PROBLEM 1. Acidity 2. Hardness 3. Turbidity 4. Color 5. Pollution CAUSE Contains carbon dioxide. Cistern and pond waters containing decaying vegetation are likely to be acidic Presence of Magnesium and Calcium Silt or suspended matters picked up in surface or near surface flow. Presence of Iron and Manganese EFFECT Corrosion of nonferrous pipes, rusting and clogging of steel pipes. Contamination by organic matter or sewage Disease A summary of waste water treatment. Clogging of pipes. Impaired laundering and food preparation. Discoloration and bad taste. Discoloration of fixtures and Laundry CORRECTION Passing the water through a bed of crushed marble or limestone to achieve alkalinity, or adding sodium silicate. Introduction of water softeners made up of Zeolite (a greenish granular material) Filtration Precipitation by filtration through manganese zeolite (oxidizing filter) Chlorination CAST IRON SOIL PIPE Cast iron soil pipe (CISP) is made from an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur and phosphorous. This is primarily used for sanitary drain, waste and storm systems. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Class A- extra heavy (XV)- is often used for underground applications. 2. Class B- Service weight (SV)- is used for general building installations. TYPES OF CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Single hub- is equipped with one hub and one spigot end and used in the installation of plumbing in its full length. 2. Double hub- is constructed with a hub on each end so it may be cut into two pieces when a short piece of pipe is needed. 3. Hubless (no hub)- there is no hub on either ends of the pipe, it is used in lieu of the single hub calking of the pipe is difficult. PROPERTIES • Hydrostatic Test: 50 psi for service weight 100 psi for extra heavy • Length: 5’ and 10’ • Diameters: 50-150 mm TYPES OF JOINTS FOR CAST IRON SOIL PIPE 1. Lead and Oakum (calk joint) 2. Neoprene Compression gasket 3. Stainless Steel Couplings (for Hubless pipe) *Oakum- a hemp treated with pitch to make it moisture proof and resistant to the elements contained in the waste. *Calking- plugging an opening with oakum and lead that are pounded into place. *HUB- that portion of the pipe which, for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive the end of another pipe of the same diameter for the purpose of making a joint. It is also known as Bell. *SPIGOT- the end of the pipe that fits into a bell or spigot. ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON PIPE • • • Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon Installed in chemical laboratories, industries and other installations where acid wastes are being discharged. Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs have to be supported at every 1.50 meter interval to prevent sagging. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE • • • This type of pipe is made of asbestos fibers combined under pressure with Portland cement and silica to form a dense and homogeneous material. It is dense cured for strength. Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe and downspouts. Suited for concrete embedment because of similar properties. TYPES OF ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE 1. Pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer mains, industrial effluent and process piping, working pressure ranges at 100, 150, and 200 psi. 2. Non-pressure A.C. Pipe- is used for sewer casings for electric cables and as storm drains. Properties: Diameter: 75mm (3’) to 900 mm (13’) Length: 3.00m (10’) or 4.00m (13’) For 75, 100, 150mm. 4.00m (13’) for 200mm. (8”0 Through 900 mm. (36”) Grades: 1500, 2400, 3000, 4000 and 5000 Lbs/ft. Joints: rubber gasket joint and cement joint CONCRETE PIPE Concrete pipe is cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the molds (centrifugal casting). TYPES OF CONCRETE PIPE 1. Non-reinforced concrete pipe- is used for drainage, sewer lines and for gravity flow water supply lines if the joints are carefully made. Diameters available range from 100mm. (4”) to 900mm (36”). 2. Reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)- is made by the addition of steel wire or steel bars and is primarily used for sewage and storm drainage. Diameters available range from 300mm (12”) to 3600mm (144”) VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE • • • • Vitrified clay pipe is extruded from a suitable grade of shale or clay and fired in kilns producing an extremely hard and dense corrosion resistant material. It is generally used for underground public sewers, house sewers, drainage (sanitary and storm) systems and for industrial wastes such as acids. Vitrified clay pipe is suitable for most gravity-flow systems and is not intended for pressure service. It is brittle and cracks when laid on unstable ground or base. Resistant to most acids and is well fitted for underground work. PROPERTIES *Diameter- 100mm (4”) to 1050 mm (42”) *Length – 750mm (2ft 6 in) *Joints - cement joint - pre-fabricated compression seals Galvanized Steel pipe • • • • Is made of mild steel that is drawn through a die and welded. Easily corroded by Alkaline and acid water. Comes in several commercial sizes10 (3/8”), 13 (1/2”), 20 (3/4”), 25 (1”), 32 (1 ¼”), 38 (1 ½”), 50 (2”), 75 (3”), and 100 (4”). Cast into 6 meters long. TYPES OF GALVANIZED STEEL PIPES 1. Welded Pipe – made by drawing flat strip of steel through die to form the round shape and then electric butt welded down the seam. 2. Seamless Pipe – made by piercing red hot solid, cylindrical billet of steel with series of mandrels while passing the metal through rollers. Lead Pipe • • Is made from 99.7% pig lead, various alloys are available for special applications. Used for connections to floor mounted water closets, radioactive wastes, and for special laboratory corrosive wastes. Copper Tube • • • • Used in water supply for hot and cold, sanitary (drain, waste and vent) systems. A seamless tube made from almost pure copper (99.9%) and is available only in drawn and soft form with plain ends. Outside dimensions is always 1/8 inch bigger than the given size. Joints for this pipe can either be soldered or brazed. Brass Pipe • • • • Manufactured from an alloy containing 85% and 15% zinc. Most expensive. Joints can either be screwed or soldered. Resistant to Acids and has a smooth interior finish. PLASTIC PIPES Plastic pipe is available in compositions designed for various applications including drain, waste and vent. (DWV) BASIC TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPE 1. Thermoset Plastic- has the property of being permanently rigid. Epoxy and fiber glass are example of this. 2. Thermo Plastic- is a material having the property of softening when heated and hardening when cooled. TYPES OF PLASTIC OR SYNTHETIC PIPE 1. Rigid Type (10 ft. long) a Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - rigid, strong and economical pipe. Has excellent chemical b c d e f g resistance, good crush resistance and impact strength. Functional up to 123° F in pressure systems and pressure 180°F in non-pressure systems. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) - has excellent chemical, crush and fire resistance, high impact and tensile strength, and non-toxic. Can be used for hot and cold-water applications. Functions at 180° F in pressure systems and at higher temperature in low and non-pressure systems. Does not require special solvent cement used for other types of plastic welding. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) - has good chemical resistance, excellent impact strength, especially at low temperatures and maintains rigidity at high temperature. Rubber modified Styrene (SR) – has good crush resistance, fair impact strength and moderate chemical resistance. It is lightweight but brittle at low temperatures. Polypropylene (PP) – excellent chemical resistance, resistant to Sulphur bearing compounds, lightweight, good tensile strength and saltwater resistant. Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) – this is strong, tough, and abrasive resistant fluorocarbon material. It has excellent resistance to most acids, bass and organic solvents and is ideally suited for handling wet or dry chloride, bromine and other halogens. Polyacetal (ACETAL) – excellent resistance to paraffins and solvents, high resistance to surge fatigue, non-toxic and approved for potable water. 2. Flexible Type (30m up to 50m long) a. Polyethylene (PE) - Excellent chemical and crush resistance has impact strength and flexibility and good how temperature performance. Functions in temperatures from 65° to 120° F in low pressure applications and up to 200°F in non-pressure applications. PE is used in low pressure water system such as golf course sprinkler; used to carry corrosive liquid and gases; used as underground conduits and in industrial and chemical laboratories b. Polybutylene (PB) - a flexible plastic tubing suitable for use with hot and cold-water pressure system. Has excellent chemical resistance to acids but is not suitable for fuel oil, gasoline or kerosene distribution systems. PB can be joined with heat fusion, flare or fittings and is not solvent weldable. PB is rated to function at 180°F at 100 psi; higher temperature can be tolerated with relatively small compression reduction in pressure. Prohibited Fittings Screw Extractors Hand Drilling Hammer Curved Claw Hammer Ball Peen Hammer Short Handle Sledge Hammer Ripping Claw Hammer Backflow Prevention Assemblies and Methods Pressure Vacuum Breaker FIXTURES- receptacles attached to a plumbing system other than a trap in which water or waste may be collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system. COMMON TYPES OF PLUMBING FIXTURES USED IN RESIDENCES 1. Water closet 4. Urinal 2. Lavatory 5. Bidet 3. Kitchen sink 6. Bath tub WATER CLOSET- A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying medium. Water closets are classified according to design, make, flushing mechanism, shape and installation. A. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO DESIGN 1. Siphon washdown 2. Siphon jet 3. Siphon Vortex 4. Reverse trap 1. SIPHON WASHDOWN- The least expensive but the noisiest; only small amount of standing water- susceptible to fouling, staining and contamination. It is mechanically satisfactory and is lower in price. Hence, it is widely used and entirely acceptable where price is the main consideration. 2. SIPHON JET- The jet being submerged introduces its water underwater so that its operation is entirely muffled. It has a large amount of standing water to prevent fouling. It is mechanically efficient but expensive. 3. SIPHON VORTEX- this type of bowl develops its flushing action through the water entering through diagonal holes around the rim which creates a swirling action which forms a vortex in the center. It is considered to be the most quiet, most efficient and most sanitary water closet. 4. REVERSE TRAP – the trap way located at the rear of the water closet eliminated the buldge at the front. The design and appearance of the bowl plus its large water area and quietness in operation, make it desirable than siphon wash down. B. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO MAKE 1. One-piece 2. Close Coupled 3. Pail Flush 4. Squat bowl 1. ONE-PIECE WATER CLOSET- The water closet fixture is manufactured with the bowl and the flush tank molded into a single unit. Usually used in tandem with the bidet. 2. CLOSED COUPLED WATER CLOSET- a water closet where in the flush tank is separate but is attached to the toilet bowl. It is a two-piece model. 3. PAIL FLUSH WATER CLOSET- a water closet comprising only of a bowl without a flush tank. Flushing action is obtained only through water poured from a pail or bucket. This is used in areas where running water systems are not available. 4. SQUAT BOWL WATER- A water closet that is otherwise known as “Eastern type” since the user assumes a squatting position rather than a sitting position. C. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO FLUSING MECHANISM 1. FLUSH TANK- holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such as the water closet. It has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons. 2. FLUSH VALVE- valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of water for flushing purposes. It is activated by direct water pressure without the use of a flush tank. It is also known as Flushometer or Flushometer valve. The flush valve requires 10 to 20 psi flow pressure. D. TYPES OF WATER CLOSET AS TO SHAPE 1. ROUND FRONT- intended for installation on a limited space. 2. ELONGETED FRONT- is more comfortable but occupies a larger space. LAVATORY- a fixture designed for the washing of the hands or face. It is also known as wash basin. TYPES OF LAVATORIES 1. Wall Hung lavatory 3. Pedestal Lavatory 2. Counter Type Lavatory 4. One- Piece Lavatory BIDET- a plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, especially the genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath. BATH TUB- a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing installation designed for one person. It is available in left outlet and right outlet. URINAL- A sanitary fixture equipped with a water supply and drain for flushing away urine. TYPES OF URINALS 1. 2. 3. 4. Wall hung Urinal Pedestal Urinal Stall Urinal Trough Urinal KITCHEN SINK- a plumbing fixtures usually consisting of a basin with a water supply, connected with a drain. TYPES OF KITCHEN SINK OTHER PLUMBING FIXTURES • SLOP SINK – A deep sink, usually set low and used by janitors for emptying pails of dirty water and mop cleaning. • SCULLERY SINK – are large, deep sinks used in mess-halls type facilities • DRINKING FOUNTAIN – A fixture consisting of a shallow basin, together with a water jet designed to provide potable water for human consumption. • LAUNDRY TUB – A deep wide sink or but used for washing clothes. It is also known as Laundry Tray or Set Tub. • SHOWER BATH – An apparatus for spraying water on the body, usually from above. Drain is through the shower bath floor drain. • SCRUB SINK – a plumbing fixture usually located in the operating room in a hospital to enable personnel to scrub their hands prior to a surgical procedure; the hot and cold-water supply is activated by a knee-action mixing valve or by wrist or pedal control.
