èêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ, 2008, ‹ 4, Ò. 113–121
éÅôÄü ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄãúçÄü
íÖïçàäÄ
ìÑä 539.89+637.226+678
èÇÑî-ÑÄíóàä ÑàçÄåàóÖëäéÉé ÑÄÇãÖçàü
© 2008 „. Ç. Ä. ÅÓËÒfiÌÓÍ, Ç. É. ëËχÍÓ‚, Ç. É. äÛÓÔ‡ÚÍËÌ, Ç. Ä. Å‡„Û̈,
Ç. Ä. ÇÓ΄ËÌ, Ç. ç. êÓχ‚, Ç. Ç. íÛÍχÍÓ‚, Ç. Ä. äÛ˜ËÌËÌ,
Ä. Ä. ã·‰‚‡, Ñ. ê. ÉÓ̘‡Ó‚‡, å. Ç. ÜÂÌÓÍÎÂÚÓ‚
êîüñ–Ççàà ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÙËÁËÍË
êÓÒÒËfl, 607188, ë‡Ó‚ çËÊ„ÓÓ‰ÒÍÓÈ Ó·Î., ÔÓÒÔ. åË‡, 37
èÓÒÚÛÔË· ‚ ‰‡ÍˆË˛ 06.09.2007 „.
è˂‰ÂÌ˚ ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËË ËÁ„ÓÚÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl Ë ÔÓÎflËÁ‡ˆËË ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ‰Ë̇Ï˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ÔÓÎËÏÂÌÓ„Ó Ò„ÌÂÚÓ˝ÎÂÍÚË͇ ÔÓÎË‚ËÌËÎˉÂÌÙÚÓˉ‡ (èÇÑî). чÌ˚ ÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ÚÂÓÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë
ÏÂÚӉ˘ÂÒÍËı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇, ÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË Ò Â„Ó ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÔÓÙËÎÂÈ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Á‡
ÙÓÌÚÓÏ Û‰‡ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÎÌ˚ ‚ Ú‚Â‰˚ı χÚÂˇ·ı.
PACS: 62.50.+p
ᇂËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl (̇ÔflÊÂÌËfl) ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË p(t) ‚ Û‰‡ÌÓ-ÒʇÚ˚ı ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚‡ı ËÏÂÂÚ ·Óθ¯Ó Á̇˜ÂÌË ‰Îfl ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËfl ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚˚ı ÔÓˆÂÒÒÓ‚.
ÑÎfl  ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl ‡Á‡·ÓÚ‡Ì fl‰ ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚ Ò ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ‡·ÓÚ‡˛˘Ëı
̇ ‡ÁÌ˚ı ÙËÁ˘ÂÒÍËı ÔË̈ËÔ‡ı [1]. ëÂ‰Ë ÌËı
̇˷Óθ¯Â ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌË ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÎË Ô¸ÂÁÓÂÁËÒÚË‚Ì˚Â Ë Ô¸ÂÁÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‰‡Ú˜ËÍË.
è¸ÂÁÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ‰‡Ú˜ËÍË ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ¯ËÓÍÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‚ Ô‡ÍÚËÍ ۉ‡ÌÓ-‚ÓÎÌÓ‚Ó„Ó
˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡. ïÓÓ¯Ó ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ Í‚‡ˆÂ‚˚È ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È fl‚ËÎÒfl ÔÂ‚˚Ï ÛÒÚÓÈÒÚ‚ÓÏ Ò Ì‡ÌÓÒÂÍÛ̉Ì˚Ï ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡Á¯ÂÌËÂÏ, Ë ‰‡Ú˜ËÍË
̇ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â Ò„ÌÂÚÓ˝ÎÂÍÚË͇ ÌËÓ·‡Ú‡ ÎËÚËfl [2].
éÌË ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ‰Îfl ËÁÏÂÂÌËÈ ‰Ó ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ
~4.0 Ë ~1.5 Éè‡ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ. ë ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ
̉‡‚ÌÂ„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÎˉÂÓÏ ÒÂ‰Ë Ô¸ÂÁÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËı ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚ ÒڇΠ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â Ò„ÌÂÚÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓÎËÏÂ‡ ÔÓÎË‚ËÌËÎˉÂÌÙÚÓˉ‡ (èÇÑî), Ô‰ÎÓÊÂÌÌ˚È î. Å‡Û˝ÓÏ [3, 4].
ä ̇ÒÚÓfl˘ÂÏÛ ‚ÂÏÂÌË Ôӂ‰ÂÌ fl‰ ÚÂÓÂÚ˘ÂÒÍËı Ë ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌ˚ı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ ÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊ „ËÒÚ‡ˆËfl Ò Â„Ó ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚÂÈ p(t) ‚ Ú‚Â‰ÓÏ ÚÂÎÂ.
ÚÓˆÂ‚Ó„Ó ÚËÔ‡ (ËÒ. 1·). Ç fl‰Â ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚ Ú‡ÍÓÈ
‰‡Ú˜ËÍ ·ÓΠۉӷÂÌ Ì‡ Ô‡ÍÚËÍÂ.
íÖïçéãéÉàü
ÑÎfl ËÁ„ÓÚÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ÔÎÂÌ͇
èÇÑî ÚÓ΢ËÌÓÈ 10–30 ÏÍÏ. åÂÚ‡Î΢ÂÒÍË ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰˚ ̇ÌÓÒflÚÒfl ÏÂÚÓ‰ÓÏ Ì‡Ô˚ÎÂÌËfl. ì Òڇ̉‡ÚËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ [5] ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰ ÒÓÒÚÓËÚ ËÁ ÔÓ‰ÒÎÓfl
Ô·ÚËÌ˚ (0.05 ÏÍÏ) Ë ÒÎÓfl ÁÓÎÓÚ‡ ËÎË ‡Î˛ÏËÌËfl
(0.25 ÏÍÏ). èÇÑî-ÔÎÂÌ͇ Á‡Í˚‚‡ÂÚÒfl ËÁÓÎËÛ˛˘ÂÈ ÚÂÙÎÓÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÎÂÌÍÓÈ ÚÓ΢ËÌÓÈ 12.7 ÏÍÏ.
Ç êîüñ–Ççààùî ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl èÇÑî-ÔÎÂÌ͇ î-2åù (çèé “è·ÒÚÔÓÎËÏÂ”, ë.-èÂÚÂ·Û„)
[6]. ùÎÂÍÚÓ‰˚ ËÁ„ÓÚ‡‚ÎË‚‡˛ÚÒfl ËÁ ωË, Ëı ÚÓ΢Ë̇ ~0.5 ÏÍÏ. ᇢËÚÌÓ ÔÓÍ˚ÚË ËÁ ÔÓÎËÏÂ‡
(ÔË ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓÒÚË) ÙÓÏËÛÂÚÒfl ̇ ‚ÒÂÈ ÔÓ(a)
(·)
2
3
ñÂθ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚ – ÔÓ͇Á‡Ú¸ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌ˚È ÔÓÚÂ̈ˇΠèÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ̇ ÔËÏÂÂ
ÂÁÛθڇÚÓ‚, ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ êîüñ–Ççààùî,
ÔÛ·ÎË͇ˆËÈ î. Å‡Û˝‡ Ë ‰Û„Ëı ‡‚ÚÓÓ‚.
4
1
1
äéçëíêìäñàà ÑÄíóàäéÇ
3
Ç ÓÒÌÓ‚ÌÓÏ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ, ËÁÓ·‡ÊÂÌÌ˚È Ì‡ ËÒ. 1‡. áÓ̇ ÔÂÂÍ¢˂‡ÌËfl ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰Ó‚
fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓÏ. чژËÍ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ÍÓÌÒÚÛ͈ËË Òڇ̉‡ÚËÁÓ‚‡Ì ‚ Sandia National
Laboratories (ëòÄ) [5]. Ç êîüñ–Ççààùî, ̇fl‰Û Ò Û͇Á‡ÌÌ˚Ï ‚˚¯Â, ÔËÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl Ú‡ÍÊ ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ
8 èêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ
‹4
êËÒ. 1. àÁÓ·‡ÊÂÌË ÔÎÓÒÍÓ„Ó (‡) Ë ÚÓˆÂ‚Ó„Ó
(·) èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚. 1 – ÔÎÂÌ͇ èÇÑî, 2 – ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚È ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ, 3 – ÚÓÍÓ‚˚‚Ó‰˚, 4 – ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ
ÓÚ‚Ó‰.
2008
2
114
ÅÓËÒfiÌÓÍ Ë ‰.
‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ÏÂÚÓ‰ÓÏ Ó҇ʉÂÌËfl ËÁ „‡ÁÓ‚ÓÈ
Ù‡Á˚.
