EFFECTIVENESS OF COCONUT COIR AND COCONUT PULP AS
ENHANCEMENT MATERIALS FOR CEMENT’S TOUGHNESS AND TENSILE
STRENGTH
A Research Paper
Presented to
the school of
Batangas State University
In Partial
Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the course
General Chemistry
1st Semester S.Y (2021-2022)
Authors:
Adalia, Jean Carlos
Bool, Neil Tristan
Clarín, Jhesster Daniel
Ebreo, Airah Jael
Inandan, Ralph Joseph
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of coconut coir and coconut pulp
as an enhancement material for the toughness and tensile strength of cement. Concrete is
weak under strain and flexure; but, by using natural fibers, it will be more durable, long-lasting,
and cost-effective. Mankind has applied natural fibers for a range of functions spanning from
food to shelter for generations. Many researchers have lately looked into the possibility of using
natural fiber derived from various plants, such as coconut husk, bagasse, etc. as an alternative
construction material. The researchers employed the experimental research approach to collect
the necessary data for this study. The researchers tested the effectiveness of natural fibers
using four different mix ratios of coconut pulp, coconut coir, and cement. After the firing and
curing of the mixtures, the cement samples will be evaluated in a cement testing facility and
subjected to three tests: split tensile strength, compressive strength, and durability. Tension
test equipment, compressive strength machines, and a rapid chloride permeability tester were
employed for testing. Cure samples were tested for compressive strength, split tensile strength,
and durability during a two-month period. After analyzing the data, the researchers discovered
that coconut fibers may increase the tensile strength, compressive strength, and durability of
cement. The findings indicate that coconut fibers can be used as a concrete enhancing
ingredient.
Acknowledgement
First, we would like to thank God for making this research possible and for
giving us the strength, the idea and the will to do it. The researchers would also like to
extend their sincere thanks and gratitude to the following persons who have
contributed and supported them in the fulfillment of this research.
To each of the researchers, for their great teamwork and deep-thinking skills,
and willingness to help the group and each other.
To Ms. Aila Mae Mauleon, our chemistry teacher, for giving us her continuous
support and for making this research possible.
To our family and friends whose care and understanding gave us the motivation
to continue the path that we were taking.
Our group is more than thankful for having these people in the making of our
research.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER I: Introduction
Page
Introduction
5
Statement of the problem
8
Conceptual Framework
8
Theoretical Framework
9
Scope and Limitation
11
Significance of the study
12
Definition of Terms
14
CHAPTER II: Review of Related Literature
Conceptual Literature
17
Research Literature
21
Synthesis
28
CHAPTER III: Methodology
Research Design
33
Subject of the Study
33
Data Gathering Instrument
34
Data Gathering Procedure
36
Schematic Diagram
38
Statistical Treatment of Data
38
Bibliography
41
Curriculum Vitae
43
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
This research has been conducted to provide the next generation of innovation.
The agricultural aspect of the world is at its finest providing the people their needs
alongside nature. It rather says that it is the best projection of sustainable development
around the world. Science and technology will be stronger with nature that provides
unlimited resources. People from time to time tried to enhance the different products
that we receive from the world’s agriculture by turning the sprouts of nature into man
made items that help the people today. For the research topic, the researchers chose
cement to become the next chapter of innovation. The world was once full of green
and living organisms from nature but now is full of buildings, structures, and roads. The
researchers come up with the emergence of natural resources with the main
components of the buildings which is the cement that the people see today that have
been exchanged with trees in the world. The researchers thought that when people
can’t stop the world from polluting, changing, and agonizing the world today, why not
emerge from the organic matters in the man-made matters so that it would be
beneficial with both sides.
According to Science Tech Entrepreneur (2009), Green building has exploded
in popularity in recent years, with many builders and new house buyers searching for
new and innovative techniques of construction that might offset energy costs. The use
of low-cost building materials in the construction of low-cost housing promotes lowincome people's access to structures. Low-cost housing may be achieved by efficient
planning and project management, low-cost materials, cost-effective building
technology, and the use of alternative construction methods. Profits from such ways
can be used to reduce building costs and make low-cost homes available to everybody.
