HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS GROUP 4 Gamalo | Morales | Munez | Ng | Oribia | Velasco Introduction HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) HIV began in Africa and spread to the Caribbean Islands. It was first reported in the United States in 1981, and cases were soon recorded in other countries. This sexually transmitted disease spread so quickly that it quickly became a pandemic in various nations throughout the world, including the Philippines. In 1984, the first case of AIDS in the Philippines was recorded. Based on the Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC) figures, there were 1,385 HIV Positive and 464 AIDs cases as of May 2000, with 206 fatalities. Mode of Transmission CAUSATIVE AGENT: Retrovirus-Human T-Cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) Sexual Contact Blood Transfusion Contaminated syringes and needles Direct contact of open wounds/mucous membranes with contaminated blood, body fluids, semen, and vaginal discharge During pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding Mode of Transmission CAUSATIVE AGENT: Retrovirus-Human T-Cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) Incubation Period Years without HIV medicines 2 4 6 8 10 HIV AIDS Although the duration from infection to the generation of detectable antibodies is usually 1-3 months, the time from HIV infection to AIDS diagnosis has been found to range from less than a year to 15 years or more. For more information, visit HIVinfo. NIH.gov Signs and Symptoms PHYSICAL MACULO-PAPULAR RASH ESOPHAGEAL CANDIDIASIS KAPOSI’S SARCOMA Signs and Symptoms PHYSICAL LOSS OF APPETITE MALAISE PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA WEIGHT LOSS PERSISTENT DIARRHEA GAUNT-LOOKING FEVER OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN TUBERCULOSIS Signs and Symptoms MENTAL (EARLY STAGE) FORGETFULNESS APATHY LOSS OF CONCENTRATION RETARDATION LOSS OF LIBIDO WITHDRAWAL Signs and Symptoms MENTAL (LATER STAGE) CONFUSION MUTISM DISORIENTATION LOSS OF MEMORY SEIZURES COMA Diagnosis CONFIRMATORY TEST WESTERN BLOT A Western blot test is typically used to confirm a positive HIV diagnosis. During the test, a small sample of blood is taken and it is used to detect HIV antibodies, not the HIV virus itself. The Western blot test separates the blood proteins and detects the specific proteins (called HIV antibodies) that indicate an HIV infection. The Western blot is used to confirm a positive ELISA, and the combined tests are 99.9% accurate. Diagnosis PRESUMPTIVE TEST ENZYME LINKED IMMUNO-SORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) The blood sample will be sent to a laboratory for analysis. A lab technician will add the sample to a device that contains HIV antigen and anti-HIV antibodies. An automated process will add an enzyme to the device. The enzyme helps speed up chemical reactions. Afterward, the reaction of the blood and the antigen will be monitored. If the blood contains antibodies to HIV or antigens of HIV, it will bind with the antigen or antibody in the device. If this binding is detected, the person may have HIV. Prevention Maintain monogamous relationship Avoid promiscuous sexual contact Sterilize needles, syringes and instruments used for cutting operations Proper screening of blood donors Rigid examination of blood and other products for transfusion Avoid oral, anal contact and swallowing of semen Use of condoms and other protective device. Responsibilities and Functions Of the Community Health Nurse in HIV/AIDS Prevention/Control The responsibilities and functions of the community health nurse are mostly along prevention, casefinding and supportive-care during management AIDS cases. The nurse must be well-informed of signs and symptoms as well as the mode of transmission of the disease in order to give effective health education Prevention for Health Workers with HIV/AIDS Patients Universal precautions: Health workers should adhere to universal precautions, treating all patients as if they could be infected with HIV/AIDS to minimize the risk of exposure. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Proper use of PPE, such as gloves, masks, and gowns, is crucial to create a barrier between health workers and potentially infectious bodily fluids. Hand Hygiene: Regular and thorough handwashing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers helps prevent the spread of infections, including HIV. Safe Injection Practices: Health workers must follow strict guidelines for the use and disposal of needles and other sharp instruments to prevent accidental needlestick injuries. Education and Training: Ongoing training programs ensure health workers are aware of the latest guidelines, practices, and developments in HIV/AIDS prevention. Prevention for Health Workers with HIV/AIDS Patients Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Immediate access to PEP is essential for health workers who experience accidental exposure to HIV, reducing the risk of infection if taken promptly. Occupational Health Services: Regular check-ups and monitoring for health workers, along with access to counseling services, help manage the psychological and physical aspects of working with HIV/AIDS patients. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs): Clear and standardized procedures for handling HIV-positive patients should be in place to minimize the risk of accidental exposure. Risk Assessment: Health institutions should conduct regular risk assessments to identify and address potential hazards in the workplace, ensuring a safe environment for both health workers and patients. Non-Discrimination Policies: Promoting a workplace environment free of discrimination reduces stigma, encouraging health workers to seek testing and support without fear of judgment or bias. SCHISTOSOMIASIS GROUP 5 Gamalo | Morales | Munez | Ng | Oribia | Velasco Introduction SCHISTOSOMIASIS Schistosomiasis has long been regarded as one of the most serious tropical illnesses in the country. Schistosoma Japonicum, a blood fluke spread by the small snail oncomelania quadrasi, causes it. Because it mostly affects farmers and their families in rural regions, and because the condition is persistent, it causes manpower losses and lower agricultural production. As a result, schistosomiasis is both a public health and a socioeconomic issue. The illness is prevalent in 10 regions, 24 provinces, 183 municipalities, and 1,212 barangays, affecting an estimated 6.6 million people in Philippines. Mode of Transmission Infection with schistosomes occurs through contact with contaminated fresh water. Certain snails carry schistosomes, and their larvae (cercariae) penetrate the skin upon contact with contaminated water. Fresh water gets contaminated when infected individuals release Schistosoma eggs through urine or feces. In the water, these eggs hatch, and if specific snails are present, the parasites develop inside them. Parasites leave snails, enter the water, and can survive for about 48 hours. Schistosoma parasites can penetrate the skin of people wading, swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated water. Within weeks, worms grow inside blood vessels, producing eggs. Some eggs travel to the bladder or intestines and are passed in urine or stool. Signs and Symptoms DIARRHEA BLOODY STOOLS WEAKNESS ENLARGEMENT OF ABDOMEN SPLEENOMEGALY INFLAMED LIVER ANEMIA Infectious Agents Schistosoma mansoni. S. haematobium and 51 : japonicum are the major species causing human disease. Schistosoma japonicum is endemic in the Philippines. Methods of Control A. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Educate the public in endemic areas regarding mode of transmission and methods of protection. Dispose of feces and urine so that viable eggs will not reach bodies of fresh water containing intermediate snail host. Control of animals infected with S. japonicum is desirable but usually not practiced. Improve irrigation and agriculture practices: reduce snail habitats by removing vegetation or by draining and filling. Treat snail-breeding sites with molluscicides. (cost may limit use of these agents) Travelers visiting endemic areas should be advised of the risks and informed about preventive measures. Methods of Control A. PREVENTIVE MEASURES Prevent exposure to contaminated water (e.g. use of rubber boots). To minimize cercarial penetration after brief or accidental water exposure, towel dry, vigorously and completely, skin surfaces that are wet with suspected water. Apply 70% alcohol immediately to the skin to kill surface cercariae. Provide water for drinking, bathing and washing clothes from sources free of cercariae or treatment to kill them. Effective measures for inactivating cercariae include water treatment with iodine or chlorine, or the use of paper filters. Allowing water to stand 48-72 hours before use is also effective. Treat patients in endemic areas to prevent disease progression and to reduce transmission by reducing egg passage. Methods of Control B. CONTROL OF PATIENT, CONTACTS, AND ENVIRONMENT Report to local health authority in selected endemic areas Isolation: None Concurrent disinfection: Sanitary disposal of feces and urine Quarantine: None. Immunization of contacts: None. Methods of Control C. INVESTIGATION OF CONTACTS AND SOURCE Examine contacts for infection tom a common source. The search for a source is a community effort. Specific treatment: Praziquantel (Biltricide) is the drug of choice against all species. Alternative drugs are Oxamniquine for S. mansoni and Metrifonate for haematobium. Epidemic measures: Examine for schistosomiasis and treat all who are Infected, but especially those with moderate to heavy intensities of egg passage: pay particular attention to children. Motivate people in these areas to have annual stool examination. Public health nurse in endemic areas participates actively in the above preventive and control measures. End of Topic HIV AND SCHISTOSOMIASIS
