Communication skills
Writing for Business
Letters are still used, particularly by law firms and businesses, for
official (public) notifications, sometimes advertising.
This is because of three main advantages:

No special device needed - almost everybody has a residence or
other place at which he or she can receive mail. A mailbox is all that
the intended recipient needs, unlike e-mail or phone calls, where the
intended recipient needs access to a computer and an e-mail account
or a telephone respectively.

“Catch-all” advertising - unlike e-mails, where the recipient needs an
individual e-mail address to receive messages, mailing shots can
widely cover many or all addresses in a given locality.

Physical record - important messages that need to be retained (e.g.
invoices; government notification such as tax or immigration) can be
kept relatively easily and securely.
3.5.3.
a. Answer the following questions.
1. Why do you think letters are still in use despite total digitalization?
2. Which of the letter writing advantages seem more important in your
opinion?
b. Recount the situations in which you dealt with business
letters.
Letter-writing: Envelope
3.5.4. Familiarize yourselves with the following information and do
the tasks below.
You may prefer to send invoices in manila envelopes1, for example, or
mailshots2 in window-envelopes3 so that addressees can be easily
checked by the mail room. There used to be a certain etiquette attached
to the use of white or manila/brown envelopes, but this has largely
disappeared.
Generally:
 Letters to businesses or job applications may be better received in
quality white envelopes.
 Letters of condolence or expressing bad news should be sent in plain
white envelopes.
 Decorated envelopes should be used only for friendly, personal
correspondence.
How to address an envelope?
Special Delivery

Mrs. J. Frost
84 New Lane
KINGSTON
Middlesex
TW9 6AE
Sender’s address
…………………
…………………
Receiver’s address
…………………..
Конверт из желто-коричневой оберточной (манильской или крафтовой) бумаги.
Рассылка рекламных материалов.
3
Конверт с прямоугольником из прозрачной бумаги (через который виден
напечатанный на письме).
1
2
адрес,
…………………..
Mind the following.




Always type or write neatly. Do not use block letters other than for the
post town and postcode.
Always use a courtesy title — Mr, Messrs, Mrs, Ms, Miss, or other
appropriate title, such as Dr, Sir, etc.
Start writing the name and address about halfway down and one-third
of the way across, leaving sufficient room for postage stamps.
Clearly mark any classification (“Personal”, “Confidential”) or
despatch instruction (“Airmail”, “Special Delivery”) in the top left
corner.
Letter-writing: Letter Layout
Business letters should be typed and printed out on standard white
paper. The form of opening greeting (or salutation) should be:
Letter to:
Start with:
Someone, whose name you don’t
know, or whom you are addressing
in their professional capacity
“Dear Sir”, “Dear Madam” or “Dear
Sir or Madam”
An entire company or department
“Dear Sirs” or “Dear Mesdames” if
all the staff are female, otherwise
“Dear Sirs”
A named individual whom you do
not know personally
“Dear Mr Jones” (or Mrs, Miss, or
Ms), or “Dear Janet Smith”
A colleague, relative or friend
“Dear Arthur” or “Dearest Angela”
3.5.5. Familiarize yourselves with the following letter.
a. Find out the following:
- who and what the addressor is;
- who and what the addressee is;
- the reason why the letter has been written.
b. Write the follow-up letter, in which:
-
thank the addressor for the generous offer;
-
find out if the price for the item can be further reduced (e.g. up to
10%), provided you buy in quantity;
express your hope to continue mutually advantageous relations.
Exhibit 1
Business name,
or
Sender’s address
or
Printed letter
heading
Great West Road
London W25
Telephone 01567-1112
Telex 80153
Telegrams Harp
LONDON
Reference code
Your ref;
Our ref: LW/MG
Date
18th October, 20…
Recipient’s name
A. Mahawi
Recipient’s address
The commercial
attaché,
British Embassy,
Avenue Liberty,
Djemsa,
ABRACA.
Opening greeting
Dear Sir,
Subject heading
Special offer
Main body of the
letter
Find enclosed a copy of our latest catalogue and pricelist.
May I draw your attention to our new range of products
illustrated on page 21.
We are offering a special discount of 5 per cent on all orders
received before 1 March. Please use the special order forms
at the back of the catalogue and deduct 5 per cent from the
prices on our list.
We hope that you will be pleased with the catalogue and look
forward to receiving your order.
Complementary
close
Yours faithfully,
Signature and
sender’s name
John Martin
John Martin,
Directors:
Ambrose Harper
(Chairman)
Hector Grant
(Managing Director)
William Buckhurst,
FCA (Secretary)
Margaret Wiles
HARPER &
GRANT LTD
Sender’s position /
department name
Sales Manager
Enclosures line
Encl: 1
Presenting information
c. Write a letter to your teacher informing him/her that you have
studied Unit 3 carefully and made the summary of the contents.
Put it into a suitable envelope and address it. Render the text
below to enclose it as your summary.
Исходя из материалов Раздела 3, основные нужды людей очень
просты: крыша над головой, еда, одежда. Но наши индивидуальные
дополнительные потребности достаточно сложны. Согласно нашим
основным нуждам и индивидуальным потребностям нам необходимы
различные виды товаров, которые удовлетворяют наши потребности
по-разному.
Экономисты
определяют
способность
товара
удовлетворять желания как его полезность. Также экономисты
считают,
что
потребителем и
полезность
определяет
“взаимосвязь
между
товаром”. В основном покупатель не может
изменить цены на товары, которые он хочет купить. Эти цены
установлены заранее, что делает невозможным попытки торговаться
по их поводу. Планируя свои расходы, мы должны принимать эти
цены как данность. Быть мудрым покупателем и принимать
разумные решения о покупке продуктов никогда не бывает легким
делом. Разнообразие сортов, размеров, цен, рекламных
уловок
оказывает на нас влияние, когда мы ходим в магазин и выступаем в
роли покупателя.
Итак, вывод:
1. Для того чтобы покупка товаров была для нас как для
покупателей успешной сделкой, нужно овладеть экономикой, и
эти умения будут служить нам всю жизнь.
2. Многие факторы влияют на наши решения по поводу покупок.
3. Опытные покупатели должны собрать всю информацию о
товаре, сравнить и оценить эти данные, а также учесть, что
чем выше качество, тем выше цена.
3.6. DIALOGUE
3.6.1.
A. Complete the text by using the following word combinations from
the box in the appropriate form. Fill in the grid below.
(a) to determine the number of sales, (b) to concern, (c) to emphasize
low prices, (d) odd-even pricing, (e) to encourage sales, (f) to increase
the demand for, (g) stock, (h) to advertise, (i) de-emphasis, (j) to
introduce new items of goods, (k) to charge the appropriate price, (l)
“loss leader” pricing, (m) to produce a favourable psychological effect,
(n) value-based pricing, (o) price emphasis
Brendon (B.) made a tradeoff between college education and
immediate economic well-being in favour of the latter and started the
business of his own, but he still needs advice from his friend Mary (M.)
who decided that further education is worth money and effort. They are
discussing a new line of products in Brendon’s shop.
B.: You know, the shop has been selling well since I started, but I reckon
that consumers may stop buying things if I don’t …(1)… ________.
M.: Cor! Hasn’t your new line of merchandise …(2)… ______ goods in
your shop?
B.: That’s what I wanted to talk to you about. I wonder if this time we
…(3)… ________. Previous time the demand for the new …(4)…
________ of merchandise dropped very quickly. Can you give some
ideas how to charge prices?
M.: If I remember correctly, there are two types of pricing policies: …(5)…
________ and price …(6)… ________.
B.: Can you explain the difference?
M.: From what I know the price emphasis policy …(7)… ________. This
…(8)… _______ . But it has a weak point, I mean that low prices don’t
give extra services.
B.: True enough. With a really low price the customer will have no credit,
home delivery, repair, installation and other services.
M.: That’s what I mean. But many people are interested only in the low
price and not in the extra services.
B.: That’s one way of looking at it, but I have to think thoroughly about it,
because the price …(9)… ________.
M.: You have my full support! A good example of price emphasis is
…(10)… ________ . It means that you choose one item and sell it at a
very low price. The customers who buy this “loss leader” can decide to
buy a few other things they need.
B.: It sounds interesting. What other things can you tell me about pricing
policy?
M.: There is also …(11)… ________. For example, you sell cameras for
$79.95 instead of $80.00. Though it is in fact about the same, the low
price can …(12)… ________.
B.: What are the other ways to attract the customers?
M.: You must start with especially low prices to compete with well-known
goods. Mind that it’s important …(13)… ________ this. Please, do
consider my words carefully. You should use newspaper ads, maybe
do a big window and floor display.
B.: It makes sense. But I wonder if I can raise the price when my
customers get accustomed to a new brand.
M.: Yes. They will continue to buy it.
B.: I see. And what about the price de-emphasis?
M.: It …(14)… ________ high quality expensive items. You don’t call
attention to the price at all. It is often called value-based pricing, used
by businesses to charge products and services at a rate they believe
consumers are willing to pay. As opposed to calculating production
costs and applying a standard markup, businesses instead determine
the perceived value to the customer and charge accordingly. Artwork,
cars, amusement parks, and even social media influencers use
…(15)… to sell their products and services.
B.: I take your point. I’m so grateful to you for your professional hints.
Don’t forget you have a discount on any shopping you do in my shop.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
B. Sum up different types of pricing policies:
a. “loss-leader” pricing
b. “odd-even” pricing
c. price emphasis
11
12
13
14
15
d. price de-emphasis
C. Search the Internet and make a presentation to explain the valuebased pricing model, outline its pros and cons, and highlight the
ways to incorporate this pricing strategy in the business.
D. Consider the letter below. The letter is a mailing shot that was
sent to all the rooms in the hotel. Split into several groups and
define the type of advertising it belongs to;
comment upon the pricing policy which the management of Corinthia
Palace Hotel 4 adhere to;
make use of the italicised helpful phrases from the dialogue.
Exhibit 2
CORINTHIA
PALACE HOTEL
*****
Dear Guest,
Special offer
On Wednesday, 2nd February, we are pleased to give you the
opportunity of tasting Fine Asian Cuisine at our Rickshaw Restaurant5
when we will be offering you a menu, normally priced at €35, at no
supplementary charge to guests booked on Half Board Basis.
Guests on Bed and Breakfast may opt for the same Set-Menu or the a la
Carte Menu.
May we also take the opportunity to remind you that every evening in the
Caprice Lounge Bar6, we hold a “Happy Hour” between 18.00 and 19.00,
during which all drinks, excluding Champagne 7, are available at 30%
discount.
4
a five-star hotel, situated in a centuries-old restored villa, officially verified by
Forbes Travel Guide, is situated in the most prestigious area, next to the Primeminister’s residence
5 one of the most prestigeous restaurants in Malta, usually fully booked in advance
Friday to Sunday by Maltese elita
6 The bar is situated in front of Rickshaw Restaurant which opens at 19.00
7 Genuine champagne, being synonymous with luxury and aristocracy , is imported
and never discounted in Malta
We wish you an enjoyable experience,
The Management
3.7 READING FOR CROSS-CULTURAL
ASSOCIATIONS
Read the excerpt below about shops, shopping and pricing policies
in different cultures. Make use of the information in the role-play.
It’s very important to know where, how, and why people shop the way
they do. A special science teaches how to lure shoppers into the highmargin8 areas of the shop, whose layouts, colour schemes, and
background music will most effectively hypnotize the ordinary browser 9
into a helpless purchaser.
Most of us do our food shopping in the supermarket. Americans and
many people throughout the world take supermarkets for granted.
Supermarkets are so much more than a convenient way to shop. Certain
products (typically staple10 foods such as bread, milk and sugar) are
occasionally sold as loss leaders. To maintain a profit, supermarkets
attempt to make up for the lower margins by a higher overall volume of
sales, and with the sale of higher-margin items.
Customers usually pay for the merchandise at the check-out. At
present, many supermarket chains are attempting to further reduce labor
costs by shifting to self-service check-out machines, where a single
employee can oversee a group of four or five machines at once, assisting
multiple customers at a time.
Most supermarkets are similar in design and layout due to trends in
marketing. Fresh produce tends to be located near the entrance of the
store. Milk, bread, and other essential staple items are usually situated
toward the rear of the store and in other out-of-the-way places, purposely
done to maximize the customer’s time spent in the store, strolling past
other items and capitalizing on11 impulse buying.
Supermarkets, in general, tend to narrow the choices of fruits and
vegetables by stocking only varieties with long storage lives.
In the United States, major-brand supermarkets often demand slotting
fees12 from suppliers in exchange for premium shelf space and/or better
8
9
10
11
12
Прибыль, разница между покупной и продажной ценой; маржа
Посетитель, разглядывающий товары, перелистывающий книги.
Главный продукт или один из главных продуктов, производимых в данном районе.
Наживаться, наживать капитал.
Плата за торговое место.
positioning (such as at eye-level, on the checkout aisle or at a shelf’s “end
cap”). This extra supplier cost (up to $30,000 per brand for a chain for
each individual SKU13) may be reflected in the cost of the products
offered. Some critics have questioned the ethical and legal propriety of
fee payments and their effect on smaller suppliers.
In Britain supermarkets have been accused of squeezing prices to
farmers, forcing small shops out of business, and often favouring imports
over British produce.
In New Zealand, supermarkets have been accused of buying fresh
produce from growers at low prices and selling with ridiculously high
mark-ups, sometimes as high as 500%.
When you shop in a Dutch supermarket, the cashier may routinely ask
you, ‘Do you have a bonus card? Do you save air miles, stamps? Do you
participate in our saving scheme?’ Trying to bind increasingly
opportunistic and less loyal younger customers to their brand with
discounts, air miles and saving funds is a popular ploy of supermarkets,
department stores and petrol stations these days. Other retailers have
customer cards entitling the holder to reductions and special shopping
evenings.
a. List advantages and disadvantages of shopping in supermarkets.
b. Analyze marketing techniques used in shopping.
c. List the ways shops lure an ordinary browser into a helpless
purchaser.
d. Account for ethical and legal propriety of fee payments.
e. Dwell upon high margin and low margin areas in the shops.
f. Draw the parallel between the information above and the
situation in Russia.
g. Comment upon the heading “Creaming14 or Skimming”15?
h. Search the Web for the term BTI (Best Traded Item) and report on it.
i. Expand on the most popular gimmicks that supermarkets use:
1. Deep, spacious baskets and trolleys
2. Loyalty cards
stock-keeping unit — единица учета
«Производство сливок», ценовая стратегия, при которой компания, у которой есть новый
или уникальный продукт, продает его с премией, ожидая, что в будущем ее вынудят снизить
цены, когда конкурирующие компании смогут предложить альтернативный продукт. Но, когда,
это произойдет, фирма уже "взорвет" рынок. При производстве сливок товары продаются по
более высоким ценам, что приводит к снижению продаж ради получения высокой и быстрой
прибыли.
15
«Снятие сливок», стратегия высоких цен (установление высокой цены на новый продукт
с целью получить большую прибыль на начальном этапе, пока конкуренция недостаточно
высока, а затем постепенное снижение цены)
13
14
3. In-store jingles
4. Necessities are way down, or hidden
5. Things always cost .99
6. Buy two and get three
7. Bestsellers
8. Shuffle the cards
9. At eye level
3.8 ROLE-PLAY
Consumer skills
COMPARING PRICES
Situation
Of course, it goes without saying that major retail chains have really
honed and polished their skills in improving the customer experience, and
here we reveal some of the tricks of the trade. There’s nothing wrong with
being tempted into buying a little more, but being aware is a way of
choosing between resisting or yielding. Supermarket trolleys are getting
bigger over the years. Learning to make informed decisions about buying
food will result in economic skills that last a lifetime. You consider the
options available when buying food.
What you must decide:
Learn to make informed buying decisions resulting in the best deal for
you as a consumer. Single out the steps in decision-making.
Cast
Student A
Student B
Student C
Student D
Student E
Student F
Student G
Role-play
Act out a brain-storming discussion of the way for an educated
customer to make wise shopping decisions and to be aware of
advertising and marketing gimmicks with Students A, B, C, D, E, F, G
taking part.
Student A
To understand how buying decisions are made you were asked at your
seminar in economics to make a shopping list of 10 basic food items,
then go to several shops and find out the range of unit cost for each
item. You consult your mother (or any other relative, or any experienced
friend, etc.). You think that to begin with you should consider the first step
“What kind?” The variety of bread available in the super-market is
confusing — French, rye, white, fancy or plain. Brands A, B, C, X, Y, Z!
The next step under discussion should be “How much?”. After deciding
what kind of bread to buy, consumers generally consider the price. Point
out that another consideration figuring into what we buy is the quality of
the product. Suggest that the next step can be: “How good?”. Sometimes
evaluating the quality of a product can be difficult for the customer. For
instance, most food products list natural as well as artificial ingredients.
Some provide nutritional information.






Make use of the helpful phrases:
You will agree that ... .
I’d like to raise the subject of ... .
I would find it difficult to accept it.
At the same time ... .
Please do consider my words very carefully.
That’s what I wanted to talk to you about.
Student B
You help your partner make a shopping list of basic food items. Being a
wise consumer is never easy. A wide variety of prices, brands, sizes, and
advertising gimmicks influence you when you enter a store. Consider the
options available, when buying a loaf of bread. First you have to decide
what kind of bread you need. The occasion or purpose can determine the
kind of bread you will buy. If you know that your grandmother, who loves
rye bread, is coming to visit you, you might want to get some for her.
Eventually there are many things that influence what you buy. You attract
your partner’s attention to the point that some stores indicate the unit price
for the items on the shelves. Ask your partner to take into consideration that
although quality or kind of bread contributes to the price, generally the
larger the quantity, the less per unit cost. Buying in quantity can often help
us spend less.






Make use of the helpful phrases:
That’s one way of looking at it, but ….
Not exactly what I had in mind, but ….
Could I come in here?
I am in favour of it.
In all senses of the word, stay cool.
Could I just correct one small detail?
Student C
Focus your interlocutor’s attention on a very important factor influencing
buyer’s decision — advertising. Brands A, B, C have been around for a
long time and you trust their names. Brand X, however, has just
sponsored a sport event on local television, so you may be more aware of
that product. Brand Z is a newcomer, maybe you want to try it. Assure
your partner that advertising also influences what you think about various
products. Also, the consumer’s decision is a matter of personal taste.
However, you are quite sure that the higher the quality, the higher the
price. You reckon that in the end, the decision what to buy and at what
price and quality level is a personal one.





Make use of the helpful phrases:
I’m sorry I don’t know much about it, but ... .
I’m inclined to think that ... .
I’m not sure you are right about it.
You have my full support.
May I add something to that?
Student D
Still you assume that you are a smart consumer and know how to use
advertising for your purposes. You keep in mind that ads are usually onesided and emphasize only the good qualities of a product. Explain how
ads try to attract consumers by appealing to their emotions. For instance,
diet bread ad shows thin people playing at the beach. Give other
examples. From what you know many factors influence buying decisions,
and choices are not simple for consumers. It’s absolutely true that smart
buyers must obtain product information and then compare and evaluate
that information. Music deeply also affects people’s mood and there are
so many ways to use its influence. Cheerful music which we sing along to
conditions us to buy because of our good mood and attitude; but even a
slower song can make us buy more, getting our pace to about 90 steps
per minute. Music with fewer than 90 beats per minute makes us slow
down unconsciously, and makes us linger in the aisles16.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 My personal opinion is ... .
 I cannot approve of it.
 No, it bears no relation to ... .
 I am all for it.
 I am giving it my backing.
 May I take a point?
 Don’t let them draw the wool over your eyes17.
Student E
You mention another fact. It may seem normal for your interlocutors, but
the mere fact of providing customers with shopping carts and baskets is
one crucial way of making them feel comfortable. You are impressed by
the fact that 75 per cent of those who hold a basket for shopping always
buys something, compared to just 34 percent of those not holding it. In
some countries at the entrance to the supermarket you’ll find a smiling
employee holding out baskets for customers. These plastic containers
with added wheels are as deep as a wishing well: in 20 years the capacity
of the US shopping trolley has doubled.






16
17
Make use of the helpful phrases:
Let me draw your attention to another fact.
I see.
It may seem incredible, but … .
I am impressed, I really am.
It’s a well-known fact that … .
Anyway, … .
задерживаться в проходах
Не позволяйте втирать вам очки (вводить в заблуждение).
Student F
Do your shopping with us and get discounts and prizes. What do
supermarkets get from this strategy? First, they can do sophisticated
market research. Protocol studies are under way that can match our
purchasing behavior in a store to ads on Facebook, and once we receive
a loyalty card we tend to prefer the store that sent it. Finally, it seems that
42 per cent of us, spend more money when we become a card owners,
perhaps because it makes us think that the more we buy, the bigger the
discounts and that therefore we’re spending less. It should be noted that
discounts are generally made on products that we wouldn’t normally
purchase anyway. Supermarket music encourages us to buy more.