èÓÎËÏÂ̇fl ÔÎÂÌ͇ èÇÑî ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂθÌÓ ÌËÁÍÓÈ ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛÓÈ ÒÚÂÍÎÓ‚‡ÌËfl ≈100°ë,
ÔÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ì‡ ÔÓˆÂÒÒ Ì‡Ô˚ÎÂÌËfl ̇Í·‰˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl
ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛÌ˚ ӄ‡Ì˘ÂÌËfl Ò‚ÂıÛ. Ç ÚÓ Ê ‚ÂÏfl
˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰˚ ‰ÓÎÊÌ˚ ӷ·‰‡Ú¸ ıÓÓ¯ÂÈ ‡‰„ÂÁËÂÈ,
˜ÚÓ ‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÚÒfl Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ˚ ÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÍË ÔË Ì‡Ô˚ÎÂÌËË. äÓÏ ÚÓ„Ó, ÔÎÂÌ͇
ÔÓÒΠ̇Ô˚ÎÂÌËfl ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰Ó‚ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ÒÓı‡ÌËÚ¸
Ô¸ÂÁÓÒ‚ÓÈÒÚ‚‡.
àÁ ÏÌÓ„Ó˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ı ÏÂÚÓ‰Ó‚ ̇Ô˚ÎÂÌËfl ·˚Î
‚˚·‡Ì χ„ÌÂÚÓÌÌ˚È ÒÔÓÒÓ· [7], Í‡Í Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ
„Ë·ÍËÈ ‚ ÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË Ô‡‡ÏÂÚÓ‚ ÚÂıÌÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡. åÓ‰ÂÌËÁ‡ˆËfl χ„ÌÂÚÓÌÌÓÈ
̇Ô˚ÎËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË ‡Á‡·ÓÚÍË êîüñ–
Ççààùî ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎË· Ó·ÂÒÔ˜ËÚ¸ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ
Ú·ÛÂÏ˚ı Ò‚ÓÈÒÚ‚, Ô‰˙fl‚ÎflÂÏ˚ı Í èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇Ï. ÅÎÓÍ ËÁ 7–10 ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚ ‡ÒÔÓ·„‡ÎË Ì‡
·‡‡·‡ÌÂ, ‚‡˘‡˛˘ÂÏÒfl ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ Ï‡„ÌÂÚÓ̇ ÒÓ ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸˛, Ó·ÂÒÔ˜˂‡˛˘ÂÈ ÓÔÚËχθÌ˚È
‰Îfl ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌËfl ıÓÓ¯ÂÈ ‡‰„ÂÁËË Ì‡„‚ ÔÎÂÌÍË ‚
ÔÓˆÂÒÒ ̇Ô˚ÎÂÌËfl ωË. è‡‡ÏÂÚ‡ÏË ÓÔÚËÏËÁ‡ˆËË ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ ̇Ô˚ÎÂÌËfl fl‚ÎflÎËÒ¸ Ú‡ÍÊÂ:
– ̇ÔflÊÂÌË ÏÂÊ‰Û ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰‡ÏË Ï‡„ÌÂÚÓ̇
Ë ÚÓÍ ‡Áfl‰‡ ‚ Ô·ÁÏÂ;
– ÛÓ‚Â̸ ‚‡ÍÛÛχ ‚ ͇ÏÂÂ, ÓÔ‰ÂÎfl˛˘Â„Ó
ÒÚÛÍÚÛÛ ÏÂÚ‡Î΢ÂÒÍÓÈ ÔÎÂÌÍË Ë Â ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌÂÂ
̇ÔflÊÂÌÌÓ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËÂ;
– ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸ ̇Ô˚ÎÂÌËfl Cu ̇ ÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÍÛ Í‡Í
ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl ̇ÔflÊÂÌËfl ̇ ͇ÚÓ‰Â.
Ç Ì‡ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl ̇ Ô‡ÍÚËÍ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl
ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ó‚ Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰Ó‚. ÑÎfl Á‡˘ËÚ˚ ̇ÌÂÒÂÌÌ˚ı ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰Ó‚ ‚ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ı ÙËÏ˚
Dynasen Inc. (ëòÄ) [8] ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛ÚÒfl ËÁÓÎËÛ˛˘Ë ÔÓÍ·‰ÍË ËÁ ͇ÔÚÓ̇ ÚÓ΢ËÌÓÈ 25 ÏÍÏ. èÓ
‡Á‡·ÓÚ‡ÌÌÓÈ ‚ àèïî êÄç (óÂÌÓ„ÓÎӂ͇) [9]
ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËË ËÁÓÎflˆË˛ ÓÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Îfl˛Ú ̇ÍÎÂË‚‡ÌËÂÏ Ò Ó·ÂËı ÒÚÓÓÌ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ ÔÓΡÏˉÌÓÈ ÔÎÂÌÍË èå-1 ÚÓ΢ËÌÓÈ 12 ÏÍÏ, ӷ·‰‡˛˘ÂÈ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓÈ ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ë ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓÈ
ÔÓ˜ÌÓÒÚ¸˛, ‚Ó‰ÓÒÚÓÈÍÓÒÚ¸˛ Ë ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡‰„ÂÁËÂÈ ‚ Í΂ÓÏ ÒÓ‰ËÌÂÌËË Ò èÇÑî.
è˂‰ÂÌÌ˚ ÒÔÓÒÓ·˚ ‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚,
ÚÂ·Û˛Ú ÏÌÓ„ÓıÓ‰Ó‚˚ı ÚÂıÌÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ÓÔÂ‡ˆËÈ Ë ËÏÂ˛Ú Ó„‡Ì˘ÂÌËfl ÔÓ ÏËÌËχθÌÓÈ ÚÓ΢ËÌÂ. å˚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË ÏÂÚÓ‰ ÔÓÎË-Ô‡‡-ÍÒËÎËÎÂÌÓ‚˚ı (èèä) ÔÓÍ˚ÚËÈ, ¯ËÓÍÓ ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÏ˚È ‚
êîüñ–Ççààùî Ë Ëϲ˘ËÈ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚ ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚‡ ÔÂ‰ ÔÂ˜ËÒÎÂÌÌ˚ÏË ‚˚¯Â ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡ÏË.
ÇÓ-ÔÂ‚˚ı, Ó·‡ÁÓ‚‡ÌË èèä-ÔÓÍ˚ÚËÈ ËÁ „‡ÁÓ‚ÓÈ Ù‡Á˚ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ ·ÂÁ ÔÓÏÂÊÛÚÓ˜ÌÓ„Ó Ó·‡-
ÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ÊˉÍÓ„Ó ÒÓÒÚÓflÌËfl. Ç ÔËÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËË ÊˉÍÓÒÚË ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛Ú ÒËÎ˚ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ÚflÊÂÌËfl,
˜ÚÓ ‚˚Á˚‚‡ÂÚ ÓÚÒ·˂‡ÌË ÔÓÍ˚ÚËÈ Ë Ëı ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌË ‚·ÎËÁË ÓÒÚ˚ı Í‡Â‚ Ë ÓÚ‚ÂÒÚËÈ ‚ ÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÍÂ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÔË Ó҇ʉÂÌËË ËÁ „‡Á‡ ÛÎÛ˜¯‡ÂÚÒfl ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Ó ÔÓÍ˚ÚËfl ‚ ˘ÂÎflı, ÓÚ‚ÂÒÚËflı Ë ‰Û„Ëı
ÚÛ‰ÌÓ‰ÓÒÚÛÔÌ˚ı ÏÂÒÚ‡ı. ÇÓ-‚ÚÓ˚ı, èèä-ÔÓÍ˚ÚËfl ÙÓÏËÛ˛ÚÒfl Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ ‚ÒÂÈ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË ÌÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏÓ ÓÚ Â ÔÓÙËÎfl Ë Ó·‡ÁÛ˛Ú
̇ ÌÂÈ Á‡˘ËÚÌ˚È Ó‰ÌÓÓ‰Ì˚È ÔÓ ÚÓ΢ËÌ ÒÎÓÈ.
LJÊÌÓÈ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸˛ èèä-ÔÓÍ˚ÚËÈ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl
ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ë ‚ ÌËı ‚ÌÛÚÂÌÌËı ̇ÔflÊÂÌËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚ ӷ˚˜ÌÓ ‚ÓÁÌË͇˛Ú ËÁ-Á‡ ‡Á΢ÌÓ„Ó Á̇˜ÂÌËfl ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ‡ ÚÂÏ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‡Ò¯ËÂÌËfl ÔÓÍ˚ÚËfl Ë ÔÓ‰ÎÓÊÍË ‚ ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â, ÍÓ„‰‡ ÔÓÍ˚ÚËÂ
Á‡Ú‚Â‰Â‚‡ÂÚ ÔË ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌÌ˚ı ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ‡ı.
çÂÒÓÏÌÂÌÌ˚Ï ÔÂËÏÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ÓÏ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl Ë ÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÓ Ï‡Î‡fl ÚÓ΢Ë̇ Ó҇ʉÂÌÌ˚ı èèä-ÔÓÍ˚ÚËÈ, ÍÓÚÓ‡fl ÏÓÊÂÚ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ‰ÂÒflÚ˚ ‰ÓÎË ÏËÍÓÏÂÚ‡.
