GRAMMAR
REFERENCE
GUIDE
A Supplement For
rd
th
the 3 and 4 Years
of Latin Study
Grammar Reference
Page 2
NOUNS
TERMS
Case
Number
Gender
shows how the noun functions in the sentence (subject, indirect object)
singular/plural
masculine, feminine, neuter
group or category of nouns that takes a specific group of endings
there are 5 declensions
Declension
CASE USAGE
CASE
NOMINATIVE
GENITIVE
DATIVE
ACCUSATIVE
ABLATIVE
USE
SUBJECT OR
PREDICATE
POSSESSION
INDIRECT
OBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
CATCH-ALL
PREPOSITIONAL
IDEAS
ENGLISH
KEY
none
OF
TO/FOR
none
BY/WITH/FROM
ALL LATIN PREPOSITIONS TAKE EITHER
ACCUSATIVE OR ABLATIVE
Grammar Reference
Page 3
NOUN ENDINGS
Figuring Out The Declension - Genitive Singular
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
ae
i
is
us
ei
1st Declension
S
PL
NOM
a
ae
GEN
ae
arum
DAT
ae
is
ACC
am
as
ā
is
ABL
4th Declension
S
PL
NOM
us
us
GEN
us
uum
DAT
ui
ibus
ACC
um
us
ABL
u
ibus
2nd Declension
S
PL
NOM us/um
i/a
GEN
i
orum
DAT
o
is
ACC
um
os/a
ABL
o
is
4th Declension Neuter
S
PL
NOM
u
ua
GEN
us
uum
DAT
u
ibus
ACC
u
ua
ABL
u
ibus
3rd Declension
S
PL
NOM
[--]
es/a
GEN
is
um
DAT
i
ibus
ACC em/[--] es/a
ABL
e
ibus
5th Declension
S
PL
NOM
es
es
GEN
ei
erum
DAT
ei
ebus
ACC
em
es
ABL
e
ebus
Vocative: Same endings as nominative, EXCEPT in 2nd declension nouns ending in US.
Vocative ending for -us 2nd declension is -e.
If the stem contains an -i-, the e is absorbed into the stem. [filius (nom) > fili (voc)]
Grammar Reference
Page 4
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES describe, or modify, NOUNS
An ADJECTIVE will CORRESPOND to a noun in three ways:
CASE
NUMBER
GENDER
BUT NOT NECESSARILY IN DECLENSION
THIS MEANS: if you are lucky, the noun & adjective will be the same declension and have the same endings.
But you will not always be lucky.
ENDINGS
1st and 2nd Declension Adjectives
SINGULAR
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine
us
i
o
um
o
Feminine
a
ae
ae
am
ā
Neuter
um
i
o
um
o
PLURAL
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine
i
orum
is
os
is
Feminine
ae
arum
is
as
is
Neuter
a
orum
is
a
is
3rd Declension Adjectives
SINGULAR
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine
is
is
i
em
i
Feminine
is
is
i
em
i
Neuter
e
is
i
e
i
PLURAL
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine
es
ium
ibus
es
ibus
Feminine
es
ium
ibus
es
ibus
Neuter
ia
ium
ibus
ia
ibus
Grammar Reference
Page 5
DEMONSTRATIVES
Demonstratives can be either pronouns (standing alone)
or adjectives (modifying a noun)
A DEMONSTRATIVE POINTS OUT SOMETHING OR SOMEONE
The Forms
IS (this, that) and IDEM (the same)
SING
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PL
is
eius
ei
eum
eo
ea
eius
ei
eam
eā
id
eius
ei
id
eo
idem
eiusdem
eidem
eundem
eodem
eadem
eiusdem
eidem
eandem
eādem
idem
eiusdem
eidem
idem
eodem
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
ei
eorum
eis
eos
eis
eae
earum
eis
eas
eis
ea
eorum
eis
ea
eis
eidem
eorundem
eisdem
eosdem
eisdem
eaedem
earundem
eisdem
easdem
eisdem
eadem
eorundem
eisdem
eadem
eisdem
HIC (this, these) and ILLE (that, those)
SING
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PL
hic
huius
huic
hunc
hoc
haec
huius
huic
hanc
hāc
hoc
huius
huic
hoc
hoc
ille
illius
illi
illum
illo
illa
illius
illi
illam
illā
illud
illius
illi
illud
illo
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
hi
horum
his
hos
his
hae
harum
his
has
his
haec
horum
his
haec
his
illi
illorum
illis
illos
illis
illae
illarum
illis
illas
illis
illa
illorum
illis
illa
illis
NOTE: The demonstrative iste declines just like ille,
as does the intensive adjective ipse.