Make use of the helpful phrases:
It’s evident that … .
If you permit me … .
What I am saying is this: ...
I am certain of one thing, … .
And another thing, … .
It may seem funny to you, but … .
Student G
You found out that every chain has its own well-coded areas, whether it’s
the entrance area, the bakery or the frozen foods section. But the general
rule that emerges is that all the necessities such as flour, sugar, salt and
especially UHT milk18 sit on shelves that are concealed and distant from
both the entrance and the exit, prolonging wandering among lanes, which
increase the likelihood of buying things that weren’t wanted originally. You
were surprised to learn that the way things are priced is also a technique
to encourage buying. Items that cost 5.00 will be sold for 4.99 and the
reason for it is that so they’re easily remembered. You admit that the most
convenient way for most buyers is to remember just the first digit. So, we
appear to spend less. You found out that this classic offer has been
proven to increase sales by more than 150 per cent. In spite of saving 30
per cent, operations like this lead us to consume far more than usual.
Whilst bestsellers are discounted, other items are made more expensive.
18
ultra heat treated (a process used to extend the shelf life of milk)





Make use of the helpful phrases:
May I interrupt?
I must admit that … .
I was surprised to find that … .
That’s one way of looking at it. But ... .
It’s really common knowledge that ... .
Student H
You noticed that staple products, canned goods, butter and milk attract
people into supermarkets but almost everyone knows how much they cost
on average by heart. To beat the competition and spread the idea of a
convenient price point, best sellers at discounted prices are spread
throughout the store. You are sure that supermarkets then compensate
these by raising prices on other products. When you go shopping there’s
always a dozen products you buy routinely. You assume that it explains
why managers occasionally mix up goods between aisles and shelves.
This means that when we go there to get the usual package of something
, in its place we find another item that is twice as expensive and we think,
“OK, let’s try it”. What is more, more expensive items are placed at eye
level. Below them you will almost always discover cheaper alternatives.
So, you urge your friends to be vigilant.







Make use of the helpful phrases:
I take your point … .
Above all, … .
Let me just say … .
Frankly speaking … .
It leaped to my eye that … .
You are free to disagree with me but … .
This is the way I see it..
Making a Decision
In coming to a decision, consider the following points:

How to make informed buying decisions.

Different advertising gimmicks.

