IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
Development of Non-Motorized Transport (NMT)
Facilities as Sustainable and Environmentally
Friendly Transportation in the Losari Beach Area
of Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
To cite this article: S A Irafany et al 2023 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1134 012003
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GIESED-2021
IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
1134 (2023) 012003
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1134/1/012003
Development of Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) Facilities as
Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Transportation in
the Losari Beach Area of Makassar City, South Sulawesi,
Indonesia
S A Irafany1, M Y Jinca2, S Wunas2, M Y Zamhuri3
1
Doctoral Student of Development Studies Program, Graduate School, Hasanuddin
University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
2
Professor for Transportation Planning, Urban and Regional Planning, Hasanuddin
University,
3
Doctor of Economics Faculty of Hasanuddin University
irafany@pasca.unhas.ac.id
Abstract: Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) or non-motorized transportation is a form of
sustainable transportation and environmentally friendly, reducing the environmental impact
caused by transportation activities. Motor vehicle emissions cause greenhouse gas emissions and
affect global warming and climate change worldwide. Walking is a form of non-motorized
transportation. This research aims to determine the priority for developing Non-Motorized
Transport (NMT) facilities in Makassar City, focusing on pedestrian paths that are comfortable
for everyone. The research location is in the Losari Beach area to Fort Rotterdam as one of the
recreational areas that are dense with the activities of the people of Makassar City. This research
is descriptive quantitative, analyzing pedestrian paths availability and comfort level using a
Likert scale to obtain comfort levels and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to get pedestrian
path development priorities. The results showed that Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) facilities,
such as pedestrian paths in Makassar City, were not maximally available, and utilization was not
optimal.
1. Introduction
Congestion at Makassar City causes crowding between pedestrians and motorists; Non-Motorized
Transport, pedestrian paths, sustainable transportation, eco-friendly the city becomes inhumane, air and sound
pollution increases, and city visuals decrease [1]. In addition, data from the Environment Agency (BLH)
of South Sulawesi Province states that Makassar City air is more polluted than other areas [2]. Air
pollution causes global warming due to the effects of greenhouse gases caused by motor vehicle
emissions that threaten human health and the environment [3],[4], and [5]. The contributions of motor
vehicles that impact the environment and health include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, monoxide
hydrocarbons, lead/lead, and others, including other particles such as road dust and noise that disturb
comfort [6].
The growth of motorized vehicles in Makassar City has reached 2 million units. It is dominated by
two-wheeled cars, around 1.6 million units, and this causes traffic flow disturbances on several roads.
Therefore, push-and-pull measures are needed, meaning reducing the appeal of energy-intensive private
vehicles while increasing the quality of public transport and the attractiveness of walking and cycling
[7] and [8]. They are walking and cycling as NMT (Non-Motorized Transport can encourage
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
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1134 (2023) 012003
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1134/1/012003
inclusiveness in urban areas because all segments of society can use it. However, the inadequate quality
of pedestrian and cycling infrastructure is one of the factors that cause people to feel unsafe to walk and
cycle.
Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) is vital in realizing a sustainable urban transportation system. In
Indonesia, the types of non-motorized transportation commonly encountered include bicycles, tricycles,
and carriages or wagons. Over time, types of vehicles disappear with restrictions on operating areas on
several city roads in Indonesia. Walking is also a non-motorized mode that positively impacts air quality
[9].
The availability of pedestrian paths in Makassar City has not been able to accommodate the needs of
pedestrians. Moreover, facts on the ground show that some pedestrian paths are not yet connected to the
transportation system. A sustainable urban future starts from transportation planning to an integrated
urban mobility network [10], thus making the city livable, healthy, and environmentally friendly [11].
Likewise, the provision of bicycle lanes in Makassar City has not received much attention; it is still in
the planning and development stage preparation as a follow-up to the Regulation of the Minister of
Transportation Number 59/2020 concerning Cycling Safety on the Road.
The description above shows the importance of this research being carried out so that Makassar City
becomes an environmentally friendly and sustainable (Sustainable City) through the development of
Non-Motorized Transport facilities by optimizing the development of pedestrian paths planning for
bicycle lanes [12]. Bicycles are a very environmentally friendly and inexpensive means of transportation
in the city, so it needs to be accompanied by safe bicycle paths to enable people to cycle comfortably
[13]. The development of bicycle lanes must be included in the policy document so that its
implementation is comprehensive and integrated [14]. The same is true for pedestrian paths. Must go
through a planning process following applicable regulations and standards with prioritizing pedestrian
needs for comfort factors to improve the quality of the environment, health, and increasing the number
of pedestrians [15]. Path provision paradigm pedestrian must return to its roots, namely to make people
want to walk, not only to be present and beautiful but also comfortable and functional so that walking
will become a habit or culture which the community will form.
