Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Anatomy and Physiology
Pementera - Ramirez
TOPIC OUTLINE
I.
II.
Definition
References:
Pulmonary
Tuberculosis:
Treatments
|
TB
Causes,
Houston
symptoms,
Methodist.
&
(n.d.-b).
i. Pulmonary Tuberculosis
https://www.houstonmethodist.org/pulmonology/tuberculosis/
ii. Etymology
#:~:text=Pulmonary%20tuberculosis%20(TB)%20is%20a,inf
Epidemiology
ect%20anyone%20exposed%20to%20MTB.
Types of TB - TBFacts. (2023, January 2). TBFacts.
i. World Health Organization
https://tbfacts.org/types-of-tb/
ii. Prevalence
iii. Prevalence by Age and Sex
III.
Etiology
IV.
Signs and Symptoms
V.
Pathophysiology
Etymology
The tubercle is a diminutive of the
tuber
and
comes
from
the
Latin,
tuberculum, or a small swelling.
DEFINITION
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis,
then,
is
a
combination of both the word tubercle and
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a
the Greek suffix -osis, which signifies an
serious infection caused by the bacterium
abnormal or diseased condition, action,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that
or process.
involves the lungs but may spread to
other organs. TB is a contagious disease
that can infect anyone exposed to MTB.
Reference:
Admin.
(2020, March 5). The Origin Of The Word
‘Tuberculosis’
Active TB shows symptoms and
can spread the disease.
Latent TB shows no symptoms and
cannot spread the disease.
Science
Friday.
https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/the-origin
-of-the-word-tuberculosis/
EPIDEMIOLOGY
World Health Organization
According to the World Health
Organization Global Tuberculosis Report
2022, the Philippines is one of the top 10
countries that accounted for more than a
90 percent reduction in case notification
of people who are newly diagnosed with
TB in 2021 compared with those in 2019.
Prevalence
For every 100,000 Filipinos, an
estimated 650 individuals were infected
with TB in 2021, a huge difference from our
554 per 100,000 from the year prior.
One of the eight countries that
According to WHO, in 2022, an
account for two-thirds of the estimated
estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with
global cases. The Philippines is also the
tuberculosis (TB) worldwide, including 5.8
fourth-largest contributor of TB cases at
million men, 3.5 million women and 1.3
7 percent of the global total.
million children.
Globally, tuberculosis disease (TB)
is more common among males than
females.
Men smoke more cigarettes than
women, perhaps due to toxic lung injury
References:
and
Montemayor, M. T. (2023, March 24). DOH: 70 Filipinos die
leaving
daily from tuberculosis. Philippine News Agency.
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1198167
Philippines
Tuberculosis
-
data,
TheGlobalEconomy.com.
reduced
them
immune
more
cell
function
susceptible
to
infection.
Alcohol use is also identified as a
chart
|
(n.d.).
risk factor for TB disease as it may have
immunosuppressive effects.
TheGlobalEconomy.com.
https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Philippines/Tu
berculosis/
Prevalence by Age and Sex
Also in the Philippines, more males
died (17,103) compared to females (7,611).
World Health Organization states
that tuberculosis mostly affects adults in
their most productive years because they
are exposed to the surroundings, including
work. However, all age groups are at risk.
References:
Presence of drug-resistance stain of
TB
Magnitude of TB – National TB Control Program. (n.d.).
https://ntp.doh.gov.ph/about-tb/magnitutde-of-tb/#:
●
~:text=TB%20is%20more%20prevalent%20among
Sekandi, J. N., Steinbaum, L., Drake, J. M.,
●
bacterium to another person. When
an infected individual coughs or
structure in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Infectious
sneezes, airborne droplets can be
21(1).
inhaled and cause tuberculosis.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06475-z
TB and Children. (2023, September 18). Centers for Disease
and
●
Primary TB refers to the lung
infection that results from it.
Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/populations/tbinchildr
World
TB spreads easily. This implies that
an infected person may convey the
between tuberculosis in men and social network
Control
(M
causes pulmonary tuberculosis.
Whalen, C. C., & Kiwanuka, N. (2021). Association
Diseases,
tuberculosis
tuberculosis) is the bacteria that
,that%20of%20the%20general%20population.
Miller, P. B., Zalwango, S., Galiwango, R., Kakaire, R.,
Mycobacterium
●
For years, the infection might remain
en/default.htm#:~:text=Among%20children%2C%2
latent,
0the%20greatest%20numbers,then%2010%20yea
individuals, it reactivates or becomes
rs%20of%20age.
active. However, most persons who
Health
Organization:
Organization:
WHO.
WHO
&
(2023,
World
inactive.
In
certain
have a primary TB infection recover
Health
November
or
without
7).
showing
any
more
symptoms of the illness.
Tuberculosis.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/t
uberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.
(n.d.).
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000077.htm#:
ETIOLOGY
~:text=Pulmonary%20TB%20is%20caused%20by,
sneeze%20of%20an%20infected%20person.
Risks:
-
Poor nutrition
-
Unclean and crowded environment
-
People around you have TB
Factors that increases the rate:
-
Poor environment and nutrition
-
HIV infections
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS
●
Chest pain.
●
Wheezing or difficulty breathing.
●
Cough
(usually
with
sometimes with blood)
mucus,
●
Fever, sometimes with night sweats.
●
Fatigue.
●
Unintentional weight loss.
●
Latent
tuberculosis
patients
are
asymptomatic and unable to transmit
the disease.
●
References:
Pulmonary
Tuberculosis:
Treatments
Signs,
|
TB
Causes,
Houston
symptoms,
Methodist.
&
(n.d.).
As long as they receive medical
attention,
those
with
active
TB
disease can be healed. Even better,
https://www.houstonmethodist.org/pulmonology/tu
medication
berculosis/
development of active tuberculosis
symptoms,
and
complications
of
tuberculosis
Medicover.
(n.d.).
can
prevent
the
in those with latent tuberculosis
infections who are not yet ill.
https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/tuberc
ulosis/
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
One
of
four
things
can
happen
if
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is inhaled:
1. Immediate clearance infection
Normal lungs vs With Tuberculosis
2. Latent infection
3. The onset of active disease (primary
disease)
4. Active disease many years later
(reactivation disease)
Tuberculosis
2:
Pathophysiology
pulmonary
and
microbiology
tuberculosis.
of
(n.d.).
http://www.southsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/
february-2013/tuberculosis-2-pathophysiology-and
-microbiology-of-pulmonary-tuberculosis.html