Dr. Carolina S. Agravante
“FOCUS ON THE TYPE OF LEADERSHIP IN
NURSING THAT CAN CHALLENGE THE WORLD.”
(AGRavante 2002)
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“The CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model”
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The CASAGRA Transformative Leadership
Model: Servant-Leader Formula and the
Nursing Faculty’s Transformative Leadership
Behavior
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History and background
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Famous for being the first Filipina theorist
who wrote the CASAGRA Transformative
Leadership Model, which is also derived from
her name, CArolina S. AGRAvante and was
published in 2002.
1964 – BS Nursing degree in St. Paul
University (formerly St. Paul College)
1970 - Master’s Degree at the Catholic
University of America as a full-fledged scholar
from
2002 - Doctoral Degree in Philosophy at the
University of the Philippines – Manila in 2002,
the same year her theory was published.
Main proposition
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CASAGRA transformative leadership is a
psycho — spiritual model, which was an
effective means for faculty to become better
teachers and servant — leaders.
Care complex is a structure in the personality
of the caregiver that is significantly related to
the leadership behavior.
The CASAGRA servant — leadership
formula is an effective modality in enhancing
the nursing faculty's servant- leadership
behavior.
Vitality of Care Complex of the nursing
faculty is directly related to the leadership
behavior.
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Why did sister Carolina do the theory?
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Key concepts
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CASAGRA transformative leadership
model have concepts of leadership from a
psycho-spiritual point of view, designed to lead
to radical change from apathy or indifference
to a spiritual person.
Servant — leader formula is the enrichment
package prepared as interventions for the
study which has three parts that parallel the
three concepts of CASAGRA transformative
leadership model namely: the care complex
primer, a retreat — workshop on Servant
Transformative Teaching for nursing faculty.
Special expertise is the level of competence
in nursing skills, commitment to the nursing
profession, and sense of collegiality with the
school, other health professionals, and local
community
Nursing leadership is the force within the
nursing profession that sets vision for its lay
down the roles and functions and influences
the direction toward which the profession
should go.
Transformative teaching may also be termed
Reflective Teaching, an umbrella term
covering ideas such as thoughtful instruction,
teacher research, teacher narrative, and
teacher empowerment.
Care complex is the nucleus of care
experiences in the personality of a nurse
formed by a combination of maternal care
experiences, culture-based care practices
indigenous to a race and people and the
professional training on care acquired in a
formal course of nursing
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The present day demands in the nursing
profession challenge nursing educators to
revisit their basic responsibility of educating
professional nurses who are responsive to
technological, educational and social changes
happening in the Philippine society today.
The reopening of doors of foreign market to
Filipino nurses migration made easy at
attractive salaries and benefits way beyond
what hospitals can afford to give.
Nursing education is faced with a new concern
that is, globalization of nursing services for the
international market.
o A need to develop globalization of
care with focus on developing caring
nurses.
The formation of new nursing leaders is
urgently needed
o leaders with new vision who will
venture new traits and who have gone
through new formation in order to
serve the society as professional
nurses.
Nurses need competent leader with a dream
what nursing can be whose basic stand is
caring and service, who are competent in
nursing, assertive of their own rights with the
help profession.
MEANING OF THE THEORY
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Based on the study, the effect of the
CASAGRA Leadership model, using the
servant - leader model on the leadership
behavior of the nursing faculty, the care
complex in the personality of the nursing
faculty improves the leadership behavior of the
nursing faculty in both groups.
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Logical adequacy
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Assumptions
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Put together to help us mirror the behavior
and personality of the modern
professional nurse who will challenge the
demands of these critical times in the
society today.
• The model shows how servant- leadership
spirituality, self-mastery (care complex),
and special nursing expertise
(transformative teaching) are related and
affects the leadership behavior of the
nursing faculty.
1. The Servant-Leadership Spirituality
• prescribed to run side by side with the
general components of the transformative
leadership model.
• This formula consists of:
o a spiritual exercise
o the resolution of the care complex
in the personality of an individual
o a seminar-workshop on
transformative teaching.
• The method used comprises a spiritual
retreat that undergoes the process of
awareness, reflection, storytelling,
contemplation and finally commitment to
become servant-leaders in the footsteps
of Jesus.
2. The Self-Mastery
• expressed in care complex variable
possessed to a certain degree by an
individual that have been through formal
studies in a caregiving profession such as
nursing.
• it involves a person’s self-awareness of
the nursing faculty.
3. The Special-Expertise
• enactment of caring and being proactive in
face of challenges for the profession.
• It is shown in 5C’s of transformational
leadership namely:
o Creative
o Caring
o Critical
o contemplative
o collegial teaching
It is the guide designed to form the new
professional nurses.
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Logical because the variables are clearly
explained on how transformative
leadership model be applicable through
care complex transformative teaching
servant-leader spirituality, and servantleader behavior.
A person with dynamic care complex is
the cornerstone of nursing leadership.
According to care complex of Agravante,
caring personality rests on the possession
of a care complex within a person as
caring.
Explains and predicts the continuous
formation of nursing leadership behavior
in nursing faculty that will eventually affect
their teaching function.
Servant-leadership formula runs parallel to
the generic elements of transformative
leadership model.
Transformative teaching is the guide that
desired for the modern process designed
form the millennium professional nurse.
Expertise is the practice of caring and
proactive in the face of challenges for the
profession go hand-in-hand. Education
and practice bring this about.
STRENGTHS
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has provided the task of the formation of
the nurse leaders at the baccalaureate
level so that the profession assured the
graduates posess the mind and heart of a
nursing leader who is of the nursing
profession.
It can also be used in other educational
settings not just on nursing profession.
Weaknesses/limitation
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limits only Roman Catholic and Christian
nursing educators.
did not consider other religion to this
study.
According to the study, the control and
study groups were selected from the same
faculty in the two schools, it is highly
possible that experience could have been
discussed casually in the faculty room and
in some way may have "contaminated" the
intervention.
Critique
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Usefulness (Practicability)
• significant for the nurse educators.
• help them to achieve the vision mission as a network of the
innovative, competent, empowered
educators towards excellence in
national and global development.
• could be the answer in the
modern-world challenges in
nursing education that is centered
on the teaching of Jesus, a
paradigm of peace.
Generalizability and Parsimony
o Nursing students will be assured of
similar leadership formation that
will be provided to them by the
nursing educators who advocated
the CASAGRA Transformative
Leadership model.
o It will give them the confidence
they need to face the challenges in
the profession.
o Transformative teachers are
basically who look into themselves
seek their assumptions and
feelings in the light of the nursing
profession in the modern days,
how their own philosophies of life
affect professional life with their
students.
Simplicity
o Agravante's theory can be
considered complex on the aspect
that it requires undergoing
seminars and retreats for the
participants.
o The theory is designed to
transform a servant leader who
possesses Jesus as an example.
Empirical Precision
o formulated as a result of a study
conducted to determine the effects
of the CASAGRA transformative
leadership model for nursing
faculty on their servant-leadership
behavior.
o The study population consisted of
30 nursing faculty divided into
control and study group randomly
selected to participate in the
Servant - Leader formula for
nursing faculty.