YGOLOISYHP
DNA
YMOTANA
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
BY: SUE S. KALINAWAN, RN MAN
YGOLOISYHP
SYSTEM.
EXPLAIN THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM.
DEFINE TERMS RELATED TO SKELETAL SYSTEM.
DESCRIBE THE ANATOMIC STRUCTURES AND
PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS/ PROCESSES/
SYSTEMS INVOLVED IN SKELETAL SYSTEM,
PREDICT THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANATOMICAL
AND/OR PHYSIOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS
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LIST THE COMPONENTS OF THE SKELETAL
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MODULE OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
One of the most iconic symbols of the human form, the skeleton, is essential
for our day-to-day activities.
Sitting, standing, walking, picking up a pencil, and taking a breath all
involve the skeletal system.
Besides helping the body move and breathe, the skeleton is the structural
framework that gives the body its shape and protects the internal organs
and soft tissues.
Although the skeleton consists of the mineralized material left after the flesh
and organs have been removed and is often associated with death, it is
composed of dynamic, living tissues that are able to grow, adapt to stress,
and undergo repair after injury.
YGOLOISYHP
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
DNA
BONES AND BONE TISSUE
02
GROSS ANATOMY
03
JOINTS AND MOVEMENT
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01
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ORGAN PROTECTION
BODY MOVEMENT
MINERAL STORAGE
BLOOD CELL
PRODUCTION
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BODY SUPPORT
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FUNCTIONS OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
BONE ANATOMY
and elastic cartilage
bone matrix, bone cells, woven and lamellar
bone, spongy and compact bone
bone shapes, long bone structure, structure
of flat, short and irregular bones
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BONE HISTOLOGY
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage,
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CARTILAGE
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ASSOCIATED TERMS FOR BONES AND BONE TISSUES
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ASSOCIATED TERMS FOR BONES AND BONE TISSUES
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BONE GROWTH
BONE REMODELLING
Intramembranous Ossification, Endochondral
Ossification
Bone Length, Growth at Articular Cartilage,
Bone Width, Factors affecting Bone Growth
Mechanical Stress and Bone Strength
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BONE DEVELOPMENT
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ASSOCIATED TERMS FOR BONES AND BONE TISSUES
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CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
EFFECTS OF AGING TO THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Hematoma formation, Callus formation,
Callus ossification, Bone remodeling
Bones play an important role in regulating
blood Ca2+ levels.
Osteoporosis
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BONE REPAIR
YGOLOISYHP
DNA
FIGURE 1. HYALINE CARTILAGE
Photomicrograph of hyaline
cartilage covered by
perichondrium.
Chondrocytes within lacunae
are surrounded by a cartilage
matrix.
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CARTILAGE
YGOLOISYHP
DNA
FIGURE 2. EFFECTS OF
CHANGING THE BONE MATRIX
(a) Normal bone.
(b) Demineralized bone, in
which collagen is the primary
remaining component, can be
bent without breaking.
(c) When collagen is removed,
mineral is the primary
remaining component, making
the bone so brittle that it is
easily shattered.
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BONE MATRIX
(c)
Photomicrograph
of an osteocyte in
a
lacuna with cell
extensions in the
canaliculi.
Osteoclasts are
massive,
multinucleated
cells that
secrete acid
and proteindigesting
enzymes, which
degrade bone.
These cells then
transport
the digested
matrix from the
bone into the
extracellular
fluid.
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(b) Osteoblasts
have produced
bone
matrix and are
now osteocytes.
FIGURE 4.
OSTEOCLAST
STRUCTURE
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(a) On a
preexisting
surface, such as
cartilage or bone,
the cell
extensions
of different
osteoblasts join
together.
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FIGURE 3.
OSSIFICATION
BONE CELLS
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COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE
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FIGURE 5.
SPONGY BONE
(a) Beams of
bone, the
trabeculae,
surround spaces
in the bone. In
life,
the spaces are
filled with red or
yellow bone
marrow and
blood vessels.
(b) Transverse
section of a
trabecula.
FIGURE 6. COMPACT BONE
(a) Photomicrograph of an osteon. (b) Compact bone
consists mainly of osteons, which are concentric lamellae
surrounding blood vessels within central canals. The outer
surface of the bone is formed by circumferential lamellae,
and bone between the osteons consists of interstitial
lamellae.
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BONE SHAPES
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FIGURE 7. BONE SHAPES
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TABLE 1. GROSS ANATOMY OF A LONG BONE
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YGOLOISYHP
BONE DEVELOPMENT
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FIGURE 8.
INTRAMEMBRANOUS
OSSIFICATION
Endochondral ossification has
formed bones in the diaphyses
of long bones.
FIGURE 9.
BONE FORMATION IN A FETUS
The ends of the long bones are
still cartilage at this stage of
development.
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Intramembranous ossification
occurs at ossification centers
in the flat bones of the skull.
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Eighteen-week-old fetus
showing intramembranous
and endochondral
ossification.
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BONE DEVELOPMENT
(b) Zones of the epiphyseal
plate, including newly
ossified bone.
(c) New cartilage forms on
the epiphyseal side of the
plate at the same rate that
new bone forms on the
diaphyseal side of the plate.
Consequently, the
epiphyseal plate remains
the same thickness but the
diaphysis increases in
length.
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(a) Radiograph and drawing
of the knee, showing the
epiphyseal plate of the tibia
(shinbone). Because
cartilage does not appear
readily on x-ray film, the
epiphyseal plate appears as
a black area between the
white diaphysis and the
epiphyses.