Grammar Reference
Page 6
Intensives, Relatives and Indefinite Adjectives & Pronouns
An INTENSIVE ADJECTIVE gives emphasis to a noun.
Intensive Adjective & Relative Pronoun
IPSE (the very, -self) and QUI (who, which)
SING
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PL
ipse
ipsius
ipsi
ipsum
ipso
ipsa
ipsius
ipsi
ipsam
ipsā
ipsum
ipsius
ipsi
ipsum
ipso
qui
cuius
cui
quem
quo
quae
cuius
cui
quam
quā
quod
cuius
cui
quod
quo
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
ipsi
ipsorum
ipsis
ipsos
ipsis
ipsae
ipsarum
ipsis
ipsas
ipsis
ipsa
ipsorum
ipsis
ipsa
ipsis
qui
quorum
quibus
quos
quibus
quae
quarum
quibus
quas
quibus
quae
quorum
quibus
quae
quibus
QUIDAM (a certain) and ALIQUI (some)
SING
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PL
quidam
cuiusdam
cuidam
quendam
quodam
quaedam
cuiusdam
cuidam
quandam
quādam
quoddam
cuiusdam
cuidam
quoddam
quodam
aliqui
alicuius
alicui
aliquem
aliquo
aliqua
alicuius
alicui
aliquam
aliquā
aliquod
alicuius
alicui
aliquod
aliquo
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
quidam
quorundam
quibusdam
quosdam
quibusdam
quaedam
quorandam
quibusdam
quasdam
quibusdam
quaedam
aliqui
quorundam aliquorum
quibusdam aliquibus
quaedam
aliquos
quibusdam aliquibus
aliquae
aliqua
aliquarum aliquorum
aliquibus aliquibus
aliquas
aliqua
aliquibus aliquibus
NOTE: The INDEFINITES are built on the relative pronoun forms - quidam has a
suffix and aliqui a prefix.
Grammar Reference
Page 7
Interrogatives and Special Adjectives
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES HAVE THE SAME FORMS
AS RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Interrogative Pronoun and Indefinite Pronoun
QUIS (WHO, WHAT) and ALIQUIS (SOMEONE, SOMETHING)
SING
Masculine/Feminine
Neuter
quis
quid
Masculine/Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PL
Masculine/Feminine
Neuter
Masculine/Feminine
Neuter
Nominative
qui
quae
aliqui
aliquae
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
cuius
cui
quem
quid
quo
quorum
quibus
quos
quibus
quae
aliquis
alicuius
alicui
aliquem
aliquo
aliquid
aliquid
aliquorum
aliquibus
aliquos
aliquibus
aliquae
NOTE: quisque (each) and quisquam (anyone, anything) are simply the interrogative
pronoun with suffixes.
Special Adjectives
There are 9 special adjectives that have 1st & 2nd declension forms
EXCEPT in the genitive & dative singular.
