SITEWORKS AND
FOUNDATION
Study the following:
1. Master Format
2. Major Parts of a Building
3. Site Layout
4. Foundation Loads
5. Soil
6. Soil Testing
7. Excavation
8. Sheet Piles
9. Slurry Wall
10.Soil Mixing
11.Bracing
12.Tie Backs
13.Foundation
MASTER FORMAT
1. General requirement
2. Site construction
3. Concrete
4. Masonry
5. Metals
6. Wood & plastics
7. Thermal and moisture protection
8. Doors and windows
9. Finishes
10. Specialties
11. Equipment
12. Furnishings
13. Special construction
14. Conveying systems
15. Mechanical
16. Electrical
The major parts of a building:
1. Superstructure –
the portion of the building above the ground
2. Substructure – the
habitable portion of the building found below the ground
3. Foundation the structural portion of
the building that transfer the buildings load into the
soil
The 3 types of substructure are:
1.
Slab on fill – slab which rests on
ground and not suspended2.
Crawl space – in a building
without a basement, an unfinished accessible space below
the first floor below the first floor, which is usually less
than a full story height.
3.
Basement
– the low story of a building, either partly or entirely
below grade.
4 PRECIDION ISSUES FOR SITE LAYOUT
1. Level – horizontal (lebel)
2. Plumb – verticality (hulog)
3. Aligned – parallel (aligned)
4. Square – perpendicular (eskwalado)
FOUNDATION LOADS
 Dead load
 Live load
 Rain and snow loads
 Wind loads
 Horizontal pressures
o Of earth and water against
basement walls
 Horizontal or inclined thrusts
o From arches, rigid, frames,
domes, vaults, or tensile
structures
 Buoyant uplift forces
o From underground water
 Horizontal and vertical forces
o Caused by the motion of the
ground during earthquakes
SOILS :
BOULDER – an individual
particle of soil requiring two
hands to lift
ROCK – is a continuous
mass of solid mineral
material that can only be
removed by
drilling and blasting
COBBLE – individual
particle of soil requiring
whole hand to lift
SOIL – general
term referring to
earth material that
is particulate
GRAVEL – soil particle
requiring only thumb and
forefinger to lift
CLAY – consist of nonvisible particles that are plate
shaped
SAND – visible soil
particle but too small to
be picked up
individually
SILT – consists of
non-visible soil
particles that are
equidimensional
PEAT – topsoil,
and other
organic soils
GRADATION – the range of particle sizes present,
or gradation, may vary.
WELL GRADED – soil includes a broad, well –
distributed range of particle sizes.
POORLY GRADED – consists of particles more
limited in range of sizes.
*well graded soils contain less empty space between
particles that poorly graded soils, as smaller
particles fill in gaps between larger ones. Broadly
speaking, well graded soils tend to compact
more effectively that poorly graded ones, but also
tend to drain water less efficiently
SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND
SOIL TESTING
TEST PITS – can be dug when the foundation will
not extend deeper than roughly 16ft (3m), the
maximum practical reach of small excavating
machines.
SOIL STRATA- can be observed in the pit and
samples taken for evaluation.
WATER TABLE – the elevation at which the soil is
normally fully saturated
TEST BORINGS – standard penetration tests can
give an indication of the bearing capacity of
the soil by the number of blows of a standard driving
hammer required to advance a sampling
tube into the soil by a fixed amount
EXCAVATION WORKS
-Virtually all building construction is accompanied
by at least some form of
earthwork during
construction,. On undeveloped sites, construction
may begin with grubbing
and clearing, in
which trees and plants, stumps, large roots, and other
surface materials are removed with heavy
machinery. Next, organically rich topsoil may be
scraped away and stockpiled to one side, to
await reuse at the end of construction
 SLOPE SUPPORT
o Sheeting
Soldier beams & lagging
Sheet piling – installed with vibratory
driver
Shotcrete
Slurry wall
o Soil mixing
o Bracing
Crosslot bracing
Rakers
Tieback
 SOIL MIXING
o A technique of adding a modifying substance to
soil and blending it in place by
means of paddles rotating on the end of a shaft
o OPTION:
 Remediate soil contaminated with a chemical or
biological substance by
blending it with a chemical that renders it harmless
Mix Portland cement and water with a soil to create
cylinder of low
strength concrete in the ground

DEWATERING
Well points
Watertight barrier
Waterproofing & drainage
FOUNDATION SYSTEMS
FOUNDATION
 SHALLOW FOUNDATION
o Transfer building load to the earth close to the
base of the substructure. (LESS
EXPENSIVE)
 DEEP FOUNDATION
o Extend downward through layers of weak or
unstable strata to reach more
competent soil or rock deeper within the earth,
usually, piles /
caissons.
