Calbor), S)icon, germonien
TÌn, Leacl 2 Flerovieum
belorgs p-blocle , placed in VAgrop
10
Sn k ] 4d 5S sp
2
Pb ce] 4 F s
82- 224
Fse
114
32
Cso duttea
The
4
propentiey
t
Some
in
rom s)licon
elemen
asf
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om
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pb>Ge
>Sn>
;-sis
Occusance
lhe
elemen bymas ig
ke
* Casbo cu
cant
7Ib most aben
im heComloied elat
Arophel
elemenlal ali-Coal,
Dianond
Fyeestate
cocLlonalo,Hylocaloonyt Cog
Combinedlte :-mela
nemphaticallg Csorgy)ay fat
can
O03)In ay. one
ving cganirnd 12- 13 I4
all
consltue
Cn esemlas
C, C, c'
3Isalopes
conlalny
ocring carloor
* Nalarally
s770
pri
halflie
coil5
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Sis a odioace
doing ie TÈ
yeps kd d for adiocoobon
tseo sor delesmining
Ggenwc maariad
ge
an ooect Conlans
highes
on
Correspondng
elements
elemens
ane
tirst
grotp
l4
he Those
enthalpies
4
The enhalpyi Tonisoion
&n<Pb
Gek |c<sis
Conll
eal
Small
encreoe
is
oacley
Censndaralale
on
Coloon
to
si
bereafliä
reoes
oadies
Covolent SUdieyiealalished.
Sgnbeie
acioalEve
t
Flerovim
a y
occus
mainly
as
PbsGrelema
topb
eta king colled
Imporrlan
Si
Covalem
oeen
*Lead
magnelie
Bmplrilg
is
ooy) woframite
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*Tin
curs
manly
as
Tanisos
Sno)4 Casmtaitz
7om
Get
Si
ane
in dse
ondutor
as
yaveny
&
s si
glos
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*Silicen
lhe
earet
by t7
not second
ma)
is
Presen
li in
element
on alemclant
IKe Silien
iy
Potr Sheldeng etfet
due
size
heolon
C>si 6ne> pbSn
IP cSi>Ges pb S
deeostally e
Sn<po
Cs si> e
dighertTonisalieseobyin
he elemet coiB
Ihe
This group oe
slightly
* Ihe eleet coio
elemen
S.N baun group 13element
momore
highert EN i
VA 3rop cy coloe
equal
d4f-osbloly
EN
1eEN rm sito pb alnot same
Then
Si o Pb Tty due
mereas oo
Im alomic
o Tneree
alomie Size
in
c
u
j
1
Compared
ass ay
Si<cKGe<Sn<pb
Bolin Peint olecreass froro co Pb
grop i4 elmment
nemuely
highes Isan bose Ihe correspondig elemens
grop|3
Goling poing
ydue lo slrorng Inaalomi a inding torsces in
their sotid aseel as Liqlal slalis
* Dianond ha tigertmpt de lo
Polyneic stuclire
reedimesonal
Gdes g mpt C>Si>Ge>pb>sn
Sis Ge>Gn >pb
cesi due lo ancena
Gpt vales ane venyhih
B- Pt
mPE
these elament to orm glant moecules
ElectiCol
oresavita:lc>si=6ePb Sy
elecitent
too
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bloo
oppoes
amalias
lo shich
tbsough
memeey ae
Sotids,Calbn 4SilCon oe mon-melay
pb
ay S
hene
melaclei
a
Geanilmcà
Sot metay coi G Loo mpt
chemial propenlieyi
group y elemen
e
a
:
idaon
O
Bour eeeiony in ouiemost shel
* Ihe common cidlalion slotiyg
hae
eye elemenne
* elai, since Ihe semgRe t i t tour Zoizaon
ComPotnd in +h cdlalon slala aegenerally
Covalen in nane
*slicos donot shoss +2 0idalienslate in kai slaale
Conponds
Lnent paiy fe:
Tnet Paiy t b t i - Ihe
eucance
s-bilal
elerons in chemicaoond omalion c callec
pay effect
ne
42
Ges<pb
iep p
Componas in ty ot e
cempond
Xehemaniemn forms salale
S ya oedcing agent
a srong coeidin agent
P5
IRe no
Iy Tebravalent sbti
elecrony
arocen lhe cena
ekron
Being
cel,)
in
8cobon
atomim molecule ciy
peczd loact
eoc
nt
nomall,
ane
bes
Precise moeculey Ihey
tsogh coloon amnot
*al
donor
acceplo
cy eleeson
oh elemens Ie
Thae
moe
covalence
tacee it
Ihe Preence d-orb
laus
oe
Itiy
so
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grop
lgylroly's
ndeso
baliy
Theiy
Ry
dueto
em
im
acceping
oy
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torm
to
endeny
hane
4
eleron parson
ed he
pecies
ke Si
onoraleny
-2.
