GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
Prepared by
Asst. Prof. Kimberly F. Apatan-Lusay
Faculty, History Department
(Sources: Agoncillo, 1990 / Halili, 2004 / Oliveira, 1999)
[Type text]
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
PERIOD OF SPANISH EXPEDITIONS
Motives of Colonization
711 AD - Commander Tarik landed on the island rock (which now Gibraltar, “gebel Tarik”)
711-1492 AD – Moor dominion over Spain; Muslims from Morocco; exceptions was the NW areas which
was not conquered like Leon, Castilla, Navarro and Aragon
FACTORS ON HOW THE EUROPEANS OBTAINED CONTACT WITH ASIA
1. Fall of Constantinople (1453) - the last seat of the Roman Empire located in Istanbul, Turkey
2. The Crusade Movement (11th to 13th CE) - the fall of Constantinople led to the weakening of the
Roman Empire’s vestiges including the fall of the Holy Land in the hands of the Muslim Turks.
Pope Urban II called the people of Europe to take up arms to recover the Holy Land.
3. Trading Relations with Asian Lands – oriental items unknown to Europe brought home by the
returning crusaders stirred interest about the Orient.
4. Marco Polo’s Account – a Venetian traveler who left Venice on 1277 and said to have become an
official of a Chinese Mongol Emperor; upon returning to Europe, he published his book
“TRAVELS” which became widely read and stimulated interest to explore Asia
5. Improved Navigation Aid – instruments like telescope, astrolabe and guns
6. Profit demand – is the powerful motive that drove the European to venture out beyond the sea;
seek regions rich in gold and silver used to make coins needed for the rapidly-expanding trade
7. Christian Missionary Zeal – Queen Elizabeth of Spain felt that it was her moral obligation to
spread Christianity to the “heathens”
8. Arab-Venice Monopoly of Trade Route – they blocked the Mediterranean sea, not allowing other
European traders to pass.
OTHER FACTORS THAT SET THE AGE OF CONQUEST AND EXPLORATION
1. Venice-Arab Mediterranean Monopoly
2. Location of Portugal and Spain
3. Cessation of the Reconquista
PORTUGAL is the first country in Europe to discover territories in the other continents; led by Prince
Henry the Navigator
1. Sailed along the coastline of Western Africa on 1441
2. Passing Azores Island, Cape Verde Island, Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar
3. Until Bartholomew Dias discovered the sea route to east by rounding the Cape of Good Hope at
the southern tip of Africa on 1487
4. Vasco de Gama reached India on 1498 and brought home cargoes 50 times the cost of his
expedition
5. End of the trade monopoly in the Mediterranean sea.
SPAIN’s achievement started with Christopher Columbus’ discovery of America on October 12, 1492 by
sailing westward. He landed in Guanahani Island (now Cayman’s Island); two weeks later, landed in Cuba
Pope Alexander VI issued Papal Bull entitled Inter Caetera on May 4, 1493 dividing the unknown world
into two:
WEST – SPAIN
EAST – PORTUGAL
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (June 17, 1494)
East of the line from pole to pole 370 leagues west of Cape Verde island belongs to Portugal; West side
of the land belongs to Spain.
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
EXPEDITIONS TO SPICE ISLAND (BY PORTUGAL)
(Background)
Pedro Cabral – (1500) acquired Brazil by accident
1512 – Portugal discovered Moluccas Island, Siam and Java
1577 – acquired Macao
1580 – Portuguese empire collapsed when seized by Philip II during an interregnum
Alfonso de Albuquerque Expedition (August 1511) – the fall of Malacca in the hands of the European
Antonio de Abreu – expedition to Moluccas with 3 ships, storm wrecked the expedition in Banda Sea;
one of the ship captains (Fernando Serrano) was saved by the people of Ternate
Ferñao Serrao – gave the full details of Moluccas to his friend Ferñao Magalhaes.
MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
(Background)
KING PHILIP II - born 1521 (the year Magellan arrived in the Philippines); died 1598 (77 years old)
- On age 35, Prince Philip of Asturias succeeded his father King Charles V on 1556 until his death on 159
- sent the Armada against England where Spain lost
- Prince Philip was 21 years old on 1542 when Villalobos named Leyte Phelipinas
10 August 1519- left San Lucar de Barrameda with 5 ships:
Victoria, Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago and San Antonio
7 April 1520 – mutiny attempt by Capt. Mendoza was quelled
21 October 1520 – discovered the strait at the tip of South America and named it “Strait of Magellan”
28 November 1520 – reached the Pacific Ocean
6 March 1521 – reached Marianas Island
16 March 1521 – discerned Samar in the distance
17 March 1521 – reached Homonhon, smaller island near Samar; named by Magellan “Isla de San
Lazaru” because it was the Feast Day of San Lazaru
27 March 1521 – moved to Limasawa; received by Raja Kulambo with Raja Siagu of Butuan
31 (Sunday) March 1521 – first mass in the Philippines in Limasawa, gathered by about 50 men
FIRST ATTEMPT OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521)
- the Spaniards were lost to Lapulapu
- Magellan died; new captain of the expedition was Duarte de Barbosa.