Table 1. Variables and sub-variables of pedestrian path comfort
Variable and sub variable
Source
Circulation: Dimensions of the pedestrian path, The presence of
obstructions on the pedestrian path
Accessibility: Availability of tracks, Facilities for pedestrians with
special needs, and Ramps and Marks
• Related research: [16],
Noise: Noise-canceling facilities
• Related research: [19] and [20].
• Related research: [17], and [18]
Shade: Shelter/shelter, Vegetation/shade plants
• Related research: [21], and [22]
Security: Security system (CCTV, security post) and Pedestrian • Related research: [17], [23], [24],
path lighting
[25] and [22].
Safety: The difference between the height of the pedestrian path
and the body of the road, availability of markings and signs/signals • Related research:[26], [17], [27],
for pedestrian paths, Pedestrian path condition, Pedestrian material,
[28], and [27].
Facilities for pedestrians with special needs, and Crosswalk
Cleanliness: Trash quantity and quality and Cleanliness level
• Related research: [24], [29]
Beauty: pedestrian path material and Aesthetic elements
• Related research: [23], [17], and
[30]
Connectivity: No circulation barrier, pedestrian path continuity,
Facilities for switching between modes of transportation, and
Integrated with transportation modes
• Related research:[17], [26] and [23].
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This research will focus on providing and developing pedestrian pathways, considering that the
cycling lane in Makassar City is still in the planning stage of the Makassar City government. Therefore,
its availability is only on certain road sections and has not been utilized properly. The variables and the
sub-variables used to measure the comfort level of the pedestrian path can be seen in Table 1.
2. Research Methodology
The primary purpose of this research is to determine the strategy for developing pedestrian paths as one
of the facilities Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) based on pedestrian path development priorities. This
research is descriptive quantitative, which will analyze the availability and comfort level of the
pedestrian path using a Likert scale to obtain the level of comfort and convenience Analytical Hierarchy
Process (AHP) analysis techniques to get pedestrian path development priorities. The research location
is along Losari Beach to Rotterdam Fort, considering that the area is a recreation/tourism area, namely
nature tourism (Losari Beach) and cultural tourism (Rotterdam Fort).
3. Results and Discussion Analysis
As an icon of Makassar City, the Losari Beach area is located in Ujung Pandang District and is a public
area. The pedestrian path that is the focus of this research is along Losari Beach, starting from the end
of Jl. Haji Bau to Jalan Riburane. The land function in this location is dominant as a tourism recreation
area, namely natural tourism (Losari Beach) and cultural tourism (Rotterdam Fort). This area is visited
by both local and foreign tourists, especially on weekends or school holidays.
The pedestrian path available in this area has been developed by the Makassar City government
known as “Bundaratta.” The description of the condition of the pedestrian path is described as follows:
1. Pedestrian circulation of the pedestrian path is relatively smooth, with a width ranging from 1.50–
2.50 meters, except in some places < 1.50 meters. However, in some segments of the pedestrian path,
some obstacles interfere with pedestrian circulation (Figure 1), such as the location of city facilities
(electric poles/substations), trees, bus stops, and the presence of street vendors around the pedestrian
path [23], [31] and [17] states that pedestrian paths must be free of obstacles. Easily accessible to
everyone, including those with special needs.
Figure 1. Types of obstructions on pedestrian paths
Source: Author’s documentation, 2021
2. There is no CCTV available in the pedestrian area, and a security unit is in charge of supervising and
providing security and safety guarantees to pedestrians. Therefore, the presence of a police security
unit is necessary is in the context of public order and ensuring the safety of pedestrians. In addition,
lighting lamps with optimal lighting can prevent crime at night [22]
3. The quality of the existing pedestrian paths follows the standards, namely not slippery, not bumpy,
and has provided a unique way for those with special needs.
4. There are no particular trash bins for pedestrians in almost all segments of the pedestrian path (Figure
2). The garbage from residential houses/shops is only stored in plastic bags and placed on the edge of
the pedestrian path. As a result, pedestrians will be tempted to throw their trash in any place it causes
will affect a person’s comfort in walking[31] and [29].
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Figure 2. Pedestrian path material and unavailability of trash cans
Source: Author’s documentation, 2021
5. In terms of shade, the pedestrian path at this location only relies on shade trees as shelter facilities
from extreme weather such as hot sun, wind, and rain. The bus stops that have been available so far
need to be re-enabled to function both as a place to change modes of transportation and a place to take
shelter.