èèä, ÔÓÎÛ˜‡ÂÏ˚È ÔÓ ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËË êîüñ–
Ççààùî, ËÏÂÂÚ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË:
ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ‡ Ô·‚ÎÂÌËfl ÍËÒÚ‡Î΢ÂÒÍÓÈ Ù‡Á˚
400°ë; Ô‰ÂÎ ÔÓ˜ÌÓÒÚË ÔË ‡ÒÚflÊÂÌËË
630 Í„/ÒÏ2; ÚÂÔÎÓÔÓ‚Ó‰ÌÓÒÚ¸ 0.035 Í͇Î/Ï · ˜ · °ë;
ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ ÚÂÔÎÓ‚Ó„Ó ‡Ò¯ËÂÌËfl 6.9 · 10−6°ë−1;
˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÔÓ˜ÌÓÒÚ¸ 240 ÍÇ/ÏÏ; ÏÓÎÂÍÛÎfl̇fl χÒÒ‡ 500000; ÔÎÓÚÌÓÒÚ¸ 1.1–1.13 „/ÒÏ3.
èÓÒΠ̇ÌÂÒÂÌËfl ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰Ó‚ Ë Á‡˘ËÚÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÍ˚ÚËfl ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ ÔÓÎflËÁÛÂÚÒfl ‚ Á̇ÍÓÔÂÂÏÂÌÌÓÏ
˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ ÔÓΠÔÓ ÏÂÚÓ‰Û [10]. ÑÎfl ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇
[5] ÓÒÚ‡ÚӘ̇fl ÔÓÎflËÁ‡ˆËfl ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÎÂ̇ ‚ Ô‰Â0
·ı P r = 9.2 ± 0.2 ÏÍäÎ/ÒÏ2, ‰Îfl ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ êîüñ–
0
Ççààùî P r = 7 ÏÍäÎ/ÒÏ2. ÇÂÏfl ÔÓˆÂÒÒ‡ ÔÓÎflËÁ‡ˆËË 2–3 ˜.
éÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚ ÚÂıÌÓÎÓ„ËË ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛Ú ËÁ„ÓÚ‡‚ÎË‚‡Ú¸ ‰‡Ú˜ËÍË ÒÓ ÒÚ‡·ËθÌ˚ÏË ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚË͇ÏË.
îàáàóÖëäÄü åéÑÖãú
óÛ‚ÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌ˚Ï ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓÏ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl
ÔÎÓÒÍËÈ ÍÓ̉ÂÌÒ‡ÚÓ, Á‡ÔÓÎÌÂÌÌ˚È ÔÓÎflËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚Ï èÇÑî. èË ÔËÎÓÊÂÌËË ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Ì‡„ÛÁÍË ÔÓÎflËÁ‡ˆËfl χÚÂˇ· ËÁÏÂÌflÂÚÒfl. Ç ‡·ÓÚ [11] Ô‰ÎÓÊÂ̇ ÙËÁ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÏÓ‰Âθ èÇÑژË͇, ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì̇fl ̇ Ô‰ÔÓÎÓÊÂÌËË, ˜ÚÓ ÔË‡˘ÂÌË ÔÓÎflËÁ‡ˆËË ÂÒÚ¸ ÎËÌÂÈ̇fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl
ÒʇÚËfl χÚÂˇ·. Ç ‡Ï͇ı ÏÓ‰ÂÎË ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ˚
ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl ‰Îfl ÔÎÓÚÌÓÒÚË ÚÓ͇ j(t) Ë
ÔÎÓÚÌÓÒÚË Á‡fl‰‡ Q(t), „ÂÌÂËÛÂÏ˚ı ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓÏ, Ë
Â„Ó ‡ÏÔÎËÚÛ‰ÌÓÈ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË p(η):
P r ρ 0 c 0 2 ( s – 1 ) sp ( t ) + ( 1 – s ) 4sp ( t ) + ρ 0 c 0 + ( s + 1 )ρ 0 c 0 dp ( t )
dp
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------- = f ( p ) ------ ;
j ( t ) = – ---------------2
2
2
2
2
dt
dt
2
[ ( s – 1 ) p ( t ) – ρ 0 c 0 ] ( 4sp ( t ) + ρ 0 c 0 )ρ 0 c 0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
èêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ
‹4
(1)
2008
èÇÑî-ÑÄíóàä ÑàçÄåàóÖëäéÉé ÑÄÇãÖçàü
115
P 2 ( s – 1 ) p ( t ) + ρ 0 c 0 – ( 4sp ( t ) + ρ 0 c 0 )ρ 0 c 0
-;
Q ( t ) = – -----r -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2
2
( s – 1 ) p ( t ) – ρ0 c0
(2)
ρ 0 c 0 ( 1 + η )η
p ( η ) = -----------------------------------,
2
[1 – η(s – 1)]
(3)
0
2
2
2
2
„‰Â ρ0 Ë c0 – ̇˜‡Î¸Ì˚ ÔÎÓÚÌÓÒÚ¸ Ë ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸ Á‚Û͇ ‚ èÇÑî ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ; p – ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ; t – ‚Â0
Ïfl; η = Q(t)/ P r ; s – ÍÓ˝ÙÙˈËÂÌÚ ÔË Ï‡ÒÒÓ‚ÓÈ
ÒÍÓÓÒÚË u [ÍÏ/Ò] ‚ ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËË ÏÂÊ‰Û ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚ÓÈ
ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸˛ D [ÍÏ/Ò] Ë Ï‡ÒÒÓ‚ÓÈ ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸˛ ‰Îfl
èÇÑî, ÍÓÚÓÓ Òӄ·ÒÌÓ [9], ËÏÂÂÚ ‚ˉ D = 2.16 +
+ 1.68u (0.2 ≤ u ≤ 2.6).
Ç˚‡ÊÂÌËfl (1) Ë (2) ÒÎÛÊ‡Ú ‰Îfl ‡Ò˜ÂÚ‡ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÓÚÍÎË͇ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ̇ ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍÓ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ë ÔË ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚Í ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡, ÂÒÎË ËÁ‚ÂÒÚ̇ (̇ÔËÏÂ, ÔÓ ÂÁÛθڇڇÏ
ÍÓÏÔ¸˛ÚÂÌÓ„Ó ÏÓ‰ÂÎËÓ‚‡ÌËfl ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡) Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ p(t). îÓÏÛ· (3) ËÒÔÓθÁÛÂÚÒfl ‰Îfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl p(t) ÔÓ ËÁÏÂÂÌÌÓÏÛ ÓÚÍÎËÍÛ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇.
éÚÏÂÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ, ‚ ÓÚ΢ˠÓÚ ÙÂÌÓÏÂÌÓÎӄ˘ÂÒÍËı ÏÓ‰ÂÎÂÈ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ [9, 12, 13], ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl Ì ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡Ú ÔÓ‰„ÓÌÓ˜Ì˚ı Ô‡‡ÏÂÚÓ‚.
á‰ÂÒ¸ Ë ‰‡Î ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡ÂÚÒfl Ó‰ÌÓÓÒÌÓ ̇„ÛÊÂÌË èÇÑî.
ëïÖåõ êÖÉàëíêÄñàà
àÁ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl (3) ÒΉÛÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‰Îfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl p(t) ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ ÌÛÊÌÓ Á‡„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸
Q(t). ÑÎfl ˝ÚÓ„Ó ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú ‰‚ ÒıÂÏ˚ „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË: ÚÓ͇ (ËÒ. 2‡) Ë Á‡fl‰‡ (ËÒ. 2·).
èË „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË ÚÓ͇ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌ̇fl ‚ÂÏÂÌË τ =
= C‰RÌ ‰ÓÎÊ̇ ·˚Ú¸ ÏÌÓ„Ó ÏÂ̸¯Â ‰ÎËÚÂθÌÓÒÚË
ÙÓÌÚ‡ ÚÓÍÓ‚Ó„Ó ËÏÔÛθ҇. é·˚˜ÌÓ C‰ ≤ 100 Ôî,
RÌ = 0.1–1.0 éÏ Ë ‡Ò˜ÂÚÌÓ Á̇˜ÂÌË τ = 10–11–
10−10 Ò. Q(t) ÔÓÎÛ˜‡˛Ú ËÌÚ„ËÓ‚‡ÌËÂÏ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÚÓ͇ ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. èË „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË Á‡fl‰‡
‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌflÚ¸Òfl ÛÒÎÓ‚Ë CË >> C‰. é·˚˜ÌÓ
CË ‚˚·Ë‡˛Ú ‡‚ÌÓÈ ~0.1 ÏÍî. ÑÎfl Ú‡ÌÒÎflˆËË
Ò˄̇· ÓÚ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ‰Ó „ËÒÚ‡ÚÓ‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú
‡‰ËÓ˜‡ÒÚÓÚÌ˚È ÍÓ‡ÍÒˇθÌ˚È Í‡·Âθ Ò ÏËÌËχθÌ˚ÏË ÔÓÚÂflÏË, ‰ÎËÌÛ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ‰Â·˛Ú ÏËÌËχθÌÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÈ. ê„ËÒÚËÛ˛Ú Ò˄̇Î˚
ˆËÙÓ‚˚ÏË ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡Ù‡ÏË Ò ÔÓÎÓÒÓÈ ÔÓÔÛÒ͇ÌËfl 0.5–1.0 ÉɈ. Ç ÒÎÛ˜‡flı, ÍÓ„‰‡ Ì Ô‰˙fl‚Îfl˛ÚÒfl ‚˚ÒÓÍË Ú·ӂ‡ÌËfl Í „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË ÙÓÌڇθÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ËÏÔÛθ҇ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl, ‚ ÒıÂÏ ËÒ. 2·
‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ËÌÚ„‡ÚÓ‡ ËÒÔÓθÁÛ˛Ú ÛÒËÎËÚÂθ Á‡fl‰‡ [14].