Back to Spain:
1. Bohol
2. Butuan
3. Cagayan de Misamis
4. Palawan
5. Borneo
6. Moluccas
Victoria used westward route to go back home; returned to Spain with 18 starving survivors out of 347
men with their new captain, Sebastian el Cano. Their route:
1. Malay Peninsula
2. Crossed the Indian Ocean
3. Sailed along the Madagascar Island
4. Along Cape of Good Hope
5. Cape Verde
6. Azores Island
7. Spain
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
SUBSEQUENT EXPEDITIONS FOR THE PHILIPPINES
1. Loaisa Exp. 1525 – Francisco Garcia Jofre de Loaisa; 6 ships and 450 men, reached Sarangani
Island and ransomed two Spanish survivors
2. Cabot Exp.1526 - failed
3. Saavedra Exp.1527 – Alvaro de Saavedra, reached Lanuza Bay, overlooking Tandag, Surigao Sur.
4. Villalobos Exp. 1542-1549 – Ruy Lopez de Villalobos; 6 ships and 370 men, reached Sarangani
island; aborted the plan of setting up a colony in Sarangani due to the extreme hunger; naming of
the country Las Phelipinas
5. Legaspi Exp. 1564-1565 – Miguel Lopez de Legaspi with Fray Andres de Urdaneta
Spanish ColoniAL GOVERNMENT
DAWN OF HISPANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (1565)
Legaspi proceed to:
Cebu where he met the chieftain Raja Tupas and the hostile natives then he went to Bohol where he was able to find ally with its chieftain Raja Sikatuna; blood compact took place
* In the Battle of Cebu (April 27, 1565), Cebu lost and forced to recognize the Spanish control
1st Spanish settlement: SUGBU (Cebu)
2nd Spanish Settlement: PANAY (present-day Region 6)
3rd Spanish Settlement: MAYNILAD (Manila)
1st Spanish Settlement: Cebu
“Villa San Miguel” – 1st established town (or pueblo) in the Philippines
Ciudad Santissimo Nombre de Jesus – 1st Spanish city in the Philippines, named after the recovered
image of the Santo Nino in the burned village of Cebu
2nd Spanish Settlement: Panay
Spaniards were forced to move to Panay 1) because of the scarcity of food in Cebu 2) hostility of the
natives 3) frequent attacks by the Portuguese
3rd Spanish Settlement: Maynilad
Explored by Martin de Goiti on May 24, 1570; discovered a fortified village ruled by Muslim rajas in
Maynilad Raja Matanda and Raja Solaiman and in Tondo, Raja Lakandula
1571 - Miguel Lopez de Legaspi transferred his seat of Spanish colonization in Manila
- Year that marks the beginning of the Spanish colonization in the Philippines
* Philippine conquest was by the use of the Cross and the Sword, Spaniards with the help of the subdued
natives used religion as the hardest weapon
Why Luzon and Visayas natives were conquered easily?
1. lack of cohesiveness
2. loss political system: barangay (30 to 100 families)
3. extreme diversity of languages; no common language among them to understand one another
4. willingness on the part of the chieftains
Why the Moros in Mindanao were never conquered by the Spaniards?
1. because of their strong political system: the Sultanate System
2. because of their age-old religion: Islam
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT OF THE SPANISH RULE
POLITICAL INSTITUTION
1) Governor General – highest of official of the land. He was the:
* Commander in Chief of the Army
* President of the Royal Audencia- head of the highest judicial court
* Vice Real Patron - power over ecclesiastical appointments/vicar of the pope
2) Encomienda – the land grant awarded by the king to men who served with merit during the conquest
and pacification campaigns
3) a. Corregimientos – in-charged with the supervision of unpacified or unchristianized places
(corregidores)
b. Alcaldia Mayor (formerly the Encomienda system) supervised by the following officials:
1. Alcalde Mayor - Provincial Governor/ Captain General of the Province (tasks: municipal judge;
inspector of hacienda; chief of police; supervisor of tax and tribute collection)
2. Gobernadorcillo - Town Mayor (task is similar to that of Alcalde Mayor but with scope limited
to assigned town)
3. Cabeza de Barangay - Barangay Captain (most important tasks include collecting of tribute
and looking for males eligible for the Polo y Servicio)
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION
* There is a salient feature of Spanish rule – the Frailocracy (monastic supremacy; government by
the friars; union of Church and State)
ECONOMIC INSTITUTION
A. TAXATION (1565 - 1896)
Tribute – cash or kind paid by one state to another as an acknowledgement of submission or as a price
for peace and protection.
Cedula – a graduated poll tax base on the income of the taxpayer
Types of Taxes:
Direct – personal tribute, bandala and cedula (income tax)
Indirect – custom duties and forced labor.
*Kind of Direct Taxes paid by the natives:
Tribute – in cash or in kind
Tithes – 1/10 of the income given to the church
Sanctorum – church support
Town Community Chest – for emergency like Moro raids, calamities, etc.