Factors that influence buying decisions.
What other factors should be discussed?
Your decision:
3.9 GRAMMAR BACK UP
PRACTICE WITH VERBS (II)
LEAD-IN
Task 1
a. Familiarize yourself with the text.
b. Rephrase the word combinations in bold type, supplying them
with the appropriate determiners from the box. You may use
some of them more than once or not at all.
unfortunately
already
just now
yet
reluctantly
at last
also
just
recently
lately
always
usually
An Emergency in the Sales Office
John Martin, the Sales Manager, is due back from his business trip
today and there is a pile of work on his desk. Unfortunately, there is also
an unpleasant surprise waiting for him. His very efficient secretary, Sally
Langley, has telephoned to say that she is ill and cannot come into the
office today. By the time the Sales Manager arrives, Elizabeth Corby, the
Managing Director Mr. Grant’s secretary, has coped with the emergency
by going to see the Chief Clerk in the General Office and asking him if he
will lend Mr. Martin one of his assistants while Sally is away.
The Chief Clerk, Mr. Baker, has agreed to lend Fenella, who is
inexperienced but willing. Elizabeth has told her where to find the
stationery, given her a few helpful hints and then left her to her fate. Mr.
Martin has a much bigger emergency to cope with as soon as he arrives.
Thirty desks have failed to arrive in Holland, and the agent there, Mr. Van
Eyck, rings Mr. Martin in a panic because he is responsible for seeing that
they are delivered by a certain date to the Dutch customers. The firm use
forwarding agents to clear the goods through customs, transport them
and deliver them. But something has gone wrong somewhere along the
line. Apart from this, and many other jobs which need his attention. John
has got to report to Mr. Grant on his business trip. They haven’t
discussed the chances of opening up a new market there, who they will
use as an agent and how the money to pay for the goods will be
transferred to Britain. Mr. Grant is likely to decide he wants an irrevocable
letter of credit. A letter of credit is sent by a bank to an exporter informing
him that payment for goods is at the bank. When the exporter proves that
the goods have left the country (by showing a copy of a bill of lading with
the signature of the captain, or person responsible, proving that the goods
have been loaded on to the ship) the money is then paid to the exporter.
The buyer tells his own bank to send a letter of credit to the exporter’s
bank in London. It is therefore a promise to pay as soon as the exporter
has shown proof that he has sent the goods. At the end of the day John
has cleared up some of his work, but poor Fenella is nearly at her wits’
end.
Task 2
c. Consult the Grammar notes below.
d. Translate the text into Russian.
PRACTICE WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT
Look up a Grammar book and find answers to the following questions:
1. What kind of action does the Present Perfect form denote?
The Present perfect form denotes an action completed before the present
moment and connected with it. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb
to have in the Present tense and Participle II of the notional verb.
I’ve already answered four telephone calls.
It’s the third time that they have raised the rent.
The production of furniture has fallen sharply this year.
(It is still this year.)
Exercise 3.9.1.
a. Complete the sentences using the Present Perfect of the verbs in
brackets.
b. Give a short summary of what each of the speakers has said.
Supplier (S.): All right, gentlemen. Shall we start? You ... (study) our
offer, ... (have) you?
Customer (C.): Yes, we ... carefully (examine) it. In principle we ... (find)
the terms and conditions quite acceptable.
S.: Good. If you agree to our proposal it won’t take us long to finalise the
matter.
C.: We hope not, but we’d like to clarify some points. The major point is
the equipment cost. We rate your models’ quality and reliability highly
but you ... (quote) a very high price, I’m afraid. Our firm would find it
difficult to accept it.
S.: I’m not sure you are right about it. $50 per unit is quite a reasonable
price. You see, the total cost may seem a bit high, but it is fully
justified. As you know we ... (improve) the model lately. The alterations
we ... just (make) cover the resources, power cost, the amount and the
quality of the product.
C.: It sounds convincing. As I ... (hear) for a few months already the
consumer’s desire for your production tends to increase, but, probably,
this is no reason for raising the cost so much. As to our firm, with each
successive purchase the financial sacrifice becomes greater than the
satisfaction of getting your equipment. We are inclined to bargain over
prices.
S.: Yes, that is one way of looking at it, but I’d like to point out that there is
a current annual rise in world prices for this particular type of
equipment and materials. And we can hardly ignore it.
C.: Well, I think we’ll have to look into the matter again. Our Consultant
Company ... (present) to us their competitors’ materials this week.
They are the latest. I hope our experts ... already (compare) the
technological characteristics.
S.: Well, I ... (think over) your reasons. My opinion is that we can make the
only concession for you, as we ... (be) good partners for a long time.
As I see it we’ll be able to give you a 2% discount off the value of the
contract.
C.: All right. But I think we need a couple of days to discuss what you ...
just (say) and to give our final reply.
S.: Fine. We are ready to resume the talks at your convenience.
2. Do we use any particular words to modify the Present Perfect?
For the Present Perfect the following words are used quite often:
already
before
by now
ever
for
just
lately
never
not … yet
of late
recently
seldom
since
so far
still
up to
now
yet
John came in with the air of someone who has just finished the task.
Mr. Worthing, I suppose, has not returned from town yet.
It’s nearly 10 o’clock. Has Andrew got the necessary data yet?
— Could you make a shopping list for me? — I have already made it.
I have written six letters this morning. (It is still this morning.)
Exercise 3.9.2.
Write “R” (right) if the tense is used correctly, and “W” (wrong) if it
is not.
1. The production of chemical equipment has fallen sharply 2 years ago.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
There was no demand for it.
We have never planned our expenditure before.
Tom has been hearing for three days already that the government is
inclined to control the prices for major consumer goods and services.
This black evening dress was sold at $100 for a long time, but today
the sellers have changed the price.
The utility of meat has changed for my friend greatly, since he made
a decision to become a vegetarian.
Today I stopped buying tomatoes at the current price as my financial
sacrifice is greater than the satisfaction of eating them.
Did you ever see our assembly shop? You can see the finished
products here. Look, here is the latest model of pumps. We modified
it lately.
Have you seen the latest ads of diet bread yet? It’s very attractive
and emotional.
Exercise 3.9.3.
a. Fill in the blanks. Choose from the following: for, since, yet, ever,
never.
1. The prices for goods have changed a lot … you provided us with
your quotations.
2. Mr. Cooper, I have known you now … something like four years.
3. He has been here … a long time.
4. Is the Sales Manager here? No, he hasn’t arrived … .
5. The suppliers haven’t changed their prices … May.
6. She has worked in London … six months. (= She still works
there now.)
7. What’s the best marketing strategy you have … seen?
8. He has … rated meat highly.
9. Have we … rated this firm as sound?
b. Render the following into English:
1. В этом месяце статистика показала, что потребительский
спрос на нашу продукцию имеет тенденцию к уменьшению.
Но, насколько нам известно, наши эксперты еще не изучили
это явление детально.
2. Ведущие фирмы уже прекратили производство товаров,
требуемых в военный период, так как их предельная
полезность в последнее время изменилась.
3. В этом году мы купили квартиру по текущей цене. Это была
финансовая жертва, но покупка была успешной. В последнее
время цены на квартиры колебались от высоких до очень
высоких. Они никогда не имели тенденции к понижению.
Exercise 3.9.4.
a. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Comment upon
the use of the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.
1. I have lived in York for ten years.(= I still live in York now).
2. He has rated meat very highly for several years. (= He rates it
highly now.)
3. She has bought vegetables at the current price for a long time.
4. I paid by cash for 5 years. (= I do not pay by cash now.)
5. He rated meat very highly for several years but now
he does not eat it at all.
6. She bought vegetables at the current price but at the moment she
can’t afford it.
b. Render the following into English:
1. Вмешивалось ли когда-либо правительство в политику
рыночных цен посредством ценового контроля и карточек для
того, чтобы быть уверенным, что цены на важнейшие
потребительские товары не поднимутся слишком высоко?
2. С тех пор как этот товар стал свободно доступен, спрос на
него резко упал. Его полезность изменилась. А я никогда
прежде не задумывался, что полезность товара напрямую
связана с тем его количеством, которое имеется в наличии
для нужд потребителя.
3. — В последнее время появилось много разнообразных
косметических товаров. Ты когда-либо пыталась оценить
качество этой продукции, сравнивая цены?
— Да, конечно. Но, кроме того, я никогда не покупала товар,
не изучив информации, данной фирмой-производителем и
специалистами в этой области.
4. — Алиса, ты уже составила список основных продуктов
питания, которые нам необходимы на неделю?
— Нет еще. Я обдумываю его уже 30 минут, но еще не
приняла окончательного решения. Я только что слышала
рекламу нового сливочного масла и хочу его попробовать.
— Я никогда не верила рекламе. Но эта звучит убедительно.
Давай рискнем!
5. Ты видел чек из супермаркета? Я не вижу записи о яблоках на
сумму три доллара.
PRACTICE WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
Look up a Grammar book and find answers to the following questions:
1. What action does the Present Perfect Continuous denote? What
words, if any, are used to identify the Present Perfect
Continuous?
I have been working all day.
You are not well today. You look distressed. You have been weeping.
I have been buying pictures since then.
I suppose you have been telling lies again.
I have been looking out for your white dress for the last ten minutes.
For the Present Perfect the following words are used quite often:
for two days
for several hours
all day
since
for a while
for a long time
all week
recently
for (five) years
the whole night
all this time
lately
Exercise 3.9.5.
Choose the correct form.
1.
— Can I have a look at your intake for the month? — Certainly. You
can keep it if you like. I have been reading / have read it.
2.
They have been paying / have paid through a London branch this
month, but we haven’t received the payment yet.
3.
I’m very sorry, but 30 desks have failed / have been failing to arrive
in Holland.
4.
Eve has been saving / has saved nearly two thousand pounds so
far this year.
5.
What’s the matter? Has something been going / has something
gone wrong along the line?
6.
I have always been paying / have always paid by sight draft19. I’m
against irrevocable letter of credit20. Why do you insist on it?
7.
John has been ringing / has rung you up for 2 hours. He is on the
line.
8. Something has happened / has been happening to our forwarding
agent21 in Rotterdam. I can’t locate him.
9. Sally Langley has telephoned / has been telephoning to say that
she is ill and cannot come to the office.
10. John has tried / has been trying to find the file under Bills of Lading
concerning consigned motor vessel “Kelpie”, date of clearance
London Docks, 12th September for 2 hours.
2.
Is it possible to use the Present Perfect Continuous with the
verbs not admitting of the continuous form?
With the verbs not admitting of the continuous form the Present Perfect is
the only tense possible.
“She’s dead — has been dead for hours”, said the doctor.
I’ve heard for a long time already that there is an excess of bicycles on
the home market but our experts keep silence.
3. Which tense is used with non-terminative verbs?
With certain non-terminative verbs, such as to live, to work, to study,
to teach, to travel, etc., both the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect
Continuous are used.
We have worked at the problem for several months.
(The fact is emphasized).
We have been working and working at the problem for months
and I don’t think we are likely to solve it.
(The process is emphasized).
19
Вексель на предъявителя
Безотзывный аккредитив
21 Агент-экспедитор
20
4. Should the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous be
used?
a. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action while with the Present
Perfect Continuous there is an implication of incompleteness.
He has made some payments. Now he has to save.
John is out of money. He has been making some payments.
b. We use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about how long
something has been in progress.
We have been planning our expenditure since 12 o’clock.
How long have you been typing letters?
We use the Present Perfect to talk about what has been achieved in a
period of time.
I’ve typed four letters so far this morning.
We have planned the greater part of our expenditure since 12 o’clock.
c. We use the Present Perfect Continuous for situations which are more
temporary (continuing for a short period).
He has been living there for just a few weeks.
We have been buying milk at the current price for just two days.
We use the Present Perfect for situations which are more permanent
(continuing for a longer time).
You have worked hard all your life.
Exercise 3.9.6.
Complete the sentences using the appropriate tense of the verbs in
brackets.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I’m sorry, I’m late. ... (you / wait) long?
We ... (plan) our expenditures since early morning but we are still in
the process.
Our specialists ... (study) the relative demand for office furniture for 3
months and now they can demonstrate the results of their survey.
They ... (advertize) the new type of shampoo everywhere for a month.
– How long ... you (look for) the shipping documents? – I ... (try) to
find them since morning, but I think it’ll take me the whole day.
You ... (clear up) some of Sally’s work ? It has been a hectic day.
Mr. Best, the Sales Clerk, ... (record) the sales for the month since
January 3.
8. I ... (wait) for half an hour, but in vain. Let’s go to another counter.
9. The National Bank ... (rate) this agent as sound since they got a more
detailed report on his performance.
10. These agents ... (make) the long – term assessment for a week. Do
you think we should hire some more specialists?
6.
7.
PRACTICE WITH THE PAST PERFECT
Ask yourself these questions when checking the Past Perfect Tense.
1. What kind of action does the Past Perfect denote?
The Past Perfect denotes an action completed before a certain moment in
the past. Sometimes the Past Perfect does not denote priority but only the
completion of the action.
After she had cried out, she felt easier.
Fortunately, the hold-up had been investigated before we started.
By that time he had given the exact date of clearance.
2. Are any words used to underline the meaning of the Past Perfect?
They had no sooner sent a letter of credit to an exporter than
the goods were loaded on to the ship.
Nell had scarcely set a note with the memo when the manager
asked her to bring it.
For the sake of emphasis the word order may be inverted.
No sooner had she set a note with the letter than she heard
the trill of the bell.
Hardly had I touched the pillow when I fell asleep.
Exercise 3.9.7.
a. Complete the sentences using the past perfect of the verbs in
brackets.
1. — Why were you so angry when I saw you yesterday? — Oh, I ____
(just / have) a big argument with my parents.
2.
I tried contacting my pen pal when I was in the US, but she ____
(change) her address and no one knew where she _____ (move) to.
3.
He was very nervous when he first drove in Britain because he _____
(not / drive) on the left before.
4.
When I heard his voice on the phone, I knew I _____ (speak) to him
before. Then I remembered I _____ (already / meet) him. I also
remembered that I _____ (not like) him very much.
b. Put one verb in each sentence into the past perfect and the other into
the past simple.
1. I _____ (not / laugh) at the joke because I _____ (hear) it before.
2.
Andy _____ (do) the test before, so he _____ (find) it very easy.
3.
— Did you catch the train yesterday? — No, it _____ (already / leave)
when we _____ (get) to the station.
4.
We _____ (leave) the restaurant when we _____ (have) dinner.
5.
When I found my wallet I _____ (discover) that somebody _____
(take) the credit cards out of it.
Exercise 3.9.8.
Choose the correct tense.
1.Suddenly I realized that the financial sacrifice ... greater than my
satisfaction of buying video films at the current price.
(A)
became
(B)
had became
(C)
has become
(D)
had become
2.This year Bob Hardiman ... yet the time to be qualified for the full
pension.
(A)
has not completed
(B)
does not completed
(C)
has completed
(D)
had not completed
3. Everybody noticed how upset she was. She ... ration stamps for
meat, butter and sugar.
(A)
looses
(B)
has lost
(C)
lost
(D)
had lost
4. A consumer, who ... already enough items of a commodity, was not
interested in getting more of it.
(A)
bought
(B)
has bought
(C)
have bought
(D)
had bought
5.They ... the prices in advance that’s why when planning our
expenditure we must accept these fixed prices.
(A)
fixed
(B)
(C)
(D)
have fixed
‘d fix
had fixed
6.Hardly Elizabeth ... with the emergency, when she saw a pile of
work on Mr. Bell’s desk.
(A)
coped
(B)
(C)
(D)
has coped
had cope
had coped
7.When the exporter ... that the goods … the country the money is
then paid to the exporter.
(A)
proved … had already left
(B)
(C)
(D)
had prove … had already leaved
had proved … already left
had to prove … have already leaved
8. A letter of credit is a promise to pay as soon as the exporter …
proof that he ... the goods.
(A)
has shown … had sent
(B)
(C)
(D)
has shown … sent
shown … has send
has showed … has sent already
9.Simon wasn’t at home when I phoned. He ... out .
(A)
had went
(B)
had gone
(C)
(D)
has gone
gone
10.
Sally was at the General Office when we arrived, but she ... out
soon afterwards to cope with the emergency in the Sales Office.
(A)
(B)
(C)
had gone
went
has gone
(D)
had go
11.
When John Martin cleared some of his work, Fenella ... the
copies of the shipping documents for the thirty M-type desks sent to
the Netherlands.
(A)
brought
(B)
had brought
(C)
have to bring
(D)
has brought
12.
A letter was sent by the bank to the exporter informing him that
payment for goods ... .
(A)
made
(B)
was made
(C)
(D)
had been made
has been made
Exercise 3.9.9.
Translate into English.
1. Когда я обнаружил, что цены не были установлены заранее, я
стал торговаться.
2. К определенному моменту предельная полезность этих
товаров изменилась, и потребители прекратили покупать их
по текущей цене.
3. После того, как мы спланировали расходы, мы решили не
выбрасывать деньги на ветер. Мы купили дачу, но были
вынуждены принять цену продавца, так как она была
назначена заранее.
4. Едва потребители получили компьютеры в избытке, как спрос
на них упал.
5. После того как запас товара увеличился, полезность этого
товара снизилась.
PRACTICE WITH THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Ask yourself these questions when checking the Past Perfect Continuous.
1.
What kind of action does the Past Perfect Continuous denote?
We use the present perfect continuous for an action that began in the past
and is still happening now.
We couldn’t go out because it had been raining since early
morning.
We couldn’t find this letter in the “in” tray because Sally
had not been sorting the letters for four days and
it was due to come the day before yesterday.
___ earlier past ___
George Duncan had been waiting for an hour,
__ past__
when Mr. Grant agreed to see him.
The consumers had been bargaining over prices for a long time
when the seller made a discount at last.
Bob Hardiman had been working for “Harper & Grant Ltd”
for 30 years when he had to leave the company.
2.
Which tense is usually used with the verbs not admitting of the
continuous form?
With the verbs not admitting of the Continuous the Past Perfect is the only
tense possible.
The reception girl had seen the stranger for five minutes already
before that man noticed her.
3. Which tense do we usually use with non-terminative verbs?
With certain non-terminative verbs, such as to live, to work, etc. both the Past
Perfect and the Past Continuous are used.
He said he had worked for twenty years.
(The fact is emphasized).
He said he had been working for a long time without achieving
final results.
(The process is emphasized).
Exercise 3.9.10.
Complete the sentences using the correct tense.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Our company _____ (produce) office equipment for nearly 2 years
when we _____ (realize) that the consumers demand for it _____
(go) down.
Before the young manager _____ (go) to Africa, he _____ (disccuss)
his preliminary desk research with his CEO and finally he _____ (get)
a reservation for a first-class return flight to Cape Town.
The managing director _____ (examine) the data provided by the
Consultant company since he arrived. And now he _____ (be busy)
with them as well, he is going to discuss the results with the
specialists.
The Sales Manager _____ (argue) with CEO for an hour, when he
_____ (decide) to leave the firm.
I _____ (know) about a first-class reputation of the manufacturing
plant for several years before I _____ (make) a decision to place an
order with it.
If your coat _____ (wear) out in a year, it certainly _____ (not, be)
good value.
Exercise 3.9.11.
Translate into English.
1. Долгое время я ценил мясо очень высоко, до того, как я стал
вегетарианцем и предпочел овощи и фрукты мясу.
2. Мы выпускали новую модель подводной лодки в течение двух
лет, когда спрос на нее неожиданно упал.
3. Агенты не могли поднять цену на квартиру, потому что цена на
аренду жилья в некоторых городах Америки находилась под
контролем законодательства со времен нехватки жилья.
4. Потребитель покупал товар по текущей цене в течение
нескольких недель, когда, наконец, он понял, что его
финансовая жертва была больше, чем его удовлетворение от
покупки данного товара.
5. Участники встречи обсуждали проблему контроля цен и
введения карточек в течение двух часов, прежде чем они
пришли к выводу, что это единственный путь борьбы с
временными нехватками продуктов.
PRACTICE WITH ADJECTIVES
Ask yourself these questions when checking adjectives.
1. What is the place of an adjective in English?
a. An adjective can come in two places in a sentence:
— before a noun
According to our basic needs and additional individual wants
we require different kinds of commodities.
— after the verbs be, become, look, appear, seem, feel, taste, smell,
sound, ... etc. when we describe the subject of a sentence.
Our wants are very complex.
The price seems high.
The soup smells good, but tastes awful.
b. A few adjectives can come after a verb, but not before a noun: asleep,
alone, alive, awake, afraid, ill, well.
He is asleep. (not: an asleep man)
Before nouns we use :
sleeping
instead of
asleep
( a sleeping man )
living
instead of
alive
( a living habit )
frightened
instead of
afraid
( a frightened animal )
sick
instead of
ill
( a sick child )
healthy
instead of
well
( healthy people )
c. In expressions of measurement, the adjective normally comes after the
measurement noun.
He’s eighteen years old.
I’m 1.80 metres tall.
Exercise 3.9.12.
Open the brackets and complete each sentence using the most suitable
adjectives.
1. Production Manager was worrying about the future of the company
because the old Chaiman was seriously ____. He was a very ____
person. (sick / ill).
2. The deep and ____ influence which he exerted upon society is
highly appreciated. (healthy / well).
3. You look ____. You are so pale and tired. (sick / ill).
4. He was ____ (afraid / frightened). Suddenly he saw ____ (a
sleeping / an asleep) man in the dark room.
5. The little boy was ____ (alone / a lonely) in the whole world. He
resembled ____ (a frightened / an afraid) bird.
6. In some of Canadian provinces it is ____ (a living / alive) tradition
to give Christmas “boxes” of gifts on December 26th to those, who
have served the family throughout the year and also among the
family and children.
7. Nurses look after ____ (sick / ill) people.
8. I am (afraid / frightened) that if there is an excess of consumer
goods, the relative demand for them will go down.
2. What is the order of adjectives when we use two or more adjectives
together?
a. When we use two or more adjectives together, “opinion” adjectives (nice,
beautiful) normally go before “fact” adjectives (sunny, blue).
a nice sunny day
a beautiful blue dress
b. When two or more fact adjectives come before a noun, they normally go in
the following order:
size + age + shape + colour + origin + material + purpose + NOUN
a large plastic box (size + material)
a young Russian girl (age + origin)
a tall thin man (size + shape)
a black plastic shopping bag (colour + material + purpose)
Exercise 3.9.13.
Put the words in the right order:
e.g. is / a / generous / Kate / woman / very.
— Kate is a very generous woman.
1. There was an excess of (spiral / thin / writing / imported) blocks,
but we needed the thick ones.
2. We tried to bargain over two (round / expensive / wooden / large)
tables.
3. For him the purchase of a pair of (leather / costly / black) shoes is
a financial sacrifice.
4. blue / seen / have / my / you / T-shirt ?
5. I’m afraid customers will soon stop buying (red / those / plastic /
cheap) raincoats.
6. People with lower incomes rate the utility of (Japanese / tiny) TV
sets very highly.
7. I cannot approve of buying too much (French / fancy / white) rolls.
8. My son is inclined to think that (black / high / English / leather /
new) boots are a must for a teenage boy.
Exercise 3.9.14.
Choose the underlined word or word-combination that is incorrect.
1. I’m afraid we should have a two-weeks field survey to find out
A
B
the relative demand for these nine-pound T-shirts outside the UK.
C
D
2. If a period of employment is interrupted for more than six
A
months, the employee has to work a further period to be
B
C
entitled to a full pension. The period is five year long.
D
3. Price controls and ration stamps introduction has been discussed
A
during a two-day summit as a well-known way of dealing with
B
C
temporary shortages of gasoline and heating oil.
D
4. It’ll be half an hour walk. The distance is only a two miles long.
A
B
C
D
5. Our customers are usually offered a ten pages catalogue
A
B
containing information about our firm’s products.
C
D
6. Peter Wiles, Production Manager, and John Martin, Sales
Manager, are young and very adventurous. Their CEO is only
A
ten year older, but he is inclined to be cautious and firmly
B
C
believes that he knows the best way to run a business.
D
7. When Henryk was fourteen years old he was interesting in the
A
B
control of the underground school market.
C
D
8. At last Tom saw the new coloured book he was looking for, the
A
B
price was $15. And he had only five-dollar note for his needs.
C
D
9. Most people like using e-mail because it is more faster and convenient
A
B
C
than the postal service.
D
10. I know I work as hard as for my English teacher as my computer
A
B
C
teacher, but more often than not I get A’s in computer science and C’s in
D
English.
PRACTICE WITH COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES
Ask yourself these questions about comparatives and superlatives.
1. Is the comparative or superlative form correct?
Irregular comparatives and superlatives are as follows:
good adj
better
best
well adv
better
best
bad adj
worse
worst
badly adv
worse
worst
little adj / adv
less
least
many adj
more
most
much adj / adv
more
most
far adj / adv
farther, further
farthest, furthest 22
late adj / adv
later
last (final)
latest (most recent)
Note that further ( but not farther ) can mean “more” or “in addition”. [e.g. Stop doing it if you
have any further complaints. (=any more complaints)].
22
old adj
older, elder
oldest, eldest 23
2. Is the comparative or superlative used correctly?
a. Comparatives and superlatives are used to modify a noun or after a
verb.
The higher price would discourage the customers.
The lowest price I can afford is $47 per unit.
A point in time comes when the financial sacrifice is greater than the
satisfaction of eating bananas.
b. Before a comparative we can use (very)much, a lot, a little, a bit,
rather or far: very much taller, a lot more important, a little cheaper, a
bit more expensive, rather colder, far more interesting.
Before a superlative we often use by far or easily: by far the
cheapest, easily the most attractive.
c. The superlative is used in the following structures:
After superlatives we use in to show what place we are talking about.
Of is not normally used, but it is possible in expressions the happiest
day of my life, the hottest day of the year and after a superlative
without a noun:
This is the least expensive of the butcher’s products.
3. Is the parallel comparison used correctly?
When a two-clause sentence begins with a comparative, the second
clause also begins with a comparative.
The higher the price is, the fewer bananas we’ll buy.
Exercise 3.9.15.
In the following paragraph, write the correct forms of the words in
brackets. Add the necessary words such as more, less, than, or the.
Instead of living in a campus I decided to rent an apartment with my three
friends. Our new dwelling is a lot larger (large) and more confortable
23
We use older/oldest but not elder/eldest in comparisons. [e.g. My sister is older than me. (not
elder than me)]. We use elder/eldest mostly to talk about members of a family (my elder sister).
than (comfortable) our shared room in the hostel. In fact, it is (1)
__________ (big) and (2) __________ (luxurious) apartment that we
have lived in. It has four bedrooms. My bedroom is (3) _________ (small)
of the four, but it has (4) _________ (good) view of the park across the
street. My friend Elly’s bedroom is next to mine. It is (5) _________ (same
size) as our shared room in our old place. Elly chose it becase it is (6)
_________ (close) to the bathroom of all the bedrooms. She thinks she is
going to be first in the bathroom during the morning rush. No way! She
spends a half hour making herself beautiful, which is (7) _________
(long) the rest of us combined. Thus, I have to get up (8) _________
(early) Elly if I want to get to university on time.
Exercise 3.9.16.
Underline any comparative that is used incorrectly.
e.g. Northern Mexico generally receives less rain than does Central
Mexico.
1. Fancy bread24 is the more tasty and popular of all kinds of bread in
the shop.
2. Iowa produces the more feed corn than any other state.
3. The cheaper of the two suitcases was more suitable for short trips.
4. The other side of the settlement has a better supply of foodstuffs.
5. Waiting to be reduced is highest of the two prices.
6. Evaluating the quality of a product can be difficult for a customer.
The higher the quality, the higher the price.
7. Choices are not simpler for consumers because many factors
influence buying decisions.
8. More often than not a smart buyer makes best buying decisions
than an inexperienced one.
Exercise 3.9.17.
