HOUSE PLUMBING 2 WATER SUPPLY and DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Elements of the Domestic Water Distribution System: • Water (Street) Main – A water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by public authority. Water – Service Pipe – The pipe from the water main, water meter, water supply system or other approved source of water supply, to the building or structure served. Water – Distribution Pipe – A pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the plumbing fixtures & other water outlets in the building. Fixture Branch – A pipe connecting several fixture. Fixture Supply – A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch or directly to a main water supply pipe. Service Tap Connection Detail: • Corporation Cock – A valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house service connection. Gooseneck – The part of the pipe curved like the neck of a goose, usually flexible. Also the lead connection between a service pipe and water main. Curb Stop or Curb Cock – A control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed between the sidewalk and the street curb; used to shut off the water supply in case of emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued. WATER SUPPLY and DISTRIBUTION PIPE CONNECTION DETAILS WATER MAIN SERVICE TAP Service Tap Connection Meter Connection Detail: • Water Meter – A mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a pipe. • Meter Stop – A valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling device for the building installation. Water Closet and Lavatory Fixture Supply Connections: Shower Fixture Supply Connections: PIPES AND FITTINGS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION "Galvanized" refers to a metal plating process that coated iron or steel water pipe surfaces with a corrosion- resistant zinc surface. Galvanized steel supply pipes are typically 1/2-inch diameter with a length of 20 feet (6 meters). The connections are threaded. When the pipe corrodes, the rust accumulation inside the pipe chokes down the diameter of the pipe, resulting in poor water pressure. What are the Types of G.I. Pipe Fittings? 1. Nipple a. short nipple b. long nipple c. close Couple 2. Couple 3. Elbow a. reducing elbow b. street elbow 4. Tee 5. Reducer 6. Bushing 7. Plug 8. Cap 9. Union a. Thread piece b. Center piece c. Shoulder piece 10. Flange 11. Extension piece Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Supply Pipe Fittings: Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced plastic after polyethylene and polypropylene. PVC is used in construction because it is more effective than traditional materials such as copper, iron or wood in pipe and profile applications. In the water distribution market it accounts for 66% of the market in the US, and in sanitary sewer pipe applications, it accounts for 75%. Its light weight, low cost, and low maintenance make it attractive. However, it must be carefully installed and bedded to ensure longitudinal cracking does not occur. Additionally, PVC pipes can be fused together using various solvent cements, creating permanent joints. uPVC = unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride CPVC= Chlorinated Polyvinylchloride PIPE JOINT METHOD FOR PVC PIPES Gibault Joint is a coupling designed to supply an efficient and economical method for PVC pipes. It is an ideal way for re-connecting pipes after removal of the damaged PVC pipe or for Connecting 2 pipe into a pipeline. Polypropylene (PPR) Supply Pipes & Fittings: Polypropylene pipe used in many industrial settings due to its chemical and thermal resistance, affordability, and cost. Use PPR PN 10 for cold water piping. Use PPR PN 20 for hot & cold water piping. POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES High-Density Polyethylene Pipe (HDPE or PE Pipe) is made from ethylene, which can be derived from either crude oil or natural gas. PE pipe is extremely strong, durable, flexible, corrosion free and chemical resistant. These features make it perfect for a variety of underground conditions and help it last up to 100 years. The smooth walls allow for less friction, which increase flow through the same diameter as that of other pipes. POLYETHYLENE PIPES AND FITTINGS Flexible PE Pipe Compression Fittings Fittings for Heat Fusion/ Screw Joint Rigid HDPE Pipe POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES Polybutylene is a form of plastic resin that was used extensively in the manufacture of water supply piping from 1978 until 1995. Due to the low cost of the material and ease of installation, polybutylene piping systems were viewed as "the pipe of the future" and were used as a substitute for traditional copper piping The piping systems were used for underground water mains and as interior water distribution piping. While scientific evidence is scarce, it is believed that oxidants in the public water supplies, such as chlorine, react with the polybutylene piping and fittings causing them to scale and flake and become brittle. Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by United States or Canadian building codes. POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES COPPER PIPES and TUBINGS Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of resistance to corrosion, but is becoming very costly. COMMON WALL-THICKNESSES OF COPPER TUBING ARE "TYPE K", "TYPE L", "Type M", and "Type DWV": Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required by code. It is color coded in Green. Type L has a thinner pipe wall section, and is most popular for use in water supply system. It is color coded in Blue. Type M has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in residential and commercial water supply where pressure is not too great. It is color coded in Red. Type DWV has the thinnest wall section, and is generally only suitable for unpressurized applications, such as drains, waste and vent (DWV) lines. Copper Pipe Solder Joint or Sweat Joint Copper Pipe Flared Joint CONTROL VALVES A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of fluid (gases or liquids) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. The different types of valves found in the Plumbing system are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gate valve Globe valve Check valve Angle valve Ball valve / Stop Faucet/Bibb Gate Valve: Gate Valve – A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disc fitted against machine – smoothed faces at right angles to the direction of flow. Globe Valve: Globe Valve - A valve in which the flow of fluid is cut off by means of a circular disc that fits against the horizontal valve seat. Check Valve: Check Valve – A valve that automatically close to prevent the flow of liquid or gas in a reverse direction. Angle Valve: Angle Valve – A device, usually of the globe type, in which the inlet and outlet are at right angles. Ball Valve: Ball Valve – A spherical shaped gate valve providing very tight shut off. Faucet: Faucet – A valve on a water pipe by means of which water can be drawn from or held within the pipe. The valve is placed at the end of the pipe. What are the General Types of Water Distribution System? 1. Upfeed Distribution System a. Direct Pressure b. Hydropneumatic Pressure System or Pneumatic Air-Pressure system 2. Downfeed Distribution System a. Gravity Tank Upfeed Water Distribution System: Downfeed Water Distribution System What are the requirements for Water Supply Tank Design and Construction? 1. Tanks should be designed and constructed so as to be: a. b. c. d. e. watertight vermin-proof (rat proof) corrosion proof capable of withstanding the pressure under which they are to be operated and provided with safe and easy means of access for inspection. Water Storage Tanks Polyethylene water storage Tanks: For Hard water, deep well system, cisterns & other fluids. Stainless Steel Grade 304 Water Storage Tanks Stainless Steel Grade 304 Modular Water Storage Tank: 100,000 to 1 million liter Capacity 2. The capacity of any single tank in or on building shall not exceed 113,000 liters (30,000 gallons) or 113 cubic meters. 3. Tanks shall not be located over openings floor and roof construction. 4. Potable water supply tanks for domestic in supply and for standpipe or automatic sprinkler systems shall be designed and installed to furnish water in sufficient quantity and pressure for such systems. 5. The gravity tanks shall be provided with the following pipes: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Inlet Pipe Overflow Drain Pipe Outlet Pipe Air Vent Pipe Manholes & Covers Water Level Indicator Control Valves Section of a Water Storage Tank TANK ACCESSORY Float Valve A float valve is used to shut off the flow of liquids, normally water, at a pre- determined level. Float switch A float switch is a device used to detect the level of water within a tank that actuates the pump to turn ON or OFF. Types of Elevated Storage Tanks as to Location of Inlet Pipe: Floating-On-The-Line System – water is pumped both into the tank & to the consumers. Water goes up to the tank when the water demand is low or if there is a residual water supply, & water is drawn from the tank during peak demand. This system requires continuous pumping @ low pumping capacity Fill-And-Draw System- Water is pumped directly into the reservoir and from the reservoir, water supply is distributed to the consumers through gravity Flow. The tank is usually installed near the water source to minimize head losses due to friction.