A mnemonic device for remembering them is UNUS NAUTA. The adjectives are:
Unus,Nullus, Ullus, Solus and Neuter, Alius, Uter, Totus, Alter
Solus (alone, only) and Nullus (none)
SING
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PL
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Masculine Feminine
solus
sola
solius
solius
soli
soli
solum
solam
solo
solā
Masculine Feminine
soli
solorum
solis
solos
solis
solae
solarum
solis
solas
solis
Neuter
solum
solius
soli
solum
solo
Neuter
Masculine
nullus
nullius
nulli
nullum
nullo
Masculine
Feminine
nulla
nullius
nulli
nullam
nullā
Feminine
Neuter
nullum
nullius
nulli
nullum
nullo
Neuter
sola
solorum
solis
sola
solis
nulli
nullorum
nullis
nullos
nullis
nullae
nullarum
nullis
nullas
nullis
nulla
nullorum
nullis
nulla
nullis
Grammar Reference
Page 8
Personal & Reflexive Pronouns
Latin uses personal pronouns for EMPHASIS
Personal Pronouns
SING
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
PL
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
1st Person (I)
ego
mei
mihi
me
me
1st Person (we)
nos
nostrum
nobis
nos
nobis
2nd person (you)
tu
tui
tibi
te
te
2nd person (y'all)
vos
vestrum
vobis
vos
vobis
3rd person - is, ea, id
is
ea
id
eius
eius
eius
ei
ei
ei
eum
eam
id
eo
eā
eo
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
ei
eorum
eis
eos
eis
eae
earum
eis
eas
eis
ea
eorum
eis
ea
eis
THE GENITIVES OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS ARE NEVER USED FOR POSSESSION.
LATIN USES THE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES MEUS, TUUS, NOSTER, VESTER AND SUUS .
NOTE: The oblique cases (everything but nominative) of the 1st & 2nd person pronouns are
REFLEXIVE when the VERB is the SAME PERSON AND NUMBER as the pronoun (e.g. me video
- "I see myself")
Reflexive Pronoun
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
3rd person - singular or plural
sui
sibi
se
se
The reflexive pronoun and its corresponding reflexive possessive adjective (suus) REFER BACK to the
subject of the sentence.
If the author wishes to express the idea of possession which is NOT reflexive, the genitive forms of is, ea,
id are used (eius, eorum, earum ).
EXAMPLE:
Cicero suum canem amat . "Cicero loves his (own) dog."
Cicero canem eius amat. "Cicero loves his (friend's, brother's, someone else's) dog."
Grammar Reference
Page 9
Comparative & Superlative Adjectives
Adjectives in Latin have DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Positive ( dictionary entry; regular form )
Comparative ( more, rather, -er )
Superlative ( most, very, -est )
Comparative Adjectives - IOR, IUS
Superlative Adjectives -ISSIMUS, -ERRIMUS, -ILLIMUS
If the positive degree of the adjective ends in ER, the superlative will have -ERRIMUS
If the STEM positive degree of the adjective ends in IL, the superlative will have -ILLIMUS
POSITIVE
stultus, a, um
miser, -era, -erum
facilis, -is, -e
COMPARATIVE
stultior, -ius
miserior, -ius
facilior, -ius
SUPERLATIVE
stultissimus, a, um
miserrimus, a, um
facillimus, a, um
POSITIVE
bonus (good)
malus (bad)
magnus (big)
parvus (small)
multus (much)
multi (many)
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE
melior (better)
peior (worse)
maior (bigger)
minor (smaller)
plus (more)
plures (more)
SUPERLATIVE
optimus (best)
pessimus (worst)
maximus (biggest)
minimus (smallest)
plurimus (most)
plurimi (most)
NOTE: Comparative adjectives are 3rd DECLENSION.
Positive and superlative adjectives are 1st & 2 nd declension.
ADVERBS
1st & 2nd declension adjectives form adverbs by adding -e to the BASE of the adjective
3 declension adjectives form adverbs by adding -iter or -ter to the BASE of the adjective
rd
POSITIVE
stulte
celeriter
facile
COMPARATIVE
stultius
celerius
facilius
SUPERLATIVE
stultissime
celerrime
facillime
POSITIVE
bene (well)
male (badly)
magnopere (greatly)
paulum (little)
multum (much)
IRREGULAR ADVERBS
COMPARATIVE
melius (better)
peius (worse)
magis (more)
minus (less)
plus (more)
SUPERLATIVE
optime (best)
pessime (worst)
maxime (most)
minime (least)
plurimum (most)
Grammar Reference
Page 10
Verbs – Terminology
Conjugation: group or category of verbs – there are 4 conjugations
Tense
refers to time of action
present – happening NOW
imperfect – repeated, habitual PAST action
future – happens in FUTURE
perfect – completed PAST action
pluperfect – PAST action relative to another PAST tense verb
future perfect – completed action in the future
Mood
refers to the speaker’s frame of reference or frame of mind
indicative – simple declarative statement of fact
subjunctive – expresses hope, doubt, fear, wishing – more subjective
imperative – command
infinitive – absolute form of the verb
Voice
refers to the performance of the verb’s action
active – subject of verb performs the action
passive – subject of verb is the recipient of the action
Person
WHO the actor or subject is
1st person – I (singular), we (plural)
2nd person – you (singular), y’all (plural)
3rd person – he, she, it (singular), they (plural)
Number
singular – one person or thing
plural – more than one person or thing
Grammar Reference
Page 11
Principal Parts
Understanding verb forms in Latin depends on knowing how to use and recognize principal parts.