The use of low-cost alternative building materials also keeps construction costs from
rising owing to the usage of scarce building materials, which eventually raises the
project's cost. Some alternative construction materials can be manufactured from
natural elements, while others can help to reduce the occupant's energy expenditures
once erected. Regardless of the builder's purpose, alternative construction materials
and their utilization are on the rise.
Rai, A. & Jha, C. N. (2004) said that Mankind has utilized natural fibers for a
variety of purposes ranging from eating to habitation for generations. Many
researchers have recently investigated the potential of employing natural fiber
produced from various plants, such as coconut husk, bagasse, cereal straw, maize
stalk, cotton stalk, kenaf, rice husk/rice straw, and so on, as an alternative construction
material. Natural fiber-based composites are becoming major alternatives for
construction materials for usage in civil engineering disciplines because of their
lightweight, high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and other benefits. In
various trials, cement fiber mixtures, for example, have been shown to outperform
concrete blocks in terms of effectiveness. The results are mostly due to the
incorporation of fibers, which add to the overall strength of the concrete. The inclusion
of which enhances workability, breakage resistance, weight reduction, fatigue strength,
and flexibility, among other things. Because of these qualities, it is an excellent choice
for low-cost constructions.
Concrete is a versatile and the most commonly used building material in the
world. Concrete is reinforced with steel reinforcing bars because it is fragile under
strain and flexure. Concrete was reinforced with various fibers to make it more resilient,
long-lasting, and cost-effective. Natural fibers, such as coconut fiber, offer physical and
mechanical qualities that may be used to make reinforced concrete. These coconut
fibers are widely available and reasonably priced. The fundamental purpose of this
research is to investigate the qualities of concrete by reinforcing it using coconut fibers,
and the following goals have been established: To calculate the Compressive Strength
and Split Tensile Strength of concrete after adding coconut fibers. To understand the
performance of coconut fibers in reinforced concrete to prevent cracking. The
advantage of employing such fibers is that it allows for low-cost construction and
eliminates the need for waste disposal in landfills. The use of these fibers in concrete
results in an efficient solid waste management technique. The addition of fibers is a
solution for developing concrete with increased compressive strength and split tensile
strength, which is a novel type of binder that might join cement with cement (V.Sai
Uday & B.Ajitha, 2017).
As there is pile of waste being produced in the coconut industry. The study’s
objective is to find out whether coconut coir and coconut pulp is a good raw material
for the enhancement of cement.
Objectives Of the Study
Objective 1: To have a low-cost improvisation of the most commonly used material in
construction.
Objective 2: To determine the effectivity of coconut pulp for the improvement of
tensile strength of cement.
Objective 3: To make an effective solution for strengthening the toughness of cement
by including coconut coir in its formula
Statement of The Problem
This study focuses on the effectiveness of Coconut coir and coconut pulp as
enhancement materials for cement’s toughness and tensile strength.
Specifically, this sought answers to the following questions:
1. How will the cement with coconut pulp and coconut coir help in producing low-cost
materials for construction?
2. What makes the cement with coconut pulp and coconut coir improve its tensile
strength?
3. How effective are the coconut coir and coconut pulp as an enhancement to the
cement in terms of toughness and tensile strength?
Conceptual Framework
.
Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)


COCONUT COIR
COCONUT PULP
Enhanced materials for Cement



Cement
Sand
Gravel
INPUT
Accumulate raw materials
needed for the experiment and
the study
Conduct various experiments
including proposed experiment
and laboratory experiment
Building Cement enhanced by
Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera)
Coconut Coir and Coconut Pulp
Evaluate the reliability and
sturdiness of the cement by
conducting few tests at testing
centre or in a laboratory.
