Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
Chapter 1: The Microbial World and You
1. Microbes have a huge effect on our everyday lives. List both positive and negative effects of microbes
on humans and human society.
Positive effects
Negative effects
2. List the seven major groups of microorganisms and their defining characteristics:
Group of microorganism
Defining characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3. Many scientists were instrumental in building up the field of microbiology to where it is today. The ones
that are most often mentioned and credited are ones who lived through the Golden Age of Microbiology,
beginning with Robert Hooke and ending with (perhaps) Alexander Fleming. For each of the scientists
listed below, write down their contribution to the field of microbiology.
a. Robert Hooke:
b. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c. Louis Pasteur:
d. Robert Koch:
e. Edward Jenner:
f. Ignaz Semmelweis:
g. Paul Erhlich:
h. Alexander Fleming:
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
4. Louis Pasteur’s experiment with the S-neck flask was seminal in microbiology. What major theory did it
prove?
5. Draw the experimental set-up and explain and label the following aspects of the experiment:
a) Were there any microbes in the flask at the start of the experiment?
b) Were microbes able to enter the flask?
c) Was there air-flow?
d) What was the end result of the experiment?
Experimental set-up:
6. Define:

Human microbiome:

Normal microbiota:

Transient microbiota:

Biofilms:

Emerging infectious diseases:
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
Chapter 2: Chemical Principles
7. Draw a carbon atom.
8. What are three basic types of chemical reactions? Give a generic example.
a. e.g. Synthesis reactions: A+B AB
b.
c.
9. Identify the following reaction: HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2CO3
10. Properties of water:
i.
Polar or non-polar?
ii.
Organic or inorganic?
iii. Main bonds:
11. Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Identify the acid, base, and salt.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2O
12. Acidic solutions have more ________ (H+/OH-) ions than _______ (H+/OH-) ions.
13. Basic solutions have more ________ (H+/OH-) ions than _______ (H+/OH-) ions.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic
acids
Functions
Monomers
Examples
Others
14. In which kind of macromolecule are you most likely to find sulfur atoms? ____________
15. Where in the cell are you most likely to find phosphorus/phosphate (P or PO4-)?
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
16. Below is the central carbon atom in an amino acid that forms four covalent bonds. Add the appropriate
atoms/molecules that are covalently bonded to that central carbon.
C
17. Fill in the four levels of protein structure, sketch an illustration to show you the structure and note the
kind of bonds that form that structure.
Level
What does it look like?
What kinds of bonds?
18. Summarize the similarities/differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA
Purpose
RNA
Single-stranded
or doublestranded?
What kind of
sugar?
Base-pairing
rules
19. Hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
Reaction
glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
sucrose  glucose + fructose
glycine + alanine  glycylalanine +
H2O
glycerol + fatty acids  fats
ATP  ADP+Pi
Hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis?
a. Water molecules are split in _____________ reactions and formed in __________________
reactions.
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
20. Complete this table. You may print it, fill it out, and then upload it to Canvas. Alternatively, you can
draw the structures on a piece of paper, take a picture, and paste the picture into the table.
Name of Functional
Group
Structure
Biological Importance
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Ketone
Methyl
Amino
Ester
Ether
Sulfhydryl
Carboxyl
Phosphate
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Bio3 General Microbiology
21. Below are animal cells placed in beakers of various concentrations.
a. Draw an arrow to show which way the water would move by osmosis
b. Fill in any missing percentages (water or solute)
c. Identify the type of solution (isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic)
Spring 2022
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
Chapter 4: Functional Anatomy of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
22. Sketch the arrangement of the following bacteria
a) streptococcus
c) staphylococcus
b) diplobacillus
d) streptobacillus
23. Fill in the following about bacterial cell structures:
Structure
Description
Purpose/
Medical significance
Glycocalyx
Fimbriae
Pili
Teichoic acids on grampositive peptidoglycan cell
walls
Outer membrane on gramnegative bacteria
24. The following image shows a section of a plasma membrane. Across this plasma membrane, draw the
following transport processes:
a) Simple diffusion
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Active transport
25. Match the structure/process to the right letter:
a. Phospholipid bilayer
b. Transport protein
c. Facilitated diffusion
___
___
___
d. Simple diffusion
e. Osmosis
___
___
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
26. Indicate whether each of the following statement is true (T) or false (F):
T/F
a. Passive transport processes include facilitated diffusion and simple
diffusion.
b. Osmosis is a passive transport process.
c. Facilitated diffusion does not require a transport protein.
d. ATP is necessary for active transport.
e. Transport across the cell membrane requiring a transport protein but not
energy is known as facilitated diffusion.
f. Passive transport utilizes the concentration gradient of solutes to move
them across the cell membrane.
g. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient.
27. Use arrows to indicate the direction of water movement. Then, indicate whether the
solution outside the cell is hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic.
28. Label the tonicity of each of the following solutions.
29. Match the following statements to the correct tonicity:
a. Solution with a higher solute concentration compared to the cell
_____________________
b. Results in cytolysis
_____________________
c. No net difference between the number of water molecules leaving and entering
the cell. _____________________
d. Water molecules leave the cell
_____________________
e. Results in plasmolysis
_____________________
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
f. Solution with a lower solute concentration compared to the cell
_____________________
30. Fill in the following table about eukaryotic organelles or cell structure
Organelles/structure
Function
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Chloroplast
31. Summarize the endosymbiotic theory:
32. What are some evidence that supports endosymbiotic theory?
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
33. Transport Across A Membrane
Type of
Transport
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Requires a
protein?
(Yes; Yes in
large quantities;
No)
Moves against
concentration
gradient
or with
concentration
gradient?
Does it require
ENERGY in the
form of ATP?
(Yes/ No)
What molecules
move using this
method of
transport?
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Bio3 General Microbiology
Spring 2022
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