Every Latin verb has principal parts. Regular verbs have 4, deponent verbs have 3.
amo, amare, amavi, amatus
sequor, sequi, secutus sum (note: for deponent verbs, the
forms must be passive)
1st principal part – 1st person singular, present active indicative
dictionary entry
2nd principal part – present active infinitive
determines conjugation
used to form all tenses, active & passive, in the PRESENT SYSTEM
3rd principal part – 1st person singular, perfect active indicative
used for PERFECT ACTIVE forms
4th principal part – perfect passive participle
used for PERFECT PASSIVE forms
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
PRESENT
2ND
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
PERFECT
3RD
PLUPERFECT
FUTURE PERFECT
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
2ND
IMPERFECT
PERFECT
3RD
PLUPERFECT
INFINITIVES
PRESENT
2ND
TH
FUTURE
4
PERFECT
3RD
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
2ND
FUTURE
4TH
PERFECT
4TH
4TH
4TH
2ND
4TH
Grammar Reference
Page 12
Present System - INDICATIVE
Vowel patterns in the present system tenses depend on what CONJUGATION the verb is
LOOK AT THE 2 ND PRINCIPAL PART (INFINITIVE)
DETERMINING THE CONJUGATION
ST
1
a
2ND
ē
3RD (or 3RD -io)
e
4TH
i
PRESENT STEM: 2 nd principal part - "re"
ENDINGS
In the PRESENT SYSTEM tenses, the ENDINGS tell you if the verb is ACTIVE or PASSIVE
The way you form the tense DOES NOT CHANGE - only the endings
ACTIVE
O or M
S
T
MUS
TIS
NT
PASSIVE
R
RIS or RE
TUR
MUR
MINI
NTUR
FORMATION OF TENSES
Present Stem + Personal ENDINGS
Present
In the 3rd conjugation, the short E in the present stem becomes I, in the 3rd plural, the I changes to U
Present Stem + BA + Personal ENDINGS
Imperfect
rd
th
In the 3 -io and 4 conjugations, the vowel of the present stem expands to IE
st
nd
rd
rd
th
the ONLY options for the VOWEL in front of the BA are A (1 ), E (2 & 3 ), IE (3 -io & 4 )
Future
1st & 2nd
Future
3rd & 4th
Present Stem + bo, bi, bu + Personal ENDINGS
Present Stem + Personal ENDINGS (1st sing - A)
Shortcut: remove the O from the 1st principal part, then add the correct vowel (A or E) & ending
Present
st
OVERVIEW (using active endings)
Future (1st & 2nd)
Future (3rd & 4th)
Imperfect
1 S
o, eo, io
bo
am (iam)
bam
2nd S
as, es, is
bis
es (ies)
bas
rd
at, et, it
amus, emus, imus
bit
et (iet)
bat
bimus
emus (iemus)
bamus
nd
2 P
atis, etis, itis
bitis
etis (ietis)
batis
rd
ant, ent, (i)unt
bunt
ent (ient)
bant
3 S
st
1 P
3 P
IMPERATIVES (commands)
Singular
ALL CONJUGATIONS
FORM THE
IMPERATIVE IN THE
SAME WAY
Drop RE from 2ND
principal part
Plural
Add TE to SINGULAR
IMPERATIVE,
3RD conjugation "e"
changes to "i"
3rd conjugation singular EXCEPTIONS: DIC, DUC, FAC, FER
Grammar Reference
Page 13
PERFECT ACTIVE SYSTEM
ALL verbs form the perfect ACTIVE tenses in the same way
Build on the PERFECT STEM
Perfect Stem: 3rd principal part - I (blind the Cyclops)
The ENDINGS show what TENSE & MOOD the verb is
Perfect Active Indicative
Perfect
Pluperfect
1st S
i
eram
Future
Perfect
ero
2nd S
isti
eras
eris
3rd S