PROCESS
OUTPUT
The conceptual paradigm below presents the framework of the study. The
input, process, and output of the research are shown. The input shows the materials
that the researchers will use in the study. Independent variables include Coconut coir,
Coconut pulp, Cement, Gravel, and Sand. It was believed that these products were
related significantly to the dependent variable. The dependent variables that the
researchers will conduct in this study are density test, tensile strength test, flammability
test, and water absorption test. The process presents the method to generate the
output. The first step is to accumulate independent variables. Then mix Coconut coir,
Coconut pulp, Cement, Gravel, and Sand at various ratios and sun-dry to reduce
moisture content. After drying, the Cement mixture will be molded for Hollow Blocks
for us to conduct the tests easily. It is better if the mixture would be pressed by a
hydraulic press so that the air bubbles or the air compartments shall be eliminated for
the compactness of our product. Next, is to conduct different tests like density test,
tensile strength test, flammability test, and water absorption test. These tests are for
us to gather data about the sustainability and the enhancement of our study. With the
results, the researchers produced a better economic and environmental alternative for
Industrial Cement that has the potential to help reduce agricultural residues.
Theoretical Framework
This study will rely on Khasanov, B. et al.’s Theoretical foundations of the
structure formation of cement stone and concrete. The key finding of the resourcesaving technologies investigation was that high-intensity methods for physical
modification and hyper-consolidation of concrete mix and concrete had not been
created till now. Using methods of modifying the concrete mixture, hyper-consolidation
of the moldable concrete, and the development of the best possible structure of the
material, capable of significant stretch perception, the production of reasonably high
strength concrete (Kb q> 100 MPa) is possible, taking into account the physical and
chemical principles of structure formation of cement stone and concrete. Simple
technological methods for preparing concrete mixtures, forming axisymmetric
products, methods of hyper-consolidation of molded concrete, and physical
modification of concrete mixtures, such as squeezing excess mixing water and
entrained air, appear to be possible for implementing this idea in industrial production.
The hardening processes of complex distributed structures like cement stone
and concrete may be managed with a thorough understanding of their physical,
mechanical, and chemical-technological interactions. This topic has been the subject
of many types of research on the kinetics of binder hydration and the technical study
of hardening processes. Despite a vast number of investigations, there is currently no
comprehensive quantitative theory of binders-based composite hardening and
structure creation. When an astringent reacts with water, it produces new chemical
compounds that are fundamentally distinct from the original material. Because the
starting material is more soluble than the hydration products, the resultant solutions
are saturated in comparison to the hydrate.
According to the Theories of multiphase materials applied to concrete,
cement mortar, and cement paste (Hansen, C. 1966). Concrete is a composite
material with many phases. On a macroscopic level, it is composed of aggregate
particles embedded in a matrix of cement mortar, whereas mortar is composed of sand
particles encased in a matrix of cement paste. Cement paste is composed of cement
gel with a more or less continuous system of water-filled or dry capillary holes at the
microscopic level. Cement gel is a submicroscopic combination of semi-amorphous
interlaced fibrous or needle-shaped particles and thin crumpled sheets and foils that
create a continuous matrix with a continuous system of minute water-filled spaces,
known as gel pores.
The majority of aggregates are multiphase composite materials with high
porosity and a variety of crystalline and amorphous components. Based on multiphase
material theories, equations for determining elasticity, creep, shrinkage, and thermal
and electrical conductivity for concrete, cement mortar, and cement paste are
presented once the mix composition and properties of the components are known.
In the study of Mercier, J. et. Al. (2003), Elasticity theory is concerned with
the connection between forces applied to an item and the subsequent deformations.
In practice, analyzing a material's elastic behavior is limited to the study of simple
deformations and the calculation of the related elastic constants. Uniaxial elongation,
simple shear, and homogeneous or hydrostatic compression are examples of simple
deformations.