6. The continuity and connectivity of the pedestrian path with the Makassar City transportation mode
have not been seen at the location of this study. The existence of 2 (two) bus stops is not functioning
at all, one of which even blocks pedestrian circulation because it is located right on the pedestrian
path. [17], [26] and [23] mention that continuity and connectivity are needed to fulfill pedestrians’
overall journey from the starting point of origin to the endpoint and even back to the origin point. The
integration of pedestrian paths will make it easier for pedestrians to move between modes.
7. Specifically for the provision of signs or signals, including crossing lanes, it is not available along the
Losari Beach area, even though the density level of motorized vehicles passing at this location is
relatively high and is urgently needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians (Figure 3). The zebra cross
is only available in the Fort Rotterdam area, but it is not connected to other pedestrian paths across
the road. [17], [27], and [28] state that pedestrians need the availability of crossing lanes along with
control signals and information signs.
Figure 3. Lack of signs or signals, including zebra crossings
Source: Author’s documentation, 2021
The measurement of the comfort level of the pedestrian path using a Likert scale based on field
conditions using applicable standards (Ministerial Regulations, Ministerial Circulars, Decrees,
Guidebooks, etc.). The results of the measurement of the average comfort level of the pedestrian path in
the Losai Beach area to Rotterdhan Fort are as follows:
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Table 3. The results of measuring the level of
comfort
Table 2. Likert Scale and Conversion of Values
Likert Scale
(0 – 5)
Information
1
Very bad/very
uncomfortable
2
Bad/inconvenient
3
Good enough/comfortable
enough
4
Good/comfortable
5
Very good/very
comfortable
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1134/1/012003
No
Variable
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Circulation
Accessibility
shade
Noise
Security
Safety
cleanliness
Beauty
Connectivity
Average
Source: Author’s analysis, 2021
Average Score
(Scale 1 - 5)
3.59
3.53
2.26
3.35
2.44
3.14
2.82
3.47
3.65
3.14
Source: Author’s Analysis, 2021
The table above shows that the average value comfort level of the pedestrian path along Losari Beach
to Fort Rotterdam is 3.14 and falls into the category of quite good/quite comfortable, but still requires
improvement based on priority needs. The AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method obtains these
priorities by taking expert respondents who understand the problems to be studied. Respondents will
assess based on pairwise comparisons, comparing the nine variables according to the given criteria. The
eigenvalues and priority vectors were obtained from the average measurement of 7 (seven) respondents
using the Geometric Mean (GM) with a Consistency Ratio (CR) value of 0.015 (CR 0.1).
Based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) data, the priority data on pedestrian path comfort
factors are as follows:
Table 4. Priority vector values
Variable
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Circulation
Accessibility
shade
Noise
Security
Safety
cleanliness
Beauty
Connectivity
Total
Priority
0.0545
0.0665
0.0673
0.0306
0.2534
0.2454
0.0990
0.0659
0.1174
Priority Coeficient
coefficient number
No
comfort variable
1.0000
Source: Author’s Analysis, 2021
0.300
0.250
0.200
0.150
0.100
0.050
0.000
Figure 4. Pedestrian needs priority graph
Source: Author’s Analysis, 2021
According to the expert team, the safety and security factor is the priority of pedestrian needs that need
to be considered in developing the pedestrian path along Losari Beach and Rotterdam Fort (Figure 4).
Providing security facilities (CCTV/security posts/security officers) and lighting for pedestrian paths
need special attention. Meanwhile, to ensure the safety of pedestrians on pedestrian paths, particular
attention use of materials and provision of markings and signs/signals for pedestrian paths, and materials
used by pedestrian paths. The connectivity factor between pedestrian paths and transportation mode
facilities also needs to be a concern in maintaining the continuity of the use of pedestrian paths.
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4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Seeing the impact of climate change caused by transportation activities, Makassar City must develop
environmentally-friendly transportation by developing NMT (Non-Motorized Transport) such as
pedestrian and cyclist lanes that are safe and integrated with urban transportation mode. The results
showed that the walking distance along Losari Beach to Fort Rotterdam is quite good/quite comfortable
(score 3.14). So, it still needs improvement with prioritized aspects of security, safety, and connectivity;
significant improvements are needed on these three factors so that pedestrian paths are comfortable for
everyone without exception. As for the cyclist lane, it’s time to develop it by the Makassar City
government. The application of NMT (Non-Motorized Transport) in Makassar City requires various
parties, the government, the private sector, and the community themselves, who will work in synergy
with each other. Government policies need to pay attention to social, economic, and environmental
aspects to carry out NMT development in a comprehensive and integrated manner.
5. Acknowledgments
Thanks to all parties who have contributed to writing this article, the supervisory team, and related
parties. Hopefully, the results of this research will be helpful for humanity and the development of
science.
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