it
erat
erit
1st P
imus
eramus
erimus
2nd P
istis
eratis
eritis
3rd P
erunt
erant
erint
Perfect Active Subjunctive
1st S
Perfect
erim
Pluperfect
issem
2nd S
eris
isses
3rd S
erit
isset
1st P
erimus
issemus
2nd P
eritis
issetis
3rd P
erint
issent
Perfect Active Infinitive
isse
There is no
future
perfect
subjunctive
Grammar Reference
Page 14
PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM
ALL verbs form the perfect PASSIVE tenses in the same way
HELPING VERB: A FORM OF SUM
When HELPING VERB is PLURAL, 4
th
principal part becomes plural
The TENSE AND MOOD OF THE HELPING VERB show what TENSE & MOOD the verb is
Perfect PASSIVE Indicative - Helping Verbs
Perfect (present
indicative of
sum )
Pluperfect
(imperfect
indicative of
sum )
Future Perfect
(future
indicative of
sum )
1st S
sum
eram
ero
nd
S
es
eras
eris
rd
3 S
est
erat
erit
st
1 P
imus
eramus
erimus
nd
istis
eratis
eritis
erunt
erant
erint
2
2
P
rd
3 P
Perfect PASSIVE Subjunctive - Helping Verbs
Perfect
Pluperfect
1st S
sim
essem
2nd S
sis
esses
rd
sit
simus
esset
essemus
P
sitis
essetis
3rd P
sint
essent
3 S
st
1 P
nd
2
There is no
future
perfect
subjunctive
Perfect PASSIVE Infinitive - Helping Verb
esse
Grammar Reference
Page 15
SUBJUNCTIVE OVERVIEW
Subjunctives follow the same principal parts rules as indicatives
Present System - 2nd principal part (present & imperfect)
Perfect Active System- 3rd principal part (perfect & pluperfect)
Perfect Passive System- 4th principal part (perfect & pluperfect)
The ENDINGS show what TENSE & MOOD the verb is
Present Subjunctive
present stem + vowel shift + personal endings
vowel changes depending on conjugation
CONJUGATION
VOWEL
1st
e
2nd
ea
3rd
a
3rd -io & 4th
ia
Imperfect Subjunctive
2nd principal part (present active infinitive) + personal endings
Perfect Active Subjunctives
perfect active stem + formula + present system personal endings
Perfect
formula: eri
Pluperfect
formula: isse
NOTE: Perfect subjunctive looks like future perfect
Pluperfect looks like perfect active infinitive with endings
Perfect Passive Subjunctives
4th principal part + subjunctive forms of helping verb
Perfect
present subjunctive
of sum
Pluperfect
imperfect
subjunctive of
sum
NOTE: Pluperfect looks like perfect PASSIVE infinitive with endings
Grammar Reference
Page 16
Sequence of Tenses
The tense of the main verb in a sentence determines the tense of the subjunctive in the
subordinate clause.
PRIMARY SEQUENCE: Main verb is present, future or future perfect
SECONDARY SEQUENCE: Main verb is a PAST TENSE - imperfect, perfect or pluperfect
The tense of the subjunctive in a sentence illustrates time relative to the main verb.
Subordinate clause action can happen at the same time as the main verb or before the main verb
This SEQUENCE OF TENSES CHART shows the
SUBJUNCTIVE TENSES
PRIMARY
SEQUENCE
SECONDARY
SEQUENCE
SAME TIME
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
BEFORE
PERFECT
PLUPERFECT
NOTE: Sometimes a perfect subjunctive is used to show absolute completion of an action in
secondary sequence.