2
2
shere
cch does nit undingoes hgdryns slhaoy siet,
Ay. due
nd
o albtence Vacan
endes goes
d-esoily ce cloes
Cheicod oeaevi liyi The elemens
ropty
Oe. olavely Len eae but aacli vily Tro
cxde on Suntca.
AReoelivil
scoardy oygeni-
element toma aoo tuypes
e
VA grop
ceides
Mon cede (Mo) 4dioeide mO,
M+0,AMO
MtO,mO
Sio y enlalale at Room T,bt rt eos
only at high Teneratar
Co iy euias
Geo is ditinctl Aedie
Ashere oy Sno, pbo ane amphdeic
bicaxiday: Cidey in hghes ost elemenae
geerallymore acclic Gantoe in lose_0:8
rdenelenalne
mo>MO
Sno, Pbo, ane amphderie
eodeatedic malie co7 Sios Ges,SngPo
Reactvila tooacdy Ho:C, si 4 Ge ae not
Sn+ 2.HO
SrgthHs
Lead ydmteeles by oalr due bo foml
Reacvi
acy tydrogeg:- Caolocn frrm lage
tyroaloons
ttyees ane calle
NO
si tomny limilid mo
caboyane
hgycliley calleal silaney. Hyclro
han silanes
more ala lale
endesgoey hgcrolyns im Bariemeliem.
C s i , >Get, SnH, >pb, slalililgRedcrg
malre
elenents
Reavily lscard halgenyi-RA &rop
(x=F4, fr, 2)
lo i y
haldy mx4mxy
memloy eas diretly
seslalsle condiliey lo fomlhalict
eacept Cabon a othe
oib halogen
lhe
nde
mXy ane
Covalentin naline
censa alom
Teralheeyal in sha
4
%odaalin
lndesgoes sp
Ine innalere'
ane
Pbs,
Sn,
Pb-zbond Tmilially
case
e
e
t
Pby doesnt
eleoe enoyg
Ihe
eaelon doeso
tormad during
enpay 6s
eneng
to
Thenmaslalbilat
elerons tor eeealalien
d Tetolaleois1 siz
slaloilla,
lihalides,
torm
to
Ge, pb ane alale
ohereag
Gex
Ihan
slalale
mere
Gex s
Plox
due lo 2net
Liy
pbXy
Ihan
slalola
more
y
Pay eftet
eecept cely oiesera chlorickey oe
eanlghalrolyed.
Covalencyy
d-osbilals
Preence
Theireapand
con elemen
mainm
d-orbials
lg
ni-due
o
(1)
ghesG.N Smalliza,
nomaloy
Behavior
Beto
Combeulialale
iguiol
eoeligushea
men-
heavy
tire
Leoigd
vacamt
s d-orbilal,
absenca
mstact
au
*
dueto
d-orbilas sngVacant
Leosteid
ee
ca
eeCan
land
CiNOb ttbey
asong
asacb Ge,eo,
Pb Tetrahalides
sy,
q
l.
HySio,
YHO
+4H
**
Vacant
d-oobiay
sic,
d-orbiltaly
Vacamt
4
sen duela
vengso
SixlaaeCCCemadat
elerons lonepaiy
izeschlorlde
ong
-2
Pr-Pr mllitle bonds coits
ed
sh EN
ma0) 82e
4oiltb othes elemens
asel
C=N
C
ecaue
bordy
Pa-pa
dont
form
elemint
Bt heaiea
hae
orblal, ane olone4 datfee to
Theiy alomic
ellecine ovenlapping.
Vcalamalron:- he selt eonkage4TdnticaJatoms
among them totorm chan ane
CalenaTon
hiah
Ung y alleol
endd0cioln enengy
*¢ Lead ddoenot shb s Conlie
cabon:- Ihe phenomenon
Aloropey
eosling
Callec
an elemt
elolroby.
chimica fropeliy
daferenormselements aknon as
*1h
Alllaefoy
Lhy dueo
Allotsotpic modificalios
tearangement
tferenee im
naline -loondg
o ypes
forms
Cooloon
*
4Anosphos
4elolrepoes Gctclne
- Diamond, grophlle
)
ke,
y
Ghay
kreto,6
coeme
aloandeol
smalleg
Coketo
coal,
ae
by
is
e
They Hc
dsCovenyCoveed
his
sr was
Cul
RE
Pllees