PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM
N9 (SEREMBAN)
1
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM
N9 (SEREMBAN)
2
INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
TYPES OF STATISTICS
STATISTICS TERMINALOGIES
DATA COLLECTION
METHODS
SAMPLING TECHIQUES
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM
N9 (SEREMBAN)
3
What is statistics
Collecting
Organizing
Analyzing
Valid
Conclusion
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
4
Types of
Statistics
Inferential
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
Descriptive
5
Those methods involving collection,
presentation and characterization of set of
data in order .
Method involve table, graph, summary of
measures such as mean, median and etc.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
6

Is a method of making decision and prediction concerning a
population based on sample.

The statistical techniques are including ESTIMATION,
HYPOTHESIS TESTING, PROBABILITY, REGRESSION, CHI SQUARE
OF TEST OF INDEPENDENCE, ANOVA and etc.

The process of inferential statistics comprises into five general
steps:
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
7

For each of statement, state whether descriptive or inferential
statistics:
a)
The average BMI for female students in UiTM Cawangan
Negeri Sembilan is 20.
b)
A researcher founded that there is positive relationship
between CGPA and number of credit hours taken in semester.
c)
The price of ‘baju kurung’ at Shopping Complex B are more
consistent as compared to price of ‘baju kurung’ at Shopping
Complex C.
d)
There is significantly difference in the average of salary female
and male employees at Company Z.
e)
The total population in Malaysia is stated in 2010 is 24 million
people.
SUGGESTED ANSWER: DESCRITPIVE, INFERENTIAL, INFERENTIAL, INFERENTIAL & DESCRIPTIVE
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
8
More Exercise 1 – 1
(Pg. 5)
Bluman, Allan G., Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach 8th
ed., McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., 2012
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM
N9 (SEREMBAN)
9
Terminologies
Definitions
Population
All possible individuals, objects or measurement of interest
Sample
A portion or subset or part of the population of interest
Sampling
The process of selecting sample from the interest population
Sampling
frame
A list of population elements or sampling units
Sampling unit
The elements listed in the frame
Statistic
Measurement for sample
Parameter
Measurement for population
Pilot study
A study done before the actual fieldwork being carried out
Sample survey
A study done based on sample
Census
A research done based on population
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
10
Terminologies
Definitions
Characteristics of items or individuals
Quantitative
Discrete
Qualitative
Continuous
Explanation
Assume value can
be counted
Variable
Any values
between range &
Usually obtained
from measuring
Nonnumeric characteristics / variable
that can categorize according to some
characteristic or attribute.
Example
a)
b)
c)
d)
No of customer
Age
No of siblings
Shoe size
a) Income
b) Amount
expenditure
c) Weight
d) Height
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
a)
b)
c)
d)
Gender
Types of color
Job position
Education level
11
Terminologies
Definitions
Expressions that typically refer to the theory of scale types
Scale
Elaboration
Nominal
Classified objects into categories
gender,
types
color, race
Example
of
Classified and rank the objects
Ordinal
Stage
of
cancer
(stage I, II, III, IV)
Education
level
(elementary,
secondary, college)
Agreement
level
(strongly
disagree,
disagree,
neutral,
agree,
strongly
agree)
Example
Scale/Level of
Measurement
Interval
Equal distances between values, but the zero point is arbitrary
The value of interval variables cannot be meaningfully multiplied or
divided
temperature,
size, IQ scores
Example
shoe
Ratio
Has meaningful zero point
The value of ratio variables can be meaningfully multiplied or divided
Example
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM
UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
12
income,
weight
number of siblings
A questionnaires disseminated to the customer at Hotel Saujana
Impian in order to gauge the satisfaction of their customers
towards on the services provided by the hotel. The
questionnaires included demoggraphic profile of the customers
such as gender, age, monthly income, hometown, types of favor
room (single, double, luxury), number of guest, reason for
travelling (work or leisure), level of satisfaction (rate from 0 to 5;
very poor (0), poor (1), moderate (2), good (4), very good (5)).
Based on the case study above, identify the types of variables
used and also the corresponding scales of measurements.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
13
Variable
Types of Variable
Scale of
Measurement
gender
Qualitative
Nominal
age
Quantitative
Ratio
monthly income
Quantitative
Ratio
hometown
Qualitative
Nominal
types of favor room
(single, double,
luxury)
Qualitative
Nominal
number of guest,
Quantitative
Ratio
reason for travelling
(work or leisure)
Qualitative
Nominal
level of satisfaction
Qualitative
Ordinal
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
14
Exercise 1 – 2
(Pg. 10)
Bluman, Allan G., Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach 8th
ed., McGraw-Hill Companies. Inc., 2012
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM
N9 (SEREMBAN)
15
Terminologies
Definitions
Information obtained from an experiment or survey
Primary
Secondary
Explanation
Data
 First hand data.
 Researcher carried out the research
and obtained the data directly
from respondent
Advantage
Accurate, reliable,
up to date
Data obtained from another sources
Disadvantage
Advantage
Disadvantage
time consuming,
costly and
requires a lot of
man power
Less time, effort
and money
May not meet
our specific
objective
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
16
What is data collection method?
Data collection method is simply refers to how the
researcher obtains the empirical data to be used to
answer his or her research questions and used it to get the
results or findings.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
17
Interview
• Face to face
• Telephone
Direct Observation
Questionnaires
• Direct
• Indirect
Others
• Email
• SMS (what app, we chat, line)
• Video records
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
18
Face to face
•
•
•
•
Face-to-face interviewing is a personal method of data collection.
There is face to face contact between the interviewer and the
interviewee.
An interviewer will ask the questions, normally from a questionnaire
and records the responses.
This method of interviewing is generally seen as an effective way of
seeking people’s views confrontationally.
Advantage
Disadvantage
Obtained higher percentage of The cost is high (pay interviewers
response than other methods
salary, traveling etc)
Allows the interviewer to clarify any
Expression of researcher can lead
terms that aren’t understood
to bias
by the respondent
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
19
Telephone
•
•
•
Telephone interviewing is a non-personal method of data collection.
It involves trained interviewers phoning people to collect
questionnaire data.
This method is often used as a way to minimize the expenses involved
in interviewing out-of-town respondents
Advantage
Disadvantage
This method provide information Interviewers have
from wide geographical access
asking questions
limitation
The process of interviewing quicker Lower response rate
and less expensive
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
20
in
Direct Observation
•
•
•
This type of method is commonly used in works, studies and
organizations.
“Seeing” and “listening” is the key to observation.
Observation provides the opportunity to document activities,
behaviour and physical aspects without having depends upon
people’s willingness and ability to respond to questions. By using this
type of method, we enable to record what actually is happen.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
21
What is questionnaire?
A questionnaire is a set of questions for gathering
information from individuals. The information collected
can either be qualitative or quantitative. .
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
22
Questionnaire
Direct
Open Ended
Question
Postal
Closed Ended
Question
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
Open Ended
Question
Closed Ended
Question
23
Guidelines in constructing the questionnaires:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Keep the questionnaire as short as possible.
Ask short, simple, and clearly worded questions.
Start with demographic questions to help respondents
get started comfortably.
Use dichotomous (yes no) and multiple choice
questions.
Use open-ended questions cautiously.
Avoid using leading-questions.
Pretest a questionnaire on a small number of people.
Think about the way you intend to use the collected
data when preparing the questionnaire.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
24
Advantage
Disadvantage
inexpensive
rate of response is low
no interview influence
biased-only particular
people will reply
easy to distribute and tabulate
only simple question can
be asked
large sample
not able to interact with
the respondent
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
25
1.
What is sampling?
Sampling is process of selecting the sample.
2.
Sampling frame?
A list of sampling units used to select the sample. Example: class
directory, telephone directory
3.
Sample that choose from the specific sampling techniques must be
random & representative the population from which the samples are
selected to valid the conclusion and prediction.
4.
Why need sampling?
Sampling is required whenever the process of implementing the
research become costing and timely.
5.
Sampling can be categorized into 2 parts:
a)
Probability sampling
b)
Nonprobability sampling
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
26
Types of
sampling
Probability
Simple
random
Systematic
Stratified
Nonprobability
Cluster
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
Multi
stage
Conve
nience
Quota
Snowball
27
Judgmental
1.
What is probability sampling?
Probability sampling is process of selecting the sample all the element
in the interest population having equal chance being chose.
2.
Sample that choose from the specific sampling techniques must be
random & representative the population from which the samples are
selected to valid the conclusion and prediction.
3.
Why
need
sampling?
Sampling is required whenever the process of implementing the
research become costing and timely.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
28
1.
SRS?
Each item have the same chance of being selected as a sample
2.
b.
Characteristics of SRS
Target population must homogeneous.
Must have complete sampling frame.
3.
Example: lucky draw
a.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
29
1.
Systematic Sampling and methods?
Samples are selected by using every kth number. The first
subject/sample is randomly selected from 1 through k using SRS.
2.
Example:
A dietitian wants to investigate the food preference among the
secondary school students in Selangor. The objective of the study is to
examine the developmental patterning of food preferences among
secondary school students. Due to the cost and time constraints, a total
of 120 students aged from 13 to 17 years old were asked to complete the
115-item food preference questionnaire during the class time, supervised
by the class teachers and assistants. The distributions on the number of
students are shown in the Table 1:
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
30
School
Number of Students
A
150
B
200
C
90
D
250
E
110
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
31
1.
Stratified Sampling and methods?
Samples are selected by divide the population into groups (strata –
heterogeneous) and samples (homogenous) selected randomly
within groups.
2.
Example: Refer to systematic sampling example
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
32
1.
Cluster Sampling and methods?
It is used if the population is divided into subpopulation where
between groups are homogenous and within groups are
heterogeneous.
2.
Difference between strata and clusters
All strata are represented in the sample, but only one subset of
clusters are in the sample.
In stratified sampling, the best results occur when the elements within
the strata are homogeneous. However, in cluster sampling, the best
results occur when the elements within the clusters are
heterogeneous.
a.
b.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
33
1.
What is non-probability sampling?
Non-probability sampling is process of taking sample but not all
element in the population of interest have equal chance being
choose.
2.
Normally not required complete sampling frame.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
34
1.
Convenience Sampling and methods?
The selection of elements or sampling units is left primarily to the
interviewer.
2.
Recommended for:
Pilot study
Generating idea
Insights/opinion
Hypothesis/conclusion
a.
b.
c.
d.
1.
Judge mantel Sampling and methods?
Population elements selected based on the judgment or expertise of
the researcher. He believes the elements are represent of the
population of interest.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
35
1.
Snowball Sampling and methods?
An initial group of respondent is selected usually at random and were
asked to recommend other who belong to the target population of
interest.
2.
The initial sample/subject selected using probability sampling.
3.
The respondents, having the similar characteristics.
1.
Similar to the convenience sampling except the number allocated for
each group of respondents is based on the population statistics.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
36
MORE EXERCISE
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM
N9 (SEREMBAN)
37

