BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
RHYTHMS OF
WAKING AND
SLEEP
CHAPTER 9, JAMES W. KALAT
GROUP 1 - PSY 233
Presentation Outline
POINTS OF DISCUSSION
ENDOGENOUS RHYTHM
SETTING AND RESETTING THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
MECHANISMS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
SLEEP AND OTHER INTERUPTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
THE STAGES OF SLEEP
PARADOXICAL or REM SLEEP
BRAIN MECHANISMS OF WAKEFULNESS, AROUSAL AND SLEEO
BRAIN FUNCTIONS IN REM SLEEP
SLEEP DISORDERS
FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP
FUNCTIONS OF REM SLEEP
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF DREAM
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ENDOGENOUS RHYTHM
ENDOGENOUS CIRCADIAN
RHYTHM - is the sleep wake pattern and rhythms that
last about a day or over 24 hours. all living organisms
have their own circadian rhythm.
Is responsible for the schedule of sleeping and
wakefulness. It is affected by light and dark along with
the environment.
Our most familiar endogenous circadian rhythm
controls wakefulness and sleepiness. For example, if
you go without sleep all night, just like us college
students do.
The main regulator, circadian rhythm, can be found in
the HYPOTHALAMUS.
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MECHANISMS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL CLOCK?
The SCN provides the main control of the
It is the system that regulates an organism’s
circadian rhythms for sleep and temperature
innate sense of time and controls circadian
(Refinetti & Menaker, 1992)
rhythm.
MELATONIN
The Human master clock is a large group of
The hormone melatonin increases sleepiness; if
nerve cells that form a structure called the
given at certain times of the day, it can also
SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS (SCN)
reset the circadian rhythm.
Melatonin secretion usually starts to increase
about 2 to 3 hours before bedtime.
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SETTING AND
RESETTING THE
BIOLOGICAL
CLOCK
Our circadian rhythms have a period
JET LAG
A disruption of circadian rhythms due to
crossing time zones is known as JET LAG
SHIFT WORK
People who sleep irregularly such as pilots and
close to 24 hours, but they are hardly
truck drivers, medical interns, and shift workers
perfect. We have to readjust our
in factories
internal workings daily to stay in
phase with the outside world.
HOW LIGHT RESETS THE SCN
Lights resets the biological clock partly by a
branch of the optic nerve that extends to the
SCN
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STAGES OF SLEEP & BRAIN
MECHANISMS
SLEEP
A specialized state that serves
a special function
SLEEP AND OTHER INTERRUPTIONS
OF CONSCIOUSNESS
SLEEP
COMA
VEGETATIVE STATE
MINIMALLY CONSCIOUS
STATE
VS & MCS
BRAIN DEATH
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SLEEP
COMA
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THE STAGES OF SLEEP
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
EEG or
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM
SLEEP SPINDLE
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
SLOW-WAVE
SLOW-WAVE
SLEEP
SLEEP
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PARADOXICAL or REM SLEEP
“DEEP NA LIGHT, AT LIGHT NA
DEEP
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BRAIN STRUCTURES
OR AROUSAL AND
ATTENTION
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Another pathway
One part of the
from the
reticular
HYPOTHALAMUS,
Other pathways from
mainly from the
the lateral
lateral nucleus of
hypothalamus
the HYPOTHALAMUS,
regulate cells in the
releases a peptide
basal forebrain (an
neurotransmitter
area just anterior and
PONTOMESENCE-
called either
dorsal to the
PHALON
OXYTOCIN or
hypothalamus).
formation that
contributes to
cortical arousal is
known as the
HYPOCRETIN
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BRAIN STRUCTURES OF AROUSAL AND ATTENTION
GETTING TO SLEEP
CAFFEINE
WHAT DOES CAFFEINE
DO TO YOUR BODY?
PROSTAGLANDINS
WHAT IS THE MAIN
FUNCTION OF
PROSTAGLANDINS?
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WHAT IS REM SLEEP?
Rapid eye movement (REM)
BRAIN FUNCTION IN REM SLEEP
But during REM Sleep, the THALAMUS is active, sending
the cortex images, sounds, and other sensations that fill
our dreams
WHAT IS THE BRAIN FUNCTION DURING REM
SLEEP
It is believed that dreaming occurs for at least 2hours
each night during REM Sleep and that this activity plays
an important role in the processing of information and the
creation of memory.
SLEEP DISORDERS
NARCOLEPSY
SLEEP APNEA
sudden attacks
occasional cataplexy
sleep paralysis
hypnagogic hallucinations
PERIODIC LIMB
REM BEHAVIOR
MOVEMENT
DISORDER
DISORDER SLEEP APNEA
NIGHT TERRORS,
SLEEP TALKING,
AND
SLEEPWALKING
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FUNCTIONS OF
SLEEP
an active state of
unconsciousness
produced by the body
body where brain is in
a relative state of rest
and is reactive
primarily to internal
stimulus
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Stages of the Sleep Cycle
THERE ARE FOUR STAGES.
STAGE 1
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
Light Sleep
Heart Rate and
Also known as DELTA
Begin to dream
Transition from being
breathing begin to
SLEEP
awake to falling
slow
asleep
Body Temperature
falls and muscles
may twicth
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FUNCTIONS OF REM SLEEP
Rapid-Eye Movement Sleep is a
phase of sleep where the eyes
move frequently and rapidly under
the eyelids
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
OF DREAM
Dream includes the images,
thoughts, and emotions that are
experienced during sleep
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THANK YOU!
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FLORES, MIKAELA ISABEL
LIM, PATRICIA GRACE
LOPEZ, RAPHAEL GREG
TRINIDAD, JELINE