B. FORCED LABOR (1580-1884) – abused form of Polo y Servicio (community service)
C. BANDALA SYSTEM (1600) – assignment of annual quota to every province
D. TOBACCO MONOPOLY
E. MANILA – ACAPULCO GALLEON TRADE (1565-1815)
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
CAUSES OF THE EARLY REVOLTS (1500s – 1850s)
I. PERSONAL GRIEVANCES
1574 - led by Rajah Lakandula and Sulayman; disenchanted of the ill-kept promises by then Spaniards
that they
will be exempted from paying tribute
1587- 1588 - led by Agustin de Legaspi, Martin Panga and Magat Salamat; wanted to regain their lost
freedom and lordship which their forefathers enjoyed
1621-1622 - led by Bangkaw & babaylan Pagali (Limasawa, Leyte)
1744-1829 - led by Francisco Dagohoy (Bohol, 85 years of revolution); because Fr. Gaspar de Morales did
not bless the corpse of his brother who died in a duel
II. OPPOSITION TO SPANISH IMPOSITION
Unjust imposition of taxes, forced labor, galleon trade, indulto de comercio, tobacco & basi monopoly
1596 - Magalat (Tuguegarao, Cagayan) - excessive collection of taxes and imposition of forced labor
1631 - Caraga Revolt; a semi-religious revolt widespread in Surigao (Bacuag, Gigaquit, Tandag, Placer)
1649-1650 - Juan Ponce Sumudoy (Samar) - Gov. Gen. Fajardo's order of imposing forced labor in
Visayas
1651 – Linao Uprising in the present-day Bunawan, Agusan del Sur
1762- Pedro Almazan and Juan de la Cruz (Binalatongan) and Palaris - excessive taxation
1762- Diego Silang (llocos) - because of excessive taxation, indulto de comercio and force labor
III. RELIGIOUS MOTIVES
1621- 1622- Tamblot (Bohol) a Babaylan who urged the natives to go back to their old religion
1656- Sultan Kudarat declared jihad all over Cotabato and Lanao because of the continuous provocation
of the Jesuits in his territory
1840- Apolinario de la Cruz / Hermano Pule (Quezon Province) a native who wanted to be a priest but
was not given the right by the friars; he formed the Cofradia de San Jose, a brotherhood
IV. AGRARIAN COMPLAINTS
*because of the continuous confiscation of the lands by the Spaniards and the high land rentals
ALL THESE EARLY REVOLTS FAILED BECAUSE OF:
1. Divide and Rule Policy (Machiavellianism)
a) by employing mercenaries
b) by reinforcing tribalistic and regionalistic tendencies of the natives
c) by giving concessions to the native chieftains to cooperate
2. Lack of Social Communication
3. Inferior Armaments
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
19TH CENTURY CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY
1. 1815 – abolition of galleon trade
2. 1821 – Mexico gains its independence; no longer giving real situado to the Philippines.
3. 1834 – Spain finally opened the Philippines to international trade.
Establishment of merchant banks and credit facilities
Improved machinery to facilitate agricultural production and inter-island trading.
Construction of roads and bridges
Passport system between provinces
Philippine participation in trading with Europe
BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
7 Factors of the Birth of the Philippine Nationalism
1. Rise of the Filipino Middle Class
2. Opening of the Philippines to International Trade
3. Impact of the European Liberal Ideas
4. Secularization Controversy
5. Liberal Regime of Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. De la Torre
6. Cavite Mutiny and the GOMBURZA Execution
7. Racial Discrimination
CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS
The Role of Middle Class
The Nature of Reform Movement
Three Great Reformists (Rizal, Del Pilar and Jaena)
The Role of Masonry
BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN
Founding of Katipunan & Expansion
Katipunan Objectives
Katipunan Structure
Kinds of Membership
Evolution of Philippine Flags
The Women’s Chapter of the Katipunan
Katipunan Newspaper
Andres Bonifacio
Emilio Jacinto
THE REVOLUTION: FIRST PHASE
The Liga Filipina, Rizal and the Revolution
The Discovery of the Katipunan
The Reign of Terror
The Katipunan in Cavite
The Imus Assembly (December 31, 1896)
The Tejeros Convention (March 22, 1896)
2nd Tejeros Meeting & the Acta de Tejeros
Naik Military Agreement
The Trial and Execution of Bonifacio
The Truce of Biak na Bato & Voluntary Exile in Hongkong of the Biak na Bato Republic
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
THE REVOLUTION: SECOND PHASE
The Spanish-American War
The Battle of Manila Bay
Aguinaldo and Consul Wildman
The Return of Aguinaldo & Renewal of the Struggle
The Declaration of the Philippine Independence
The Siege of Manila
The Mock Battle of Manila (Spanish-American Secret Agreement)
THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC
* The first republic in Asia and the first Philippine Republic
* Aguinaldo transferred his seat of government from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan
* September 15, 1898 – Revolutionary Congress was inaugurated at Barasoain Church in Malolos; 93
representatives took part in the Congress; President of the Congress Pedro Paterno
*Malolos Constitution – first Constitution drafted by the Filipino people; also the first Filipino
Constitution or the 1898 Constitution
* Remember that the Biyak na Bato Constitution was only prepared by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer
and copied almost word for word from the Jimaguayu Constitution of Cuba
* Article 5, Title III – Separation of Church and State provided in the Malolos Constitution
