Regents Biology
Regents Biology
Cell Structures and Functions
Doing Life Functions
AP Biology
Types of cells
bacteria
cells
Prokaryote
- no organelles
Eukaryotes
- organelles
animal cells
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plant cells
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Why study cells?
▪ Cells → Tissues → Organs → Bodies
bodies are made up of cells
◆ cells do all the work of life!
◆
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The Jobs of Cells
▪ Cells have 3 main jobs
◆
make energy
▪ need energy for all activities
ATP
▪ need to clean up waste produced
while making energy
◆
Our organelles
do all these
jobs!
make proteins
▪ proteins do all the work in a cell,
so we need lots of them
◆
make more cells
▪ for growth
▪ to replace damaged or diseased cells
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Organelles
▪ Membrane – bounded structures in the cytoplasm
◆
each “little organ” has a job to do
▪ keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
They’re like
mini-organs!
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Model Animal Cell
1. Cell structures involved in manufacturing
▪ Making DNA, RNA and biomolecules
◆
to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
▪ synthesize DNA and transcribe RNA
▪ build proteins
 muscle fibers, hair, skin, nails
 enzymes to speed up chemical reactions
 hormones and receptors
◆
organelles that do this work…
▪
▪
▪
▪
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nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Proteins do all the work!
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,
because…
proteins do all the work!
structural
enzymes
signals
receptors
DNA
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proteins
cells
Nucleus
▪ Function
control center of cell
◆ protects DNA
◆
▪ instructions for building proteins
▪ Structure
nuclear membrane
◆ nucleolus
◆
▪ ribosome factory
◆
chromosomes
▪ DNA
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nucleolus
▪produces
ribosomes
nucleus
▪protects DNA
▪controls cell
chromosomes
▪DNA
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Ribosomes
▪ Function
◆
◆
protein factories
read instructions to build proteins from DNA
▪ Structure
◆
◆
some free in cytoplasm
some attached to ER
Ribosomes on ER
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nucleolus
▪produces
ribosomes
nucleus
▪protects DNA
▪controls cell
ribosomes
▪build proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
▪ Function
◆
works on proteins
▪ helps complete the
proteins after ribosome
builds them
◆
makes membranes
▪ Structure
◆
rough ER
▪ ribosomes attached
▪ works on proteins
◆
smooth ER
▪ makes membranes
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nucleus
▪protects DNA
▪controls cell
ribosomes
▪builds proteins
ER
▪works on proteins
▪makes membranes
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Golgi Apparatus
▪ Function
◆
finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
▪ like UPS headquarters
 shipping & receiving department
◆
ships proteins in vesicles
▪ “UPS trucks”
▪ Structure
◆
vesicles
carrying proteins
membrane sacs
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transport vesicles
nucleus
▪protects DNA
▪controls cell
ribosomes
▪builds proteins
ER
▪helps finish proteins
▪makes membranes
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Golgi apparatus
▪finishes, packages
& ships proteins
endoplasmic
reticulum
nucleus
protein
on its way!
DNA
RNA
vesicle
TO:
TO:
TO:
vesicle
ribosomes
TO:
finished
protein
protein
Golgi
apparatus
Making Proteins
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2. Cell structures involved in break down
▪ breaking down of molecules and old organelles
◆
to maintain daily life & growth, the cell must…
▪ take in food & digest it
▪ detoxify harmful compounds
ATP
▪ break down organelles
▪ remove waste
◆
organelles that do this work…
▪ lysosomes
▪ peroxisomes
▪ vacuoles
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Vacuoles
▪ Function
moving material
around cell
◆ storage
◆
▪ Structure
◆
small food
particle
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membrane sac
vacuole filled w/
digestive enzymes
vacuole
Food & water storage
food vacuole
plant cells
central vacuole
animal cells
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contractile
vacuole
vacuole
▪transport inside cells
▪storage
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▪ Function
Lysosomes
◆
digest food
▪ used to make energy
◆
clean up & recycle
▪ digest broken
organelles
▪ Structure
◆
lysosomes
small food
particle
vacuole
digesting food
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membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting broken
organelles
A Job for Lysosomes
6 weeks
15 weeks
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vacuole
▪transport inside cells
▪storage
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lysosome
▪food digestion
▪garbage disposal &
recycling
Peroxisome
▪ Function
produces hydrogen
peroxide
◆ breaks down H2O2 into
H2O and O2
◆ Breaks down fatty acid
◆
▪ Structure
◆
enzyme – bearing vesicles
▪ membrane – enclosed microbodies
◆
has enzymes
▪ digestive and detoxifying enzymes
▪ catalase
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3. Cell structure involved in energy processing
▪ Making energy
◆
to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
▪ take in food & digest it
▪ take in oxygen (O2)
ATP
▪ make ATP
▪ remove waste
◆
organelles that do this work…
▪ mitochondrion
▪ chloroplast
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Mitochondria
▪ Function
◆
make ATP energy from cellular respiration
▪ sugar + O2 → ATP
▪ fuels the work of life
▪ Structure
◆
double membrane
in both animal &
plant cells
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ATP
mitochondria
▪make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
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Plants make energy two ways!