Make sentences using the structure:
the + comparative clause , the + comparative clause
e.g. (small) a purchase is / (easy) it is to adjust the budget.
24
Сдобный хлеб
The smaller a purchase is, the easier it is to adjust the budget.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(complicated) the problem / (hard) it is to find a solution.
(wise) the choice is / (good) the quality of a product is.
(big) a car is / (expensive) it is to run.
(bad) the weather / (dangerous) it is to drive on the roads.
(old) he gets / (thoughtful) he becomes.
(fast) he tried to work / (little) he was able to accomplish.
(many) advances and improvements are made in technology,
(convenient) the banking transactions become.
(much) populated the area becomes, (much) noise one has to
contend with.
(high) the price of the unique item is, the (much) appreciated it
becomes.
Exercise 3.9.18.
Put for correct sentences; rewrite the incorrect ones.
1. This is one of most expensive restaurants in Milton.
2. Let your child choose the most and the least expensive ways to
purchase goods.
3. Only a smartest consumer knows how to use advertising for his
purposes.
4. The better educated one is, the less likely is one to be
unemployed.
5. I think that was one of the worse days of my life.
6. Today there are less and less jobs which require unskilled labour.
7. My neighbour is one of the boringest people I know.
8. What is the most popular brand of beer in your pub?
9. Tell me if you have any farther problems. (= any more problems)
10. The eldest customer was given a free basket of food.
Exercise 3.9.19.
Fill in the blanks with a or the whenever necessary.
1. Don’t you know that in … most of London buses fares depend on
the distance travelled.
2. When offering a new job, … most firms select from the total
number of applicants a small number who they think have … best
qualifications on paper.
3. This is … most efficient way of improving the sales.
4. This is not surprising that … most of … English regard themselves
as sportsmen.
5. When he was in prison they fed him on thin soup and dry bread …
most of which was mouldy.
6. … Most of all, yuppies are Professional: they can be seen setting
off to work every day in … most elegant business suits and
pretentious dresses.
7. This has been the best year in the company’s history, … most
productive in output and certainly less hard than the previous one.
8. Who were you given this information by? It sounds … most
interesting and convincing.
9. The experts gave us … most (чрезвычайно) important advice.
Very vital indeed!
10. We already know that … most foodstuffs are in the perishable
category.
11. You see, … most important thing when interviewing a candidate is
his character, his ability to react, his intelligence and his
suitability for the position.
12. Find out the way to use money … most effectively.
13. Thank you for … most impressive preliminary report.
Exercise 3.9.20.
Render the following in English:
1. — Посмотри! Это новый сорт хлеба, его рекламируют по ТВ
каждый день. Эта цена мне кажется высокой ... .
— Да, совершенно верно, но этот хлеб пахнет и вправду
хорошо и выглядит восхитительно! Я за то, чтобы его купить.
2. Пожалуйста, прислушайся к моим словам внимательно: вот
эта большая черная кожаная сумка чуть-чуть дороже, но я
думаю, что ее качество гораздо лучше, чем у той сумки из
искусственной кожи. Общеизвестно, что чем выше качество,
тем более высокую цену вы должны заплатить за товар.
3. Во времена дефицита контроль над ценами так же важен, как
и введение карточек на продукты питания и потребительские
товары.
4. Научные исследования подтверждают тот факт, что чем
больше единиц товара покупает потребитель, тем меньше
становится его желание иметь этот товар. Экономисты
называют эту тенденцию “Закон об убывающей предельной
полезности”.
5. — По-моему, разнообразие потребительских товаров на рынке
делает проблему выбора нужного вам товара более сложной.
— Я полностью согласен с тобой, но думаю, что выбрать
товар не так сложно, как оценить качество продукта.
Glossary
accept v
1. to take or receive (something offered or given) , esp.
willingly
2. to take or receive as satisfactory or reasonable, often
unwillingly
3. to recognize as being true or right
advance n
1. forward movement
2. money provided before the proper time
3. loan
in advance
advertise v
(for)
ahead in time; beforehand
to make (something for sale, services offered, a room to
rent, etc.) known to the public, e.g. in a newspaper or on
TV
advertisement n something used for advertising things, such as a notice
on a wall or in a newspaper, or a short film shown on TV
appropriate adj
correct or suitable for a particular situation or occasion
bargain n
1. an agreement, made between two people or groups,
to do something in return for something else
2. something for sale or bought for less than its real value
pl (bargains)
transactions carried out on a stock exchange
bargain v
to talk about the conditions of a sale, agreement, or
contract; negotiate
commodity n
an article of trade or commerce, esp. a mineral or farm
product
concern v
to be about
confuse v
1. to cause to be mixed up in one’s mind; bewilder
2. to mix up in one’s mind
consider v
1. to think about, esp. in order to make a decision;
examine
2. to take into account
3. to regard as
diminish v
to (cause to) become or seem smaller
emphasize v
to place emphasis on
emphasis n
special force or attention given to something to show
that it is particularly important
price emphasis
a policy that gives attention to prices on order to
promote sales
de-emphasis
a pricing policy on the basis of the perceived value of
a commodity
evaluate v
to calculate or judge the value or degree of
excess n
1. something more than is reasonable; more than a
reasonable degree or amount
2. an amount by which something is greater than
something else
expenditure n
spending or using up
interfere v (in)
to enter into or take part in a matter which does not
concern one, and in which one is not wanted
margin n
1. an amount by which one thing is greater than another
2. part of the total cost of a product or service that
represents the producer’s profit, usually expressed as a
percentage of revenue
marginal adj
in economics, means resulting from the addition of one
more unit
obtain v
to become the owner of , esp. by means of effort or
planning
option n
1. the freedom to choose
2. one of a number of courses of action that are possible
and may be chosen
pricing n
method used to set a price, specifically by equating
supply with demand
loss-leader
pricing
odd-even
(=off-even)
pricing
selling a popular product at a loss, hoping to attract
customers who will also buy other products
selling items for 99.99 dollars, for example, instead
of100 dollars
purchase n
an act of buying
purchase v
to buy
quality n
the degree to which something is excellent; standard of
goodness
quantity n
the fact of being measurable; amount
quote v
to state a price, e.g. for services offered
rate n
1. a quantity such as value, cost, or speed, measured by
its relation to some other amount
2. a charge or payment fixed according to a standard
scale
rate v
to have the stated opinion about; value
relate v
1. to concern; be about or be directed towards
2. to have a connection with
relation n
relationship
sacrifice v
to lose or give up, esp. for a good purpose or to gain a
desirable effect
sacrifice n
loss or giving up of something of value, esp. for what is
believed to be a good purpose
shortage n
a condition of having less than is needed; an amount
lacking
stock n
1. a supply of something for use
2. money lent to a government or company, on which
interest is paid
surplus n
(an amount) additional to what is needed or used
tend v
to have a tendency; be likely (to do or be) something; do
or be often or usually
unit n
a single complete thing
per unit cost
an amount of money spent to produce one item
usefulness n
effectiveness in use
utility n
characteristic of a commodity to satisfy a want
Topics for the Power Point presentations:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Utility & Usefulness
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
The Basics of the Pricing Policy
“Loss-leader” pricing
“Odd-even” pricing
Price emphasis
Price de-emphasis
How to make informed buying decisions resulting in the best deal
for a consumer (Role-play)
9. How to lure an ordinary browser into a helpless purchaser
10. Marketing strategies
11. Rules of letter-writing
Progress Check
Unit 3
COMPREHENSION
I.
Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.
1. Economists say that utility determines “the relationship between a
consumer and a commodity / a buyer and a seller”.
2. If there is a shortage / an excess of paper, the relative demand
for paper will go down.
3. The utility of a commodity therefore increases / decreases as the
consumer’s stock of that commodity decreases / increases.
4. Our basic needs / our additional individual wants are often very
complex.
5. In some systems / In most economic systems it is possible for
an individual to bargain over prices, because they are not fixed in
advance.
6. The interaction of buyers and sellers determines the utility of the
commodity / the price for goods and services.
7. If the price is too low, a shortage / a surplus will develop thereby
driving up the price.
8. At the equilibrium price the supply, quantity people are willing to
buy / quantity offered for sale, equals the demand.
9. The consumer will stop buying a commodity at the current price
when his financial sacrifice / its marginal utility is greater than
the satisfaction of possessing the commodity.
10. The usefulness / utility of a commodity is also related to the
quantity, which is available to the consumer.
II.
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
11.
«Utility» is an economic term
introduced by Daniel Bernoulli
1.
referring
a
with consumer behavior
theories, which assume that
consumers will strive to
maximize their utility.
2.
The economic utility of a good
or service is important to
understand because
b
will yield 12 utils, that individual
will know that eating the pasta
will be more satisfying.
3.
A consumer’s utility is hard to
measure, however, but it can
be determined indirectly
c
to the total satisfaction received
from consuming a good or
service.
d
that the average bowl of pasta
will yield 2 additional utils will
help them price pasta slightly
higher than pizza.
Classical economists operate
under the assumption that all
4.
utilities can
To help with this quantitative
measurement of satisfaction,
5.
the designation of a util was
created to represent
6.
If, for example, an individual
judges that a piece of pizza will
e
f
it will directly influence the
demand, and therefore price, of
that good or service.
the amount of psychological
satisfaction a specific good or
yield 10 utils and that a bowl of
pasta
7.
service generates, for a subset
of people in various situations.
For the producers of pizza and
pasta, knowing
1.
2.
3.
g
4.
be measured as a hard
number.
5.
6.
7
12.
Total utility (TU) is defined as
1.
the total amount of satisfaction
that a person
from a particular good or
a
service, and is used in analysis
of consumer preference within
a marketplace.
Total utility is the aggregate
2.
3.
4.
5.
level of satisfaction or
the highest possible level of
b
fulfillment that
spend.
Each individual unit of a good
by attempting to acquire the
or service has its own marginal
c
most satisfaction possible in
utility, and the total utility
the most affordable way.
Classical economic theory
a consumer receives through
suggests that all consumers
d
the consumption of a specific
want to get
good or service.
Utility refers to the amount of
from a particular good or
satisfaction or happiness that is
e
derived
6.
total utility for the money they
As part of the theory of the
service through the duration of
its lifespan.
f
can receive from the
consumer or the consumer
consumption of all units of a
demand theory, consumer
specific product or service.
action is driven toward utility
maximization
Total utility includes the
7.
is simply the sum of all the
satisfaction derived
g
marginal utilities of the
individual units.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
13.
To better understand total
utility, one must understand the
1.
law of diminishing marginal
utility,
The first good consumed
provides the highest marginal
2.
utility,
Therefore, total utility grows
3. less rapidly
a
b
that the primary goal of the
consumer is to achieve the
largest amount of utility for the
least amount of cost.
c
to increase their total utility with
each additional unit of
consumption.
d
which states that as more of a
single good or service is
consumed, the additional
satisfaction, referred to as
marginal satisfaction, drops.
e
as well as a desire to achieve
as much satisfaction from the
In order to maximize total
utility, consumers seek
4.
5.
Given their limited resources,
consumers will make choices in
to achieve different
combinations of goods and
services.
an attempt
6.
consumption of goods and
services as possible.
Economic theory regarding
consumer activities suggests
f
This is partly due to the limited
7. amount of funds a person may
possess,
1.
2.
3.
g
4.
the second good has a lower
marginal utility, and so on.
with each additional unit of the
same good or service.
5.
6.
7.
14.
1.
Marginal utility is the additional
satisfaction a consumer gains
a
Marginal utility is an important
2.
economic concept because
and how that affects consumer
decision making.
to explain the economic reality
b
of price, which they believed
was driven by a product’s
utility.
Positive marginal utility is
3.
economists use it to determine
c
how much of an item a
consumer will buy.
Negative marginal utility is
4.
that the first unit of
d
consumption of a good or
service has more utility than
the next units of consumption.
Economists use the concept of
5.
marginal utility to measure
happiness and pleasure,
when the consumption of an
e
additional item increases the
total utility.
They have also identified the
6.
7.
when the consumption of an
law of diminishing marginal
f
additional item decreases the
utility, which means
total utility.
The idea of marginal utility
from consuming one more unit
resulted from 19th-century
g
of a good or service.
economists attempting
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.
15. Match each of the phrases on the left with an appropriate
explanation on the right.
1.
commodity
a
something that a person desires, either right
now or in the future
2.
utility
b
insufficient to satisfy the need or demand
3.
basic needs
c
to reduce in relative importance
additional
4.
individual
an agreement between two or more people as
d
to what each will do for the other
wants
total utility
5.
basic goods and services (food, shelter,
e
clothing, etc.) necessary for a minimum
standard of living
6.
7.
scarce
bargain
f
g
a substance or product that can be traded,
bought, or sold
the act of expending something, especially
funds
price de-
8.
h
emphasis
excess
9.
i
expenditure
an amount of something that is more than
necessary, permitted, or desirable
pleasure or derived by a person from the
consumption of a good or service
the total amount of satisfaction a person
10.
j
receive from the consumption of all units of a
specific product
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
16
advertisement
1.
the policy by which a company determines the
a
wholesale and retail prices for its products or
services
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
scarcity
to evaluate
price emphasis
margin
pricing policy
advertising
b
c
d
e
f
g
the power or right of choosing
a public notice or announcement, usually paid
for, as of things for sale, needs, etc
the amount or number of something, especially
that can be measured
to show that price is very important or worth
giving attention to
a situation in which something is not easy to
find or get
to judge or calculate the quality, importance,
amount, or value of something
quality
8.
h
quantity
9.
10.
i
option
1.
2.
j
3.
the edge or border of something
a means of communication with the users of a
product or service
the standard of something as measured against
other things of a similar kind
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
17
1.
to bargain over
a
marginal utility
2.
an insufficient amount of something
psychological pricing method based on the
b
belief that certain prices are more appealing to
buyers
3.
4.
5.
shortage
loss-leader
pricing
off-even (oddeven) pricing
c
d
e
rate
6.
to discuss prices in order to make an
agreement to buy, sell or exchange smth.
a loss or something you give up
the quality or fact of being useful
a. a supply accumulated for future use
f
b. a share of a company held by an individual
or group
7.
sacrifice
g
an organization’s strategy that combines all of
its marketing goals
stock
the additional utility gained from the
8.
h
consumption of one additional unit of a good or
service
usefulness
an aggressive pricing whereby a retail outlet
9.
i
sells particular desirable products below their
cost to attract customers
10.
marketing
j
strategy
1.
2.
3.
the amount of a charge or payment expressed
as a percentage of another amount
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
18
1.
2.
surplus
per unit cost
a
b
the price at which the quantity of a product
supplied matches the quantity demanded
the total amount of a product available for
purchase at any specified price
3.
in advance
c
a deduction from the usual cost of something
4.
supply
d
an excess of production or supply
5.
6.
7.
8.
demand
equilibrium
price
merchandise
discount
e
f
g
h
an exchange of money for a particular good or
service
expenditure incurred in producing one unit of a
good or service
the consumer’s need or desire to own the
product or experience the service
a person who compares prices within a service
field, weighs the choices of spending money on
that item, saving or spending the money on
something else
purchase
9.
10.
smart
2.
particular thing
the manufactured goods bought and sold in any
j
consumer
1.
before a particular time, or before doing a
i
3.
business
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition.
19.
The utilities sector is a category of stocks … (1) … utilities such as gas
and power. The sector contains companies such as electric, gas and
water firms, and integrated providers. Because utilities require significant
infrastructure, these firms often carry large amounts … (2) … debt; … (3)
… a high debt load, utilities companies become sensitive … (4) …
changes … (5) … the interest rate. As high-yielding equity investments,
utility stocks are subject … (6) … interest rate risk. As a result, higher
interest rates mean increased cost of capital for utility companies. … (7)
… 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a
plan for lowering carbon pollution … (8) … domestic power plants … (9)
… 30% from 2005 levels by 2030. Electric utilities rely mostly … (10) …
coal.
1.
20.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as a person
increases consumption … (1) … a product while keeping consumption of
other products constant, there is a decline … (2) … the marginal utility
that person derives … (3) … consuming each additional unit of that
product. Marginal utility is derived as the change … (4) … utility as an
additional unit is consumed. Marginal utility may decrease … (5) …
negative utility, as it may become entirely unfavorable to consume
another unit … (6) … any product. The first unit of consumption … (7) …
any product is typically highest, … (8) … every unit of consumption to
follow holding less and less utility. Consumers handle the law of
diminishing marginal utility … (9) … consuming numerous quantities …
(10) … numerous goods.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
21.
As units are consumed, the consumer often receives less utility or
satisfaction … (1) … consumption, e.g. there is a consumer wishing to
purchase an additional burger. If this consumer is willing to pay $10 … (2)
… that additional burger, then the marginal benefit … (3) … consuming
that burger remains equal … (4) … the initial purchase … (5) … $10.
However, if the consumer determines he is only willing to spend $9 … (6)
… the second burger, the marginal benefit is $9. The more burgers the
consumer has, the less he wants to pay … (7) … the next one. Even
though the consumer is willing to pay $10 … (8) … the burger, $10 is not
necessarily the burger’s price; the price is determined … (9) … market
forces. The difference … (10) … the market price and the price the
consumer is willing to pay is called consumer surplus.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
22.
A marginal benefit is the additional satisfaction or utility that a person
receives … (1) … consuming an additional unit of a good or service. A
person’s marginal benefit is the maximum amount he is willing to pay to
consume that additional unit of a good or service. … (2) … a normal
situation, the marginal benefit decreases as consumption increases. Also
referred … (3) … as marginal utility, marginal benefit applies … (4) … any
additional unit purchased … (5) … consumption … (6) … the first unit has
been acquired. Utility is a term used to describe the level of satisfaction a
consumer has assigned … (7) … the unit being consumed. Often
expressed … (8) … the number of dollars a consumer is willing to spend
… (9) … a unit, utility assumes a consumer finds a minimum amount of
intrinsic value equal … (10) … the dollar amount paid for the item.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
WORD BUILDING
Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in
capitals when it is necessary.
I.
23.
The law of diminishing marginal returns goes by a
number of … names, including law of
24.
diminishing returns, principle of diminishing marginal PRODUCT
… and law of variable proportions.
25.
This law affirms that the … of a larger amount of
one factor of production,
ADD
26.
while all others remain constant, … by the Latin
term “ceteris paribus,”
IDENTIFY
27. inevitably yields … per-unit incremental returns.
23
24
25
26
DIFFER
DECREASE
27
II.
28.
A loss leader is a product or service at a price that is not PROFIT
… but is sold or offered in order to attract
29.
new customers or to sell additional products and
SUCCESS
services to those customers. The loss leader can be a …
10. strategy if … properly. For businesses who use the
EXECUTE
31.
loss leader strategy, the … risk is that clients may only
take advantage
BIG
32.
of the loss leader … and not use any of the business’s
other products and services.
PRICE
28
29
30
31
32
III.
33. … pricing is setting the price of a product or
COMPETE
34. service based on what the … is charging.
COMPETE
35.
When a company is unable to anticipate … price
changes or is not equipped
36. to make … changes in a timely fashion,
37.
CORRESPOND
a … may offer to match advertised competitor
prices.
33
34
35
COMPETE
RETAIL
36
37
IV.
38. A … is a situation in which demand for a good or
SHORT
service exceeds the available supply.
39.
Possible causes of a shortage include … of demand CALCULATE
by a company producing a good or service,
40.
resulting in the … to keep up with demand, or
ABLE
government policies such as price fixing or rationing.
41.
… disasters that devastate the physical landscape
of a region can also cause shortages
NATURE
42.
of such … products as food and housing, also
leading to higher prices of those goods.
ESSENCE
38
39
40
41
42
V.
Use the –ing, -er, -ness, -ion, -ist, -ment, -ship, -ity suffixes to make
the names of the following. If you need to use a dictionary, try
looking up the words in bold.
43. The state of being scarce or in short supply.
44. The quality or fact of being useful.
45. The act or process of advertising something.
46. A person who studies or specializes in economics.
47. The state of being related or interrelated.
48. A person who consumes goods and services for his or her own
personal needs.
49. The business of preparing advertisements for publication or
broadcast
50. Method adopted by a firm to set its selling price.
GRAMMAR BACK UP.
Practice with Verbs (II). Practice with Adjectives.
I. Choose the option (A, B, C or D) that best completes the sentence.
51. … of the two decisions was to reduce the price.
A. a better
B. the best
C. a much better
D. the better
52. Buying in quantity can help you save money as ... the quantity ...
per unit cost.
A. the larger ... the less
B. the largest … the less
C. the larger ... the least
D. the larger ... as the less
53. If the price had been … the customer might have bought ...
bananas.
A. higher … less
B. more higher … more fewer
C. high …fewer
D. higher …fewer
54. We should have a field survey to find out exactly the relative
demand for these …T-shirts outside … .
A. nine-pound …UK
B. nine-pounds … the UK
C. nine-pound …Great Britain
D. nine-pounds …the Great Britain
55. The production of pianos ... sharply this year.
A. have fallen
B. fell
C. has fall
D. has fallen
56. The consumers … over prices for a long time when the seller
made a discount at last.
A. were bargaining
B. have been bargaining
C. had been bargaining
D. bargained
57. Model M20 machines ... around for a long time, but they have
stopped producing them now.
A. have been
B. have been being
C. were
D. had been
58. I ... for two weeks already that the consumer’s desire for our
production tends to diminish but you haven’t provided any proof
yet.
A. have heard
B. have been hearing
C. am hearing
D. hear
59. The employee has to work … to be entitled to a full pension if a
period of employment is interrupted.
A. a farther period
B. a further period
C. a furthest period
D. a farthest period
60. Utility varies between different people and nations. Some need
submarines, ... don’t rate them highly.
A. others
B. another
C. the other
D. other
61. The thirty M-type desks … .
A. haven’t arrived in Netherlands yet
B. haven’t yet been delivered to the Dutch customers
C. have failed to arrive to Holland
D. haven’t delivered to the Netherland yet
II.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or
word combination (A, B, C or D) to fill in each gap.
62.
… (1) … to inform you that a marketing strategy is a business’ overall
game plan for reaching people and … (2) … into customers of the product
or service that the business provides. The marketing strategy of a
company contains the … (3) … proposition, key marketing messages,
information on the target customer, and … (4) … high level elements. The
marketing strategy informs the marketing plan … (5) … document that
lays out the types and timing of marketing activities. A company’s
marketing strategy should … (6) … lifespan than any individual marketing
plan … (7) … the strategy is where the value proposition and the key
elements of a company’s brand … (8) … . These things … (9) … shift
very much over time. A marketing plan would be meaningless without a
message, a target market, and a goal - the core of … (10) … marketing
strategy.
A
B
C
D
1.
I’d like
Let us
We must
Allow
2.
to turn them
turning their
turn they
turning them
3.
companys’
value
companies value
company’s
value
value company
4.
other
another
a very
an other
5.
what is a
which is a
that is
which a
6.
be longest
have the longest
to have a longer have a longer
7.
as
because of
despite of
in spite
8.
residing
resides
reside
are reside
9.
do ideally not ideally do not
do not ideal
do not ideally
10.
modern
many
every
1
2
everyone
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
63.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or
word combination (A, B, C or D) to fill in each gap.
The general director has … (1) … consultants and found out the
following. People … (2) … confuse marketing strategies and marketing
plans. … (3) … to find the marketing strategy and the marketing plan
baked together into a single document … (4) … they feed off one another.
… (5) … the transition between the two is blurry, a marketing strategy
covers the big picture of … (6) … the business offers - the value
proposition and related brand messaging. The marketing plan is how the
business will get across those key message - the platforms, the creative,
the timing, and so on. The marketing strategy … (7) … absorbed upwards
into the corporate value statements and … (8) … strategy documents.
Marketing plans … (9) .. documents that get more attention because they
are the day-to-day work that a company does … (10) … the world.
A
1.
2.
B
C
D
communicated
contacted
get in touch
with
contacted with
are frequently
frequently can
frequently
frequent
Its not unusual
It is not unusual It’s unusually
It is not
unusually
4.
as
like
such as
such like
5.
In spite
Despite of
Because of
Although
6.
that
which
what
something
7.
may also be
also may be
may as well
may be also
8.
an other
others
another
other
9.
operationally
are
are operational
operation
are
operationally
sell itselves to
sell themselves to sell itself to
to
3.
10.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
selling it for
8
9
10
64.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or word
combination (A, B, C or D) to fill each gap.
… (1) … knowledge that a marketing strategy grows out … (2) …
value proposition. The value proposition summarizes the competitive
advantage a company has in … (3) … market. The value proposition …
(4) … the key message for all marketing. Walmart, for example, is a
discount retailer with “everyday low prices” and its business operations
and marketing revolves around that. So a company … (5) … a marketing
strategy from scratch. They start … (6) … value proposition and distill the
key marketing messages from that. Once the value proposition … (7) …
stated, the hard work is done. Any marketing asset, from a print ad design
to a social media campaign, can … (8) … how well it communicates the
value proposition. To … (9) … efficiency of marketing efforts, market
research can be added to the marketing strategy for the purpose of
identifying untapped audiences or … (10) … the target consumer.
A
1.
2.
B
C
D
It’s a common
It’s common
It’s commonly
It’s the common
of a company’s
by a
companies’
a companies’
with a company
it’s
3.
her
4.
provides usually frequent give
usually provides usual provide
5.
is never
creating
never is
creating
is never created never is created
6.
by a
from a
on the
with the
7.
is succinct
is succinctly
succinctly
succinct is
8.
judged by
be judging
be judged by
be judged at
9.
farthest
furthest
farther
further
refining
to refine
will refine
10. refines
1
2
3
its
4
5
6
their
7
8
9
10
65.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or
word combination (A, B, C or D) to fill each gap.
Marketing strategy is the comprehensive plan … (1) … particularly for
… (2) … the marketing objectives of the organization. It provides a
blueprint for attaining these marketing objectives. It is the building block of
a marketing plan … (3) … designed after detailed marketing research.
Marketing strategy helps an organization to concentrate… (4) …
resources … (5) … possible opportunities so as … (6) … the sales.
Marketing strategy provides an organization an edge over its competitors
and helps … (7) … goods and services with best profit making potential.
Marketing strategy … (8) … discovering the areas … (9) … organizational
growth and thereby helps in creating an organizational plan to cater to the
customer needs. In short, marketing strategy … (10) … how an
organization reaches its predetermined objectives.
A
B
C
D
1.
formulating
formulated
be formulated
formulates
2.
achieved
been achieving
achieving
being achieved
3.
what is
which is
that
which
4.
its scarce
it’s scarce
her scarcity
their scarce
5.
at the best
with the better
on best
on the best
6.
to increase
increasing
to rise
increase
7.
develops
of developing
in developing
to be developed
8.
helps in also
also helps in
as well help by
helps too with
9.
influenced on
which based on affecting by