3 types of
substructure
with shallow
foundations
1. SLAB – ON – GRADE
a. Where adequate, is the most
economical under many circumstances
2. CRAWLSPACE
a. Used under a raised floor structure
and gives easier access to under floor piping
and wiring that a slab on grade
3. BASEMENT
a. Provide usable space
4. ENGINEERED FILL
a. Properly formulated higher-strength,
more stable soil material
brought from
offsite. This material is placed in
layers and compacted to a specified density,
FACTORS IN SELECTING
FOUNDATION SYSTEM TYPE

o
o
o
PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS
Subsurface soil types
Groundwater conditions
Structural requirements of the superstructure
 OTHER CONSIDERATION
o Local construction practices
o Environmental considerations (noise, traffic,
disposal of earth materials and
water, etc.,)
o Regulatory restrictions
o Potential impacts on adjacent properties
o Construction schedules
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS transfers building
loads to the earth close to the base of the
substructure
 Spread footings (pad and strip)
 Mat or raft foundation – Supports the entire
building; mat foundations for very tall
buildings are heavily reinforced and may be 6ft
(1.8m) or more in thickness
o BLANKET RAFT – consist of a concrete crust
craft constructed on a stone
blanket which turn is built up in layers off the
reduced sub – strata level.
SLIP PLANE RAFT
CELLULAR RAFT
BEAM STRIP RAFT
SLIP PLANE RAFT
JACKING RAFT
FLOATING OR COMPENSATED FOUNDATION
– used in yielding soil,
having for its footing a raft placed deep enough that
the weight of the excavated
soils is equal to greater than the weight of the
construction supported
RIBBED MAT – a mat foundation reinforced by a
grid of ribs above or below the
slab
RAFT – mat providing a footing on yield soil,
usually for an entire building,
placed so that the weight of the displaced soil
exceeds the weight of the
construction
MAT – a thick, slab like footing of reinforced
concrete supporting a number of
columns or an entire building
CELLULAR MAT – composite structure of
reinforced concrete slabs and
basement walls serving as a mat foundation
STRIP FOOTING
1. Masonry strip
2. Concrete strip
3. Trench fill
4. Reinforced beam strip
GRILLAGE – frame artwork of crossing beams for
spreading heavy loads over
large areas. Also called grid
SPREAD FOOTING – take concentrated loads
from above and spread them out across an area
of soil large enough that the allowable soil pressure
is not exceeded.
PAD FOOTING
1. Plain concrete pad
a. Shallow
b. Deep
2. Reinf. Concrete Pad
a. Shallow
b. Deep
3. Balanced Pad
a. Rectangular
b. Trapezoidal
DEEP FOUNDATIONS extend downward
through layers of weak or unstable strata to reach
more competent soil or rock deeper within the earth
 Caissons - are concrete cylinders poured into
drilled holes. They reach through weaker
soil to bear on competent soil beneath.
 Socketed caisson – drilled into the rock at the
bottom rather than belled. Its bearing
comes not only from its earing end, but also from
friction between the sides of caisson
and the rock.
 Piles – are driven into the earth. End bearing
piles act in the same way as caissons. The
friction pile derives its load-carrying capacity from
friction between the soil and the sides
of the pile.