According to Ratner, L. (2003), The following summarizes the physical
essence of elasticity theory. External forces cause deformations and strains in the
material of construction. A structure is made up of infinitesimal components, according
to the linear theory of elasticity. The overall structure is the sum of its tiny components
in this manner. The theory considers stresses and strains in the restricted elemental
volume of construction. The sum of infinitesimal strains, stresses, and elastic energy
yields total deformation, elastic force, and potential elastic energy. First, the linear
theory of elasticity investigates reversible elastic changes in a structure.
First and foremost, the linear theory of elasticity analyzes reversible elastic
changes in a structure. When the forces applied to a building are removed, the
alterations vanish. This theory also takes into account tiny elastic deformations in
proportion to the total size of a structure. The linear theory also includes a technique
for calculating stresses that are based on knowledge of external forces. Internal elastic
forces are supposed to be in balance with external forces and are dispersed in line
with the external force distribution.
Scope and Limitation
This research study deals with coconut coir and coconut pulp as enhancement
materials for cement’s toughness and tensile strength.
This study includes the testing of the performance of the developed system in
terms of its durability and strength to provide enhancement for cement.
The performance of the coconut coir and pulp is achieved through the different
tests, assuring that it could achieve the performance we hoped for in different
environmental conditions and would be able to more withstand natural occurrences
such as heat, earthquakes, and even tsunami. This project makes use of coir and pulp
which is commonly found everywhere in the world and at a low price.
Determining which ratio would work best for strengthening the cement without
sacrificing the integrity of the cement. The general intent of this project is to use
coconut coir and coconut pulp as building materials and also enhancement of it since
there is always growth in the community and even construction, which results in greater
demand for building materials.
Limitations of the study would be the ability to use coconut coir and coconut
husk for the construction industries to use. One of which would also be the ability to
find a concrete tester during the time of pandemic who is responsible for the inspection
of concrete products and installations whose focus is on examining and testing cement
to ensure that it passes industry requirements. The ability to also conduct an even
distribution of fibers throughout the concrete.
Significance of the Study
This study will contribute to the knowledge in relation to enhancing the
toughness and tensile strength of cement through coconut coir and pulp. The results
will be significant and beneficial especially to the following:
Students. This study would be significant to students as it will inform them about the
effectiveness of coconut coir and pulp in enhancing the cement’s toughness and
tensile strength. The findings of the study will give them knowledge about the
characteristics of the coconut coir and pulp in improving the qualities of the cement
and its help for the possibility of having low-cost construction.
Economy. This study would be beneficial to the economy as it will help in trading
innovative information to the global market. It also contributes for low-cost materials
for construction and has an impact in economic growth.
Environment. This study would be beneficial to the environment, as the byproducts
or waste from the coconut industry can now be useful in infrastructure and not be
dumped into landfills.
Department of Public Works and Highways. This study will be beneficial to DPWH
as it will provide low-cost products that can be used for future projects of the
department. This will enable the department and the government to save more money
without reducing the quality of the materials they’re going to use.
Entrepreneurs. The findings of the study are significant to entrepreneurs specifically
to those who have a business related to construction as it can give them the
opportunity to supply low-cost yet high-quality cement that can be sold to people.
Future Researchers. This study will be highly significant to future researchers as it
gives them necessary information and may serve as their reference for their research
and study.
Definition of Terms
Coconut coir. A stiff coarse fiber from the outer husk of a coconut.
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coir)
Coconut pulp. Residue, e.g., of coconut meat after it has been squeezed.
(https://www.tagalog-dictionary.com/search?word=sapal)
Cost-effective.
Producing
good
results
without
costing
a
lot
of
money.