10. clearly explain
1
2
3
clear explains
4
5
affected by
clearly explains clear explain
6
7
8
9
10
III.
Identify the one underlined word, phrase or punctuation mark that
must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
66 There were less ways of describing utility than I had expected.
A
B
C
D
67 What happens when the financial sacrifice is more greater than the
A
B
C
satisfaction of eating vegetables.
D
68 A letter of credit was sent by the bank to the exporter informing him
A B
C
that payment for the commodities have already been made.
D
69 In this shop prices aren’t so higher as in that one.
A B C
D
70 This commodity has never been freely available in winter, hasn’t it?
A
B
C
D
71 When Jim was a fourteen-year old boy he was keen on the economics.
A
B
C
D
72 Can you tell me when the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
A
has got its name?
B C D
73 - Is it true that the current prices for this commodity are relatively
A
B
low? Yes, I’ve bought this stock for nothing yesterday.
C
D
74 With each successive purchase the consumer’s satisfaction
A
B
had compensated less for the loss of money.
C
D
75
Our basic needs have not satisfied in much the same way by all
A
B
C
D
commodities.
UNIT
4
LABOUR MARKETS, EMPLOYMENT
& SOURCES OF INCOME
4.1
Lead-in
Section overview
4.2
Language Input
Developing vocabulary
4.3
Background Information
Income and employment
4.4
Comprehension
Understanding the reading
Reviewing the concept
4.5
Speaking & Writing
Language focus
Language in context
Saying numbers: fractions
Translator’s «false friends»
Presenting Information
Writing essays
Communication skills
Letter of application
4.6
Dialogue
Recruitment
4.7
Reading for Cross-cultural
Associations
Labour problems
4.8
Role-play
Consumer skills: Job hunting
4.9
Grammar Back Up
Practice with verbs (III):
Future tenses
Practice with adverbs
Topics for Power Point presentations
Glossary
Progress Check
SECTION OVERVIEW
You will earn money in several ways throughout your life. Part-time
jobs are a major source of income for many high school students. In
addition, young people often receive income from their parents or interest
on a savings account. Understanding how people earn money will help
you consider ways to increase your own income. In this section you will
learn about different ways to analyze the various sources of income and
how income and wealth are distributed in the market.
4.1 LEAD-IN
Answer the following questions about the income and spending of a
family.
1. In what way does your family allocate its income?
2. Do the income and spending of the family resemble those of the
nation?
LANGUAGE INPUT
Familiarize yourself with the active vocabulary of Unit 1.
account n
Savings accounts and
corporation stocks are types of
wealth that usually produce
income.
счет, отчет, расчет по сделке
Сберегательные счета и акции
предприятий — это виды
активов, которые обычно
приносят доход.
account v
объяснять, считать; отчитываться; приводить к чему-либо
Зарплата Марка и Клер
составляет большую часть
их ежегодного дохода.
The salaries Marc and Claire
earn account for most of their
income each year.
accountant n
syn book-keeper
Mary Farrar took a job as a
book-keeper for a firm that
constructed steel-frame
buildings.
бухгалтерский работник
син счетовод, бухгалтер
Мэри Фаррар стала работать
бухгалтером на фирме,
строившей железобетонные
здания.
amount n
количество, сумма, итог, объем
составлять сумму, достигать,
равняться, быть равным
The expenses increased by 2%
Издержки возросли на 2%
and amounted to 10% of total
и составили сумму около 10%
expenditures.
всех расходов.
amount v
apply v
подавать заявление; применять
People can apply for the job by
Просить о приеме на работу
sending in a letter of application
можно, послав заявление и
and curriculum vitae containing
автобиографию с данными об
details of their education and
образовании и опыте работы.
experience.
application n
заявка, заявление, применение
applicant n
заявитель, кандидат,
претендент, соискатель
compensation n
возмещение, компенсация,
платеж, пособие; амер жалованье
Жалованье наемных
работников - это доход от
работы на других лиц.
Employee compensation is the
income earned by working for
others.
debt n
An individual’s debts are
subtracted from personal
wealth.
долг, задолженность
Из личного капитала
физического лица вычитаются
долги.
determine v
Clarify the way you determine
goods as satisfactory.
определять, устанавливать
Поясните, каким образом вы
определяете, что товары вас
удовлетворяют.
employ v
нанимать на работу,
задействовать
employer n
Usually the employer asks you
to fill out an application.
работодатель, наниматель
Обычно наниматель просит вас
заполнить заявление о приеме.
employee n
лицо наемного труда, служащий
unemployment n
безработица
estimate v
оценивать, предварительно
подсчитывать, составлять смету
estimate n
Government economists must
estimate information.
оценка, подсчет, смета
Экономисты в правительстве
должны дать оценку данным.
fringe n
Employee compensation
includes wages and fringe
benefits such as health and
accident insurance.
pl fringes
interest n
Interest is the money received
by people and corporations for
depositing their money in
savings accounts or lending it
to others.
дополнение, придаток
Платежи служащим включают в
себя зарплату и
дополнительные выплаты,
например страхование от
болезней и несчастных
случаев.
дополнительные льготы
процент; проценты, процентный
доход; доля, участие
Проценты — это доход, полученный частными лицами или
организациями за размещение их денег на сберегательных счетах или за дачу их в
долг другим лицам.
interview v
проводить собеседование, опрос
interviewer n
интервьюер
interviewee n
It is important to create the
right kind of relationship, an
adult-to-adult relationship with
the interviewee or the
interviewer.
интервьюируемый
Важно создать правильные,
взрослые взаимоотношения
между интервьюируемым
и тем, кто проводит
собеседование.
own v
иметь в собственности, владеть
owner n
собственник, владелец
ownership n
собственность; владение;
имущество; право собственности
Доход от аренды связан с
правом собственности на это
имущество.
Rental income is connected
with ownership of a property.
payment n
In economic theory, “labour” is
any work undertaken in return
for payments of fixed or
regular nature.
платеж, оплата, погашение
Согласно экономической
теории “труд” — это любая
работа, выполненная в обмен
на фиксированную или
регулярную оплату.
платежная ведомость;
списочный состав
The people on the payroll of a
Люди, которые числятся в
company or an organization are
платежной ведомости компании
the people who work for it and
или организации - это люди,
are paid by it.
которые работают на нее и
оплачиваются ею.
payroll n
possess v
обладать, владеть (имуществом)
He possesses a fortune of more
Он обладает состоянием более
than two-and-a-half-thousand
двух с половиной тысяч
million dollars.
миллионов долларов.
possessions n (pl)
имущество, собственность
A person with many valuable
Капитал человека, у которого
possessions but many debts
много ценного имущества, но
may have no more wealth than
много долгов, может быть не
a person with a few possessions
меньше, чем у человека,
but no debts.
собственность которого
невелика, но долгов нет.
property n
Rent is income from allowing
others to use one’s property
temporarily.
имущество, собственность (в
т.ч. земельная); право
собственности; свойство
Арендная плата — это доход от
предоставления другим лицам
права временно использовать
чью-либо собственность.
proprietor n
собственник, владелец
During economic crisis even
Во время экономического
proprietors learn to turn out
кризиса даже собственники
lights, when they are not in use,
учатся выключать горящий без
to cut business costs.
надобности свет, чтобы
уменьшить деловые издержки.
recruit v
принимать на работу
When a company needs to
Когда компании нужно нанять
recruit or employ new people, it
новых людей, она может
may advertise the job or
рекламировать работу или
position in the appointing page
должность в газете в разделе
of a newspaper.
рекламы рабочих мест.
recruitment n
наем на работу, комплектование
reward n
The surplus received from
business is the reward of
private enterprise known as
“profit”.
поощрение, вознаграждение
Излишек, полученный от
бизнеса, — это вознаграждение
за частное
предпринимательство,
известное как прибыль.
repay v
возвращать деньги, отдавать
долг, погашать, возмещать
Бὁльшая часть дохода семьи
Much of the income of the
Lorraines is used to repay the
loan on their house.
Лоррейн уходит на погашение
кредита на дом.
source n
Children got a task to define
the sources of income in the
family and to estimate what
percentage of the income
comes from each source.
источник
Дети получили задание
определить источники дохода в
семье и оценить, какой процент
дохода получают из каждого
источника.
wealth n
материальные блага, богатство
DEVELOPING VOCABULARY
4.2.1
Consult a dictionary, write out the transcription and practise the
pronunciation of the following words:
a resume
a transfer payment
adult-to-adult relationship
blue-collar workers
changes throughout the economy
colour
debt
employee
inheritance
interviewee
interviewer
janitors
jewelry
major source
measure
medical practitioners
paycheque
personnel manager
plumber
possession
proprietor compensation
receipt
recruitment
refuse of daily existence
reward
to transfer
4.2.2
Match the English word combinations in the left-hand column with
the Russian equivalents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
transfer payments
to be self-employed
to buy into the firm
fringe benefits
interest on savings
rent and utilities
to cut down (on heat waste)
a. снизить расходы (на обогрев)
b.
утилизировать ежедневные
отходы
c. проценты по сбережениям
d.
предоставить ч-л за
вознаграждение
e.
владеть средствами, фондами,
активами
f. деловые издержки
g.
подать заявление о приеме на
должность
8.
personal wealth
h. дополнительные выплаты, льготы
9.
expenses of a business
i.
заработать в качестве прибыли
j.
владеть собственностью
10. health and accident insurance
11.
to utilise the refuse of daily
existence
k.
заявление о приеме на работу /
сопроводительное письмо
12.
to provide something for a
reward
l.
доход служащих и
предпринимателей
13. corporation stock
m. работать на себя, не по найму
14.
employee and proprietor
compensation
n.
акционерный капитал
корпорации/ корпоративная акция
15.
to earn as a return on
something
o.
квартплата и коммунальные
платежи
16. to own the property
p. личный капитал
17. to possess the assets
q. купить часть фирмы
a letter of applica­tion / cover
18.
letter
r.
страхование от болезней и
несчастного случая
s.
работать в “подсобке” (оформлять операции, вести счета и пр.)
19.
to interview junior members
of the staff
20. to be a back-room employee
21.
22.
to apply for the position
to recruit personnel
t. набирать штат
u.
проводить собеседование с
нижестоящими сотрудниками
v.
передаточные/трансфертные
платежи
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Income and employment
People’s incomes determine how many of the economy’s goods and
services they can purchase. Income is the money a person receives in
exchange for work or property. There are five basic types of income:
Employee compensation is the income earned by working for others. It
includes wages and fringe benefits such as health and accident
insurance.
Proprietor compensation is the income that self-employed people
earn.
Corporation profit is the income corporations have left after paying all
the expenses.
Interest is the money received by people and corporations for
depositing their money in savings account or lending it to others.
Rent is the income from allowing others to use one’s property
temporarily.
The total income is the sum of employee and proprietor compensation,
corporation profit, interest and rent. In each category, people receive this
income in return for providing goods or services.
One other type of income is a transfer payment — money one person
or group gives to another, though the receiver has not provided a specific
good or service. Gifts, inheritances, and aid to the poor are three
examples of transfer payments.
During the past century, the percentage of people who work for
themselves has generally declined. Increasingly, people are employees
and not self-employed.
By the type of work people do workers fall into one of four broad
categories:
1. White-collar workers are people who do jobs in offices, such as
secretaries, teachers, and insurance agents.
2. Blue-collar workers are people who do jobs in factories or
outdoors. Artisans, such as carpenters and plumbers, are bluecollar workers.
3. Service workers provide services to other individuals
businesses. Janitors, barbers, and police are service workers.
or
4. Farm workers are people who work on their own farms or those of
others.
In the market system a person’s income is determined by how the
market values that person’s resources and skills. Individuals, such as
doctors, whose skills society values, receive high incomes. People who
own valuable resources, such as capital to invest or land to develop, also
receive high incomes.
Income is not the same as wealth. Wealth is any resource that can be
used to produce income. An individual’s possessions, such as a house, a
car, or jewellery, are part of that person’s wealth. Each of these could be
sold to produce income. Savings accounts and corporation stocks are
types of wealth that usually produce income. Labour skills are not counted
because they are difficult to measure. In addition, an individual’s debts
are subtracted from personal wealth. A person with many valuable
possessions but many debts may have no more wealth than a person
with a few possessions but no debts.
People with similar incomes may have very different amounts of
wealth. Consider two women who receive an income of $25,000 a year.
One earns all of her income working at a bank. The other receives her
$25,000 income from dividends on stock worth $500,000. Aside from the
stock the second woman owns, the possessions and debts of the two are
similar. The difference in stock ownership, though, is large. The second
woman is much wealthier than the first woman.
When individuals receive any income, whether as allowance,
paycheque, or gift, most of that income is spent. Spending becomes
income for someone else. The money each individual spends multiplies
throughout the economy as others receive and spend parts of it. In
addition, the choice you and others make can lead to investment
spending. More things are made and more places are built. Thus
spending results in changes throughout the economy.
4.4 COMPREHENSION
UNDERSTANDING THE READING
4.4.1 Give extensive answers to the questions.
Use the following expressions to start your answers:
I have no doubts that …;
To make a long story short …;
I dare say …;
Frankly speaking I have no idea …;
As a matter of fact … ;
I think the main reason for that is …;
No doubt …;
It’s absolutely necessary to mention that …;
1. What is the difference between employee and proprietor
compensa­tion?
2. How does a corporation determine the amount of its profit?
3. What is understood by interest income?
4. Why is rental income connected with ownership of a property?
5. How does a transfer payment differ from all other sources of
income?
6. What are the four types of work people do?
7. What is the difference between a blue-collar worker and a whitecollar worker?
8. What are the basic sources of people’s incomes?
9. What determines how income is distributed in a market system?
10. What evidence shows that a gap exists between the rich and the
poor?
11. What is the multiplier effect of spending?
12. What effect would an increase in demand for shoes have on total
investment spending?
REVIEWING THE CONCEPT
4.4.2
Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and explain
why.
e.g. I believe it is true that … .
I strongly doubt that … because … .
TF
1. Proprietor compensation is the income that people working for
themselves and not on the payroll of a company earn.
TF
2. The income earned by working for others includes wages and
fringe benefits such as health and accident insurance and is
called proprietor compensation.
TF
3. Money paid as income on investments or loans is called interest.
TF
4. Money paid to use an office or house or factory for a period of
time is rent.
TF
5. The total income is the sum of employee and proprietor
compensation, corporation profit, interest and rent excluded.
TF
6. Gifts, inheritances, rent and aid to the poor are examples of
transfer payments — money one person or group gives to
another, only if the receiver has provided a specific good or
service.
TF
7. At present most people are employees and not self-employed.
TF
8. A house, a car, a debt, allowance, a paycheque, a gift, or
jewelry, are not only a part of an individual’s income but also of
any resource that can be used to produce income.
TF
9. Most of an individual’s income is spent and thus becomes
income for someone else or, in other words, multiplies
throughout the economy as others receive and spend parts of it.
T F 10. On the evidence to date spending has resulted in changes
throughout the economy.
4.4.3
a). Change the italicised expressions by the synonyms from
the box.
(a) interest; (b) employee compensation; (c) to be self-employed; (d)
transfer payment; (e) rent; (f) wage; (g) corporation profit (2); (h)
proprietor income; on the payroll
Nothing in the economy can change without causing changes
throughout the entire economy. Think of what happens when workers
receive a …(1)… pay raise. As consumers, these individuals have more
money to spend. As they increase their spending, corporations receive
greater …(2)… income.
There are five basic types of income in the USA: …(3)… the income
earned by working for others; ...(4)… income earned by people who work
for themselves; …(5)… the income that a corporation has after paying all
of its expenses; …(6)… money paid or received for lending money;
…(7)… income from fees charged to people for the privilege of using
property temporarily. The distribution of income between the five
categories changes over time. During the past century, the percentage of
people …(8)… who work for themselves has generally declined.
Increasingly, people are employees and not employers. The people who
work for a company, all the people (9) on a list of a company’s employees
and the amount of money they are to be paid, are its employees,
personnel, staff, workers or workforce.
One other type of income is …(10)… money that one person or group
gives to another even though the receiver has not provided a specific
good or service. Gifts, inheritances, and aid to the poor are examples of
this type of income.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
b). Say if in your opinion the five basic types of income earned by
the US citizens differ from those of the Russian citizens.
c). Write a 100-word summary about various sources of income and
the effects of spending.
Name five professions, other than in the texts above, determine their
major source of income and the type of work they perform.
Give an example of each of the four basic types of work people
perform.
Give an example of income an individual may receive from each of
the basic resources — land, labor, and capital.
4.4.4
a). Replace the Russian word combinations by their English
equivalents.
A.: I dare say that the good news is that thanks to the bad news of the
energy crisis and sky-high (цены), the habit of mindless waste is
replaced with the intention to cut down everything possible.
B.: My attitude from the beginning of the energy crisis has been that
to begin with we should apply common sense to cut down on heat
waste.
C.: I know that to avoid (долги) more people are scheduling meatless
meals. Some are raising vegetables for reasons other than taste.
A.: Of course if the government doesn’t supply people with
(дополнительные выплаты), cuts aid for the poor, the signs of
thrift and prudence25 are seen all over the country. For example,
families are turning to the second-hand markets for things like
bikes, people are taking more shoes to shops for repair.
C.: You may well be right, people are eager to find (временную
работу) mending goods like handbags, belts and golf bags.
B.: You have a point here, the do-it-yourself trend in carpentry,
plumbing, auto repair, where people (работать на себя, не по
найму) is expanding. I have also noticed that solid citizens have
taken to buying used clothes, and garage sales and tag sales are
popular in many neighbourhoods.
A.: I see what you mean, also those who (владеет собственностью)
seem increasingly willing to utilise the refuse of daily existence —
cans, bottles, newspapers — into recycling systems. Some
restaurants report more calls for doggie bags for taking home leftovers.
C.: I agree completely. Even proprietors are learning to turn out lights,
when they are not in use, to cut (деловые издержки).
b). Sum up the ways to cut expenses for
- a household
- a business
c). Give examples of mindless waste.
d). Say how profit and loss can be managed by
- a household
- a business
25
Экономность и бережливость.
4.4.5 Render the following into English:
A.: Насколько мне известно, в настоящее время доходы
студентов разнообразны, поскольку они часто получают
средства либо от родителей, либо стипендию в вузе. Меньше
студентов имеют сберегательный счет в банке и получают
проценты по нему.
B.: Я абсолютно с Вами согласен. К тому же сегодня
большинство студентов заняты на временных работах,
получая определенные выплаты, и эта заработная плата
позволяет им расширить источники доходов.
A.: Интересно, что некоторые предприимчивые молодые люди
имеют свой бизнес и работают на себя, т.е. получают доход,
уплатив все деловые издержки. Увеличивается число тех, кто
использует в качестве дополнительного дохода арендную
плату за какую-либо собственность.
B.: Другими словами, если студент хорошо изучил, как люди
зарабатывают деньги, это поможет ему увеличить
собственный доход.
A.: Точно! Лучше не скажешь! Вот когда наступает время
оценить, а иногда и измерить в денежном выражении знание
экономики!
C.: В основном я с Вами согласен, но иногда студенты имеют
далеко не один источник дохода. И всего лишь малая часть
такого рода доходов тратится на то, чтобы оплатить расходы
на образование.
B.: Позвольте здесь с Вами не согласиться. Все же большинство
студентов не получают ни зарплаты, ни процентов по
вкладам, ни доходов от предпринимательской деятельности.
Основным источ­ни­ком их доходов является помощь
родителей или стипендия, которую нельзя отнести к
постоянным выплатам, так как она зависит от результатов
экзаменов.
C.: Может быть, Вы и правы. Тем не менее, в основе различий, на
мой взгляд, лежит необходимость отличать доход от
богатства.
A.: Что Вы под этим понимаете?
C.: Общеизвестно, что доход — это еще вовсе не богатство. Зато
богатство можно использовать для получения дохода,
например, в виде ренты, процентов от вкладов, дохода от
акционерного капитала какой-либо корпорации. Поэтому
источники доходов студентов зависят от источников
благосостояния их семей.
4.5 SPEAKING & WRITING
Language focus
4.5.1 Saying numbers: fractions
We say simple fractions like ordinal numbers (fifth, twenty third, etc.):
a (one) third
a (one) fifth
a (one) sixth
Also: ⅛ — one eighth, ⅜ — three eighths, ⅔ — two thirds, ¼ hour — a
quarter of an hour, ¾ hour — three quarters of an hour.
More complex fractions can be expressed by using the word over.
²³³∕509 — two hundred and thirty three over five hundred and nine.
Note, however, the following:
a half, three quarters, two and three quarters, a quarter, three and a half
What are these fractions in figures? Write them.
eleven sixteenths
three sevenths
three quarters of an hour
seven tenths of a mile
two and three quarters per cent
two and two thirds inches
three fifths of a ton
a (one) quarter of a kilometer
two thirds per cent = two thirds of one per cent
What are these fractions in words? Write them.
⅛, ½, ¼, ¾, ¾ hour, ⅓, ⅔, ⅜, ⅝, ⅞, ²∕5, ²³∕409, ³³∕507, ¼ hour, 5¾ tons
Read the following:
In an opinion poll published today, over ¾ of the electorate say they
intend to vote in next month’s referendum. ¼ of voters say they will
definitely vote Yes, while ⅓will vote No. But this leaves over ²∕5 of the
voters who haven’t made up their minds. Both sides remain hopeful. A
spokesman for the “Yes” campaign said, “At the moment, ⅔ of the
electorate won’t vote No.” A spokesman for the other side replied, “That’s
true, but ¾ won’t vote Yes!”
Language in context
WATCH OUT: translator’s “false friends”.
income – returns – profit - surplus
4.5.2
a. Look up the dictionary to find the difference between the
words income, returns, profit, surplus. Match the words with
their meaning. Fill in the grid below.
income
1.
A
a financial gain, especially the difference between
the amount earned and the amount spent in buying,
operating, or producing something
B
an amount of something left over when requirements
have been met; an excess of production or supply;
an excess of income or assets over expenditure or
liabilities in a given period, typically a financial year;
the excess value of a company’s assets over the
face value of its stock
C
a profit from an investment
D
money received, especially on a regular basis, for
work or through investments
returns
2.
3.
4.
profit
surplus
1
2
3
4
b. Fill in the blanks with income, returns, profit, surplus.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Product areas are being developed to produce maximum … .
I advise you to keep record of your actual … and expenses for a
month.
Could you invest $30,000 now forego a college education, and with
investment … still have the same lifetime earning power as a collegeeducated person?
Equilibrium price is the point when there is no … or shortage so there
is no pressure on price.
This is the sort of … one could expect for unskilled, casual or parttime work.
If the price is too high, a … will develop and move the item’s price
down.
Growth also keeps people employed and earning … .
Entrepreneurs, seeing the opportunity of … in a growing economy,
will form new businesses, such as consulting firms, restaurants and
stores.
The managers are sure that future … from the equipment justify the
purchases.
4.5.3 a. Fill in prepositions or adverbial particles where necessary.
(Below is an extract from a 30-year old TV interview)
TV correspondent: The debate on the distribution … income often
focuses … the conditions … the poor … the United States. Carla
Sanderson is one … America’s poor. … November 6, Carla and her
three children dined on frozen waffles and water. Carla knew that her
children would have to eat waffles or nothing. Carla, what is your
monthly pay?
Carla Sanderson: Well, I’d just like to say that my monthly take-home
pay is $718, but I have paid the $365 … the month’s rent and utilities,
and some other bills this month.
TV correspondent: Would it be right to place your family among the
poor?
Carla Sanderson: I have grown … … a middle-income family. To admit
the truth, I am poor. The last week … August we ate oatmeal three
times … a day because that’s what was left … the cupboard; can you
believe that?
TV correspondent: The Bureau of the Census defined poverty as an
income … $9,86226 a year … a family … four. This amount was
$1,000 more than Carla Sanderson earned … a secretary … a local
government agency … a small city.
Carla Sanderson: Sorry to butt …, but about a year ago I left my
husband in California. He was sick … alcoholism and I worried … the
safety … our children. I sold my possessions and started … home.
Within two weeks I found an apartment and a job. The rent … the
apartment was nearly 50 per cent … my income. I decided to stay
here no matter how difficult it was to meet expenses. I buy clothes …
thrift shops27. I received $60 … a month … the federal- and statefunded program … parents … children under 18. But government
budget cuts eliminated my child aid. So I have only to rely … income
… my job.
TV correspondent: Thus, unemployment is not one … Carla
Sanderson’s problems. She has a job, though it doesn’t pay well.
Stretching her income to meet daily expenses is her main economic
problem.
26
27
In 1989. Note that in 2021 poverty level for a US family of 4 was $26,500.
Stores, selling used but serviceable clothes.
a. Sum up Carla’s income and expenses.
b. Comment on the way Carla’s life has changed both in terms of
her income and expenses.
c. Prove that Carla’s income is not enough to cover her spendings.
d. Prove that Carla’s level of income is the level of poverty.
Presenting information
4.5.4 Comment on the table below. Say how it compares with the
dialogue. Make a presentation to compare poverty level
statistics in differerent counries.
Table 1.
The 2021 U.S. Poverty Guidelines
Family Size:
48 Contiguous States &
D.C.:
Alaska:
Hawaii:
1
$12,880
$16,090
$14,820
2
$17,420
$21,770
$20,040
3
$21,960
$27,450
$25,260
4
$26,500
$33,130
$30,480
5
$31,040
$38,810
$35,700
6
$35,580
$44,490
$40,920
7
$40,120
$50,170
$46,140
8
$44,660
$55,850
$51,360
each additional
person, add:
$4,540
$5,680
$5,220
Note: The level of poverty changes with the number of household
members. Each year, the poverty guidelines are increased/decreased due
to changes in the CPI28. In most cases, the numbers go up.
Source: https://20somethingfinance.com/what-is-the-united-states-poverty-line/
28
abbreviation (in the US) Consumer Price Index
4.6 DIALOGUE
RECRUITMENT
When a company needs to recruit or employ new people, it may
decide to advertise the job or position in the appointing page of a
newspaper. People who are interested can then apply for the job by
sending in a letter of application and curriculum vitae containing details
of their education and experience. The company will then draw up a list
of candidates, who are invited to attend an interview.
4.6.1
a. Read the dialogue about the Personnel Manager who
answers questions about the way he interviews and selects
candidates.
Personnel Manager (P.M.): The most important thing when interviewing
a candidate is his character, his ability to react, his intelligence and
his suitability for the position for which he is being interviewed.
Reporter (R.): And to what extent does the person’s appearance
influence your decision?
P.M.: It is important that the person is well presented, is neat and tidy,
and that he or she has a good manner, because that shows a lot
about personality.
R.: Do you expect the candidate to be prepared in any way for the
interview, or how should he prepare himself for the interview?
P.M.: Normally the candidate has had one or two interviews with junior
members of the staff before he gets to my level, and I expect the
person concerned to have a good knowledge of what the company
does, what he’s expected to do, and who he is going to report to. If the
candidate doesn’t give an impression of understanding one of those
three items, then he gets marked down accordingly.
R.: How does a candidate go wrong?
P.M.: The major way a candidate goes wrong is by basically becoming a
yes-man or a yes-woman and agreeing with everything you say. Also
you have to feel that the candidate is going to be good and he has to
show himself to be not just “Yes, sir, thank you very much. Yes, I
agree with that.” Sometimes I lay dummy questions, in which I want a
“no” answer, and if he continues to say “yes”, then he goes down.
R.: What would you advise to a candidate, going to an interview?
P.M.: I would say to him first of all to listen; secondly, to ask the right
questions; and, thirdly, perhaps, the most important, to create the right
kind of relationship, I would call it an adult-to-adult relationship with the
interviewee or the interviewer. When you get a yes-man in front of
you, he is creating an adult-to-a-child conversation and in most cases
managers are not interested in employing a child.
b. Sum up:

the mistakes a candidate can make in an interview

the qualities a candidate must have

his advice to interviewees

look up the Internet and find out the kind of papers a candidate
must have with him/her.
a. Recap the dialogue as if you were:
- an interviewer
- an interviewee.
4.6.2. a) Read the following dialogue.
AN INTERVIEW FOR THE JOB
Personnel Manager (P.M.): Come in! (A young woman enters, rather
formally dressed, smiling to cover her nervousness.) Janet Nicholson,
isn’t it?
Janet (J.): Yes, that’s right.
P.M.: Do sit down, Janet. Now — you’re 21, and you’ve just finished at
the University of Kent. Your professor thinks you ought to get a good
degree — an upper second probably — in French, statistics and
finance. What made you choose finance? It’s not a subject studied in
school — perhaps that was why?
J.: Well, partly.
P.M.: And partly what else?
J.: I thought I’d like to learn something about financial matters.
P.M.: Now you have applied to work with us as a junior assistant:
suppose you tell me a bit more about yourself?
J.: (rather taken aback): What sort of thing?
P.M.: Do you think you’d like working in an office?
J.: I did do three weeks as a temp in my Easter vac — just filing and that
sort of thing. But I want to use my university subjects really.
P.M.: Of course. Do you think you would mind routine work, like reading
foreign papers for us every day?
J.: I should love it.
P.M.: And you wouldn’t mind being just a back-room girl?
J.: I don’t think so. I like making digests. I did a little for my Prof. last vac.
P.M.: Good, good. Now isn’t there anything you like to ask me?
J.: (nervously): You said “good salary” in the advertisement, but you
actually didn’t say how much.
P.M.: We were thinking of £900 as the rate for the first three months:
You’d have to be on probation for three months, and then if everything
was satisfactory we’d raise it to £1,000 after that.
J.: (rather surprised at her own boldness) I suppose you couldn’t make it
£1,000 for a start and £1,100 afterwards?
P.M.: Well, I’ll tell you what we’ll do. My partner wants to give you a
written test now, if you go to the room at the end of the corridor.
Assuming you pass that, write to us when you’ve got your degree
results, and if you get an upper second we’ll start you at £1,000.
J.: Thank you. (Rising) I’ll let you know. Goodbye. (She goes out.)
b) Analyse the interview as if you were the Personnel Manager from
the previous dialogue.
c) Use the models below to write Janet’s letter of application,
covering letter and CV.
Communication skills
A letter of application normally contains three or more paragraphs in
which you should:
confirm that you wish to apply
say where you learned about the job
say why you are interested in the position and relate your
interests to those of the company
show what you can contribute to the job by highlighting your most
relevant skills and experience
indicate your willingness to attend an interview (and possibly state
when you would be free to attend)
A cover (covering) letter is essentially an advert29 for the CV. This is
a simple, concise and formal letter that you send with your CV when
applying for a job.
Key points to mention in a cover letter
How you can be contacted. Make it easy for the employer to
contact you. Give them as much information as you can, including
your:
– Name
– Home address
– Home telephone number
– Mobile number
– Email address
The job you are applying for.
Where you saw the job advertised and also the date.
Mention how you relate to the companies values and aspirations
(i.e. your ‘soft skills’).
Compliment the company on its reputation and client focus etc.
Mention any recent news stories about them.
29
advertisement
4.6.3
Look at the sample below. Write Janet Nicholson’s Letter of
Application, making use of the information from AN INTERVIEW FOR
THE JOB above.
Edith Roberts
6 Carlswood
Street
Redhill
Surrey
8th January
Mrs Cynthia Dryden
44 Randolf Square
London EC1 4BE
Dear Mrs Dryden,
I would like to apply for the post of personal assistant advertised in
today’s Guardian.
As you can see from my curriculum vitae, I have had six years’
experience as a personal secretary. Five of these have been in films
and television and I am particularly keen to continue working in this
industry.
I enclose my curriculum vitae and will be available for an interview any
day after 21 September and able to take up a new appointment from 1
October.
I look forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely,
Edith Roberts
EDITH ROBERTS
Enc: 1
4.6.4.a. Study the following CV carefully to see how the information
is presented and decide where each of the following headings
should be placed:
(a) REFERENCES
(c) PERSONAL DETAILS
(e) EDUCATION
(b) INTERESTS
(d) PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE (f) ADDITIONAL SKILLS
Curriculum vitae
1_______________
Name:
Susan Robertson
Date of Birth:
6 June 1968
Nationality:
British
Address:
52 Hanover Street
Edinburgh EH4 3LM
Scotland
Telephone:
031 449 0237
2_______________
2011–2012
London Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Diploma in Public Relations
2008-2011
University of London
BA (Honours) In Journalism and Media Studies
2001-2009
Fettes College, Edinburgh
A-levels in German , English , History
3_______________
2012 to present:
Scottish Wildfire Trust
Department of Public Relations
Summers of
2010 and 2011
Three-month training period with the Glasgow Herald. Assistant to the
sports editor.
Summer of 2009
Sales assistant in the record department of Harris Stores Ltd.,
Edinburgh
4_______________
Sports: Cross-country skiing, rock-climbing and swimming.
Secretary of the local branch of “Action”, an association organising summer camps for disabled
children.
5_______________
Camp counselling certificate
Grade 3 ski instructor
Driver’s licence (car and motorcycle)
PC user (Word, Excel, Power Point)
Fluent German and good working knowledge of French
6_______________
Geoffrey Williams, Professor of Journalism, University of London
Bill Denholm, Sports Editor, Glasgow Herald
b. Use the above template as a model for Janet Nicholson’s CV.
4.7 READING FOR CROSS-CULTURAL
ASSOCIATIONS
4.7.1. a. Consider the information below.
Recently the changes in the areas in which people work in Britain
have affected the kind of work that they are required to do. As might be
expected, the better educated one is, the less likely one is to be
unemployed. Only 5% of people with a university degree are unemployed
as compared to 14% of those who have no qualifications. In Britain today
there are fewer and fewer jobs which require unskilled, manual labour —
partly because of the decline of manufacturing and heavy industry; partly
because more and more jobs in all sectors require workers to be more
skilled and qualified. Not only is there an increase in the number of higher
skilled jobs, the general skill requirement of quite ordinary jobs is
increasing nowadays.
It is well known that higher education equals a bigger salary. Workers
with a certificate or diploma earn on average 17% more than their peers
who only reached the high school level. Employees who earned a
Bachelor's Degree earn 24% more than those who only managed to
attain a cerificate or diploma. Professionals who attained a Master's
Degree are awarded salaries that are 29% more than those with a
Bachelor's Degree. Finally, PhD holders earn 23% more than Master's
Degree holders on average while doing the same job.30
A Master's degree program or any post-graduate program in the
United Kingdom costs anywhere from £29,600 to £88,700 and lasts
approximately two years. That is quite an investment. Many people
pursue higher education as a tactic to switch into a higher paying job. If
one can afford the costs of higher education then the return on investment
is definitely worth it.
The way in which work is organised is also changing. In certain trades
and professions it has always been relatively common for people to work
on a “freelance31” basis, e.g. in journalism, or construction industry, where
craftsmen are often employed for the duration of a particular building
project. But “contract working” is becoming much more common. In an
extremely wide variety of occupations people are now employed for
limited, fixed periods, after which they have to find themselves another
position.
30
31
http://www.salaryexplorer.com/salary-survey.php?loc=228&loctype=1 - Accessed 16/08/2021.
Внештатный сотрудник.
In 2010 there has been a dramatic increase in the amount of part-time
work. (This is defined as working 30 hours or fewer a week). At 7.82
million the part-time employment level was the highest since records
began in 1992, and represented more than a quarter of the workforce.
Since that time the tendency has changed. Today the number of parttime employees in the UK is decreasing, with the number of part-time
workers down 158,000 over the second quarter of 2021. This, along with
the drop in self-employed workers, is driving the overall decrease in
employment in the UK at the present time. However, there are thousands
of part-time jobs available and pay can vary enormously.
Moreover, 80% of part-time workers are women. There are two
reasons for this. First, women are more likely to want to work part-time in
order to fit in with child care and family responsibilities. Second, women
are more in demand in those areas where part-time work is prevalent.
Though gender should not have an effect on pay, in reality, it does.
Male employees in the United Kingdom earn 4% more than their female
counterparts on average across all sectors.
A person working in the United Kingdom typically earns around 71,000
GBP per year. Salaries range from 18,000 GBP (lowest average) to
317,000 GBP (highest average, actual maximum salary is higher).32
This is the average yearly salary including housing, transport, and
other benefits. However, salaries vary drastically between different
careers. Salaries in the United Kingdom range from 18,000 GBP per year
(minimum salary) to 317,000 GBP per year (maximum average salary,
actual maximum is higher).
The median salary33 is 68,100 GBP per year, which means that half
(50%) of the population are earning less than 68,100 GBP while the other
half are earning more than 68,100 GBP. The median represents the
middle salary value.
32
http://www.salaryexplorer.com/salary-survey.php?loc=228&loctype=1/
Accessed
16/08/2021/
33 The median and the average salary are indicators. If your salary is higher than both of the
average and the median then you are doing very well. If your salary is lower than both, then
many people are earning more than you and there is plenty of room for improvement. If your
wage is between the average and the median, then things can be a bit complicated.
b. Answer the following questions, using the information from Table
1, 2 and 3.
1. How does a person’s salary progress over time?
Table 1.
2.
How does the education level affect one’s salary?
Table 2.
3.
Who gets paid more: men or women?
Table 3.
Source: http://www.salaryexplorer.com/salary-survey.php?loc=228&loctype=1
c. Consider the information above and finish the following “Do
you think …” questions. Work in pairs. Ask you partner to
answer them.
1.
Who do you think is … ?
2.
Why do you think there has been … ?
3.
What percentage do you think … ?
4.
For what reason do you think … ?
5.
In what way do you think … differ?
6.
… do you think … ?
7.
… do you think … ?
8.
… do you think … ?
Supporting materials
4.7.1.
a. Consider the information in Table 4 and discuss it in buzzgroups34.
The traditional distinction between male breadwinners and female
housewives no longer fits reality. Family life today is organization by a
diverse and complex range of social relations. Moreover, women have
increasingly entered paid employment over the last fifty years and they
now form almost half of the workforce in most modern industrial societies.
These changes have led some commentators to suggest that women are
gaining equality at last and that a shift in power from men to women is
taking place.
Money management in the British household.
Table 4.
Family
category
%
Income level
Employment
Husbandcontrolled
pooling
38
Higher-income
families
Wife is not in paid work or
she has part-time work
Wifecontrolled
pooling
26,5
Middle-income
families
Both partners in full-time
paid work
Husbandcontrol
21,7
(Traditional
model)
Man is the sole or main
earner
Wifecontrol
13,8
Low-income
families
Both partners are
unemployed or income
comes from social-security
payments
34
A buzz group is a small group, consisting of three to six people who are given an assignment
to complete in a short time period.
b. Interview as many people as possible in order to make the similar
table about Russian household. Compare the findings and report
them in the form of Power Point presentation.
c. Use words and phrases below to talk about trends and graphs.
UP-verbs
go up
UP-nouns
rise
mount
an increase
a growth
a rise
an upward trend
to
increase
grow
jump
DOWN-verbs
DOWN-Nouns
go/come down
fall
drop
decline
decreas shrink
a fall
a decrease
a downturn
a downward
e
NO CHANGE -
trend
AT THE TOP - verbs
verbs
remain stable
stagnat
reach a peak
e
remain constant
stabilize
AT THE BOTTOM - verbs
even out
level
bottom out
reach a low point
4.8 ROLE-PLAY
Consumer skills
FINDING A JOB
Situation:
You start looking for a job and learn how to do it using every
opportunity.
What you must decide:
Find out where to start looking for a job, which documents should be
presented / filled out, how to get ready for an interview.
Cast
Student A
Student B
Student C
Student D
Student E
Student F
Student G
a. Looking for a job openings.
Enact the following talks between Student A, involved in job-hunting,
and Students B, C, D and E.
Student A
You are a student involved in job-hunting. You discuss this problem
with your friends: a final-year student, your group-mates and your former
school-mates. You wonder where you should start looking for job
opportunities, what your first steps should be. If you were to begin looking
for a job today, for what would you be qualified? What kinds of jobs are
open to students? Would you need a resume?
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 I am afraid I know next to nothing about it.
 Do I have to … ?
 That sounds like good advice. Thank you.
 I’m not sure I can do that. You see …(excuse).
 Isn’t there anything else I could do?
 I’m sure that’s excellent advice, only … .
 I’m afraid that’s out of the question.
Student B
You are a final-year student. You have some experience in job-hunting
as you have started looking for a job and had talks with managers in
different places (supermarkets, fast-food restaurants, stores, shopping
centres) in order to find out if any jobs are available. You explain to your
friend that the market place does not hire just anyone. In fact teenage
unemployment is traditionally twice as high as overall unemployment rate.
Where you look for work and the techniques you use in applying can be
the difference between getting the job and remaining unemployed.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 Personally, I would advise you to … .
 You should keep in mind that … .
 I think your best course would be to … .
 It might be a good idea if you did it.
 Mind that … .
 Fortune favours the brave35.
Student C
You think that to begin with one should use all possible sources when
job-hunting. You assume that one of the simplest but often overlooked
sources is word-of-mouth. Your friend should let his friends and relatives
know he is looking for a job and ask them whether they know of any job
openings. Advise your friend to go to adult education center. There are
full-time and part-time courses and one can even do correspondent
courses, working for a qualification at home.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 First of all, never say die36.
 It goes without saying.
 If you ask me, I would …
 Why not do that?
 I think you should do …
 Better late than never.
35
Судьба благоприятствует смелым (Смелым всегда удача. Смелость города берет).
36
Никогда не следует падать духом.
Student D
You have tried another way that you consider often successful, e.g. to
go to the supermarket near your home. You suggest asking the manager
whether any jobs are available now or in the near future, fill out
applications for jobs, leave your name, address and telephone number so
that they can contact you if any jobs become available.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 As you know … .
 I suggest you do … .
 Why don’t you do … ?
 I have nothing against it.
 Frankly speaking, … .
 Rome was not built in a day.
Student E
That sounds a good idea to you. Besides you’ve heard that newspaper
ads or “classifieds”37are a good source of job openings, as well as school
councillors and teen job services. Often schools have bulletin boards
where job openings are posted. Also, you know that public bulletin boards
in stores list job openings. You think it might be a good idea to use private
job agencies. But in this case your friend must be very cautious. Unlike
public job agencies, the private firms charge a fee, sometimes a
percentage of your salary. Whichever source your friend uses he
shouldn’t be shy about seeking the job.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 I see.
 If it helps you, I’ll be very glad to … .
 I am all for it!
 As far as I know ….
 It’s a well-known fact that … .
 Anyway, … .
 And mind, second thoughts are best38.
Classifieds, classified ads - «доска (рекламных) объявлений» раздел, секция, рубрика
печатного периодического издания или Интернет-сайта, где группами публикуются обычно
небольшие и сравнительно недорогие рекламно-информационные сообщения.
38
Семь раз отмерь, один раз отрежь. (Ср.: Вторые мысли — лучше).
37
b. Getting ready for an interview.
Enact the following talks between Student A, Student F and Student G.
Student A
You have finished with your first step in job-hunting and you know that
the second step is to fill out an application. After you find a job opening,
you will have to show your potential employer why you are the right
person for the job. In a sense, you are now selling a product — yourself.
You want the employer to purchase your abilities rather than those of
someone else. You ask your friend to permit you to use his name as
reference. You know that often an employment application requires that
you give names of friends or acquaintances as references and your
prospective employer may contact these people to find out about your
work habits and skills. Then you put one more step into your plan, i.e.
“Write a Resume”. You are sure that it is very useful to have someone
else to read your resume. In your opinion these three steps are the most
important ones in job-hunting.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 That seems like good advice. Thank you very much.
 Would you mind if I … ?
 I see what you mean.
 In a nutshell, … .
 That sounds a good idea.
 That’s certainly a possibility.
Student F
You would like to point out that usually the employer asks you to fill out
an application. You ask your friend to take into consideration that this step
can be crucial. His potential employer must select candidates to interview,
often using the application as a guide. You think the applicant should read
the application form through before beginning to write. Your friend should
make sure he understands what information is being requested, write
neatly, and provide complete information. You don’t object to using your
name as reference. You attract your friend’s attention to the following:
employers looking for permanent, full-time workers often require a resume
— an outline of your educational and employment background — in
addition to an application. You know that some employers may want a
resume for part-time employment. You emphasise that writing a resume
while you are still a student provides practice at a skill you will need again
in the future.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 I totally agree … .
 But make sure that … .
 I don’t mind it, of course you may … .
 Be careful!
 First impressions are most important.
 Moreover, … .
 To cut a long story short ... .
 OK, keep me in the picture.
Student G
You also don’t object to using your name as reference. From your
point of view there is one more step that can affect an employer’s
decision — that is an interview. You advise the beginner in job-hunting to
find out something about the firm before going to the interview. You
advise your friend to be on time, dress neatly, comb his hair, be polite,
answer questions thoughtfully, speak clearly, and when he leaves, thank
the interviewer for talking with you.
Make use of the helpful phrases:
 In my opinion, … .
 Mind the proverb “When you are smiling the whole world smiles
with you”.
 A good beginning makes a good ending.
 Watch out !
 What about … ?
 Remember: most people hire people they like, rather than the
most competent person.
Making a Decision
In coming to a decision, consider the following points:

Rules of successful job-hunting.

The pitfalls of a job interview.