ÄåèãàíìÑçÄü ïÄêÄäíÖêàëíàäÄ
ÑÎfl ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚÂ
ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌÓ ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌËÂ
ÒÔ‡‚‰ÎË‚ÓÒÚË ‚˚‡ÊÂÌËfl (3), Ò ÔÓÏÓ˘¸˛ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ÔÓÎÛ˜‡˛Ú ÍÓ̘Ì˚È ÂÁÛθڇÚ: Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸
‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. êÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌÓ„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl p(Q) ‚ ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ
‰Ó 36 Éè‡ Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ‚ [5, 8, 10–12, 15–20]. Ç ‡·ÓÚ‡ı [5, 8, 10, 16–18] ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ˚ Ôӂ‰ÂÌ˚ ̇
΄ÍÓ„‡ÁÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÛ¯ÍÂ. å˯ÂÌË Ë Û‰‡ÌËÍË ËÁ„ÓÚ‡‚ÎË‚‡ÎË ËÁ χÚÂˇÎÓ‚ Ò ıÓÓ¯Ó ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌ˚ÏË
Û‰‡Ì˚ÏË ‡‰Ë‡·‡Ú‡ÏË (Í‚‡ˆ (z-ÒÂÁ), Ò‡ÔÙË
(z-ÒÂÁ) Ë Ú.Ô.). Ç ‡·ÓÚ [11] ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ˚ ‚Ó
‚Á˚‚Ì˚ı ÓÔ˚Ú‡ı, ‚ ‡·ÓÚ‡ı [19, 20] ͇ÎË·ӂ͇
ÔӂӉ˷Ҹ ÔË Í‚‡ÁËÒÚ‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓÏ Ì‡„ÛÊÂÌËË.
Ä̇ÎËÁ ÂÁÛθڇÚÓ‚ ÔÓ͇Á‡Î, ˜ÚÓ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌ˚ ÚÓ˜ÍË ÔË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı >3 Éè‡ ıÓÓ¯Ó
ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛ÚÒfl ÚÂÓÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸˛ (3),
ÂÒÎË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ D–u-ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌË ‰Îfl èÇÑî ‚
‚ˉ [9]: D = 2.16 + 1.68u. èÎÓÚÌÓÒÚ¸ èÇÑî ρ0 =
= 1.8 „/ÒÏ3, ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸ Á‚Û͇ c0 = 2.16 ÍÏ/c [11].
èË ·ÓΠÌËÁÍËı ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı ̇·Î˛‰‡ÂÚÒfl ‡Á΢ˠÚÂÓËË Ë ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡, ÍÓÚÓÓ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË
‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ 104–107 è‡ ‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÚ ~40%. ùÚÓ ‡Á΢ˠÛÒÚ‡ÌflÂÚÒfl, ÂÒÎË ‚ (3) ÔËÌflÚÓ c0 = 1.8 ÍÏ/Ò Ë
(a)
(·)
Í ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÙÛ
Í ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÙÛ
R
ë‰
RÌ
R‚
ë‰
ëË
êËÒ. 2. ëıÂÏ˚ „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË ÚÓ͇ (‡) Ë Á‡fl‰‡ (·). C‰ – ÂÏÍÓÒÚ¸ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇; RÌ – ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌË ̇„ÛÁÍË; R‚ – Òӄ·ÒÛ˛˘ÂÂ
ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌËÂ; R – ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÓ ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌËÂ; CË – ËÌÚ„ËÛ˛˘‡fl ÂÏÍÓÒÚ¸.
èêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ
‹4
2008
8*
116
ÅÓËÒfiÌÓÍ Ë ‰.
p, Éè‡
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
1
2
8
4
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
η = Q(t)/Pr0
0
êËÒ. 3. ᇂËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ p(Q/ P r ) ‰Îfl èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇: 1 – ‰‡ÌÌ˚ Sandia National Laboratories Ë Å‡Û˝‡; 2 – êîüñ–Ççààùî;
ÎËÌËfl – ‡Ì‡ÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸.
s = 1.95. í‡Í‡fl ÒËÚÛ‡ˆËfl, ÍÓ„‰‡ ‡θ̇fl ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸
Á‚Û͇ ‚ ӷ·ÒÚË ÌËÁÍËı ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ ÏÂ̸¯Â ÒÍÓÓÒÚË,
ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌÌÓÈ ˝ÍÒÚ‡ÔÓÎflˆËÂÈ D–u-ÒÓÓÚÌÓ¯ÂÌËfl,
ËÁÏÂÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔË ‚˚ÒÓÍËı ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı, ÚËÔ˘̇ ‰Îfl
ÔÓÎËÏÂÓ‚ [21]. Ç Ì‡¯ÂÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌË c0
ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ~17%.
êÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËÈ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌ˚ ̇
ËÒ. 3, ÓÚÍÛ‰‡ ÒΉÛÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ì‡ÎËÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‰Îfl ‡ÏÔÎËÚÛ‰ÌÓÈ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË ıÓÓ¯Ó
ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ. éÚÏÂÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÔË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı ≤0.1 Éè‡ ıÓÓ¯ËÏ ÔË·ÎËÊÂÌËÂÏ ‰Îfl ‚˚‡2
ÊÂÌËfl (3) fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÎËÌÂÈ̇fl ÙÛÌ͈Ëfl p = ρ 0 c 0 η .
Ç˚¯Â ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌ˚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌ˚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚Â, ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚ ÔË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı ‰Ó 36 Éè‡. Ç ‡·ÓÚ [21] ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ Ôӂ‰ÂÌ ‰Ó 60 Éè‡. Ç ˝ÚÓÈ
‡·ÓÚ ̇·Î˛‰‡Î‡Ò¸ ‡ÌÓχÎËfl ̇ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË
p(η) ÔË p ≈ 28 Éè‡. Ä‚ÚÓ˚ [22] Ò‚flÁ˚‚‡˛Ú  Ò
Ù‡ÁÓ‚˚Ï Ô‚‡˘ÂÌËÂÏ ‚ èÇÑî ÔË Ú‡ÍÓÏ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËË. Ç ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌËflı ‰Û„Ëı ‡‚ÚÓÓ‚ [18] ‚ ˝ÚÓÈ Ó·Î‡ÒÚË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ
Ì ̇·Î˛‰‡ÎÒfl. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ÓÔÓÒ Ì‡Î˘Ëfl ËÎË ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Ëfl ÛÔÓÏflÌÛÚÓÈ ‡ÌÓχÎËË ÒΉÛÂÚ Ò˜ËÚ‡Ú¸
ÓÚÍ˚Ú˚Ï.
éÚÏÂÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ Ï‡ÍÒËχθÌÓ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ÔË ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Á‡„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ì ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÓÚÍÎËÍ
èÇÑî, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Ò„ӉÌfl ~100 Éè‡ [23].
ëíêìäíìêÄ ÇõïéÑçéÉé ëàÉçÄãÄ
èË „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË Ò˄̇· ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ÔÓ ÒıÂÏÂ
ËÒ. 2‡ ÚÓÍ ÔÓÔÓˆËÓ̇ÎÂÌ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÌÓÈ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (1). èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡ ‚˚ıÓ‰ÌÓ-
„Ó Ò˄̇· ·Û‰ÂÚ ÓÔ‰ÂÎflÚ¸Òfl ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ
ÊÂÒÚÍÓÒÚ¸˛ Ò‰˚, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÈ ‡ÁÏ¢ÂÌ ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ.
ÖÒÎË ÊÂÒÚÍÓÒÚ¸ Ò‰˚ ‚˚¯Â ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÊÂÒÚÍÓÒÚË èÇÑî, ÚÓ ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ ÒΉÛÂÚ ‡ÒÒχÚË‚‡Ú¸
Í‡Í ÚÓÌÍÛ˛ Ïfl„ÍÛ˛ ÔÓÍ·‰ÍÛ, ‚ ÔÓÚË‚ÓÔÓÎÓÊÌÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â – Í‡Í ÚÓÌÍÛ˛ ÊÂÒÚÍÛ˛ ÔÓÍ·‰ÍÛ.
