log
Be
↑
↳
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gen
84
.
84
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Enzymes
.
What is
Enzymes
sional
an
are protein molecules with
.
shape
The
On the
surface
a
of
three dimensa
enzyue
every
a
known
the
active
,
shape
an
site
as
enzyme binds to the
enzyme-substrate complex
-
form
active site
.
It is in the active
into
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and
is almost always a protein. It speeds
up the rate of a specific chemical
reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not
destroyed during the reaction and is
used over and over
active site ?
region
subthispecial
or the
to
Enzyme defenition:
revision
.
products
syte that substrates
are
converted
How do enzymes and substrates meet ?
Most biological reactions
and substrate molecules
take place a
collision a
in
with one another When a
emdecule
Orientation the substral
site in similar way to a
.
,
Nature of science
The lock and
to
analogy
A
e
onspenze
cours in the
fits
correct
into the active
key fitting into
a
lock
.
:
key hypothesis has been
used
model or
explain enzyme-substrate interactions
, the induced fit model has refined our
as a
.
second theory
. Models like these unable
of the process
understanding
Scientists to make predictions and describe the proces's in
simple turMS
-
E
G
-
How
O
enzymes
Catalyses down
·
W
fa
substrate
molecule into
two
product
molecules
active site
strate
enzyme
products
G
A substrate molecule is
drawn into the active site
.
of the
enzyme
The products arereleased
and the
is
to
receive another substrate molecule
enzyme
enzyme
ready
,
↳
strat
Biological detergents definition:
Biological detergents contain enzymes that help break down the fatty, greasy, and starchy compounds that are
found in some of the most common clothing stains such as pasta sauces, bike oil, and hamburger grease.
Protease definition:
An enzyme which breaks down proteins and peptides. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds
within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds
Amylases definition:
An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in the
saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of
digestion.
Inert material definition:
Inert materials are classed as 'waste that does not undergo any significant
physical, chemical or biological transformations and is unlikely to adversely
affect other matter with which it comes into contact'.
Substrate definition
be the surface on which an organism (eg: plant, fungus, or animal) lives
or the substance on which an enzyme can act
Codon definition
a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a
unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
Genes definition
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring
and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring
Allele Definition
each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by
mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Genetic Mutation Definition
a change in the sequence of bases in a gene
Genome definition
the whole genetic information of an organism
Eukaryotic Chromosome definition
long threads of DNA and protein that carry the genetic material of the cell. In
prokaryotes the DNA in a chromosome is not associated with proteins
Definitions
Diploid nucleus: contains two copies of each chromosome in homologous pair
Haploid nucleus: contains one chromosome of each homologous pair
Homologous pair: a pair of matching chromosomes that carry the same genes but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes
Somatic cell: a body cell that is not a gamete
Gamete: a haploid sex cell, for example, sperm, ovum or pollen
Karyotype Definition
the number of types of chromosomes in the nucleus
Meiosis definition
The type of cell division that takes place in ovaries and
testes of animals, and in the anthers and ovaries of
plants to produce haploid gametes for sexual
reproduction
Definitions
Axon: the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which
impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
Synapse: a short branched extension of a nerve cell,
along which impulses received from other cells at
synapses are transmitted to the cell body
Motor Neuron: a nerve cell forming part of a pathway
along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord
to a muscle or gland