▪ Mitochondria
◆
ATP
make energy from sugar + O2
▪ cellular respiration
▪ sugar + O2 → ATP
▪ Chloroplasts
◆
make energy + sugar from sunlight
▪ photosynthesis
▪ sunlight + CO2 → ATP & sugar
 ATP = active energy
 sugar = stored energy
◼
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build leaves & roots & fruit
out of the sugars
sugar
ATP
Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cells
plant cells
mitochondria
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chloroplast
nucleus
▪control cell
▪protects DNA
nucleolus
▪make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
▪processes proteins
▪makes membranes
ribosomes
▪make proteins
central vacuole
▪storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
▪finish & ship
proteins
mitochondria
▪make ATP in
cellular respiration
chloroplast
▪make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
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lysosome
▪digestion & clean up
4. Cell structures involved in structural support,
movement, and communication
▪ modulating cell shape and permitting cell
movement
◆ cell structures that do
this work
▪ cytoplasm
▪ cytoskeleton
▪ microtubules
▪ cell wall
▪ cell communication and protection
◆
cell structures that do this work…
▪ cell membrane
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Cytoplasm
▪ Function
jelly – like material that holds
cell organelles in place
◆ site of many chemical reactions
◆
▪ Structure
◆
cytosol
▪ semifluid substance of the cytoplasm
◆
high concentration of macromolecules
▪ proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic
acids
◆
cell organelles
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Cytoskeleton
▪ Function
structural support
◆ movement
◆
▪ microtubules (flagella and cilia)
◆
road for transportation
▪ movement of vesicles within cells
▪ Structure
◆
subunits (fibers)
▪ actin filament
▪ intermediate filament
▪ microtubule
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Centrioles
▪ Function
◆
help coordinate cell division
▪ only in animal cells
▪ Structure
◆
one pair in each cell
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Cell membrane
phosphate
“head”
▪ Function
separates cell from outside
◆ controls what enters or leaves cell
◆
▪ O2, CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
◆
recognizes signals from other cells
▪ allows communication between cells
▪ Structure
◆
double layer of fat
▪ phospholipid bilayer
◆
receptor molecules
▪ proteins that
receive
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signals
lipid “tail”
cytoplasm
▪jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
centrioles
▪cell division
cell membrane
▪cell boundary
▪controls movement
of materials in & out
▪recognizes
signals
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Cell wall
▪ Function
thick, strong, and rigid
◆ nonliving permeable wall that surrounds
the plasma membrane
◆ encloses and supports the cell
◆
▪ allows communication between cells
▪ Structure
◆
Layers:
▪ primary and secondary cell walls
▪ middle lamella
◆
Plasmodesmata
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cytoplasm
▪jelly-like material
around organelles
cell wall
▪support
cell membrane
▪cell boundary
▪controls movement
of materials in & out
▪recognizes
signals
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cytoplasm
▪jelly-like material holding
organelles in place
vacuole & vesicles
▪transport inside cells
▪storage
lysosome
▪food digestion
▪garbage disposal &
recycling
nucleus
▪protects DNA
▪controls cell
centrioles
▪cell division
ribosomes
▪builds proteins
mitochondria
▪make ATP energy
from sugar + O2
cell membrane
▪cell boundary
▪controls movement
of materials in & out
▪recognizes
signals
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ER
▪helps finish proteins
▪makes membranes
Golgi apparatus
▪finishes, packages
& ships proteins
nucleus
▪control cell
▪protects DNA
nucleolus
▪make ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
▪processes proteins
▪makes membranes
ribosomes
▪make proteins
cytoplasm
▪jelly-like material
around organelles
central vacuole
▪storage: food,
water or waste
Golgi apparatus
▪finish & ship
proteins
cell wall
▪support
mitochondria
▪make ATP in
cellular respiration
cell membrane
▪cell boundary
▪controls movement
of materials in & out
▪recognizes
signals
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chloroplast
▪make ATP & sugars in
photosynthesis
lysosome
▪digestion & clean up
That’s my
cellular story…
Any Questions?
AP Biology
2009-2010