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cost-effective)
Concrete. a hard strong building material made by mixing a cementing material (such
as Portland cement) and a mineral aggregate (such as sand and gravel) with sufficient
water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass. (https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/concrete#other-words)
Construction. The work of building or making something, especially buildings,
bridges, etc. (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/construction)
Corrosion resistance.is the ability to prevent environmental deterioration by chemical
or electro-chemical reaction. (https://www.metaltek.com/blog/material-applicationscorrosion-resistance/)
Deformations. the action of spoiling the usual and true shape of something, or a
change
in
its
usual
and
true
shape.
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/deformation)
Durability. able to exist for a long time without significant deterioration in quality or
value. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/durability)
Effectiveness. producing a result that is wanted: having an intended effect.
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/effectiveness)
Efficient. working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way.
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/efficient)
Elasticity. the capability of a strained body to recover its size and shape after
deformation. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/elasticity)
Enhancement. the process of improving the quality, amount, or strength of something.
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/enhancement?q=Enhancemen
t)
Expenditure.
the
act
or
process
of
expending.
(https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/expenditures)
Fibers. a thread or a structure or object resembling a thread. (https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/fibers)
Hardening.
the
act
of
becoming
or
making
something
hard.
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/hardening?q=Hardening)
Innovative. introducing or using new ideas or methods. (https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/innovative)
Material. matter that has qualities which give it individuality and by which it may be
categorized. (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/materials)
Qualities.
how
good
or
bad
something
is.
(https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/qualities)
Reinforcing. to strengthen by additional assistance, material, or support: make
stronger
or
more
webster.com/dictionary/reinforcing)
pronounced.
(https://www.merriam-
Strains. is the change in length as compared to original length that is before any
variation.
(https://www.engineeringintro.com/concrete/stress-strain-
relationship/strains-in-concrete/)
Strength. the ability to resist being moved or broken by a force. (https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/strength)
Tensile Strength. the ability of a material or object to be stretched or pulled without
breaking.
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/tensile-
strength?q=Tensile+Strength)
Toughness. the quality of being strong and not easily broken or damaged.
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/toughness?q=Toughness)
Variety. a number or collection of different things or people. (https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/variety)
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
Conceptual Literature
Coconut. P. Chandy Mathew (1988) mentioned in his research that one
of nature's most versatile products is the coconut palm. Man uses almost every
component of the tree. The uses of coconut kernels, shells, husks, trunks,
leaves, sap, and other parts are well known and will not be described here. In
this paper, just one aspect of coconut utilization is examined in depth: the use
of coconut fiber or coir in the production of rubberized fiber. Because the
coconut kernel is the most important portion of the coconut tree, it is given
special attention in major coconut producing areas. As a result, it is unsurprising
that the majority of people involved in coconut farming and processing are
unfamiliar with coconut byproducts.
In the research of Palomar, R. N., et al. (2000), as an alternative building
material, a novel product based on agricultural waste from coconut plantations
is being created. Coir-wood-cement board (CWCB) is formed from coir husk
fiber and shredded sapling or excelsior that are mixed separately with cement
at a set ratio of 70% cement to 15% coir excelsior by weight. CWCB is made
by mat-forming and pressing a mixture of saturated coir/excelsior and cement
to the necessary thickness and then air-drying it. It is 61 cm broad by 244 cm
long and has a thickness varying from 8 mm to 25 mm. CWCB satisfies the
PHILSA standard specification for particleboard strength standards (PHILSA
106, 1975). It is being studied as a replacement material for more expensive
building materials such as plywood, particleboard, and cement hollow blocks.
It has been discovered to be appropriate for exterior/interior walls, partition
panels, and building ceilings, as well as furniture components such as table
tops and cabinet cladding.
Concrete. According to Taheri, S. & Clark, S. M. (2021), concrete is a
common building material that is utilized in the majority of projects. Each year,
the need for concrete-based infrastructure grows in tandem with population
expansion. Concrete constructions sustain internal and external deterioration;
the degradation of concrete over a long period raises the life-cycle cost of an
asset by an estimated yearly cost to national economies in the billions of dollars.