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FIGURE 10.
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
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BONE GROWTH
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BONE GROWTH
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FIGURE 11.
BONE GROWTH IN WIDTH
Bones can increase in width by the formation of new
osteons beneath the periosteum.
HORMONES
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
Reproductive hormone
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FACTORS
AFFECTING
BONE GROWTH
Vitamin C
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Vitamin D
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NUTRITION
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BONE REMODELING
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The epiphysis enlarges and
the diaphysis increases in
length as new cartilage
forms and is replaced
by bone during remodeling.
The diameter of the bone
increases as a result of bone
growth on the
outside of the bone, and the
size of the medullary cavity
increases because of bone
reabsorption.
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FIGURE 12.
REMODELING OF A LONG
BONE
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BONE REPAIR
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FIGURE 13. BONE REPAIR
(a) On the top is a radiograph of the broken humerus of author A. Russo’s granddaughter, Viviana Russo.
On the bottom is the same humerus a few weeks later, with a callus now formed around the break.
(b) The steps in bone repair.
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONE FRACTURES
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YGOLOISYHP
TABLE 3. DISEASES AND DISORDERS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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YGOLOISYHP
EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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YGOLOISYHP
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
The Complete Skeleton
Skull, Hyoid Bone, Vertebral Column, Rib
Cage
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb, Pelvic Girdle
and Lower Limb
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ANATOMY OVERVIEW
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DNA
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THE
COMPLETE
SKELETON
YGOLOISYHP
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THE
COMPLETE
SKELETON
YGOLOISYHP
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THE
COMPLETE
SKELETON
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TABLE 4. ANATOMICAL TERMS FOR BONE FEATURES
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YGOLOISYHP
THE SKULL
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YGOLOISYHP
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YGOLOISYHP
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BONES OF THE RIGHT ORBIT
cavity with the nasal septum removed.
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(b) Right lateral nasal wall as seen from inside the nasal
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(a) Nasal septum as seen from the left nasal cavity.
YGOLOISYHP
BONES OF THE NASAL
CAVITY
YGOLOISYHP
DNA
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INFERIOR
VIEW
OF THE
SKULL
Protects the spinal cord,
THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
Allows spinal nerves to exit
the spinal cord,
Provides a site for muscle
attachment, and
Permits movement of the head
and trunk.
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head and trunk,
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Supports the weight of the
YGOLOISYHP
FIVE MAJOR FUNCTIONS
YGOLOISYHP
DNA
Cervical vertebrae (ver′tĕ-brē)
THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae,
1 sacral bone, and
1 coccygeal (kok-sij′ē-ăl) bone
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FIVE REGIONS
YGOLOISYHP
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YGOLOISYHP
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YGOLOISYHP
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THE RIB CAGE
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DNA
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BONES OF THE
PECTORAL
GIRDLE AND
UPPER LIMBS
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BONES OF THE
THE PELVIC
GIRDLE AND
THE LOWER
LIMBS
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True and False Pelvises in Males and Females
(a) In a male, the pelvic inlet (red dashed line) and outlet (blue dashed
line) are small and the subpubic angle is less than 90 degrees. The true
pelvis is shown as blue. The false pelvis is shown as natural bone color.
(b) In a female, the pelvic inlet (red dashed line) and outlet (blue dashed
line) are larger and the subpubic angle is 90 degrees or greater.
(c) Midsagittal section through the pelvis to show the pelvic inlet (red
arrow and red dashed line) and the pelvic outlet (blue arrow and blue
dashed line).
YGOLOISYHP
DNA
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RIGHT
FEMUR
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RIGHT
DNA
PATELLA
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TIBIA
and
FIBULA
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BONES OF THE FOOT
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JOINTS AND MOVEMENT
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TYPES OF MOVEMENT
RANGE OF MOTION
EFFECTS OF AGING TO
JOINTS
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Gliding, Angular, Circular, Special,
Combination
Diseases and Disorders
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CLASSES OF JOINTS
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DNA
according to the bones or portions of bones
that join together
JOINTS
Joints are classified structurally as fibrous,
cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the
major connective tissue type that binds
the bones together and whether a fluid-filled
joint capsule is present.
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Joints, or articulations, are commonly named
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TABLE 5. FIBROUS AND CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
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SUTURES
YGOLOISYHP
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STRUCTURE
OF SYNOVIAL
JOINT
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GENERAL
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SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
saddle
hinge
pivot
ball-and-socket, and
ellipsoid
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plane
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SIX TYPES:
Abduction and Adduction
CIRCULAR
Rotation
Pronation and Supination
Circumduction
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TYPES OF
MOVEMENT
Flexion and Extension
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ANGULAR
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GLIDING
Excursion
Opposition and Reposition
Inversion and Eversion
COMBINATION
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TYPES OF
MOVEMENT
Protraction and Retraction
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Elevation and Depression
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SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
SPRAIN
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DISLOCATION
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RANGE OF
MOTION
PASSIVE ROM
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ACTIVE ROM
Elbow Joint
Hip Joint
Knee Joint
Ankle Joint and Arches of the Foot
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SELECTED
JOINTS
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Shoulder Joint
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Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Gout
Lyme disease
Bursitis, Bunion, Tendinitis
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DISEASES
AND
DISORDERS
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Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis)
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Arthritis
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RECAP 01
Introduction
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RECAP OF
TODAY'S CLASS
RECAP 02
Bones and Bone Tissue
RECAP 03
RECAP 04
Gross Anatomy
Joints and Movement
YGOLOISYHP
DNA
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