ïÓÓ¯Ó ËÁ‚ÂÒÚÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÍÓ̘ÌÓÏ ËÚÓ„Â ‚ Ú‡ÍËı ÒËÒÚÂχı ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ËÚÒfl ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÂ, ‡‚ÌÓ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ ‚Ó ÙÓÌÚ ‚ÓÎÌ˚ ‚ Ò‰Â. é‰Ì‡ÍÓ ˝ÚÓ ÒÓÒÚÓflÌË ‰ÓÒÚË„‡ÂÚÒfl ‡ÁÌ˚ÏË ÔÛÚflÏË. åfl„͇fl ÔÓÍ·‰Í‡ ÒÊËχÂÚÒfl ÒÂËÂÈ Û‰‡Ì˚ı ‚ÓÎÌ, ÊÂÒÚ͇fl
ÔÓ‰‚Â„‡ÂÚÒfl ÔÓÔÂÂÏÂÌÌÓÏÛ ‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒڂ˲ Û‰‡Ì˚ı ‚ÓÎÌ Ë ‚ÓÎÌ ‡ÁÂÊÂÌËfl. í‡Í Í‡Í ÚÓÍ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇
ÔÓÔÓˆËÓ̇ÎÂÌ dp/dt, ÚÓ ˝ÚÓ ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ÓÚ‡Ê‡Ú¸Òfl
̇ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ ‚˚ıÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó Ò˄̇·. ç‡ÔËÏÂ, ÔË
‚ÓÁ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËË “ÒÚÛÔÂ̸ÍË” ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ò˄̇Π“Ïfl„ÍÓ„Ó” ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎflÚ¸ ÒÓ·ÓÈ ÔÓÒΉӂ‡ÚÂθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ó‰ÌÓÔÓÎflÌ˚ı ËÏÔÛθÒÓ‚, Ò˄̇Î
“ÊÂÒÚÍÓ„Ó” – ·˚Ú¸ ‡ÁÌÓÔÓÎflÌ˚Ï. í‡Í‡fl ͇ÚË̇ Ë Ì‡·Î˛‰‡ÂÚÒfl ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ [11], ˜ÚÓ ÔÓÎÌÓÒÚ¸˛ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ Í·ÒÒ˘ÂÒÍËÏ Ô‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌËflÏ ÙËÁËÍË Û‰‡Ì˚ı ‚ÓÎÌ.
èË ‡ÁÏ¢ÂÌËË ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ̇ „‡Ìˈ ‡Á‰Â·
‰‚Ûı Ò‰, Ӊ̇ ËÁ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍË Òӄ·ÒÓ‚‡Ì‡ Ò ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓÏ (‰‡Ú˜ËÍ Ò ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ÓÚ‚Ó‰ÓÏ),
‚Â·Â‡ˆËfl ‚ÓÎÌ ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, Ë ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl
‡͈Ëfl ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ̇ “ÒÚÛÔÂ̸ÍÛ” ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‰ÓÎÊ̇
·˚Ú¸ Ó‰ÌÓÔÓÎflÌ˚Ï “„·‰ÍËÏ” ËÏÔÛθÒÓÏ. Ç Í‡˜ÂÒڂ χÚÂˇ· ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÓÚ‚Ó‰‡ ÏÓÊÌÓ
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÙÚÓÓÔ·ÒÚ, Û‰‡̇fl ‡‰Ë‡·‡Ú‡ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó ·ÎËÁ͇ Í ‡‰Ë‡·‡Ú èÇÑî.
àÁ Ò͇Á‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ‚˚¯Â ÒΉÛÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚
‰‚‡ ‚‡ˇÌÚ‡ ‡ÁÏ¢ÂÌËfl ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇: ÌÂÔÓÒ‰-
èêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ
‹4
2008
117
ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ‚ ËÒÒΉÛÂÏÓÏ ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Â Ë Ì‡ „‡Ìˈ ‡Á‰Â· ËÒÒΉÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë ‡ÍÛÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ÓÚ‚Ó‰‡. Ç ÔÂ‚ÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ‰‡‚ÎÂÌË ËÁÏÂflÂÚÒfl ‚ ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Â, Ӊ̇ÍÓ ‚Â·Â‡ˆËfl ‚ÓÎÌ Ì ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎflÂÚ
„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÙÓÌڇθÌÛ˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ËÏÔÛθ҇
‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl. ÇÓ ‚ÚÓÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â ڇ͇fl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸
ËÏÂÂÚÒfl, ÌÓ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌË ËÁÏÂflÂÚÒfl ‚ χÚÂˇÎ ÓÚ‚Ó‰‡, Ë ‰Îfl Â„Ó ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‚ ËÒÒΉÛÂÏÓÏ ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚Â ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ Á̇ڸ Û‰‡Ì˚ ‡‰Ë‡·‡Ú˚ ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚‡ Ë Ï‡ÚÂˇ· ÓÚ‚Ó‰‡.
i, A
èÇÑî-ÑÄíóàä ÑàçÄåàóÖëäéÉé ÑÄÇãÖçàü
ÇÎËflÌË ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ˚ ̇ ÓÚÍÎËÍ
(a)
12
3
4 5
6
3.5
(·)
3.0
2.5
p, Éè‡
èÇÑî, Í‡Í Ë Î˛·ÓÈ ‰Û„ÓÈ Ò„ÌÂÚÓ˝ÎÂÍÚËÍ,
ӷ·‰‡ÂÚ ÔËÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËÏ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚÓÏ, Ú.Â. Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸˛ ÔÓÎflËÁ‡ˆËË ÓÚ ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ˚. èË
Ó‰ÌÓÓ‰ÌÓÏ Ì‡„‚ ‡Á΢‡˛Ú ÔÂ‚˘Ì˚È (ÔË
ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËË ‰ÂÙÓχˆËÈ) Ë ‚ÚÓ˘Ì˚È (Ô¸ÂÁÓ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ ÔË ÚÂÔÎÓ‚ÓÈ ‰ÂÙÓχˆËË) ÔËÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ˚. èÂ‚˘Ì˚È ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ ÔË ÒʇÚËË
èÇÑî ‚ ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓÌ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ ‰Ó 36 Éè‡ Ì ‰‡ÂÚ
‚Í·‰‡ ‚ ÓÚÍÎËÍ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇. ùÚÓ ÒΉÛÂÚ ËÁ ÚÓ„Ó, ˜ÚÓ
Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ p(η), ÔÓÎÛ˜ÂÌ̇fl ·ÂÁ Û˜ÂÚ‡ ̇„‚‡
èÇÑî ‚ Û‰‡ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÎÌÂ, ıÓÓ¯Ó ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡ÂÚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ (ËÒ. 3). ÇÚÓ˘Ì˚È ÔËÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ
˝ÙÙÂÍÚ ‰ÓÎÊÂÌ ÔÓfl‚ÎflÚ¸Òfl ‚ ‚ÓÎ̇ı ‡Á„ÛÁÍË.
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
–0.2
–0.4
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
–0.5
–0.5
ÇêÖåÖççéÖ êÄáêÖòÖçàÖ
èË̈ËÔ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚Ëfl èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì ̇
Ô¸ÂÁÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÏ ˝ÙÙÂÍÚÂ, ÍÓÚÓ˚È Ô‡ÍÚ˘ÂÒÍË ·ÂÁ˚ÌÂˆËÓÌÂÌ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ ‚ ͇˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÓˆÂÌÍË ‰Îfl ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‡Á¯ÂÌËfl ÏÓÊÌÓ ‚˚·‡Ú¸
‚ÂÏfl Ôӷ„‡ ‚ÓÎÌ˚ ÔÓ ÚÓ΢ËÌ ÔÎÂÌÍË èÇÑî.
èË ÌËÁÍËı ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı (D ≈ c0) ÓÌÓ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ 5–
15 ÌÒ ‰Îfl ÚÓ΢ËÌ 10–30 ÏÍÏ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ. èË
‚˚ÒÓÍËı ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı (D > c0) ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‡Á¯ÂÌË ‰ÓÎÊÌÓ ·˚Ú¸ ‚˚¯Â Û͇Á‡ÌÌ˚ı Á̇˜ÂÌËÈ.
ç‡Ë·ÓΠflÍËÏ ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂÌËÂÏ ‚˚ÒÓÍÓ„Ó
‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó ‡Á¯ÂÌËfl ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÓÔ˚Ú
Å‡Û˝‡ [14], ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ Ó‰ÌÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÎËÒ¸ ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓÏ Ë Î‡ÁÂÌ˚Ï ËÌÚÂÙÂÓÏÂÚÓÏ. ë‡‚ÌÂÌË Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚÂÈ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ë ÒÍÓÓÒÚË Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË ÔÓ͇Á‡ÎÓ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌÌÓ ‡Á¯ÂÌË ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇
Ì ıÛÊÂ, ˜ÂÏ Û ËÌÚÂÙÂÓÏÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓÈ ÒËÒÚÂÏ˚
(~10–9 c).
ìÑÄêçé-àçÑìñàêéÇÄççÄü
ùãÖäíêéèêéÇéÑçéëíú
ëÓ·ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌË ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ R‰ ÔË
ÚÓ΢ËÌ ÔÎÂÌÍË 10–30 ÏÍÏ Ë ÔÎÓ˘‡‰Ë ˝ÎÂÍÚÓ‰‡
4 ÏÏ2 ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ ÔË ÌÓχθÌ˚ı ÛÒÎÓ‚Ëflı ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÒÓÚÂÌ Ï„‡ÓÏ. èÓfl‚ÎÂÌË ÔË ÒʇÚËË
Û‰‡ÌÓ-Ë̉ۈËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ˝ÎÂÍÚÓÔÓ‚Ó‰ÌÓÒÚË Ô˂‰ÂÚ Í ÛÏÂ̸¯ÂÌ˲ R‰ Ë ÚÂÏ Ò‡Ï˚Ï ÏÓÊÂÚ ÔÓ‚ÎËflÚ¸ ̇ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl.
èêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ
‹4
0
0.5
1.0
1.5 2.0
t, ÏÍÒ
2.5
3.0
3.5
êËÒ. 4. ê„ËÒÚ‡ˆËfl ÔÓÙËÎfl ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ‡Î˛ÏËÌËË:
‡ – ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡Ïχ ÚÓ͇, · – Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ
‚ÂÏÂÌË. íÓ΢Ë̇ Ï˯ÂÌË 5 ÏÏ, Û‰‡ÌË͇ – 2.9 ÏÏ;
ÔÓ‰ÎÂÚ̇fl ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸ Û‰‡ÌË͇ 450 Ï/Ò. 1 – ÛÔÛ„ËÈ
Ô‰‚ÂÒÚÌËÍ, 2 – Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÎ̇, 3 – ÁÓ̇ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ„Ó Ú˜ÂÌËfl, 4 – ÛÔÛ„‡fl ‡Á„ÛÁ͇, 5 – Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‡Á„ÛÁ͇, 6 – ÓÚÍÓθÌÓ ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌË ӷ‡Áˆ‡.
ùÚÓÚ ‚ÓÔÓÒ ËÒÒΉӂ‡Ì ‚ ‡·ÓÚ [22]. èÓ͇Á‡ÌÓ, ˜ÚÓ ÔË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËË ÌËÊ 40 Éè‡ R‰ >> 50 éÏ,
ÔË p = 60 Éè‡ – R‰ ≈ 128 éÏ. éÚÒ˛‰‡ ÒΉÛÂÚ, ˜ÚÓ
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌË ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡ı ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌËfl
̇„ÛÁÍË ‚ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍÓ ÓÏ Ì ÔË‚Ó‰ËÚ Í Ûژ͠„ÂÌÂËÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓÏ Á‡fl‰‡ ˜ÂÂÁ Â„Ó Ó·˙ÂÏ.
èéÉêÖòçéëíú éèêÖÑÖãÖçàü
ÑÄÇãÖçàü
éÚÌÓÒËÚÂθÌÛ˛ ÔÓ„¯ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl
‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔË ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËË èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ Ï˚
ÓˆÂÌË‚‡ÂÏ Ò„ӉÌfl Í‡Í ±10%. éˆÂÌ͇ ҉·̇ ËÒıÓ‰fl ËÁ ·‡ÁÓ‚ÓÈ ÔÓ„¯ÌÓÒÚË ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl ̇ÔflÊÂÌËfl ˆËÙÓ‚˚ÏË ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡Ù‡ÏË TDS 5052,
TDS 3054B (3%), ÔÓ„¯ÌÓÒÚË ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÈ ÔÓÎflËÁ‡ˆËË ÔÓ ÔÂÚΠ„ËÒÚÂÂÁËÒ‡ (~4%) Ë
ÔÓ„¯ÌÓÒÚË ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‡ÏÔÎËÚÛ‰ÌÓÈ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË (~3%). ùÚ‡ ˆËÙ‡ ÛÚÓ˜ÌflÂÚÒfl ÔÓ ÏÂ ̇·Ó‡ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÚËÒÚËÍË.
2008
118
ÅÓËÒfiÌÓÍ Ë ‰.
p, Éè‡
45
ÏÂÌË ‚ ‡Î˛ÏËÌËË, ωË, Ó„ÒÚÂÍÎÂ, ÒÚ‡ÎË Ë
ÚËÚ‡ÌÂ.
40
쉇̇fl ‚ÓÎ̇ ‚ Ó·‡Áˆ‡ı ËÁ ‡Î˛ÏËÌËfl, ÏÂ‰Ë Ë
Ó„ÒÚÂÍ· ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡Î‡Ò¸ Û‰‡ÓÏ Ô·ÒÚËÌ˚ ËÁ
ÚÓ„Ó Ê χÚÂˇ·. èÓÙËÎË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ËÁÏÂflÎË
èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ÏË ÚÓˆÂ‚Ó„Ó ÚËÔ‡ (ËÒ. 1·). é·‡Áˆ˚ ËÁ ÒÚ‡ÎË (ëÚ.3) Ë ÚÂıÌ˘ÂÒÍË ˜ËÒÚÓ„Ó ÚËڇ̇
(Çí1-0) ‡ÁÏ¢‡ÎË Ì‡ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË ˝Í‡Ì‡ ‚Á˚‚ÌÓ„Ó ÔÎÓÒÍÓ‚ÓÎÌÓ‚Ó„Ó Ì‡„Ûʇ˛˘Â„Ó ÛÒÚÓÈÒÚ‚‡.
쉇ÌÛ˛ ‚ÓÎÌÛ ‚ ˝Í‡Ì ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÎË ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚ‡ÏË ‚Á˚‚‡ ÚÓÚË· (̇„ÛÊÂÌË ˜ÂÂÁ ‚ÓÁ‰Û¯Ì˚È
Á‡ÁÓ 5 ÏÏ).
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
–0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
t, ÏÍÒ
êËÒ. 5. èÓÙËθ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ωË. íÓ΢Ë̇ Ó·‡Áˆ‡
6 ÏÏ, Û‰‡ÌË͇ – 2 ÏÏ; ÔÓ‰ÎÂÚ̇fl ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸ Û‰‡ÌË͇
1.6 ÍÏ/c.
ùäëèÖêàåÖçíõ
ë ˆÂθ˛ ‰ÂÏÓÌÒÚ‡ˆËË ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚÂÈ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÌËfl èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ‚ Û‰‡ÌÓ-‚ÓÎÌÓ‚ÓÏ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ Ô˂‰ÂÏ ÓÔËÒ‡ÌË ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ÓÔ˚ÚÓ‚ ÔÓ „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ ‚Â-
ÑÎfl „ËÒÚ‡ˆËË ‚ÒÚ˜ÌÓÈ ‡Á„ÛÁÍË ‚ ÓÔ˚ÚÂ
ÒÓ Òڇθ˛ ÔÎÓÒÍËÈ èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜ËÍ (ËÒ. 1‡) ÛÒڇ̇‚ÎË‚‡ÎË ‚ Ó·˙ÂÏ χÚÂˇ·: ÏÂÊ‰Û ‰‚ÛÏfl Ó·‡Áˆ‡ÏË ‰Ë‡ÏÂÚÓÏ 60 ÏÏ Ë ÚÓ΢Ë̇ÏË 6 ÏÏ (ÒÓ
ÒÚÓÓÌ˚ ̇„ÛÊÂÌËfl) Ë 4 ÏÏ. Ç ÓÔ˚Ú‡ı Ò ÚËÚ‡ÌÓÏ
ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡ÎË ÚÓˆÂ‚ÓÈ ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ. ÇÓ ‚ÒÂı ÒÎÛ˜‡flı
ÚÓ΢Ë̇ èÇÑî-ÔÎÂÌÍË ·˚· 20 ÏÍÏ, ‡ÁÏÂ ˜Û‚ÒÚ‚ËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚ‡ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ 2 × 2 ÏÏ. Ç ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌÓÈ Ò·ÓÍ ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ ÏÂı‡Ì˘ÂÒÍË ÔËÊËχÎÒfl Í ÔÓÎËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ÔÓ‚ÂıÌÓÒÚË Ó·‡Áˆ‡.
ÑÎfl ÛÒÚ‡ÌÂÌËfl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌ˚ı ‚ÓÁ‰Û¯Ì˚ı Á‡ÁÓÓ‚
ÏÂÒÚÓ ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚ÍË Òχ˜Ë‚‡ÎÓÒ¸ Ó˜Ë˘ÂÌÌ˚Ï, ÓÒÛ¯ÂÌÌ˚Ï Ë Ó·ÂÁ„‡ÊÂÌÌ˚Ï Ú‡ÌÒÙÓχÚÓÌ˚Ï
χÒÎÓÏ. ëË„Ì‡Î Ò ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ „ËÒÚËÓ‚‡ÎË ˆËÙÓ‚˚Ï ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÙÓÏ TDS 5052 (ÔÓÎÓÒ‡ ÔÓÔÛÒ͇ÌËfl 500 åɈ). ÑÎË̇ ËÁÏÂËÚÂθÌ˚ı ÎËÌËÈ (êä-
1.4
1.2
(a)
1.0
i, A
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
–0.2
3
(·)
p, Éè‡
2
1
0
–1
–2
–0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
t, ÏÍÒ
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
êËÒ. 6. ê„ËÒÚ‡ˆËfl ÔÓÙËÎfl ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ Ó„ÒÚÂÍÎÂ: ‡ – ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡Ïχ ÚÓ͇, · – Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. íÓ΢Ë̇ Ï˯ÂÌË 2.2 ÏÏ, Û‰‡ÌË͇ – 1.1 ÏÏ; ÔÓ‰ÎÂÚ̇fl ÒÍÓÓÒÚ¸ Û‰‡ÌË͇ 1.35 ÍÏ/Ò.
èêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ
‹4
2008
119
èÇÑî-ÑÄíóàä ÑàçÄåàóÖëäéÉé ÑÄÇãÖçàü
1.5
(a)
i, A
1.0
0.5
0
–0.5
1 2
3
4
5
6
8
7
(·)
6
p, Éè‡
5
4
3
2
1
0
–1
–0.5
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
t, ÏÍÒ
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
êËÒ. 7. ê„ËÒÚ‡ˆËfl ÔÓÙËÎfl ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ÒÚ‡ÎË ëÚ.3: ‡ – ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡Ïχ ÚÓ͇, · – Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÓÚ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. 1 –
ÛÔÛ„ËÈ Ô‰‚ÂÒÚÌËÍ; 2 – Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÎ̇; 3 – ÁÓ̇ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ„Ó Ú˜ÂÌËfl; 4 – ÛÔÛ„‡fl ‡Á„ÛÁ͇ 1; 5 – ÛÔÛ„‡fl ‡Á„ÛÁ͇ 2; 6 – Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‡Á„ÛÁ͇.
50-9-12) 3 Ï (‡Î˛ÏËÌËÈ) Ë 8–10 Ï ‚ ÓÒڇθÌ˚ı
ÓÔ˚Ú‡ı. àÁÏÂÂÌËfl ÔÓ‚Ó‰ËÎËÒ¸ ‚ ÚÓÍÓ‚ÓÏ ÂÊËÏ (ËÒ. 2‡): ÒÓÔÓÚË‚ÎÂÌË ̇„ÛÁÍË ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇
2 éÏ, ÔÓÒÚÓflÌ̇fl ‚ÂÏÂÌË ËÁÏÂËÚÂθÌÓ„Ó Í‡Ì‡Î‡ ≈10–10 Ò. êÂÁÛθڇÚ˚ ËÁÏÂÂÌËÈ Ô˂‰ÂÌ˚ ̇
ËÒ. 4–ËÒ. 8.
ëÚÛÍÚÛ‡ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË p(t) ‰Îfl ‡Î˛ÏËÌËfl
ÄÑ-1 (ËÒ. 4) ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘‡fl: ÛÔÛ„ËÈ Ô‰‚ÂÒÚÌËÍ –
Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÎ̇ – ÁÓ̇ ÔÓÒÚÓflÌÌÓ„Ó Ú˜ÂÌËfl –
ÛÔÛ„‡fl ‚ÓÎ̇ ‡ÁÂÊÂÌËfl – Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÎ̇
‡ÁÂÊÂÌËfl – ÓÚÍÓθÌÓ ‡ÁÛ¯ÂÌË ӷ‡Áˆ‡.
éÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸˛ èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ÚÓ, ˜ÚÓ
Â„Ó ÚÓÍ ÔÓÔÓˆËÓ̇ÎÂÌ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÌÓÈ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl
ÔÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË (ÒÏ. ‚˚‡ÊÂÌË (1)). í.Â. ‰‡Ú˜ËÍ “‰ËÙèêàÅéêõ à íÖïçàäÄ ùäëèÖêàåÖçíÄ
‹4
ÙÂÂ̈ËÛÂÚ” ‡θÌÛ˛ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ p(t) ‚ ËÒÒΉÛÂÏÓÏ Ï‡ÚÂˇÎÂ. èÓ˝ÚÓÏÛ Ì‡ Á‡„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÈ ‚ ÂÊËÏ ËÁÏÂËÚÂθÌÓÈ ˆÂÔË, ·ÎËÁÍÓÏ Í ÍÓÓÚÍÓÁ‡ÏÍÌÛÚÓÏÛ, ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÏÏ ÚÓ͇ (ËÒ. 4‡)
˜ÂÚÍÓ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌ˚ ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ ËÌÚÂ‚‡Î˚, ÓÚÌÓÒfl˘ËÂÒfl Í Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ËÁ ‚˚¯Â̇Á‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ëı p(t). ùÚÓ ‰Â·ÂÚ èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜ËÍ Û‰Ó·Ì˚Ï ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚÓÏ ‰Îfl ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ÒÍÓÓÒÚÂÈ Á‚Û͇ ‚
ÒʇÚÓÏ Ï‡ÚÂˇÎÂ. àÒÔÓθÁÛfl ÚÂıÌËÍÛ x–t-‰Ë‡„‡ÏÏ, ÏÓÊÌÓ Î„ÍÓ ÔÓÎÛ˜ËÚ¸ ÙÓÏÛÎ˚ ‰Îfl ‡Ò˜ÂÚ‡ ˝ÚËı ÒÍÓÓÒÚÂÈ. Ç Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ÔËÏÂ‡ Û͇ÊÂÏ,
˜ÚÓ ÓˆÂÌÍË, Ôӂ‰ÂÌÌ˚ ÔÓ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú‡Ï ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó
ÓÔ˚Ú‡, ‰‡˛Ú ‰Îfl ÒÍÓÓÒÚÂÈ Á‚Û͇ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ë Á̇˜ÂÌËfl: ÔÓ‰Óθ̇fl ÛÔÛ„‡fl cl = 7.2 ÍÏ/Ò, Ó·˙ÂÏ̇fl
2008
120
ÅÓËÒfiÌÓÍ Ë ‰.
p, Éè‡
12
2
1
8
4
0
–0.6
–0.4
–0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
t, ÏÍÒ
êËÒ. 8. ê„ËÒÚ‡ˆËfl ÔÓÙËÎfl ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ÚËÚ‡ÌÂ. 1 –
ÚÓ΢Ë̇ Ó·‡Áˆ‡ 4 ÏÏ, 2 – 15 ÏÏ.
cb = 5.6 ÍÏ/Ò. éÚÏÂÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‡Ò˜ÂÚ̇fl ‚Â΢Ë̇
‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ‚ ‡Î˛ÏËÌËË ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Ë· 3.4 Éè‡. ê‡Ò˜ÂÚ
Ôӂ‰ÂÌ ÔÓ ËÁÏÂÂÌÌÓÈ ÒÍÓÓÒÚË Û‰‡ÌË͇ Ë
‡‰Ë‡·‡Ú ‡Î˛ÏËÌËfl: D = 5.333 + 1.356u [1].
Ç ÓÔ˚Ú‡ı Ò Ï‰¸˛ (ËÒ. 5) Ë Ó„ÒÚÂÍÎÓÏ (ËÒ. 6)
‡Ò˘ÂÔÎÂÌËfl ‚ÓÎÌ˚ ‡ÁÂÊÂÌËfl ̇ ÛÔÛ„Û˛ Ë
Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒÍÛ˛ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚Îfl˛˘Ë Ì Á‡„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡ÌÓ. á̇˜ÂÌËfl ̇„Ûʇ˛˘Ëı ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ËÎË
~40 Éè‡ (Cu) Ë 2.8 Éè‡ (èååÄ). ÄÌÓχÎËfl (‚˚·ÓÒ) ̇ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚflı p(t) ‚ ÏÂ‰Ë Ë ÚËڇ̠(ËÒ. 8) –
ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú Ì‰ÓÒÚ‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ıÓÓ¯Â„Ó Òӄ·ÒÓ‚‡ÌËfl
ËÁÏÂËÚÂθÌÓÈ ÎËÌËË Ë ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡Ù‡. éÚˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ̇ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË p(t) ‰Îfl Ó„ÒÚÂÍ·
Ó·˙flÒÌflÂÚÒfl ÔÓfl‚ÎÂÌËÂÏ ‚ÚÓ˘ÌÓ„Ó ÔËÓ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ‡ ‚ èÇÑî. ÉÂÌÂËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ
˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó Á‡fl‰‡ ÔÓÒΠÔÂÂıÓ‰‡ p(t) ˜ÂÂÁ
ÌÓθ ÔÓËÒıÓ‰ËÚ Á‡ Ò˜ÂÚ Ô¸ÂÁÓ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ‡ ÔË ÚÂÔÎÓ‚ÓÏ ‡Ò¯ËÂÌËË èÇÑî-ÔÎÂÌÍË. åÓÏÂÌÚ ÔÂÂıÓ‰‡ p(t) ˜ÂÂÁ ÌÓθ ˜ÂÚÍÓ ‚˚‡ÊÂÌ Ì‡ ÓÒˆËÎÎÓ„‡ÏÏ ÚÓ͇ (ËÒ. 6‡). Ä̇Îӄ˘Ì˚È ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ Ì‡·Î˛‰‡ÎÒfl Ú‡ÍÊ ‚ ÓÔ˚Ú‡ı Ò Ó„ÒÚÂÍÎÓÏ ÔË
„ËÒÚ‡ˆËË ‚ÒÚ˜ÌÓÈ ‡Á„ÛÁÍË (p = 9 Éè‡) Ë Ò
ÙÚÓÓÔ·ÒÚÓÏ (p = 20 Éè‡).
Ç ÓÔ˚Ú‡ı Ò ÏÂڇηÏË ÓÚˈ‡ÚÂθ̇fl ˜‡ÒÚ¸
p(t) ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËflı ̇„ÛÊÂÌËfl ‰Ó
40 Éè‡ Í‡Í ÔË ‡ÁÏ¢ÂÌËË ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ̇ „‡ÌˈÂ
‡Á‰Â· ËÒÒΉÛÂÏ˚È Ï‡ÚÂˇΠ– ÙÚÓÓÔ·ÒÚ
(ËÌÚÂ‚‡Î 5 ̇ ËÒ. 4), Ú‡Í Ë ‚ Ó·˙ÂÏ ÏÂڇη
(ËÒ. 7). èÓ-‚ˉËÏÓÏÛ, ÓÔËÒ‡ÌÌ˚È ˝ÙÙÂÍÚ ÏÓÊÂÚ
·˚Ú¸ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ì ‰Îfl ËÁÏÂÂÌËfl ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ˚
χÚÂˇÎÓ‚. èË̈ËÔˇθ̇fl ‚ÓÁÏÓÊÌÓÒÚ¸ ˝ÚÓ„Ó
̇ÏË ‚ ̇ÒÚÓfl˘Â ‚ÂÏfl ËÒÒΉÛÂÚÒfl.
Ç ÓÔ˚ÚÂ Ò ÊÂÎÂÁÓÏ (ËÒ. 7) ‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓÏ, ‡ÁÏ¢ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚ Ó·˙ÂÏ χÚÂˇ·, Á‡„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ì˚
ÛÔÛ„ËÈ Ô‰‚ÂÒÚÌËÍ, Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÎ̇, ‰‚Â
ÛÔÛ„Ëı Ë Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÎÌ˚ ‡ÁÂÊÂÌËfl. éÚÏÂÚËÏ, ˜ÚÓ ÙÓχ i(t) Ë p(t) ̇ ËÒ. 7 ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ
ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú‡Ï ÚÂÓÂÚ˘ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ‡ÒÒÏÓÚÂÌËfl ‡·ÓÚ˚ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇, Ô˂‰ÂÌÌ˚Ï ‚˚¯Â. èÓ ÓˆÂÌ͇Ï,
‚Â΢ËÌ˚ ÔÓ‰ÓθÌ˚ı ÛÔÛ„Ëı Ë Ó·˙ÂÏÌÓÈ
ÒÍÓÓÒÚÂÈ Á‚Û͇ ‡‚Ì˚ cl1 = 5.86 ÍÏ/c, cl2 = 6.5 ÍÏ/Ò,
cb = 5.0 ÍÏ/c. ÄÏÔÎËÚÛ‰‡ ̇„Ûʇ˛˘ÂÈ ‚ÓÎÌ˚
~7.5 Éè‡.
Ç ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡ı Ò ÚËÚ‡ÌÓÏ ÔË Ì‡„ÛÊÂÌËË
Â„Ó Û‰‡ÌÓÈ ‚ÓÎÌÓÈ Ò ‡ÏÔÎËÚÛ‰ÓÈ ~10.5 Éè‡ Á‡„ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ì‡ ‰‚Ûı‚ÓÎÌÓ‚‡fl ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡: ÛÔÛ„ËÈ
Ô‰‚ÂÒÚÌËÍ + Ô·ÒÚ˘ÂÒ͇fl ‚ÓÎ̇ (ËÒ. 8). éÚÏÂÚËÏ Ò··Û˛ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚ¸ ‡ÏÔÎËÚÛ‰˚ ÛÔÛ„Ó„Ó
Ô‰‚ÂÒÚÌË͇ ÓÚ ÚÓ΢ËÌ˚ Ó·‡Áˆ‡. èÓÒΉÌflfl ‚‡¸ËÓ‚‡Î‡Ò¸ ÓÚ 1.4 ‰Ó 20 ÏÏ.
è˂‰ÂÌÌ˚ ‚ ‰‡ÌÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎfl˛Ú ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÁÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÏÂÚÓ‰ËÍÛ èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜Ë͇
Ò„ӉÌfl ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ:
– ÂÒÚ¸ ÚÂıÌÓÎӄ˘ÂÒ͇fl ·‡Á‡ ‰Îfl ËÁ„ÓÚÓ‚ÎÂÌËfl
‰‡Ú˜ËÍÓ‚ ÒÓ ÒÚ‡·ËθÌ˚ÏË ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚË͇ÏË;
– ‡Á‚ËÚ‡ ÙËÁ˘ÂÒ͇fl ÏÓ‰Âθ, ‡Ì‡ÎËÚ˘ÂÒÍË
ÓÔËÒ˚‚‡˛˘‡fl ˝ÎÂÍÚ˘ÂÒÍËÈ ÓÚÍÎËÍ;
– ‡ÏÔÎËÚۉ̇fl ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚË͇ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ Ó·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡Ì‡ ÚÂÓÂÚ˘ÂÒÍË, Ô‡‚ËθÌÓÒÚ¸ Ó·ÓÒÌÓ‚‡ÌËfl
ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂ̇ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌڇθÌÓ;
– ‚ ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡ı Ò ÏÂڇηÏË Ë ‰Ë˝ÎÂÍÚË͇ÏË ÔÓ‰Ú‚ÂʉÂ̇ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ „ËÒÚËÓ‚‡Ú¸ ÔÓÙËÎË ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl Ò ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Ï ‡Á¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÔÓfl‰Í‡ ÌÂÒÍÓθÍËı ̇ÌÓÒÂÍÛ̉;
– ÔÓ„¯ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÓÔ‰ÂÎÂÌËfl ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ Ò„ӉÌfl ±10%;
– ‚ÂıÌflfl „‡Ìˈ‡ ‰Ë‡Ô‡ÁÓ̇ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËÈ, ‚ ÍÓÚÓÓÏ ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÒÔÓθÁÓ‚‡Ú¸Òfl èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜ËÍ ÔË Â„Ó
ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Í ‚ Ó·˙ÂÏ ËÒÒΉÛÂÏÓ„Ó Ï‡ÚÂˇ·, ‡‚̇ χÍÒËχθÌÓÏÛ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌ˲ ̇ ‡ÏÔÎËÚÛ‰ÌÓÈ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ (36 Éè‡). èË ÛÒÚ‡ÌÓ‚Í ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ̇
„‡Ìˈ ‡Á‰Â· ËÒÒΉÛÂÏ˚È Ï‡ÚÂˇΠ– ÙÚÓÓÔ·ÒÚ ‰Îfl ·ÓΠÊÂÒÚÍËı, ˜ÂÏ èÇÑî, χÚÂˇÎÓ‚
˝Ú‡ „‡Ìˈ‡ ‚˚¯Â Ë, ÔÓ ÓˆÂÌ͇Ï, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎflÂÚ
90 Éè‡ (Fe), 98 Éè‡ (Cu) Ë 150 Éè‡ (U).
ëÓ‚ÓÍÛÔÌÓÒÚ¸ ̇Á‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍ ‰Â·ÂÚ èÇÑî-‰‡Ú˜ËÍ ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚Ï Ë Û‰Ó·Ì˚Ï ËÌÒÚÛÏÂÌÚÓÏ ‚ Ô‡ÍÚËÍ ۉ‡ÌÓ-‚ÓÎÌÓ‚Ó„Ó ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡. éÒÓ·Ó ÓÚÏÂÚËÏ Ú‡ÍÛ˛ ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍÛ
‰‡Ú˜Ë͇, Í‡Í ÔÓÔÓˆËÓ̇θÌÓÒÚ¸ ‚˚ıÓ‰ÌÓ„Ó ÚÓ͇ ÔÓËÁ‚Ó‰ÌÓÈ ‰‡‚ÎÂÌËfl ÔÓ ‚ÂÏÂÌË. ùÚÓ fl‚ÎflÂÚÒfl ˆÂÌÌ˚Ï Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚ÓÏ ‰‡Ú˜Ë͇ ÔË ¯ÂÌËË Ú‡ÍËı
Á‡‰‡˜, Í‡Í ËÒÒΉӂ‡ÌË هÁÓ‚˚ı Ô‚‡˘ÂÌËÈ
[24] Ë ËÁÏÂÂÌË ÒÍÓÓÒÚÂÈ Á‚Û͇ ‚ Û‰‡ÌÓ-‚ÓÎÌÓ‚˚ı ˝ÍÒÔÂËÏÂÌÚ‡ı.
ëèàëéä ãàíÖêÄíìêõ
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èÇÑî-ÑÄíóàä ÑàçÄåàóÖëäéÉé ÑÄÇãÖçàü
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ÒʇÚ˲ Ë ‡‰Ë‡·‡Ú˘ÂÒÍÓÏÛ ‡Ò¯ËÂÌ˲ ÍÓ̉ÂÌÒËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ‚¢ÂÒÚ‚ / èÓ‰ ‰. ê.î. íÛÌË̇.
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