PHILIPPINE ARMY AND NAVY
* Philippine Army in Luzon includes the battalion of Igorot lancers and Negritos archers; some of them
were only armed with bolos, bamboo spears and anting antings; there are more soldiers than guns and
ammunitions
* Philippine Navy – eight steamers which was captured from the Spaniards; army flagship Filipinas a
steamer also captured from the enemies
* General Flaviano Yengko – youngest general of the Philippine revolution (died at 22 years old); younger
than Goyo del Pilar of two years (died at 24); killed in the Battle of Salitran (barrio of Dasmariñas, Cavite)
against Gen. Antonio Zabala; Zabala was also killed in that battle
LAST SPANISH GOVERNOR GENERALS OF THE PHILIPPINES
Ramon Blanco (1896)
Camilo Polavieja (1896- 1897)
Fernando Primo de Rivera (1897)
Basilio Augustin (1897- 1898)
Fermin Jaudenes (1898)
Diego de los Rios (1898- 1899) – last Spanish Governor General of the Philippines; he transferred his seat
from (1) Manila to (2) Santa Barbara, Iloilo, August 28, 1898; repulsed by the Filipinos led by Gen. Martin
Delgado (3) Zamboanga, May 19,1898; force to leave when Americans started landing in Jolo
*Siege of Baler (June 30, 1899) - American attack in Baler; defended by Filipino and Spanish soldiers;
making every June 30 Spanish- Filipino Friendship Day
* Spanish colonial rule in Mindanao ended in Butuan with the hoisting of Philippine flag on January 17,
1899 led by Wenceslao Gonzales
* November 1899 - all Spanish forces were shipped to Spain
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
AMERICAN COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
Philippine- American relations deteriorated as the American military authorities took over Manila
through Mock Battle with the Spaniards in August 13, 1898.
The signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898 without consulting the Filipinos heightened the
tension. This is a treaty between the U.S. and Spanish government to end the Spanish – American War
in which Spain had to cede the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States. In return, Spain
would receive $20 million from the U.S. as payment for improvements made in the Philippines.
Manifest Destiny – a popular belief that the U.S. had a God- given right to help oppressed countries and
build democratic nations.
Benevolent Assimilation – a proclamation of Pres. William McKinley on December 21, 1898 which
expressed America’s decision on Philippine colonization.
Schurman Commission (1st Philippine Commission) – a commission headed by Jacob Schurman to make
recommendations regarding administrative plans for the Philippines.
Taft Commission (2nd Philippine Commission) – Civil American Government was put up; Judge William
Howard Taft was the 1st Philippine Civil Governor
PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR (1906 - 1901)
Filipino-American War (1899-1906) – lasted for seven years, more than 200,000 Filipinos died (most
often by hunger and disease).
Removal of Apolinario Mabini from the Cabinet – as President of the Cabinet, urged his countrymen to
continue fighting for Independence and to refuse Autonomy from the Americans; Members of the
Assembly (Congress) wanted Autonomy; the Assembly passed a resolution for the relieve of Mabini from
the Congress which was approved by Pres. Aguinaldo.
Assassination of Juan Luna (June 5, 1899) – Luna whose command was in Bayambang (Pangasinan)
received a message from Aguinaldo to go to Cabanatuan (Nueva Ecija); upon arrival, Luna confronted a
member of the Kawit Company, Felipe and Joaquin Buencamino (father and son); he was stabbed to
death and received 40 wounds; He was buried with full military honors but his fellow Filipino assassins
was not punished for the crime. The death of Luna, a great Filipino militarist is a great loss for the
Filipinos in fighting the Americans.
THE FLIGHT OF PRESIDENT AGUINALDO & THE BATTLE OF PASONG TIRAD
From October 1899, Americans mounted a full scale offensive against Aguinaldo’s troops. To evade
arrest, Aguinaldo hides from one frontier to another:
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
3.Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
5. Cervantes, Ilocos Sur
Tarlac, Tarlac
4. Bayambang, Pangasinan
6. Palanan, Isabela
BATTLE OF PASONG TIRAD (December 2, 1899)
General Gregorio del Pilar – guarded the Pasong Tirad (near Candon, Ilocos Sur) to give Aguinaldo
sufficient time to escape; Pasong Tirad is 4,500 ft. high; an Igorot Januario Galut guided the Americans
towards the summit of the pass; del Pilar commanded 60 men; Maj. Peyton March led 300 men; battle
ended about 11:30 a.m.; the boy-general died at 24 years old.
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
Colonel Frederick Funston – commander of Americans stationed in Nueva Ecija who caught Cecilio
Segismundo, Aguinaldo’s messenger carrying a letter for General Urbano Lacuna (directing to send
“reinforcement to Palanan, Isabela”). This gave Funston a clue for Aguinaldo’s location.
THE ARREST OF AGUINALDO (March 23, 1901)
Funston employed 80 Macabebe scouts, 2 former officers of Aguinaldo (Lazaro Segovia & Hilario Tal
Placido), 3 Tagalogs, 4 American officers. Signature of Gen. Lacuna was forged to make it appear that
Lacuna was sending the needed reinforcements to Aguinaldo. Funston and his American companions
pretended to be captives of the Macabebes.