Documents needed while applying for a job.
What other factors should be discussed?
Your decision:
4.9 GRAMMAR BACK UP
PRACTICE WITH VERBS (III)
LEAD-IN
Task 1.
Familiarize yourself with the text. Translate the text into Russian.
Supply it with the suitable title.
Harper & Grant Ltd. is a growing company. A growing firm needs to
advertise. Up till now, the Sales Manager, John Martin, has dealt with
the advertising. He is going to employ an Advertising Agency to design
the advertisements and place them in certain newspapers or
magazines. An Advertising Agency is an organization which is
supposed to handle advertising on behalf of the advertiser. It employs
artists, copywriters 39, etc., who are specialists in the field. Its staff
ought to be specialists in buying space in newspapers, or time on radio
and television. They are usually able, therefore, to do a far more
professional job than the advertising manager who belongs to a firm
and who therefore has a limited experience. However, now the firm will
have to employ an advertising manager to liaise with the agency. At
Harper & Grant, John Martin is now too busy on the sales side to be
able to handle the work involved. He needs an expert who will
supervise an advertising campaign, check proofs, make sure that the
agency use the media which best suit the company’s interests. The
media are the various means by which one may advertise, for example
in newspapers, magazines, on television, and on hoardings, large
display boards, etc. John Martin also cannot cope with the increasing
public relations work. This side of the business involves contacts with
the public at large through newspapers, magazines and television, and
must give editors correct information about the company and its
products, when such information is needed. Mr. Grant has agreed that
they had better appoint a new advertising manager, who should relieve
John Martin of this work but still be ultimately responsible to him for
advertising. In fact, the new department must be a branch of his Sales
39
Владелец авторского права
Department. However, Mr. Grant is very interested in public relations
and insists that the new “ad man” ought to be responsible to him for
this side of the job. An advertisement has been inserted in the
“situations vacant” column of several appropriate newspapers, giving
details of the new appointment and inviting applications for the job.
John Martin has to go through the written applications and decide
which of the applicants have the right qualifications for the post. He is
then supposed to interview the selected applicants from his short list
and send his candidate, or candidates, to Mr. Grant for the final
interview.
Task 2.
Use the Simple future of the verbs in brackets. Translate the
sentences into Russian.
1.
If the firm hires an advertising manager John Martin (to cope) with the
increasing public relations work.
2. Provided the new advertising manager is appointed, s/he (to contact)
the public at large through newspapers, magazines and television.
3. After the new advertising manager gets started, s/he (to give) editors
correct information about the company and its products, when such
information is needed.
4. Unless the Sales Manager gets support in his job he (to have) liase
with the Advertising Agency himself.
5. In case the Advertising Agency (to handle) advertising on behalf of
the advertiser, it will employ artists, copywriters, etc.
6. John Martin (to go) through the applications until he (to choose) a few
applicants who have the right qualifications for the post.
7. When John Martin (to select) a few applicants from his short list, they
will have a final interview with the Managing Director.
8. As long as the Managing Director (to interview) the candidates from
the short list, he makes the decision in favour of one of the
candidates.
9. So long as specialists from the Advertising Agency (to be) employed, they
will do a far more professional job than the frim’s advertising
manager who has a limited experience.
10. Providing the new ad manager (to have) the right qualifications for
the post department s/he will carry out all public relations.
PRACTICE WITH FUTURE:
WILL, GOING TO AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FOR THE FUTURE
Look up a Grammar book and find answers to the following questions
when checking ways of expressing the future.
1. When do we use will to talk about the future in English?
a. We use shall / will + infinitive when we are simply giving information
about the future, or predicting future events which are not already
decided.
You will not have anything left to buy other things,
because you have spent all the money.
As the price of the item increases, a smaller quantity will be bought.
When we predict the future, we often use will with the following verbs and
expressions: think, expect, believe, be sure, be afraid.
I think it will help you to understand how demand and supply work.
b. We also use will when we decide to do something at the moment of
speaking.
- We need your CV. - Just a minute, I’ll bring it. I’ve left it in my car.
c. You can use won’t to say that somebody refuses to do something:
Peter tried to give John advice, but he won’t listen.
2. What is the difference between will and to be going to when used in
predictions about the future?
a. We use to be going to to emphasise the idea of intention, of a
decision that has already been made.
I am going to stop him putting us in a mess because of overdue
delivery even if it’s the last thing I do.
b. We use to be going to to make predictions based on present
evidence.
Oh, no! Look at those cars! They are going to crash!
c. We use to be going to when we have already decided to do
something.
- I’ve heard you are rescheduling the sales department. - That’s right, I
am going to meet an urgent order.
3. When do we use the present continuous and to be going to to
express future in English?
a. When we talk about things, we have already arranged to do, or planned
to do in the future, we can use the present continuous or going to.
I can’t come to you tomorrow, I am working overtime.
Mr. Martin is having (going to have) a talk with H. Grant about the delay
in delivery of the plastic coated sheets tomorrow morning.
b. When we make predictions about the future we can use going to (or
will), but not the present continuous.
We have failed to meet the delivery date! It’s going to cost us a lot of
money!
Exercise 4.9.1.
Choose the correct form of the verb.
1. I hear the government has announced it will / are going to raise
taxes again.
2. At what point will the consumer stop / is the consumer going to
stop buying the commodity at the current price?
3. My car won’t / isn’t going to start. It must be the cold, I think.
4. Why don’t you come round tomorrow and I shall / am going to
cook you a meal?
5. I’ll start / am going to start a new job next week.
6. A consumer will go on buying / is going on buying a product for
as long as he continues to be satisfied.
7. The demand for the commodity will go down / is going to go
down if the quantity of the commodity increases.
8. — John told me that you are delivering the console control desks
for a big computer company. — Yes, we will / are going to sign
another contract with it next month.
9. The suppliers have got some trouble. I’m afraid they will be / are
going to be late with delivery.
10. — Would you like to come to the Sales Office and discuss the
penalty clause with us? — All right. I shall come / am going to
come at 11.
11. — Have you changed your mind about accepting the offer? — No,
I shall accept / am going to accept it.
12. — I’ve come out without any money. — Never mind, I’ll lend / am
going to lend you some. How much do you want?
13. — Look what I’ve just bought at an auction! — What an
extraordinary thing! Where will you put it / are you going to put it?
14. — I’ve planned my actions for the next week. — That is very clever
of you. What will you do/are you going to do with that penalty
clause?
Exercise 4.9.2.
Put the verb into the correct form using will or going to.
1. The prices determine who _____ (to buy) the products and what
_____ (to be) the mix of consumer and capital goods.
2. — Look! There is smoke coming out of the assembly shop! It’s on
fire!
— Good heavens! I _____ (to call) the fire brigade immediately!
3. — We haven’t delivered goods in time.
—Yes, our partners _____ (to claim) compensation.
4. — Have you decided on what to do when the price goes up?
— Oh, yes. If the price goes up a little, chances are I _____ (to
pay) extra amount rather than go without this product.
c. — What shall we do with the failure of suppliers to deliver on time?
— I don’t know! I can’t make up my mind!
— Come on, hurry up! Make a decision!
— Okay then. We _____ (to insist) on the penalty.
6. — Why are you looking for the file under Bills of Lading?
— Mr. Martin _____ (to find) the exact date of clearance for this
vessel.
7. In a perfect market there can be only one price for a given
commodity; the lowest price which sellers _____ (to accept) and
the highest which buyers _____ (to pay).
8. The financial sacrifice _____ (to become) too great when the
quality of a commodity gets worse.
9. — I hear you have been offered a job. — That’s right, but _____
(not to take it).
10. — This food is awful, isn’t it? — Yes, it’s disgusting! I _____ (to
complain).
Exercise 4.9.3.
Complete
the
conversation.
Use
will/shall, going to,
present
continuous and the verbs given. Write a short summary of the situation.
Mary and Nigel run a shop together
Mo n d a y
M.: I don’t know what _____ (we /do). We’ve hardly made any money
for ages.
N.: I think we should advertise. We can send our leaflets.
M.: Yes. _____ (that /probably /get) our name more widely known. But
do you think _____ (people /come ) into the shop?
N.: Well, we could try advertising in the local paper.
M.: That might be better. _____ (I /phone) and find out their rates. And
what about local radio?
N.: Good idea. _____ (I /phone) them?
M.: OK, thanks.
Tu e s d a y
M.: We haven’t got enough money to pay for all the advertising we
need. I’ve been in touch with the bank. _____ (I /see) the manager
on Friday.
N.: _____ (he /give) us a loan, do you think?
M.: hope so.
Fri d a y
Manager: So you want to borrow some money. How ___ (you /spend)
it?
M.: _____ (we /advertise) on local radio and in the paper. We’ve
planned it carefully. We only need 500 pounds.
Manager: Very well. _____ (the bank /lend) you the money. But you
must pay us back in three months. Can you do it?
M.: _____ (we, do) it, I promise.
Manager: Now, go and see the loans clerk and _____ (he /help) you
fill in the necessary forms.
M.: Thank you for your help.
Manager: You’re welcome.
PRACTICE WITH THE PRESENT SIMPLE
FOR THE FUTURE
1. What kind of events do we mean when we use the present simple
for the future?
a. We use the present simple to talk about future events, which are part of
a fixed timetable or fixed program or arrangement or plan which
cannot change.
The firm submits an application for specialists’ training in March.
The first group of trainees comes in May
(about the program of training).
b. We use the present simple to refer to the future in clauses of time and
condition after when, while, as soon as, after, before, until, if, unless,
as / so long as , provided / providing (that).
I will phone you when I find out the exact price of a new printer.
We won’t sell our goods until the price amounts to $10 per unit.
I will be able to take part in the bidding if my friend
lends me $5 till tomorrow.
Note! We can also use the present perfect after when, if, etc. to show that
the first action will be finished before the second.
I’ll lend you a five-dollar note when I’ve got it.
Exercise 4.9.4.
Complete the sentences using the correct form of the tense in
brackets.
1. Our train _____ (leave) Moscow at 3.00 on Saturday and _____
(arrive) in Minsk at 9.00 on Sunday.
2.
The most important bidding _____ (start) at 11.00 and _____ (finish)
at 16.00 on Friday.
3.
We’ve got plenty of time. Our plane _____ (not/take off) until 7 a.m.
4.
I _____ (lend) you the money provided you _____ (pay) me back
tomorrow.
5.
We’d like to have some clarifications. The consumer _____ (be
entitled) to any compensation if goods _____ (break down) through
no fault of his.
6.
We _____ (outbid40) the last recorded price until we _____ (be sure)
that the item is worth buying.
7.
We _____ (claim) compensation if they _____ (fail) to deliver desks
on time?
8.
The programme reads that the pension fund meeting _____ (be held)
next week.
9.
What time the delegation _____ (arrive)?
10. There is a penalty clause: we _____ (stand) to lose ten per cent of
our price each week of overdue delivery.
11. According to the contract we _____ (keep) the production line clear
till the end of the month.
12. His father _____ (not give) him any more money until he learns not to
waste it.
Exercise 4.9.5.
Choose the correct form of the verbs in the anecdote.
Socialism:
If you have/will have two cows, you give/will give one to your neighbor.
Communism:
If you have/will have two cows, you give/will give them to the
government and the government gives / will give you some milk.
Fascism:
If you have/will have two cows, you keep/will keep the cows and
give/will give the milk to the government; then the government sells/will
sell you some milk.
Capitalism:
If you have/will have two cows, you sell/will sell one and buy/will buy a
bull.
40
Предложить более высокую цену, перекупить.
Exercise 4.9.6.
Correct the expressions marked in bold type.
The proprietor of a highly successful optical shop was instructing his
son as to how to charge a customer.
“Son, he said, after you have fit the glasses, and he asks what the
charge will, you say, “The charge is $10.” Then pause and wait to see if
he will flinch41.
If the customer will not flinch, you then say, “For the frames. The
lenses will to be another $10”. Then you pause again, this time only
slightly, and watch for the flinch. If the customer won’t flinch this time,
you say firmly, “Each”.
Exercise 4.9.7.
Do it in English:
1.
Джону Мартину, руководителю коммерческого отдела, завтра в
16 час. 30 мин. предстоит довольно неприятная встреча с
недовольным клиентом. Мистер Браун сердит и собирается
жаловаться на испорченный товар. Он заявил в телефонном
разговоре: “Я совершенно неудовлетворен надежностью вашей
мебели. Стол сломался не по нашей вине, а из-за низкого
качества изделия. Если вы не пришлете вашего специалиста
отремонтировать его, мы будем вынуждены аннулировать наш
следующий заказ. Кроме того, я считаю, что мы имеем право на
некоторую компенсацию”.
2.
Если к декабрю я
накоплю достаточно денег, я поеду на
Рождество в Эдинбург. Турпоездка начинается 22 декабря. Если
я найду еще одну работу с частичной занятостью, то съезжу еще
и в Инвернесс. Там я собираюсь посетить места, связанные с
Лохнесским чудовищем.
41
Вздрагивать
PRACTICE WITH THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS:
WILL BE + ... –ing
1. In what cases do we use future continuous?
a. We use will be + ... –ing to talk about something which will be in
progress at a time in the future.
I’ll be having dinner at 7.00.
Don’t phone me at 8.00. I’ll be having talks concerning a loan with the
bank manager.
d. We often use will be + ... –ing as a polite way of asking about
someone’s plans, especially when we want someone to do something
for us.
Will you be using your calculator at the lesson? I wondered if
I could borrow it.
PRACTICE WITH THE FUTURE PERFECT:
WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
1. In what cases do we usually use the future perfect?
We can use will have + Past Participle to talk about something that will
be completed by (not later than) a certain time in the future.
I’ll have studied the demand schedule by 3 p.m.
Improvements in the methods of processing food
won’t have been made by the arrival of inspectors.
Will the buyers have taken a decision what prices they are willing
to pay at the auction by 11 a.m.?
Mr. Grant will have owned Harper & Grant Ltd for 10 years next January.
“— I’ll visit the shop to make my complaint at 18.00. — No, I’m afraid, the
shop will not have worked by then. Can you come earlier?”
Exercise 4.9.8.
Complete the sentences using the will have + Past Participle form of
the verbs in brackets.
1.
I need my car first thing tomorrow morning. Do you think _______
(you / repair) it by then?
2. Let’s hurry. The auction _______ (start) by the time we get there.
3. - We promise to pay the account within 5 days.
- No, that’s too late. We _______ (place) the matter in the hands of
our solicitors by the end of the week.
4. - Let’s meet outside the shop at 6 p.m.
- All right. I think I _______ (persuade) Alex to make a complaint by
that time, because, I am sure, the law is on our side.
5. The Managing Director is inclined to begin negotiations at 10 a.m.
_______ you (clarify) all the details of the contract by the moment?
6. - One of our customers came to make a complaint about the faulty
mixer. He is aggressive!
- The manager will be with you in half an hour.
- This man _______ (break) all the shop windows by then!
7. Guy is in casino. He has very little money and he is spending too
much too quickly. Before the end of this hour, he _______ (spend) all
his money.
8. You should stop using the faulty washing machine! By the time you
call the repairman it _______ (break) completely.
9. I paid cash for a faulty lamp, but I didn’t keep the receipt. I’m afraid
it’s too late. Tomorrow it _______ (be) 8 days with me.
10. I _______ (return) my companion’s money by June 25th.
Exercise 4.9.9.
Peter Wiles is the Production Manager. He is going to have a very hectic
day tomorrow. Look at Peter’s plan. What will Peter have done by a
certain time tomorrow?
Model: By 9.30 tomorrow Peter will have dictated a report to the secretary.
09.00–09.30
Dictate a report on the trip to A. to the secretary.
10.00–12.00
Report to the Managing Director.
13.00–14.00
Have lunch with the Sales Manager.
14.30–15.30
Meet Alan Smith, the Globe Forwarding Company.
16.00–17.00
Look through the contract of Computer Company.
Attention: Penalty clause!
17.30–18.00
Phone the Works Manager.
PRACTICE WITH ADVERBS
OF MANNER, PLACE AND DEFINITE TIME
Ask yourself these questions when checking adverbs of manner, place or
definite time.
1. How are adverbs of manner formed?
a. Most of adverbs of manner are formed by adding –ly to the adjective.
bad — badly
usual — usually
high — highly
But!
good — well
b. We use fast, hard, late as both adjectives and adverbs.
He is a hard worker / He works hard.
But! “Hardly” means “almost no”.
I’ve hardly got any money left.
c. Not all words ending in –ly are adverbs. Some adjectives also end in
-ly and have no adverb forms: (un)likely; (un)friendly; costly;
deadly; lovely; silly; ugly.
Selling your house can be a costly and time consuming business.
We use the following adjectives instead of adverbs in different structures:
The manager received a new employee in a friendly way
(not: friendlily).
Daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, quarterly — are both adjectives and
adverbs.
Yearly dividends were paid out to (the) stockholders.
Exercise 4.9.10.
Choose the correct answers.
1. They have close/closely studied the terms of Black & Co. for the
machines they were going to buy.
2. As the items are sold one at a time buyers must fast/fastly decide
what prices they are willing to pay.
3. I’m sorry to say but we are not complete/completely satisfied with
the quality of your goods.
4. The boxes containing spare parts are not safe/safely packed. It
should be done more proper/properly.
5. If the company want to attract new customers they must
wide/widely advertise their goods.
6. If your shoes came apart without misuse after only one day’s wear,
it is a very serious/seriously problem and it should be settled
reasonable/reasonably.
7. The company makes profits and pays quarter/quarterly dividends
to their stockholders.
8. You have to think of the price of the house as it is a cost/costly
purchase.
9. The sellers sometimes change the terms of delivery if they are not
very good/well for the customers.
10. We are interested in buying these computers as we require them
urgent/urgently.
2. Where to place an adverb? What is the word order like?
a. Adverbs of manner, place and time normally go after the direct object.
__direct object__ + __adverb__
The manager considered the project very carefully.
___direct object_____ + __adverb__
He bought a faulty calculator yesterday.
b. The adverb goes after the verb if there is no direct object.
____verb____ + __adverb__
The faulty parts were studied carefully.
c. If there is more than one adverb, the usual order is:
manner + place + time
The foodstuffs were sold profitably at Brendan’s shop last month.
manner
place
time
d. An adverb does not normally go between a verb and its direct
object.
If you are at the auction you must decide everything quickly.
The firm employed the workers the other day.
e. Some adverbs of manner, place and time also go at the beginning of a
clause if we want to emphasize it.
Tomorrow we have to take part in the bidding.
Exercise 4.9.11.
Complete the sentences by putting the parts in brackets in the
proper order.
1. Since the company (increased/has/lately/considerably/the prices)
they are not attractive to customers.
2. He didn’t have enough time to read (yesterday/attentively/the
contract).
3. The engineers (carefully/studied/later on in the day/the terms of
the contract).
4. (Use/economists/nowadays/a demand schedule/widely) to study
consumers’ demand.
5. People (invariably/the same amount of products/buy/now).
6. If you spend (at once/at the auction/all your money) you will have
to drop out very quickly.
7. John is eager to buy (one of these days/this picture/at the auction)
outbidding all the other participants.
8. Since Bond & Co. always provide shipping facilities to their
customers they (sell /on CIF terms/usually/their goods).
9. To make these desks (the firm/by
week/urgently/steel sheets/needed).
the
end
of
the
3. Should we place an adverb before or after the verb?
a. An adverb normally goes before a full verb but after the verb “to be”,
an auxiliary verb (have, will, can), or the first auxiliary when there is
more than one auxiliary.
In a market economy buyers and sellers usually answer
the basic economic questions.
Consumers are usually sensible to some price changes than
to others. He has never taken part in the bidding before.
b. In negative sentences adverbs of probability (probably, certainly)
normally go before the negative won’t; not, etc.
We probably won’t fulfil the customers’ demand.
Exercise 4.9.12.
Put the adverb in brackets into the correct place (with the verb).
1. The customers have been trying to contact us the whole day.
(probably)
2. Suppliers want the price that allows them to make the most of
money. (usually)
3. This section will help you understand how consumers fulfil their
demands. (surely)
4. We live in the changing world of computer technology. (rapidly)
5. The auctions of sellers and buyers set the prices of goods and
services. (always)
6. Have you studied reasons for elasticity of demand? (yet)
7. I recommend you not to accept a repair and to ask for a
replacement of a faulty vacuum cleaner. (strongly)
8. Mike is waiting for a compensation from a shop. (still)
9. You and the supplier must negotiate a reasonable settlement.
(certainly)
10. A car may cost 50% of your annual income. (easily)
4. What is the place of the adverbs of time: still, yet, already?
a. Still goes before a full verb or after “to be“ or an auxiliary verb.
These factors still influence the process of production of goods.
Economists are still using a tool called a demand schedule to study
demand.
b. Yet is used only in questions and negatives and normally goes at the
end of a clause.
Have you studied our catalogue and price list yet?
These goods aren’t sold to the highest bidder yet.
c. We normally use “already” before a full verb or after “to be” or an
auxiliary.
He has already made up his mind about asking for a refund.
He already changed jobs many times.
We can also use ”already” at the end of a clause for emphasis.
I’ve paid his bills already.
Exercise 4.9.13.
Choose the one underlined word combination which is incorrect.
1. Ann has a lot of responsibility in her job but she isn’t good-paid.
A
B
C
D
2. The people for the experiment were chosen complete at random.
A
B
C
D
3. There is one more topic to discuss the question namely
A
B
C
D
of your salary.
4. He tried hardly to find a job but he had no luck.
A
B
C
D
5. When I came to the firm the company’s staff treated me very
A
B
C
friendly.
D
6. Buyers have been always more sensitive to some price changes
A
B
C
D
than to others.
7. Up-to-date equipment is introduced continually into production.
A
B
C
D
8. Your decision actually is the result of your tastes and your
A
B
available cash income at the moment.
C
D
9. Upon receipt the customers had close looked through the terms
A
B
C
of the contract and agreed to sign it at once.
D
10. She can hardly control her feelings. Even though she is
A
B
an elderly woman and her son is 40, she treats him motherly.
C
D
11. — He doesn’t hardly ever write to us. But we normally do not
A
B
worry if he visits Pam. — Oh! Pam is sometimes not responsible
C
for what she does.
D
PRACTICE WITH ADVERBS
OF FREQUENCY OR REPETITION
1. Where shall we put these adverbs in a sentence?
The English adverbs of frequency are placed before the main verb, but
after the auxiliary and modal verbs. Except for the auxiliary verb 'to be',
the adverb should be placed after this verb.
I always examine the goods I buy at once.
She is always inspecting the goods she buys.
She never deals with complaint.
She has never broken her side of a bargain.
This car has never been repaired.
Sometimes it is possible to bargain over prices.
Often the value you place on an item will differ from its monetary value.
a. Adverb phrases of frequency every morning/evening, once a week,
daily, weekly, monthly, yearly normally go at the end (or the
beginning) of a clause.
I do physical exercises every morning.
Once a week I play tennis at the court.
b. We use sometimes and frequently before not or before isn’t,
doesn’t, etc.
Joe is sometimes not responsible for what he says.
He is frequently not at home.
Sue sometimes isn’t reliable.
She frequently doesn’t get home till 11.
Exercise 4.9.14.
Put the adverbs of frequency and repetition in the correct place in
the sentences. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
1. Students work after school or during summer to sometimes earn
money for buying some of the things they want.
2. He always has been interested in using a demand curve to study
demand.
3. He is late for hardly ever appointments.
4. Many people include often savings as a fixed expense because
they save regularly a part of their income.
5. High school students must make choices usually about what to do
after graduation.
6. Evaluating sometimes the quality of a product can be difficult for
the customer.
7. The consumer’s decision always is a matter of personal taste.
8. This item is in great demand rarely, so we make it in a small
quantity.
9. Time deposits also sometimes are considered a form of money.
PRACTICE WITH ADVERBS OF PROBABILITY
1. At what place do we put the adverbs of probability in the
sentence?
a. They normally go before a full verb, but after be or an auxiliary verb.
The delivery has obviously been delayed.
He is certainly the man who will put the things right.
b. In negative sentences they normally go before the negative won’t,
isn’t, not, etc.
She probably won’t prove that the dress was bought at that shop
as she hasn’t kept the receipt.
You certainly can’t expect all of the purchase price back if your
washing machine worked for half a year perfectly and then broke.
c. Perhaps and maybe normally go at the beginning of a clause.
Perhaps there was no time limit in the contract.
Maybe we’ll do without the penalty clause.
Note: Mind that maybe is quite informal.
Exercise 4.9.15.
Put the adverbs of probability in the correct place in the sentence.
Peter Wiles is going to have a hectic day (probably). He thinks he will
have a quiet morning dictating into a dictating machine a long report
(maybe). His secretary, Jane, can type it back later (perhaps).
John Martin comes into Peter’s office because he isn’t satisfied with
the delay in delivery of some special plastic coated sheets (obviously).
These sheets are wanted for a special order. To get this order, Harper
& Grant had to promise to deliver these desks before a certain date
(definitely). If they fail to deliver on time, they will lose money, because
there is a penalty clause in the contract (certainly).
But Harper & Grant did not have a penalty clause in their contract with
the suppliers (occasionally). So they will lose money unless something
can be done about it pretty quickly (probably).
PRACTICE WITH ADVERBS OF DEGREE
1.
What is the place of these adverbs in a sentence?
Adverbs of degree fairly, quite, rather, pretty, too, enough, so modify
adjectives or other adverbs.
The agreement we managed to negotiate was quite reasonable.
(adverb + adjective)
He accepted the idea to reschedule the production line fairly well.
(adverb + adverb)
It is too late / late enough to take part in the bidding.
I think I’ll drop out of the bargaining, I am too tired.
The demand for hot dog buns is so high, because they are used
with hot dogs.
The demand curve shows that the desire to buy the item changes
so slowly.
This is such nice pork! But its price has doubled and I am bound to buy
substitutes. I can’t afford such a waste of money.
Note: We can use so (but not such) with many and much.
There were so many overdue deliveries, that we had to claim
compensation.
I’ve got so much to do to honour the contract.
We can use such (but not so) before a lot (of).
It’s a pity that there were such a lot of mistakes in the test.
Exercise 4.9.16.