 End bearing pile – pile driven until its tip
encounters firm resistance from a suitable
bearing stratum such as rock, dense sands, and
gravel.
 Friction pile – no firm bearing layer can be
reached, pile may still develop a considerable
load-carrying capacity through frictional resistance
between the sides of the pile and the
soil through which it is driven
 Pile cap – distributes the load of the column or
wall above among the piles.
 Single friction pile – transmits its load into the
earth as an equal shear pressure along the
bulb; piles act together to create a single larger bulb
of higher pressure that reaches
deeper into the ground
 Grade beams – constructed between the pile caps
to transmit the wall loads to the piles.
Also used with caisson foundations for the same
purpose
PILE MATERIALS
 Steel H-Pile
 Steel pipe pile
 Precast concrete pile
 Wood pile
1. Timber piles – tapered;
cannot be splice (up to 20m only); prone to decay;
10 to 50 tons
capacity
2. Steel piles
a. H-piles – square section (8”-14”
depth); for end-bearing; less soil displacement
(minimized heaving); unlimited length; corrosionprone; 200-300 tons
b. Pipe piles –round section (8”-24” dia); closed or
open end; open section easier to
drive than closed, has less soil displacement; pipe
piles displace more than H
piles; corrosive; 200-300 tons
c. Minipiles – also called pin piles or micro
piles; made from steel bar/pipe (2”-12”
dia); pressed or rammed into holes then
grouted; installed without hammering
(less disturbance)
d. Helical piles- also called screw piles; similar
to minipiles (but with boring
blades); installed without hammering; 2-200
tons cap; less soil displacement;
corrosion (curable)
3. Concrete piles
a. Precast – square, octagonal, or round; solid or
cored; prestressed or non
prestressed; 10”-30”dia; higher load capacity (up to
500tons); free from corrosion
and decay; can be spliced; avoid bending and
cracking before installation
b. Sitecast – can be cased or uncased; upto to 200
tons
4. Compaction type
a. Pressured-injected (or compaction grouted) footing
b. Rammed aggregate piers –
5. Specialized
foundation
systems
a. Consists of a multilayered sandwich of rubber and steel
plated. When subjected to
lateral forced, yielding the rubber layers allows the
isolator to deform. A lead core
provides damping action and keeps the layers of the
sandwich aligned.
b. Up- down construction
i. Preliminary slurry wall and column construction prior
to excavation
ii. Construction proceeds both upward and downward
simultaneously
6. 3 types of
underpinning
a. new foundation wall and footing are constructed on
either side of existing
foundation
b. new piles or caissons are constructed on either side of
the existing foundation
c. minipiles are inserted though the existing foundation.
This may be accomplished
without temporary support of the building and only
minimal excavation
PROTECTING
FOUNDATIONS
From water, heat, gas
1. Drainage – draws ground water away
from a foundation, reducing the volume and
pressure of water acting on the foundation’s walls and
slabs
2. Waterproofing – acts as
barrier to the passage of water through the foundation,
preventing it from reaching the interior
a. Treatment of a surface or structure to
prevent the
passage of water
hydrostatic
conditions
3. Damp proofing – a moistureresistant cement plaster or asphalt compound applied to
basement walls where groundwater conditions are mild or
waterproofing requirements
are not critical.
a. Treatment of a surface to resist the
passage of
moisture in the absence of
hydrostatic conditions
b. Cement plaster damp proofing, or parge coating
c. Asphalt or bituminous damp proofing
4. Positive (exterior)
side waterproofing
systems:
a. Category of waterproofing systems where the
waterproofing membrane/layer
b.