Aguinaldo was brought to Manila aboard the warship Vicksburg, taken to Malacañang Palace and on
April 1, 1901 took his oath of allegiance to the U.S.A. He then issued a Proclamation appealing for the
Filipinos to accept the “sovereignty of the United States…”
PRO- AMERICAN FILIPINO ELITE
While some patriots were still fighting for independence, some Filipino elite decided to make peace with
the Americans by organizing groups aiming for Assimilation.
Pacificados – founded by Pedro Paterno
Asociacion de Paz – founded by Felipe Buencamino with Cayetano Arellano, Trinidad Pardo de Tavera,
Lēon Maria Guerrero, Rafael Palma, Pascual Poblete, etc.
CONTINUING RESISTANCE (1901- 1913)
Kiram-Bates Treaty - signed August 20, 1899 between John Bates and Sultan Jamalul Kiram II of Sulu
with other three datu. It provided that the religious and other rights and dignities of the Moros shall be
respected.
Gen. Miguel Malvar –area of resistance was Batangas and Laguna; urged the continuation of
resistance; Gen. Franklin Bell employed reconcentration tactic; surrendered in Lipa.
Gen. Makario Sakay – area of resistance was Rizal, Cavite, Laguna and Batangas; established the Tagalog
Republic; Americans applied reconcentration tactics to prevent people from supporting the “band” of
Sakay; Gov. Gen. Henry Ide authorized Dr. Dominador Gomez to negotiate the surrender of Sakay; Sakay
agreed to surrender on condition of general amnesty be given to all his followers; Sakay was arrested in
a party where he was invited (a trap); he and two other followers were publicly hanged on September
13, 1907 in accordance to Brigandage Act.
Balangiga Massacre (1901- 1902) – a barbarous retaliation against the guerilla attack headed by Gen.
Vicente Lukban and 180 Filipinos in an American garrison in the peaceful, little port of Balangiga, Samar;
Gen. Jacob Smith ordered the massacre of all men and children ten years old and above saying, “I want
no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn; the more you burn and kill the better it will please me.” In six
months, Balangiga became a howling wilderness. The barbarity touched the conscience of the
Americans. Smith was court-martialed and retired from the service. Lukban was captured on February
27, 1902.
Simeon Ola –started his activities in 1902 after the fall of Aguinaldo and led 1,500 insurrectos in Albay;
the Americans answer to Ola was reconcentration system from March 1903 to October which worked
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
effectively. About 3,000 died in the reconcentration camps. Ola was forced to surrender to stop the
reconcentration and to avoid the deployment of more U.S. Army in Bicol.
Surigao Incident – on March 23, 1903 guerilla attacked the Constabulary station in the town (now
Surigao City) which was under the charge of Capt. Clark. Clark was killed and the guns of the detachment
were carted away by the attackers. Gov. William H. Taft then ordered the capture of the attackers which
were eventually hanged.
Battle of Taraka (May 1903) – Gen. John Pershing led the campaign against the Meranaos. Datu
Ampuanagus with over 200 followers took a last stand at his Taraka fort. The American assault
resulted to the destruction of the fort, with 200 defenders killed and 29 captured including Ampuanagus.
Ampuanagus escaped, pursuing American troops from Camp Kiethley were ambushed; troops then
fielded to Ramain, then to Didaganan. In 1908 he attacked Dansalan. Finally, peace negotiations led to
Ampuanagus surrender.
Panglima Hassan (1903) – disregarded the Kiram-Bates Treaty and led a rebellion against the Americans
(ended on 1904); Schools in Sulu taught non-Muslim curriculum and U.S. was seen as a challenge to
Islam.
Datu Ali, (1903- 1906) – Maguindanao datu; defy American offer of peace and persuade the Maranaos
to join his resistance; used guerrilla tactics and sabilallah; Datu Piang did not support his son-in-law but
collaborated with the Americans; October 31, 1906 Ali, his sons and followers were killed in Simpetan.
Datu Alamada (1912) – his movements were concentrated in Buldon and Upper Cotabato; with 300
followers and supported by thousand sympathizers vowed not to accept Americans sovereignty; late in
1912 collaborators led by Datu Inuk, offered plans to assist in killing Alamada; government opted for
negotiation; Alamada finally surrender - to a Filipino official rather than to an American.
Bud Dajo Massacre (March 5- 8, 1906) – after the suppression of Pala uprising, hundreds of Tausugs
trekked towards the crater of an extinct volcano (the crater measured 15 acres, abundant of fresh water
and food resources), fearing of the rumor that Americans will wipe them out. The fanatical resistance of
the Moros only brought honors to the colonial troops and earned for the Moros their savage image in
American history. 600 Moros were literally wiped out by the mortars and machine gun from 800
American troopers. 18 Americans were killed.
Bud Bagsak Massacre (June 11, 1913) – started when Lati Tausug retaliated for the arrest of Panglima
Indanan, a powerful leader; accompanied by violent American operations as response of the sabilallah
attacks on American troops; the entire population practically joined the rebellion; the number of defiant
rebels was about 6,000 to 10,000; Gen. John Pershing led the attack; last stand of the Lati Tausug was
Bud Bagsak; American attack in Bud Bagsak was a massacre- it was one sided and quick.