Cracking is one of many issues that can jeopardize the durability and reliability
of concrete structures. Cracking typically begins at the atomic level with defects
that then grow and form cracks that can propagate through a structure and lead
to more serious issues such as accelerated penetration of aggressive agents
and subsequent corrosion of embedded reinforcing steel, structural weakening,
and concrete cover spalling. Furthermore, the majority of fractures originate
deep inside the concrete, in inaccessible regions that are imperceptible to
regular examination, posing a significant serviceability issue.
Fiber-reinforced concrete. Liang, N., et al. (2021) said that the
introduction of large-span beams, super high-rise skyscrapers, and mass
concrete constructions has increased the demand for concrete strength and
ductility. As a result, improving toughness and deformation performance has
become a significant challenge to tackle as concrete strength, ductility, and
brittleness grow. It is one of the most successful strategies for boosting tensile
strength, fracture toughness, and impact resistance by incorporating fiber into
concrete. When compared to ordinary concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete
improves component stiffness, ductility, cracking resistance, and frost
resistance under the same circumstances. Furthermore, it has found
widespread use in high-rise buildings, underground engineering structures,
maritime engineering, and bridge engineering.
Abdallah, S., et al. (2016) mentioned that studies have shown that
adding different fibers can increase the strength of concrete in various ways.
Steel fiber strengthens the concrete and increases fracture load and toughness
throughout the fracture process. Steel fiber, on the other hand, has flaws such
as high cost, arrogance, rustiness, and poor workability. Other fibers should be
examined to replace steel fiber to eliminate the disadvantage of steel fiber.
When compared to steel fiber, polypropylene fiber has the following
advantages: it is easier to work within the concrete, it is less expensive, it is
lighter in weight, it seldom corrodes in concrete, and it is resistant to strong
chemicals. Coarse polypropylene fiber (CF) has a different volume and higher
tensile strength of monofilament, which can limit the development of crack
formation in the late stage, and is comparable to steel fiber in terms of
increasing the durability and ductility of concrete. It possesses great mechanical
and physical properties, such as high thermal stability, better tensile strength,
excellent acid alkali-resistance, and exceptional plastic deformation capacity,
which is a new type of eco-friendly, cost-effective, high-performance, green and
inorganic fiber.
Wang et al. (2019) also believe that when compared to incorporating a
single fiber, incorporating fibers with different elastic moduli, strengths, and
sizes into concrete can produce a positive hybrid effect in strengthening and
toughening concrete, as well as more effectively improve the fracture
toughness of concrete. The previous study has found that the fibers mixing ratio
are the most important component influencing the mechanical characteristics,
fracture parameters, and flexural toughness of concrete. Some data, on the
other hand, suggest that polypropylene fibers and basalt fibers have no
significant influence on the compressive and flexural strength of the concrete
matrix.
Compressive strength. According to Momber, A. (2005), compressive
strength is a typical strength measure of concrete that may also be assessed
on-site. The most typical way is to employ cylinder cores that have been bored
out of the framework. The first option proposed is to utilize the way a cylinder
fails during a compression test. Their research revealed that during
compression testing, two broad forms of failure may be recognized.
The effect of compressive strength on the relative degradation rate has
already been demonstrated. There is no overall pattern between the two
metrics, and it appears that normal compressive strength is ineffective for
evaluating concrete resistance. Kauw (1996) reported a similar pattern.
However, when the maximum aggregate diameter is taken into account, the
result alters. Compressive strength improves with increasing aggregate
diameter, whereas compressive strength decreases with decreasing aggregate
diameter. Concrete that is built with coarse particles always has a greater
compressive strength for a given compressive strength. The production of
relatively extensive radial cracks in the structure is enabled by the use of strong
and coarse concrete.
Tensile strength. Liao W., et al. (2020) said that tensile strength is a
significant mechanical attribute of concrete, however, it accounts for just 7–15
percent of its compressive strength. The tensile strength of the concrete is often
overlooked in the design of reinforced concrete members. The tensile strength
of concrete, on the other hand, is nevertheless important in terms of longevity
and serviceability. For example, fracture propagation and control are strongly
connected to concrete tensile strength. Ignorance of concrete tensile strength
can lead to serviceability and durability issues, making tensile strength an
important design element.
According to Resan S., et al. (2020), the significance of concrete tensile
strength is related to its role in understanding concrete behavior and poses
challenges for concrete design due to the brittleness associated with influent
parameters in the failure criterion, in which the limiting tensile strain serves as
a good reference of concrete strength under static loading and can be used as
a failure indicator of concrete materials. Concrete tensile strength might be
assessed using several specimen models and test methods such as direct pull,
flexural, splitting, ring-tensile, and double-punch tests.
Research Literature
Foreign Literature
Kshitija Nadgouda (2014) stated in her research entitled “Coconut Fibre
Reinforced Concrete” that natural fibers like coconut fiber can be utilized
effectively in creating reinforced concrete because of its physical and
mechanical characteristics. It is evident how coconut fibers are considered
agricultural waste and are sold at a very low price today. These concrete uses
coconut fiber to improve the properties of cement concrete and provide a proper
solution for the disposal of this natural waste. Through this research, she
determined how coconut fibers improved the flexural and tensile strength of the
concrete, affected the comprehensive strength of concrete, provided an
alternative lightweight material, and minimized concrete cracking. It also
compares the properties of coconut fiber concrete with conventional concrete.
With this, she concluded that coconut fiber concrete could reduce
environmental waste, be used as lightweight structural concrete, and increase
concrete’s flexural strength in a 3% fiber mix.
According to the study of N. I. M. Nadzri et al. (2012), cement reinforced
with natural fibers composites is developed to be a potential replacement of
glass fibers in various applications without very high load-bearing capabilities
requirements because of its density, cost, and characteristics in preserving the
environment. They studied the mechanical and physical properties of
agricultural and industrial wastes that can be utilized as an effective material
for composites cement. Their study confirmed that fly ash could be used as a
substitution to sand, and coconut fiber can be used as an alternative
reinforcement in developing coconut fiber-based-green composite. Moreover,
the content of coconut fiber is directly proportional to the compressive strength
and modulus of rupture of the cement, which means that increasing the amount
of coconut fiber will also increase the compressive strength and modulus of
rupture, through its finest composition of 9 weight percent of coconut fiber.
Rilya Rumbayan et al. (2017) said that coir obtained from the coconut
husk is a resilient natural fiber. Combined with concrete mixtures, it could
potentially develop high-quality, economical, and environmentally friendly
construction materials. Their study focuses on justifying the utilization of local
natural resources as an alternative construction material in North Sulawesi,
Indonesia. They find the finest percentage that will improve the mechanical
strength of the concrete through combining coconut coir and concrete mixture
in several percentages. This research evaluates the total, flexural, and tensile
strength of concrete with different coir percentages of 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%,
and 1% by weight of the material. They also mentioned that an increase in fiber
content reduces the workability of the concrete mixture. With these, the
researchers have concluded that the concrete sample with 0.25 percent of the
coir attained the highest compressive and flexural strengths.
In the study conducted by Thi Thu Huyen BUI et al. (2018), it is stated
that natural fiber in reinforced composites can minimize reliance on traditional
concrete-making materials and their environmental impact. The researchers
described the possible use of coconut fiber in fibrous composites to replace
natural components partially. They highlighted the characteristics of coconut
fiber, the mechanical properties of composites with various fiber lengths and
contents and examined the challenges of employing coconut fiber as
reinforcement. Moreover, the information gathered from the literature is used to
summarize the possibilities for coir fibers and other natural fibers to be used in
composite materials. Although the introduction of fibers may diminish some
composite attributes such as modulus of elasticity and compressive strength,
the addition of natural fibers to composite might reduce the formation of cracks
and damage. Furthermore, these materials could be integrated into a composite
for reasonable thermal insulation solutions if the right fiber content and material
ratio are carried out. In contrast, the dosage and length of fibers could be
regulated to fulfill the parameters for adequate composite performance.
