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HST 4103-2 History of Quebec and Canada 1840-1945
Review A
Pt 1: 1840-1896
1. Place the following events in the correct order in the timeline below using the letters A, B, C, D.
A. Reciprocity Agreement with the USA begins
B. British North America (BNA) Act
C. End of preferential tariffs on materials entering Britain from its colonies
D. Reciprocity Agreement with the USA ends
A
2. Match the regions on the map below with the regions that numbers of Quebecers moved to
from the St Lawrence Valley in the period 1840-1896.
B
C
A
A
Lac St-Jean
New England
Laurentians
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3. There were two very different attitudes towards the role of the Catholic church in Lower Canada
/ Quebec: ‘Anti-clericalism’ and ‘Ultramontanism’
Ultramontanism:
“…religion should triumph over society’s
material values, and as a result the authority of
the Church should prevail over that of the state
or any other institution. This period saw the
introduction of the dogma of the infallibility of
the pope, the supreme leader of the Church
and God’s representative on Earth.”
SOFAD, 2010, From Confederation to the Present
Describe the difference between these
two attitudes.
Anti-clericalism:
"In Canada; [...] primary schools are not free,
because intolerance exists, in fact and in
principle; teachers are not free, since they are
under the rule [the authority] of each village
priest who runs the school according to his
discretion, and to whom they must submit, if they
want to escape persecution, denigration, the loss
of their modest livelihood. Colleges are not free,
[...] since they are all driven, all by the clergy who
banishes most intellectual works, especially
strives to preach submission, to stupefy, and to
blind the youth, to inspire a hatred of all progress,
saying constantly that humanity is in decadence
because it surpasses itself in all forms, and it
begins to know and to glorify the power of
reason.” [translation]
Source du texte : Arthur Buies, Lettres sur le Canada. Études
sociales 1864-1867, Montréal, Éditions de l’Étincelle, 1978, p. 38,
en ligne.
4. “In 1849…the Baldwin-LaFontaine government passed legislation to provide compensation to
Canadians whose property had been damaged by repressive measures during the Rebellions of
1837-38. This infuriated Conservative members (Tories) and English-speaking merchants from
Montreal, who saw it as legitimizing the rebellions…”
CEC, Journeys, 2018, 1840 to Our Times
What event was the direct consequence of
this legislation being passed?
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5. Identify the event associated with each of the three documents below.
A.“Some Francophone leaders… urged Francophones to…fight for their rights through political
alliance with Upper Canadians sympathizers. Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine was an influential
lawyer and leader of the moderate Reformers [in Lower Canada]… LaFontaine came into alliance
with the moderate reform group [in Upper Canada] led by Robert Baldwin… and over the next
years the two men established a binational party in which both of the major ethnic groups were
represented by a strong leader.
Dickenson, J. and Young, B., 1995, Diverse Pasts
B."A plan by which it is proposed to ensure the tranquil government of Lower Canada, must
include in itself the means of putting an end to the agitation of national disputes in the legislature,
by settling, at once and for ever, the national character of the Province. I entertain no doubts as
to the national character which must be given to Lower Canada; it must be that of the British
Empire; that of the majority of the population of British America; that of the great race which must,
in the lapse of no long period of time, be predominant over the whole North American Continent.
Without effecting the change so rapidly or so roughly as to shock the feelings and trample on the
welfare of the existing generation, it must henceforth be the first and steady purpose of the British
Government to establish an English population, with English laws and language, in this Province,
and to trust its government to none but a decidedly English Legislature."
Bélanger, C. 2000, Documents in Quebec History, Marianopolis College
C. “…this meant that the executive would be controlled by elected members. Members of the
executive council – which we call the cabinet – had to sit in the legislature. The government had to
have the support of the majority in the assembly or it was forced to resign.”
Dickenson, J. and Young, B., 1995, Diverse Pasts
____
____
____
Achievement of responsible government
Durham Report
Alliance of reform politicians
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6. Place the events associated with the following documents in chronological order.
A. The Act of Union
B. The last spike on the CPR. Completion of the transcontinental railway.
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C. Introduction of the National Policy
D. The Fathers of Confederation
Chronology of the events
D
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7. Among the features of relations between the federal government and the indigenous
populations this period were the Indian Act of 1867 and the creation of residential schools, run
by churches, starting in the 1830’s.
A.
“The great aim of our legislation [the Indian Act] has been to do away with the tribal system
and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the other inhabitants of the Dominion as
speedily as they are fit to change.”
– John A Macdonald, 1887
B.
C.
Overall, students had a negative experience at the residential schools, one that would
have lasting consequences. Students were isolated and their culture was disparaged or
scorned. They were removed from their homes and parents and were separated from
some of their siblings, as the schools were segregated according to gender. In some
cases, they were forbidden to speak their first language, even in letters home to their
parents. The attempt to assimilate children began upon their arrival at the schools: their
hair was cut (in the case of the boys), and they were stripped of their traditional clothes
and given new uniforms. In many cases they were also given new names.
Christian missionary staff spent a lot of time and attention on Christian practices, while
at the same time they criticized or denigrated Indigenous spiritual traditions.
Miller, J.R., 2012, Residential Schools in Canada, Canadian Encyclopedia
Identify a similarity between the goals of the Indian Act and the goals of the residential school
system.
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8. One of the elements of the National Policy was the introduction of tariffs on the import of
American manufactured goods. Based on the image below, what was one consequence of this
policy?
Consequence:
9. Refer to the following documents.
A. In the 1840s Great Britain was moving away from the mercantilist economy which
tied colonies to the mother country. British factory owners wanted access to cheaper
raw materials and objected to protective tariffs which gave colonial imports an
advantage over imports from other countries. They wanted free trade which would
allow them to buy raw materials from the cheapest supplier and sell their
manufactured goods wherever they could get the best price. In 1846 the British
Parliament repealed the Corn Laws and introduced other free trade
measures…Canada, which had been operating under the protective colonial system,
felt abandoned by Britain…”
Dunn, William and West, Linda, 2011. “Economic Changes in Great Britain”,Canada: A Country
by Consent. Artistic Productions Limited. 2011
B. “…in the 1860’s… protectionist measures were intensified on both sides of the border, and the
American Civil War escalated tensions between the United States and the United Kingdom. In
1865, the American Congress informed the UK that it would not renew the Reciprocity Treaty,
which was to end the following year...the Province of Canada lost its main export market and
had to seek out new economic partners to ensure its growth.”
CEC Journeys, 2018
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C. “Business leaders (Capitalists) and politicians in British North America were examining many
different ways of repairing their economical problems and their trading systems with a
substantial internal trade. To accomplish this task, they wanted to expand intercolonial trade
among the colonies. For example, British North America wanted to establish a healthy East-West
trading link, where you could sell fish from Nova Scotia in Canada East or perhaps sell wheat
from Canada West in New Brunswick … people began to think that joining the colonies under a
single government would be the best idea. In particular, this idea seemed to appeal for the
Maritimes because it would allow people to sell their goods at a large market in Canada.”
Alnaden, R., 2016, Economical Factors that led to the Confederation of Canada
Explain the changes in the economic situation in the Canadian colonies that contributed to
political developments. Answer the question by providing details on the elements below and
establishing connections between them.
-
End of preferential tariffs for Canadian goods entering Great Britain
End of free trade with the USA
Confederation