ANTI- NATIONALIST LAWS
Anti-Sedition Law, Brigandage Act, Reconcentration Act, Flag Law – Anti- Nationalist laws imposed on
the inhabitants shows that U.S. was determined to assert sovereignty over the Philippines; Acts
punishable by these laws includes pro- independence actions, singing of national anthem, theater plays
advocating independence and brigandage.
FIRST PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY (1907)
Speaker of the Assembly – Sergio Osmeña
Majority Floor Leader – Manuel Quezon
* Jones Law – U.S. Congress passed on August 19, 1916; which provided a bicameral Philippine
Legislature with an Upper House called the Senate (with 24 members) and Lower House called House of
Representatives (with 93 members) ; this law contained preamble declaring that the independence
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
would be granted to the Philippines as soon as stable government would be established by the
Filipinos.
INDEPENDENCE MISSIONS
* From 1919 to 1933 – 12 independence missions was sent to the U.S. to campaign for the recognition of
Philippine Independence.
* 9th Mission (Os-Rox Mission) – a mission of Osmeña and Roxas which brought the Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act; but was rejected by the Assembly.
* Provisions of the H-H-C Act:
Granting Philippine Independence after 12 years, but reserving military and naval bases of the U.S.
The control of the currency system and conduct of foreign affairs by the US President
Americans goods allowed free entry to the Philippines
US shall retain in the Philippines lands for military and other reservations.
* 12th Mission (Quezon Mission) – brought home the Tydings- McDuffie Act signed by Pres. Franklin
Roosevelt on 1934; approved by the Filipino Assembly
* Provisions of the Tydings- McDuffie Act:
1) 10 – year transition period under the Commonwealth of the Philippines; preparatory to the granting
of absolute and complete independence on July 4, 1946
2) Annual quota of 50 Filipino immigrants to America
3) American control of Philippine currency, coinage, foreign trade, and foreign relations
4) Authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a constitutional convention to draft the constitution of
the Philippines and be approved by U.S. president and ratified by the people through plebiscite.
THE 1935 CONSTITUTION
*The Constitutional Convention. ConCon President: Claro M. Recto; drafting of the Constitution lasted
for six months, from July 1934 to February 1935
*Congressman Tomas Cabili of Lanao cast the dissenting vote; he opposed the Constitution because it
did not provide the system of popular election for the members of the National Assembly of Lanao.
*Gregorio Perfecto, a delegate from Manila, signed the Constitution in his own blood, like a Katipunan
pacto de sangre
*The first National Election under the 1935 Constitution was held on September 17, 1935
* For the first time that the Filipino women exercised their rights of suffrage through ratification/
rejection of the plebiscite and voting in the national election.
Candidates under Coalition Party
President- Manuel Quezon
Vice President – Sergio Osmeña
winning
party
Candidates under National Socialist Party President – Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice President – Raymundo Melliza
Candidates under Republican Party
President - Bishop Gregorio Aglipay
Vice President – Norberto Nabong
AMERICAN LEGACY
Thomasites – teachers numbering about 540 arrived on August 21, 1901, aboard US Army ship USS
Thomas; established American education in the country
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
Public elementary education; propagate English language and became the official language of the
government
Protestant Christianity introduced; Mr. C.B. Randall distributed in Manila on 1899 the first Bible in
English version; Christianization of the Subanens
Dr. Frank Laubach introduced western literacy to the Meranaos, Subanens, Yakans, Tausugs
Guillermo Tolentino (1890- 1976) - sculptor of the Bonifacio Monument (group of sculpture composed
of several figures gathered around a central obelisk) completed in 1933
Organization of Civil Courts; First Filipino Supreme Court Justice is Cayetano Arellano
Philippine Herald – 1st Filipino weekly founded by Senate President Manuel L. Quezon on 1902
MERALCO (Manila Electric railroad and Lighting Company) – established on 1903 by Charles M. Swift;
operate electric cars (now Manila Electric Company)
PMA (Philippine Military Academy) – 1st military officer school in the country established 1905 located
in Intramuros and later moved to Baguio
PGH (Philippine General Hospital) – established in 1910, to attend indigent patients
May 1, 1913 – Labor Day was first officially celebrated in the Philippines
New Generation of Filipino Writers:
Carlos P. Romulo – won Pulitzer Prize for international reporting in 1922
Jose Garcia Villa – awarded as one of the Top Story Writers of America in 1932
George Pineda (1879- 1972) – invented the immortal representation of Filipino salakot- wearing,
slippered Juan dela Cruz (political cartooning)
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
* Commonwealth was inaugurated on November 15, 1935
*Commonwealth Act No. 1 – The National Defense Act, which provides for Citizens Army; Gen. Douglas
McArthur became the Field Marshall of Philippine Army
Baguio became the Summer Capital in 1903; construction of Kennon Road started 1903 with Japanese
workers numbering 1,500; after the work about 100 of them left for Davao to work on American hemp
and coconut plantations.