Is installed between its substrate and the source or supply
or water5. Negative
(interior) side
waterproofing
systems: category of
waterproofing systems
TYPES OF WATER PROOFING SYSTEMS
(NCRA MANUAL)
 Asphalt built – up membrane
 Coal-tar built –up membrane
 Hot-fluid-applied polymer- modified asphalt
membrane
 APP and SBS polymer-modified bitumen sheet
membrane
 Self – adhering polymer – modified bitumen sheet
membrane
 Butyl rubber membrane
 EPDM membrane
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) membrane
 One – and two- component, fluid-applied elastomeric
materials
 Bentonite waterproofing
 Crystalline waterproofing
 Cementitious waterproofing
 Elastomeric traffic coatings
6. Mud slab – low strength concrete
was poured to serve as a base for placement of the
horizontal membrane
7. Bentonite panels –
lined on the outer face with a black-colored, high density
plastic that
add to the waterproofing qualities of the panel
8. Drainage mat – installed
over the waterproofing
9. Perforated drain
piping – temporarily supported on wood
blocking and running
alongside the footing
10. Water proofing
membranes – formulated from plastics,
asphalts, compounds, synthetic
rubbers, and other materials.
11. Liquid-applies
membrane water
proofing – materials applied by spray or
roller as
viscous liquids and then allowed to cure in place
13. Bentonite
waterproofing – naturally
occurring, highly expensive clay. Often applied as
preformed sheets consisting of dry sandwiched within
corrugated cardboard, geotextile
fabric, or plastic sheets.
14. Integral
waterproofing – describes a
variety of ingredients added directly into concrete
when it is mixed. These materials stop up the pores in the
cured concrete and render the
wall more watertight.
15. Electro-osmotic
waterproofing – relies on
electrical current flow induced into the
concrete wall to drive water molecules toward the outer
face of the wall
16. Blind side
waterproofing – installed
prior to the pouring of concrete walls. This occurs
most commonly when a substructure wall is built close to
a property’s edge, and
17. waterstops – cast into the
mating concrete edges to block the passage of water
through
these vulnerable locations
18. Synthetic
rubber waterstop
– used to seal against water penetration at joints in
concrete
construction.
19. Swelling
bentonite
waterstop – adhered to concrete
footing prior to casting of concrete
wall above.
20. Flood tested – submerged
for an extended period of time while leak checking is
performed
RADON GAS CONTROL
 RADON – gas seeping through cracks and unsealed
penetrations in the foundation can
reach unhealthful concentration levels
 PASSIVE RADON CONTROL METHODS –
designed to minimize gas filtration into
the building
 RETAINIG WALL – holds back soil where an abrupt
change in ground elevation occurs.
The wall must resist the pressure of the earth and
groundwater that presses against it from
the uphill side.
 DEADMEN – horizontal wall are timbers embedded
in the soil behind the wall and
connected to it with timbers inserted into the wall at right
angles
types of simple
retaining wall – used for
heights not exceeding 3 feet (900m)
1. Stone gravity wall
2. Vertical timber cantilevered wall
3. Horizontal timber wall with deadmen
Reinforced (tall,
high-load)
retaining walls
1. Reinforced concrete
2. Reinforced concrete masonry
 EARTH REINFORCING – alternative to
conventional retaining wall
 GABIONS - form of earth retention in which
corrosion-resistant wire baskets are filled
with cobble – or boulder-sized rocks and then stacked to
form retaining walls and slope
protection
 GROUT INJECTION – techniques can also be used
to strengthen and stabilized
underground soils without requiring excavation
Alternative earth
reinforcing
 SEGMENTAL RETAINING WALL – consisting of
specially made concrete blocks
designed to interlock and preventing slides
 GEOTEXTILES – fabrics made of chemically inert
plastics resistant to soil deterioration.
o Application is drainage matting
o DRAINAGE MATTING – open matrix of plastic
filaments with a felt-like filter
fabric laminated onto one side to keep soil particles from
entering the matrix
o SYNTHETIC FILTER FABRICS – wrapped over and
around subterranean crush
stone drainage layers
o SPECIAL GEOTEXTILES – staked down on freshly
cut slopes to prevent soil
erosion and encourage re-vegetation; some of there are
designed to decay and
disappear into soil as plants take over the function of
slope stabilization.