from a specific culture should not be burdened with norms, expectations and collective mentality. Rather, everyone is unique and everyone should be approached and understood by his idiosyncratic features. c. If we encounter misunderstandings and conflicts in intercultural communications, the solution is not to conform to the commonly held norms and behave as others do. Instead, we need to endeavor to show to our acquaintances what we want at the individual level. Intercultural Reflection 3. In Text B, Nietzsche gives a very unique definition of culture: “Culture is liberation, the removal of all the weeds, rubble and vermin that want to attack the tender buds of the plant, an outstreaming of light and warmth, the gentle rustling of nocturnal rain, it is imitation and worship of nature where nature is in her motherly and merciful mood, it is the perfecting of nature when it deflects her cruel and merciless assaults and turns them to good, and when it draws a veil over the expressions of nature’s step-motherly mood and her sad lack of understanding.” (Para. 4) Explain his definition in your own words. To what extent do you agree with him? Why? Nietzsche believes that culture can not define or form one’s true nature, but facilitate people to know themselves by providing resources and conditions. We were born and raised Intercultural Reflection continued and socialized in a certain culture, where we have learned to make sense of the world and ourselves. Here “weeds, rubble and vermin” refers to obstacles to access one’s true nature. They can be biases, misconceptions, prejudices and stereotypes that distort our self-images. “an outstripping of light and warmth, the gentle rustling of nocturnal rain” here refers to conditions of knowing oneself provided by culture (e.g. ones’ knowledge, worldview, beliefs ).I agree with Nietzsche when he acknowledges the liberating force of culture. But we are also shaped by our own cultures and we are partly defined by our distinct cultural identity. It is almost impossible for anyone to act without revealing any cultural traits. So in this sense, I think culture is both liberation and formation. Suggested Readings and Websites Rogers, Carl.(1961).On Becoming a Person: A Therapist‘s View of Psychotherapy. London: Constable. Taylor, Charles.(1989).Sources of the Self : the Making of the Modern Identity. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press. Dweck, Carol. S.. (2008). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Ballantine Books. Note: Word explanations and sentence examples are mainly from Longman Advanced American Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Collins Cobuild English-Chinese Dictionary, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Youdao Online Dictionary, and Cambridge Online Dictionary.