Ohta Development Company – established by Kyosaburo Ohta in Davao on 1903; controlled deep-sea
fishing; in 1935 Japanese already dominated in abaca production; invested in mining, logging,
manufacturing, etc.
*Prior to the outbreak of WW II, Davao already had a big population of Japanese
*Quezon enacted national Assembly in 1936 to establish the Institute of National Language. It was
established to study different Philippine languages for the purpose of evolving and adopting a national
language. Tagalog became the base of the Filipino language.
December 30, 1937 – Quezon proclaimed Filipino as the national Language; teaching of national
language in schools began on June 19, 1940; Commonwealth Act No. 570 Filipino was declared as the
official language in schools, offices and other institutions effective July 4, 1946.
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
*In the 1930’s Hitler already occupied Australia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Norway, Denmark, France,
Soviet Union, etc
*1930’s and 1940’s saw Japan’s fascist expansion in Vietnam, Indonesia, Manchuria, Shanghai (China),
Singapore
USAFFE (United States Armed Force of the Far East) was established fearing impending Japanese
aggression; Gen. Douglas McArthur became its first Commander; it required a compulsory military
training for all Filipino males
Philippine National Red Cross – in 1941 practiced evacuation drill, simulated blackouts (Manila and July)
and the whole archipelago in October
LANDING OF THE JAPANESE IMPERIAL FORCES
Hawaii was the main base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. To acquire Dutch and British possessions in South
East Asia, Japan had to destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet that blocked their way through Malaya, Hong Kong,
Guam, Wake Island, Philippines, Midway Island and others. Pearl Harbor was attacked on Sunday @
9a.m. on December 7, 1941 leaving 2, 897 men dead.
* The attacked happened while Admiral K. Nomura was presenting a peace proposal before the
American officials. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt Sr. then declared war against Japan on December 8, 1941
First war time air raids experience of the Philippine - December 8, 1941 Japanese bombers under the
command of General Masaharu Homma bombarded Davao, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba (Zambales), Tarlac,
Clark Field (Pampanga); December 9 the City of Manila was also attacked.
Japanese landings – December 12, Albay; December 20, Davao; December 22, Pangasinan
* The United States and Great Britain had already agreed on the “Europe First Policy”; the effect on the
Bataan defenders was partial demoralization, for without arms, ammunition and food the USAFFE was
bound to disintegrate under the pressure of continued attacks.
CORREGIDOR: FORTRESS OF COURAGE
*WPO-3 (War Plan Orange) - a master plan of Gen. Douglas McArthur to withdraw all island forces to
Bataan Peninsula.
*Pres. Quezon, his family, war cabinet, with Vice President Sergio Osmeña and Sec. of Justice Jose Abad
Santos moved to Corregidor. Quezon took his oath of office for his 2nd term as Commonwealth
President inside the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.
*President Theodore Roosevelt Sr. urged Pres. Quezon to flee to U.S. since Japanese could use him to
rally the Filipinos. Jose P. Laurel and Jorge Vargas stayed behind to look after the people.
*Quezon’s last instruction to Secretary of Justice Laurel and to the high officials of the Commonwealth:
“Do the best you can. Make what bargains you have to with those people (the Japanese). Try to keep the
Philippines together in one piece. Try to protect the people from Japan’s avarice. You have some tough
decisions to make. But the job must be done. Do it for the future of the Philippines.”
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
* Commonwealth Government in exile – Quezon and his party left Corregidor on February 18, 1942
aboard a submarine to Zamboanga; then to Australia; then to Washington
* USAFFE declared Manila an open city on December 26, 1941; Japanese may enter the area provided
they will stop shooting.
*Gen. Douglas McArthur left for Australia (leaving the prophetic message “I shall return.”) on March
11, 1942 in order to request additional reinforcement for the Philippines. He appointed Lt. Gen.
Jonathan Wainwright to command the USAFIP (US Armed Forces in the Philippines, formerly USAFFE)
and to defend Corregidor.
THE DEATH MARCH
* When Japanese reinforcement from Singapore came, Japanese then launched a final offensive attack
in Bataan on April 3, 1942 (Good Friday); the main thrust was Mt. Samat, a key observation post which
strategically overlooking the whole of Bataan Peninsula. The Fall of Bataan was followed with the
surrender of Corregidor.
* The Fall of Bataan (April 9, 1942) – 78,000 men under the Command of Gen. Edward P. King
surrendered; the rest of the USAFIP under Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright had escaped to Corregidor (this
marks the commemoration of Araw ng Kagitingan)
Death March (April 10 - 15, 1942) – surrendered soldier were marched from Bataan – Capas (Tarlac) –
Pampanga; 10, 000 Americans and Filipino soldiers died; about 56, 000 reached the camp alive (but
some also died inside the camp)
THE JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW
*On January 3, 1942 Gen. Masaharu Homma, Commander in Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces
proclaimed the end of American Occupation and the beginning of the Martial Law
* Jorge B. Vargas, Mayor of Manila before the Japanese occupation had been instructed by Quezon to
cooperate with the enemy in order to ensure public order and public utilities (water, electricity and
transportation)
*Arbitrary arrests and executions were done by the kempeitai (Japanese police) with the help of the
makapili (Filipino spies); Japanese persecuted the Protestant church while leaving Muslims, Independent
Churches and Catholics free. American Protestant missionaries were detained in UST and many died
from execution.
*Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo visited Manila on May 6, 1942
* Hodobu (Department of Information) – tasked to promote the cultural ideas of the New Order and the
policy of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
* Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere – an economic policy for Japanese conquered territories; pool
of raw materials from these territories would be a source for Japanese industries as well as outlets for its
export products
* Education – still used the pre-war books except ones with pictures and stories about America; United
States and Great Britain were projected as bent on world power; Japanese language and culture were
taught and disseminated; priority was given to the reopening of elementary schools obviously because
the Japanese believed that the mind of the young could be easily moulded into the patterns of the
Japanese concept; the motive behind this educational policy was not only to create an atmosphere
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
friendly to Japanese intentions and war aims but also to erase the Western cultural influences,
particularly British and American, on Filipino life and culture.
JAPANESE- SPONSORED GOVERNMENT
* October 14, 1943 - 500 to 800 people gathered in front of the Legislative Building for “Philippine
Independence from America” and Inauguration of the Japanese- sponsored government; the
Constitution did not provide a Vice- President; civil administration was ineffective and Japanese
continued maltreating to inhabitants; Japanese discouraged Filipinos from writing in English; in a way
these Asian colonizers contributed to Filipino language; Liwayway was the only Filipino weekly allowed
to continue publication.
REORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
CHAIRMAN OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION
COUNCIL OF STATES
INTERIOR
FINANCE
AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE
EDUCATION, HEALTH & PUBLIC
WELFARE
PUBLIC WORKS &
COMMUNICATION
JAPANESE ADVISERS
* On January 3, 1942, the Commander in Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces, General Masaharu
Homma, issued a proclamation announcing the end of the American occupation.
* On January 23, 1942, Homma issued an order making Jorge Vargas the Chairman of the Executive
Commission
* The national government was renamed the Central Administrative Organization
* Composed of six executive departments: 1) Interior 2) Finance 3) Justice 4) Agriculture & Commerce 5)
Education, Health & Public Welfare 6) Public Works & Communication
*Each of the departments was headed by a Commissioner, whose duty was to execute an
administrative jurisdiction under the control of the “Chairman of the Executive Commission”
* Each department has a Japanese Adviser and Japanese assistant adviser (these “advisers” were
nothing more than spies of the Japanese military authorities)
RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION
* Guerilla movement in Mindanao headed by Tomas Cabili, Salipada Pendatun, Wendell Fertig, etc
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GEC 105 (Prof. K.F. Apatan-Lusay)
*HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon) founded on March 29, 1942 in a forest near the
boundaries of Nueva Ecija, Pampanga and Tarlac; Luis Taruc was the Chairman of the Committee; battle
cry of the movement: “anti- Japanese above all.”
COLLABORATIONISTS
Ganap
Pampar – part of Japanese army and wore Japanese uniform
Pulahanes – anti- Americans and pro-Japanese group in Visayas; they acted as spy and guide
Palaak – also acted as guide for the Japanese; used bamboo spears for their weapons
Makapili (Makabayan: Katipunan ng mga Pilipino) – headed by Gen. Artemio Ricarte; formally launched
in Manila on December 8, 1944 and attended by Gen. Yamashita and Pres. Laurel
AMERICANS RETURNED
* On August 9, 1944 American fighter planes began devastating raids on Japanese military installations
all over the archipelago; news of Gen. McArthur’s Pacific Forces nearing Philippines made the Japanese
more fierce.
* Leyte Landing – Gen. McArthur landed in Palo Beach, Leyte on October 20, 1944; along with more
fighter planes and warships
* Kamikaze (suicide pilots) crashed their planes on American warship, planes and campsites
* Greatest naval battle in history was fought in Leyte Gulf on October 24- 26, 1944; these comprised
the Battle of Leyte Gulf, Battle of Samar, Battle of Surigao Strait and Battle of Cape Engaño
*Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita’s line- battlefront stretching along the jungle of Sierra Madre from Antipolo
to Aparri; while retreating, took provisions from the Filipino civilians, massacred innocent people and
burned towns and villages; the “Tiger of Malaya” retreated in Kiangan (Mt. Province), engaged in
fighting and finally surrendered; his formal surrender was in Camp John Hay (Baguio); brought to
National Bilibid Prison (Muntinlupa); tried and convicted for war atrocities; on February 23, 1946
Yamashita was hanged on a tree on top of a hill overlooking the UP College of Agriculture in Los Baños,
Laguna.
BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI
* To compel the surrender of Japan, US bombed the cities of Hiroshima (August 6, 1942) and Nagasaki
(August 9, 1942)
* Japan formally accepted defeat upon signing a treaty on board USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay on
September 2, 1945
THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
* Sergio Osmeña was elected the 3rd President of the Commonwealth
* Manuel Roxas became the President of the 3rd Philippine Republic
* July 4, 1946 @ 9:15 a.m. was read Pres. Harry Truman’s Proclamation of Philippine Independence
~~ THIS FACT SHEET ENDS HERE ~~
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