Farid is the manager of Fashaz Tourist Agency. He is interested to
determine the level of satisfaction on the needs and preferences of
his customers who have booked their overseas tours through his
agency. Out of 10000 of his customers, he selected randomly 1000
customers and posted a questionnaire to his customers.
a)
State the population of the above study.
b)
Is the above study a census study or a sample survey? Explain your
answer.
c)
If sample survey, state the sample in this study. Hence, state the
sampling unit.
d)
Does the study involve primary data or secondary data? Give a
reason to support your answer.
e)
State the variable (s) involved in the above study.
f)
Classify the variable (s) in part e) whether it is qualitative, quantitative
discrete or quantitative continuous variable.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
38
a)
State the population of the above study.
Answer: 10000 customers who have booked their overseas tours through
Fashaz Tourist Agency.
b)
Is the above study a census study or a sample survey? Explain your
answer.
Answer: Sample survey.
Reason: He selected randomly 1000 customers and
questionnaire to his customers.
c)
posted a
If sample survey, state the sample in this study. Hence, state the
sampling unit.
Answer: List of customers who have booked their overseas tours through
Fashaz Tourist Agency.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
39
d)
Does the study involve primary data or secondary data? Give a
reason to support your answer.
Answer: Primary data. He collected the data himself by posted a
questionnaire to his customers.
e)
State the variable (s) involved in the above study.
Answer: The level of satisfaction on the needs and preferences
f)
Classify the variable (s) in part e) whether it is qualitative, quantitative
discrete or quantitative continuous variable.
Answer: Qualitative
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
40

Due to the increasing number of tourist arrival in Malaysia, it is
important for hotelier to aware of the different needs of these tourists.
A study was conducted to examine the differences in the importance
ratings of hotel selection criteria between local and foreign tourist. A
random sample of 120 local tourists and 130 foreign tourists were
selected and a set of questionnaires was distributed to each of the
tourist. The questionnaire contains information on the demographic
profile of the tourists as well as the importance ratings (0 to 100) of
hotel selection criteria such as price, types of services provided,
distance and type of food provided.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
41

State the population for this study.

Is this sample survey or census?

If sample survey, state the sample in this study. Hence, state the
sampling unit.

State the variable (s) used for the study.

State the level of measurement for each of the variable (s) that have
been stated on the previous question.

State the sampling technique that will be hired for the study. Give a
reason to support your answer.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
42

The management of Malaysian Food, a popular Malaysia Food
Magazine decided to conduct a study to determine the profile of
well-known chefs in Malaysia. A sample of 30 well-known chefs from
Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western Region of Malaysia are
invited. Each chef was asked to prepare a dish. The competition is
judge based on the food creativity. The food creativity includes the
taste, originality and presentation of the dish. In addition, information
regarding their age, race, gender, income, education, years of
experience, the region they come from and the time taken to
prepare the dish was recorded for each chef.
a)
State the population for the above data.
b)
Determine the objective of this study.
c)
Is the above study a sample survey or census? Give a reason to
support your answer.
d)
Does the above study involve primary or secondary data? Give a
reason to support your answer.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
43
e)
Identify qualitative and quantitative variables. Hence categorized
the variables into quantitative discrete and quantitative continuous.
(If any).
f)
Based on e), state the scale of measurement for each variable.
g)
Based on e), state the possible research question in questionnaires for
each variable.
h)
Based on g), state the appropriate statistical technique that can be
used to analyze the research question.
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM N9
(SEREMBAN)
44
HOMEWORK
PAST SEMESTER
QUESTIONS
PREPARED BY AZ'LINA ABDUL HADI, FSKM UiTM
N9 (SEREMBAN)
45