In the following sentences, choose the correct form in brackets.
1. There were not (enough people/people enough) to consider the
complaints and to determine goods as satisfactory.
2. Allen has checked the thing (enough carefully/carefully enough) to
operate it in the appropriate way.
3. Do you have (enough time/time enough) to go to the shop with me
and help me with the complaint?
4. The demand for substitutes rises (enough fast/fast enough)
because the price of the genuine product has doubled.
5. Improvements in the methods of processing food allowed suppliers
to increase supply (enough soon/soon enough).
6. We arrived (enough early/early enough) to get on to the manager
and to put him in a mess.
7. You should type (enough slowly/slowly enough) so that you will not
make an error.
8. There are (enough orders/orders enough) for the goods which are
wanted for stock and have no time limit.
9. We have (enough funds/funds enough) to share the extra cost of
a field survey.
10. This man doesn’t have (enough experience/experience enough) to
honour the delivery in this urgent situation.
Glossary
account n
1. a written or spoken report; description
2. a sum of money kept in a bank, building society, etc.
which can be added to or taken from
3. a record or statement of money received or paid out,
e.g. by a bank or business
account v
1. consider
2. to give or be a satisfactory explanation for
3. to provide a satisfactory record, esp. of money
received or paid out
accountant n
syn bookkeeper
a person whose job is to consider and examine the
money accounts of businesses or people
amount n
a collection or mass considered as a unit in terms of its
size, number, etc.
amount v
to be equal to, e.g. in quantity or in meaning
apply v
1. to request something, esp. officially and in writing
2. to bring or put into use or operation
application n
1. (the act of making) a request, esp. officially and in
writing
2. the act of putting something to use
3. a particular practical use
applicant n
a person who makes a request, esp. officially and in
writing, for a job, for entrance to school or university etc.
compensation 1. something (esp. money) given as a way of
n
compensating
2. money paid (by an insurer) to someone who has
suffered injury or had property lost or damaged
debt n
1. something owed to someone else
2. the state of owing; the duty of repaying something
determine v
1. to (cause to) form a firm intention or decision
2. to fix or find out exactly, e.g. by making calculations,
collecting information, etc.
employ v
1. give work to (someone) and pay them for it
2. keep occupied
3. make use of
employer n
a person or group that employs others
employee n
a person who is employed
unemployment 1. the number of people without work in a group or
n
society, in relation to the number of people wanting work
2. the state of being unemployed
estimate v
to judge or calculate the nature, value, size, amount, etc.
of (something), esp. roughly; form an opinion about
estimate n
a calculation or judgment of the nature, value, size,
amount, etc. of something
interest n
1. a charge made for the borrowing of money
2. a share in a company, business, etc.
interview v
interviewer n
interviewee n
to ask questions of (someone) in an interview
a person who asks questions of (someone) in an
interview
a person who is being or is to be interviewed, esp. for a
job
fringe n
addition; the outer, marginal, or extreme part of an area,
group, or sphere of activity
pl fringes
own v
items that are given to an employee as part of his or her
payment but apart from wages or salary (such as a
company car, health insurance, or goods at a discount)
to possess (something), esp. by lawful right
owner n
a person, who possesses (something), esp. by lawful right
ownership n
1. basic right to possess something
2. property
payment n
1. the act of paying
2. an amount of money that has been or must be paid
payroll n
1. a list of workers employed by a company and the
amount of wages each person is to be paid
2. the total amount of wages paid to all the workers in a
particular company
recruit v
to find in order to employ; to get the services of
recruitment n
employment
repay v
1. to return (what is owed) to (someone); pay back
2. to reward
possess v
to have as one’s property, as a quality, etc; own
possession n
he state of having, owning, or controlling something
possessions n an item of property; something belonging to one
(pl)
property n
1. something which is owned; possessions
2. land, buildings, or both together
3. ownership, with its rights and duties according to the
law
proprietor n
an owner of a business, invention etc.
reward n
(something gained or received as) a return for doing
something good or valuable
source n
a place from which something comes; means of supply
wealth n
a large amount of money and possessions
Topics for the Power Point presentations:
1.
Five Вasic Types of Income
2.
Transfer payments
3.
Unemployment
4.
Four categories of workers
5.
Personal Wealth
6.
Poverty Level
7.
Personal Income and Spending
8.
Multiplier effect of spending
9.
Employment in Russia and the UK
10. Household Income Levels in the UK versus the RF
11. Advice to interviewees at the job interview
12. Rules of Job Hunting
13. Documents needed in applying for a job
14. Employment and recruitment.
Progress Check
COMPREHENSION
I.
Choose the correct word or phrase to complete the sentences.
9. Proprietor compensation is the income that white-collar
workers / self-employed people earn.
10. Gifts, inheritances, and aid to the poor are three examples of
transfer payments / fringe benefits.
11. Wealth / Rent is the income from allowing others to use one’s
property temporarily.
12. White-collar workers / Blue-collar workers are people who do
jobs in factories or outdoors.
13. Janitors, barbers, and police are service workers / selfemployed people.
14. In the market system personal wealth / a person’s income is
determined by how the market values that person’s resources and
skills.
15. Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through
investments is profit / income.
16. The surplus / income received from business is the reward of
private enterprise known as “profit”.
17. The major way a candidate goes wrong is by basically becoming a
yes-man or a yes-woman and agreeing with everything an
interviewer / an interviewee says.
18. Savings accounts and corporation stocks are types of surplus /
wealth that usually produce income.
II.
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence.
11.
Basic income is a system
1.
to allow every person to have a
similar to Social Security,
a
fair chance at an adequate
quality of life.
2.
This money is typically
b
provided
This income, provided
3.
to basic income at an amount
below the poverty line.
in which all citizens of a country
unconditionally,
c
receive a set amount of money
on a regular basis.
The goal of a basic income
4.
is given in addition to any
system is
d
income for which a person
works.
5.
It is a way to combat income
e
inequality and ensure
Partial basic income refers
by the government or a similar
public organization.
which aims to narrow the gap
6.
f
in income inequality and give
each person the same chance
to build a life.
7.
Basic income is common in
g
systems such as socialism,
1.
2.
3.
4.
that each citizen has enough
money on which to live.
5.
6.
7
12.
America currently employs
1. systems similar to basic
income,
2.
The Earned Income Tax Credit
(EITC) qualifies low-income
individuals for tax breaks,
To qualify for the credit, a
person must earn below a
certain annual income and
3. meet other eligibility
requirements,
Other systems are currently in
place to help low-income
4.
individuals meet their basic
needs,
5.
As with any social system or
government program,
On the one hand, it levels the
playing field — no matter how
6. much money you make,
On the other hand, it’s difficult
to develop the organization and
7.
structures required to make a
basic income system
1.
2.
3.
4.
a
which in some cases can result
in a refund for the individual.
b
basic income generates
controversy.
c
including Medicaid for health
care, the Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP) for food, and the
Department of Housing and
Urban Development (HUD) for
shelter.
d
each person is guaranteed a
set sum of money in fixed
intervals, which allows people
to live independently.
e
specifically for low-income
individuals.
f
function the way it ideally
should, which means that a
true basic income system is
more of a utopian dream than
an achievable reality.
g
including having a child or not
qualifying as a dependent on
someone else’s tax returns.
5.
6.
7.
13.
1.
2.
An independent contractor is a
a
self-employed taxpayer
Independent contractors are
b
not considered employees,
It is up to the payer to correctly
3.
as either an independent
contractor or an employee.
who provide independent
services to the general public.
he must classify that individual
classify each payee
c
as an employee or an
independent contractor.
Doctors, dentists, veterinarians,
4.
lawyers and a host of other
and they must pay their own
d
professionals who own their
Social Security and Medicare
taxes.
own businesses
However, the category also
5.
the worker must perform
includes contractors,
e
subcontractors, freelance
services not directly controlled
by the employer.
writers, auctioneers and others
When a business owner or
6.
who controls his own
anyone else decides to pay
f
someone for work,
employment circumstances,
including when and how work
is done.
To be classified as the latter,
are classified as independent
7.
g
contractors by the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
14.
Self-employed is a situation in
1.
but does not work with the day-
which an individual works for
a
himself
2.
company.
A self-employed individual
b
earns his income
Being self-employed is a
3.
to-day operation of the
usually on a quarterly basis.
instead of working for an
different situation
c
employer that pays a salary or
a wage.
A business owner is someone
4.
for being self-employed versus
who owns a company
d
being a normal employee or a
business owner.
5.
In contrast, a person who is
e
self-employed
Furthermore, there are often
6.
different taxation-related
f
g
pay estimated taxes,
2.
which he is also the primary or
sole operator.
Self-employed persons must
1.
owner.
owns his own business, of
implications
7.
than simply being a business
3.
4.
through conducting profitable
operations.
5.
6.
7.
II.
15.
Match each of the phrases on the left with an appropriate
explanation on the right.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
income
a
interest
b
savings
c
account
blue-collar
d
worker
accountant
e
estimate
a person whose job is professional or clerical
and usually salaried
employees whose job entails physical labor,
such as in a factory or workshop
a person who is paid to work for an
organization or for another person
an official request for something, usually in
writing
a fee paid for the use of another party’s money
an account provided by a bank to save money
6.
f
and earn interest on the cash held in the
account
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
employer
g
white-collar
h
worker
employee
i
application
2.
j
3.
an approximate calculation of a quantity or
value
money that is earned from doing work or
received from investments
a person or business that employs one or more
people
a qualified person who is trained in preparation,
auditing and analysis of accounts
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
16
1.
2.
3.
part-time job
a
full-time job
b
wealth
c
to distribute
a sum of money that is owed or due
to give something out to several people, or to
spread or supply something
left to one’s choice; not required or mandatory
an arrangement in which a bank keeps a record
4.
d
of the money that a person puts in and takes
out of the bank
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
to allocate
e
optional
f
account
g
applicant
h
debt
i
to evaluate
j
tradeoffs
2.
3.
the possession of a large amount of money,
property, or other valuable things
to judge a situation in which you balance two
opposing situations
a form of employment that carries fewer hours
per week than a full-time job
to divide something for a special reason or to
particular people, companies, etc.
done during the full number of hours
considered normal or standard
a person who applies for a post of employment
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
17
1.
unemployment
a
budget
the person who asks the questions during an
interview
an employment benefit (such as a pension or a
2.
b
paid holiday) granted by an employer that does
not affect basic wage rates
3.
interviewee
c
an amount that is paid or payable
4.
to adjust
d
the state, relation, or fact of being an owner
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
fringe benefit
taxable income
payment
f
g
interviewer
h
property
i
ownership
2.
e
j
3.
the state of being unemployed, especially
involuntarily
the person who answers the questions during
an interview
an object or objects that belong to someone
an estimate of costs, revenues, and resources
over a specified period
to change something slightly, to make it more
correct, effective, or suitable
gross income from which standard deductions
and other allowances have been subtracted
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
18
1.
2.
payroll
a
proprietor
b
recruitment
something given in exchange for good
behaviour or good work
to pay back money borrowed from someone
the amount of something that is permitted,
3.
c
especially within a set of regulations or for a
specified purpose
4.
reward
d
the owner of a business, or a holder of property
5.
source
e
the fact that you have or own something
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1.
to repay
f
transfer
g
payment
possessions
h
allowance
i
employee
compensation
2.
3.
j
a list of a company’s employees and the
amount of money they are to be paid.
the process of finding people to work for a
company
the total amount an employee can expect to
receive when working for an organization.
any thing or place from which something
comes, arises, or is obtained
money received by an individual or family from
the state or other body
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition.
19.
Personal income refers … (1) … all of the income collectively
received … (2) … all of the individuals or households … (3) … a country.
Personal income includes compensation … (4) … a number of sources
including salaries, wages and bonuses received … (5) … employment or
self-employment; dividends and distributions received from investments;
rental receipts from real estate investments and profit-sharing from
businesses. … (6) … some cases, people use the phrase personal
income to to speak ... (7) … the total compensation provided … (8) … an
individual. This is more aptly meant as individual income, and … (9) most
jurisdictions, personal income, also called individual income or gross
income, above a certain exemption threshold is subject … (10) …
taxation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
20.
Personal income has a large effect … (1) … consumer consumption,
and since consumer spending drives much … (2) … the economy,
national statistical organizations, economists and analysts track personal
income … (3) … a quarterly or annual basis. For example, … (4) … the
United States, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) tracks personal
income statistics each month and compares it … (5) … numbers … (6) …
the previous month. This agency also breaks … (7) … the numbers … (8)
… categories such as personal income earned … (9) … employment
wages, rental income, farming and sole proprietorship. This allows the
agency to make assertions … (10) … how earning trends are changing.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
21.
Personal income tends to display a rising trend … (1) … periods of
economic expansion, and show a stagnant or slightly declining trend
during recessionary times. Since the 1980s, rapid economic growth … (2)
… economies such as China, India and Brazil has spurred substantial
increases … (3) … personal incomes … (4) … millions of their citizens.
Disposable personal income (DPI) refers … (5) … the amount of money a
population has left … (6) … taxes have been paid. It differs … (7) …
personal income in that it takes taxes … (8) … account. However, it’s
important to note that contributions … (9) … government social insurance
are not taken … (10) … account when calculating personal income.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
22.
Personal income is often compared … (1) … personal consumption
expenditures (PCE). PCE measures the changes … (2) … the price of
consumer goods and services. … (3) … taking these changes … (4) …
account, analysts can ascertain how changes … (5) … personal income
truly affect spending. To illustrate, if personal income increases
significantly one month but PCE also increases, consumers collectively
may have more cash … (6) … their pockets, but they may have to spend
more … (7) … basic goods and services. Active income refers to income
received from performing a service. This includes wages, tips, salaries,
commissions and income … (8) … businesses … (9) … which there is
material participation. For example, an accountant who works … (10) … a
monthly paycheck receives active income.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
WORD BUILDING
IV.
Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in
capitals when it is necessary.
I.
A transfer …, in the United States, is a one-way
23. payment to a person for which no money, good, or
service
24.
PAY
is given or exchanged. Transfer payments are made GOVERN
to individuals by the federal …
25. through … social benefit programs.
VARY
These types of payments are executed by the
26. United States to individuals through programs such
as Social … .
SECURE
27.
A United States federal program of social … and
benefits developed in 1935.
INSURE
II.
A transfer payment is a process used by
28. governments as a way to … money through
programs
DISTRIBUTE
29.
such as old age or disability pensions, student
grants and … compensation.
EMPLOY
30.
Transfer payments, however, do not include
subsidies that are paid to domestic farmers, …
MANUFACTU
RE
31.
and …, even though they are technically a one-way
payment to a person on behalf of the government.
EXPORT
Government transfer payments, although no
PERSON
32. services are performed, are considered to be a
component of … income.
III.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Education and training … is considered a type of
ASSIST
government transfer payment.
This government assistance consists of …
HIGH
education student assistance, interest payments
on student loans and state … assistance.
EDUCATIONA
L
The … of these benefits help individuals at all levels COMBINE
of education afford school.
They also help people from all types of
THIS
37. backgrounds. All people can be helped with …
transfer payments.
IV.
Fringe benefits are benefits provided by an … to a
EMPLOY
38. worker, independent contractor or partner, some of
which are
tax-exempt when certain conditions are met.
TAX
39. Recipients of … fringe benefits have to include the
fair market value of the
benefit in their taxable income for the year. Fringe
COVER
40. benefits commonly include health insurance, group-
term life insurance … ,
41.
42.
educational assistance, childcare and assistance …, REIMBURSE
cafeteria plans,
… discounts, stock options, personal use of a
company-owned vehicle and others.
EMPLOY
V.
Use the –er/-or, -ee, -ion, -ance, suffixes to make the names of the
following. If you need to use a dictionary, try looking up the words in
bold.
43. A person who owns something.
44. One employed by another usually for wages or salary and in a
position below the executive level.
45. One that works especially at manual or industrial labor or with a
particular material
46. The act, system, or business of insuring property, life, etc.,
against loss or harm arising in specified contingencies, as fire,
accident, death, disablement, or the like, in consideration of a
payment proportionate to the risk involved.
47. The act or state of compensating, as by rewarding someone for
service or by making up for someone’s loss, damage, or injury by
giving the injured party an appropriate benefit.
48. A person or organization that employs people.
49. Something that is or may be inherited.
50. The act or fact of possessing.
GRAMMAR BACK UP
I. Choose the option (A, B, C or D) that best completes the
sentence.
51. If your complaint …, it’s somebody’s responsibility to put things
right.
A) will justify
B) is justified
C) will be justified
D) justify
52. Mr. Brown … a memo from the Production Department that … a
delay in delivery of some special plastic coated steel sheets.
A) had just received … there will be
B) has just received … is going to be
C) received … would be
D) has just received … there will be
53. The demand for these products … than we have expected.
A) is increasing faster
B) is faster increasing
C) is increasing more and more fast
D) increases more faster
54. The shop assured me that new glue …to mend broken china.
A) was enough good
B) will be good enough
C) is too good
D) would be good enough
55. One must … the demand for a product before introducing it on the
market.
A) study seriously
B) careful study
C) always study
D) study carefully
56. Since Brother Coopers Ltd … shipping facilities to the customers it
usually sells … .
A) usually provide … its goods at CIF terms
B) often provide … their goods on CIF terms
C) always provides … its goods on CIF terms
D) never provides … their goods at CIF terms
57. If the price goes up a little more, you will be able to sell your car,
but at $1000 there … no demand at all for a used automobile.
A) will have been
B) will be
C) is
D) is being
58. It was … hot dog bun, he couldn’t help buying it for his cafeteria.
A) so perfectly
B) so many
C) such a good
D) such a lot
59. I’m going to the town to buy something to eat. Do you know what
time… ?
A) is the shop closed
B) the shop is closed
C) will the shop be closed
D) the shop is closing
60. Mr. Scott intends to cancel the purchase. He … to accept a
replacement … .
A) is sure … no longer
B) doesn’t incline … any longer
C) is bound … any longer
D) doesn’t want … no more
61. If the demand for popcorn suddenly decreases, the demand for
popcorn
makers ... too.
A) probably is decreasing
B) probably decrease
C) will decrease probably
D) will probably decrease
II.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or
word combination (A, B, C or D) to fill in each gap.
62.
… (1) … to inform you that workers’ compensation is a publiclysponsored system that … (2) … monetary benefits to workers who
become … (3) … in the course of their employment. Workers’
compensation is a type of insurance that offers employees compensation
for injuries or disabilities sustained … (4) … their employment. By … (5)
… receive workers’ compensation, workers … (6) … agreeing to give up
their right to sue their employer for negligence. This “compensation
bargain” is intended to protect both workers … (7) … employers. Workers
give up … (8) … recourse in exchange for guaranteed compensation,
while employers consent to a certain … (9) … liability while avoiding the
potentially greater damage of a large-scale negligence lawsuit. All parties
(including taxpayers) benefit from … (10) … legal fees needed to process
a trial.
A
B
C
D
1.
I’d like
Let us
We must
Allow
2.
pay
pays
must to pay
are paid
3.
and injured
injuries
injuring
injured
like a result of
as a result of
in the result
from
by a result to
5.
agreeing to
agreeing
agreed with
being agreed at
6.
also
also are
are also
are too
7.
as well as
or
but also
and
8.
farther
further
more further
the most further
9.
number of
sum of
amount of
great deal of
avoiding the
avoidance the
being avoiding
a
avoiding a
4.
10.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
63.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or
word combination (A, B, C or D) to fill in each gap.
The general director has … (1) … consultants and found out the
following. … (2) … compensation plans offer coverage of medical fees …
(3) … injuries acquired as a direct result of employment. For example, a
construction worker could claim compensation if scaffolding fell on their
head, but not if they were in a traffic accident while … (4) … the job site.
In … (5) … situations, workers can receive the equivalent of sick pay
while they are on medical leave. If a worker … (6) … a result of their
employment, workers’ compensation … (7) … payments to their family
members or other dependents. While the “compensation bargain”
excludes the possibility of a tort of negligence being … (8) … employees,
this is not to say that compensation is a foregone conclusion. For one
thing, it is … (9) … whether or not an employer is … (10) … for an injury
to their worker.
A
B
D
contacted
get in touch
with
contacted with
2. Most of
The most
Most
Much
3. related to
related by
relating to
are related on
4. driven to
driving to
driving at
being driving
5. another
others
an other
other
6. dies like
will die as
dies as
dies from
7. also gives
gives also
too provides
as well as gives
8. issued to
issuing by
the issue for
issued by
1.
communicated
C
9.
always not clear not always clear not clear always not always
clearly
10.
actual and
liable
1
2
liable actually
3
4
5
actually liable
6
7
liably actual
8
9
10
64.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or
word combination (A, B, C or D) to fill each gap.
… (1) … knowledge that … (2) … place where self-discipline plays …
(3) … important role than in setting your own salary. As the owner and
founder of your business, you can … (4) … or as little of the company’s
profits as you want to your own paycheck. You can even decide to go
further: You can … (5) … your accountant to cut you a check equal to the
entire month’s sales. That’ll be a high-water mark for your earnings,
however, since draining that much cash will ensure that … (6) … month in
business. There are two groups of interested parties in the decision about
how much to pay yourself. First, you have … (7) … by your partners (if
any), employees, suppliers, creditors and customers. If you … (8) … of
your company for yourself, to the extent that … (9) … parties are … (10)
…, it could be a mistake.
A
B
C
D
1.
It’s a common
It’s common
It’s commonly
It’s the common
2.
there’s no a
there are no
there’s no
it’s no the
3.
a more
a most
the most
the more
4.
allocate as
many
to allocate
much
allocate so
many
allocate as
much
5.
tell
say
tell to
announce
6.
its your the
latest
its your latest
it’s your last
there’s your last
7.
to do rightly
to do right
rightly do
to make right
8.
‘ll take money
out
will take money taken money
take money out
9.
any of this
every of these
any of these
no of those
damaging
been damaged
to damage
10. damaged
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
65.
Read the text. For each question (1-10) choose the best word or
word combination (A, B, C or D) to fill each gap.
Scientists attract our attention … (1) … the fact that there’s no set
amount an entrepreneur should earn. … (2) …, it’s all yours or as much of
it as you retain ownership of. Of course, a board of directors, partners,
other owners and lenders … (3) … say in this. Absent all limits, in a world
where only you and your company are … (4) … decision, you have to
choose between taking money out to spend on yourself and your interests
outside work, or … (5) … the company, where it can power … (6) …
growth. The decision to take or … (7) … profits is … (8) … personal one
that turns on the fulcrum where your interests and … (9) … your business
coincide. Other than … (10) …, there are several ways you can get value
out of your business: Dividends. Fringe benefits. Delayed compensation.
And don’t forget loans.
A
1.
at
2.
B
C
to
upon
Strictly to speak Speaking
strictly
Strictly
speaking
Strictly spoken
3.
may also have
a
may also have
also may have
a
may have also
4.
involved in
involved in the
involving to a
involved by the
to reinvest it in
reinvesting
them
reinvest them
for
reinvesting it in
6.
farther
furthest
further
the farthest
7.
will reinvest
reinvested
reinvesting
reinvest
8.
a highly
highly
a high
highly a
9.
this by
those of
these for
that of
taken salaries
taking a salary
by taking wages
5.
on
D
10. to take a salary
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
III.
Identify the one underlined word, phrase or punctuation mark that
must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
66. If I’m not mistaken, in spite of all your reforms your legislation
is still rather complicated. - Yes, that’s true, foreigners wishing
A
to enter our market have often to take advice on legal matters.
B
C
D
67. This is such a nice caviar! But its price has doubled and
A
B
I’m bound to buy substitutes. I can’t afford such a waste of money.
C
D
68. The UK economy has experienced recently economic growth
A
B
combined with low inflation and falling employment.
C
D
69. By the time our suppliers meet all of the delivery dates, our clients
A
B
will claim a considerable compensation for failure to deliver on time.
C
D
70. Our subcontractors’ refusal to honour the delivery by the 15th of May
A
B
C
put us in a quite serious mess.
D
71. By the end of 20XX 1.25 millions employees will have participated
A
B
in profit-sharing schemes. Millions more will do it indirectly.
C
D
72. He opened widely his eyes when he saw that there wasn’t any penalty
A
B
C
clause in the contract in question.
D
73. If you lose money as a result of the financial failure, the Exchange’s
A
B
Compensation Fund made up such a loss.
C
D
74. The Managing Director was beside himself with anger and could hard
A
B
say any word when he had read the contract
C
D
75. Dividends are usually paid twice a year, though there is nothing
A
B
to stop a company paying it more or less frequently.
C
D