Grammar Reference
Page 17
Infinitives & Participles
Infinitives - Verbal NOUNS
Participles - Verbal ADJECTIVES
Both forms have TENSE and VOICE but not person or number
TENSE: shows time RELATIVE to main verb
Action can happen BEFORE, DURING or AFTER main verb
Possible tenses are limited to: PRESENT (during), PERFECT (before), FUTURE (after)
INFINITIVES
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
nd
PRESENT
PERFECT
FUTURE
2 principal part rd
change
final E to I; 3
2nd principal part
conjugation change -ere
to -i
perfect
passive
3rd principal part +
participle
sse (or perfect stem +
th
(4 principal part) +
isse)
esse (2 word form)
future active
participle + esse (2
word form)
PARTICIPLES
ACTIVE
PRESENT
th
PERFECT
FUTURE
PASSIVE
present stem + ns,
ntis (vowel of stem
rd
expands to IE in 3 th
io & 4 )
4 principal part
present participle with 4th principal part -US
NDUS, A, UM instead of
+ URUS
-ns, -ntis
NOTE: All participles are 1 st and 2 nd declension adjectives
except the present participle, which is 3rd declension
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
INFINITIVE
Indirect Statement: Accusative + Infinitive
PARTICIPLES
Ablative Absolute
ad + gerundive (to express purpose)
Grammar Reference
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Gerunds & Gerundives
Gerund - Verbal NOUN
Gerundive - Verbal ADJECTIVES
Both forms are uses of the FUTURE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
Mnemonic Device
GERUND/GERUNDIVE = AMANDUS, A, UM
Future Passive Participle has ND in the forum
GERUNDS
Occur only in the SINGULAR NEUTER FORMS - if a NOMINATIVE is required, Latin uses the
INFINITIVE
GEN
AMANDI
"OF LOVING"
DAT
AMANDO
"TO/FOR LOVING"
ACC
AMANDUM
"LOVING"
ABL
AMANDO
"BY/WITH LOVING"
gerundives
1st & 2nd Declension Adjective Forms
Can take direct object - when that happens, the direct object is usually assimilated into the
case & number of the gerundive
GERUNDIVE IS USED TO FORM TWO CONSTRUCTIONS
ad + GERUNDIVE to express purpose
PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC = GERUNDIVE + form of sum (to express obligation - "must")
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CONDITIONALS
A CONDITIONAL is an IF/THEN statement
In Latin, there are 6 kinds of conditionals
The "IF" part starts with SI "IF" or NISI "if not, unless"
This is called the PROTASIS of the conditional
The main clause in the sentence is the APODOSIS.
Si eam videt [protasis], laetus est [apodosis].
CONDITIONALS - Verb Tenses & Moods
MOOD
Type of
Conditional
PROTASIS
APODOSIS
Simple Present
present
present
Simple Past
any past tense
any past tense
Future More Vivid
future
future
Future Less Vivid
present (should)
present (would)
EXAMPLE
Si eam videt, laetus est.
Indicative
"If he sees her, he is
happy."
Si eam videbat, laetus erat.
"If he saw her, he was
happy."
Si eam videbit, laetus erit.
"If he sees her, he is
happy."
Si eam videat, laetus sit.
Subjunctive
Present Contrary-toimperfect (were, were to)
Fact
Past Contrary-toFact
pluperfect (had)
imperfect (would)
pluperfect (would
have)
"If he should see her, he
would be happy."
Si eam videret, laetus
esset.
"If he were to see her, he
would be happy."
Si eam vidisset, laetus
fuisset.
"If he had seen her, he
would have been happy."
