IMMUNOGENETICS Mert YİĞİT 190204042 17.06.2021 ABSTRACT Immunogenetics is a science with various successes and failures that have contributed to our understanding of immunological principles through various scientific studies. Today, it has become easier to present different perspectives and preliminary information about various immune diseases in the wide range of research in immunogenetics. It may no longer be entirely accurate to say that immunogenetics is an interdisciplinary science. Because it has its own methods and is developing rapidly. INTRODUCTION Our body has to encounter countless microorganisms every day. While some of these microorganisms provide various benefits, some of them destroy our defense system by disrupting the natural functioning of our body. The immune system or immune system is a complex system that creates a defense mechanism against diseases and infections in a living thing and eliminates established infections. The immune system consists of two lines of defense. These are acquired and natural immunity. Acquired immunity is the immunity acquired by various means (vaccine, serum, etc.) after birth. It is specific and is the body's second line of defense. Innate immunity, on the other hand, is genetically determined and therefore innate. It is the body's first line of defense. It's not specific. Accordingly, the branch of science that examines the molecular and genetic basis of the immune response is called "immunogenetics". Immunogenetics covers all processes that both have a genetic basis and affect the immune system. In the field of immunogenetics, he is interested in the course of diseases based on genetic tendencies, treatment approaches based on genetic predispositions and how these tendencies can be affected by gene therapy. Multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Crohn's disease are just a few of them. It can be said that immunogenetics started with the discovery of AB0 blood groups. Austrian immunologist and pathologist known for his pioneering work on blood types and immunity. In 1900, he discovered the presence of agglutinins in the blood by separating the main blood groups. Thanks to these biological developments, blood transfusion has become a simple procedure without endangering the life of the patient. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 and has been described as the father of transfusion medicine. Thus, the field of immunogenetics began to emerge and research activities on many different questions gained momentum. Another study that started immunogenetics and turned it into a science was made by Karl Landsteiner in 1927. He determined the M and N blood groups in 1927, and the Rh element, named after the Rhesus monkey species, in 1940. Immunogenetics currently deals with the following areas: • Drug development in biotechnology • Generation and development of recombinant antibody constructs • Phage display technologies • Gene therapy • Immunotherapeutic applications • Antibody engineering • Development of biofunctional recombinant antibodies • Diagnostic technologies • Development of recombinant antibodies for in vitro and in vivo applications • SPR-based biosensor studies • Physico-chemical characterization of antibodies Immunogenetics has a very wide field of study. Recombinant HBsAg (Surface antigen of Hepatitis B virus) was produced and purified by the transjection method of mammalian cells in the project "Development of diagnostic kits for the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection using serological and molecular methods". TMV resistant tobacco plant was obtained by transferring recombinant mouse antibody (Tobacco mosaic virus) to tobacco plant. In a study of scientists on the immunogenetics of asthma and eczema, Asthma and eczema (atopic dermatitis) are common chronic diseases in childhood. These diseases are characterized by the production of Immunoglobulin E, which is synthesized at effective levels by plasma cells in response to allergens. Their development depends on both genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, the development of immunogenetic therapies has led to increased susceptibility to asthma and eczema, and some genes and gene loci have been identified. CONCLUSION This adventure, which started with Karl Landsteiner, has progressed and continues to progress by showing many developments until today. The birth of immunogenetics has spread to many areas by expanding our application areas in the scientific world. Gene therapy, immunotherapeutic applications, diagnostic technologies are just a few of them. With the development of immunology and immunogenetics, the diagnosis and treatment of many genetic diseases will be treated with different scientific approaches. REFERENCES https://www.britannica.com/science/human-genetics/Immunogenetics#ref502664 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/immunogenetics https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02175/full https://www.nature.com/articles/nri1500 https://gmbe.mam.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/laboratuvarlar/immunogenetik-laboratuvari https://www.drozdogan.com/immun-sistem-bagisiklik-sistemi-nedir-nasil-calisir/ http://www.alerjiklinigi.com/immun-sistem https://www.avrasyahospital.com.tr/bagisiklik-sistemi-nedir/ https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner https://tr.keepdeltamydelta.org/Immungenetik-3527 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogenetics