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TRANSLATING finite verbs
TRANSLATING indicatives
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
PRESENT
IS/ARE _____ING
DOES ______
_________S
IS/ARE BEING
_____ED
IMPERFECT
WAS/WERE _____ING
USED TO ______
KEPT _______ING
_________ED
WAS/WERE BEING
_____ED
FUTURE
WILL ______
WILL BE _____ED
PERFECT
________ED
HAS/HAVE ______ED
DID _______
HAS/HAVE BEEN
_____ED
PLUPERFECT
HAD ______ED
HAD BEEN ______ED
FUTURE
PERFECT
WILL HAVE ______ED
WILL HAVE BEEN
______ED
TRANSLATING SUBJUNCTIVES (IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES)
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
PRESENT
IS/ARE _____ING
DOES ______
_________S
IS/ARE BEING
_____ED
IMPERFECT
WAS/WERE _____ING
WOULD
PERFECT
HAS/HAVE ______ED
PLUPERFECT
HAD ______ED
WAS/WERE BEING
_____ED
WOULD BE _____ED
HAS/HAVE BEEN
_____ED
HAD BEEN ______ED
NOTE: IN SUBORDINATE CLAUSES, THE TENSE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE SHOWS TIME RELATIVE TO THE MAIN
VERB, SO TRANSLATION IS ALMOST IDENTICAL TO THE MAIN VERB.
EXCEPTIONS - INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE & CONDITIONALS
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TRANSLATING Infinitives & Participles
TRANSLATING INFINITIVES
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
PRESENT
TO ______
TO BE _____ED
PERFECT
TO HAVE ______ED
TO HAVE BEEN
_____ED
FUTURE
TO BE ABOUT TO
_______; INTENDING
T0 _____
TRANSLATING INFINITIVES IN INDIRECT STATEMENT
MAIN VERB IS PRIMARY SEQUENCE (PRESENT, FUTURE, FUTURE PERFECT)
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
PRESENT
IS/ARE _____ING
IS BEING _____ED
PERFECT
HAS/HAVE _____ED
HAS/HAVE BEEN
_____ED
FUTURE
WILL ______
MAIN VERB IS SECONDARY SEQUENCE (IMPERFECT, PERFECT, PLUPERFECT)
ACTIVE
PRESENT
WAS/WERE ____ING
PERFECT
HAD _____ED
FUTURE
WOULD ______
PASSIVE
WAS/WERE BEING
____ED
HAD BEEN _____ED
TRANSLATING PARTICIPLES
ACTIVE
PRESENT
PASSIVE
_____ING
PERFECT
HAVING BEEN
______ED
FUTURE
ABOUT TO BE _____ED
MUST BE _____ED
ABOUT TO _____
TRANSLATING PARTICIPLES IN ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
Primary
Secondary
PRESENT
IS/ARE _____ING
WAS/ERE ____ING
PERFECT
HAS/HAVE BEEN
_____ED
HAD BEEN _____ED
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Case Usage - Nouns
Nominative
Subject
Predicate Nominative
Genitive
Possession
Partitive
Objective
Description
With certain adjectives; verbs of remembering & forgetting
Dative
Indirect Object
Possession
Agent (with Passive Periphrastic)
Purpose
Reference
With certain adjectives & verbs (compound/intransitive verbs)
Double Dative
Accusative
Direct Object (of verbs or prepositions)
Duration/Extent of Time
Extent of Space
Place to Which
Ablative
Agent
Accompaniment
Degree of Difference
Description
Manner
Means
Cause
Place Where
Time When/Within Which
Grammar Reference
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Subordinate Clauses in Latin
Participle
Ablative Absolute
ad + gerundive to express purpose
Passive Periphrastic
Infinitive
Indirect Statement
Indicative
Relative Clause
Temporal (ut, cum, ubi – “when”)
Causal (quia, quod – “because”)
Conditionals – Present General, Past General, Future More Vivid – indicatives in the protasis &
apodosis
Subjunctive
UT
Purpose (ne)
Result (ut non)
Indirect Command (ne)
Fear (ne – that; ut – that not)
CUM
Temporal – when
Circumstantial – when, since
Causal – because
Concessive (although – usually will have tamen in the main clause)
Indirect Question
Relative Clause
Characteristic
Purpose (following verbs of sending or going)
Result
CONDITIONALS
Present Contrary to Fact – Imperfect Subjunctive (were to/would)
Past Contrary to Fact – Pluperfect Subjunctive (had/would have)
Future-Less-Vivid – Present Subjunctive (should/would)