V.Sai Uday and B.Ajitha (2017) explained that the most frequently
utilized construction material on the planet is concrete reinforced with steel bars
due to its weakness in tension and flexure. Concrete was reinforced with a
variety of fibers to make it more resilient, long-lasting, and cost-effective such
as natural fibers, including coconut fibers, with physical and mechanical
properties that can be exploited to create reinforced concrete materials that are
inexpensive and readily available in huge quantities. The researchers had
investigated the characteristics of concrete by reinforcing it using coconut
fibers. Their study determined the compressive and split tensile strength of
concrete with coconut fibers and learned how coconut fibers function in
reinforced concrete to decrease cracking. The addition of coconut fiber to
concrete enhances various engineering qualities as it improves its
compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength. The experiment was carried
out on high-strength concrete with five different fiber mix proportions of 1
percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, and 5 percent by cement weight. Its
compressive strength and split tensile strength were tested for three days,
seven days, and 28 days. By analyzing this experiment's gathered data, the
researchers have concluded that 1 percent by cement weight has the best fiber
content and that coconut fiber can be utilized in constructions.
In the study of A.C. Abdullah and C. C. Lee (2016), coconut coir brick
has been proven to have the highest compressive and flexural strength. After
they tested mixing cement to several fibers, including rice husk, corncob, and
coconut coir, they also utilized gelatin-hexamine, linseed oil, and sodium
metasilicate-aluminum sulfate in modifying the fibers and improving the
dewatering behavior and the bonding of cement and fiber. The bricks were
tested for static bending, parallel compression, and water absorption after being
hydrated for 28 days at room temperature. Apart from the conclusion that
coconut coir brick has the highest compressive and flexural strength on the
experiment, it also has the lowest water absorption, which is a good
characteristic of bricks that improves their quality and makes them more
durable in fires and weather. Moreover, they mentioned that due to natural
fiber’s hydrophilic characteristics, the improper fiber content would reduce the
cement-fiber brick's strength, water absorption, and dimensional change. With
these, it is evident that these natural fibers, gelatin-hexamine, linseed oil, and
sodium metasilicate-aluminum sulfate play a significant influence in
manufacturing high-strength bricks that match the building standards for
constructions.
Local Literature
According to Bascon, Angelica F. The Philippines is rich in natural
resources, whether from land or water, and it is the source of livelihood for some
Filipinos. The Philippines has different plantations of different woods, plants,
and vegetables. These livelihoods are the cause of the increasing capacity of
wastes being created every year. Concrete has high compressive strength but
has lower tensile strength. Concrete is usually reinforced with materials that are
strong in tension. Concrete, which is subjected to long duration forces, is prone
to creep. Many different fibers, such as banana fiber and coconut fiber as
admixtures, both artificial and natural, have been incorporated into the concrete
mixture. The study of Bascon, Angelica F. aims to determine the effects of the
coconut coir and banana fiber admixtures on the engineering properties of
concrete.
According to Racaza, Olan L. (2016), Every year, there is an increasing
amount of municipal and urban wastes brought by harsh and heavy
biodegradable wastes from widespread consumption of young coconut water
and meat in municipal and urban centers in the country. Their study was
conducted to utilize these waste materials into ash to substitute cement for
concrete production. Wasted young coconut husks with shells were collected
and burnt at 600oC to produce ashes tested for their physical and chemical
characteristics. The ash was mixed with fine aggregates and water into six
design mixtures using young coconut husk ash (YCHA) at 20%, 40%, 60%,
80%, and 100% as partial replacement of the ordinary Portland cement.
Specimens without YCHA (0%) are also prepared to serve as the control
specimens of this study. The study encouraged using young coconut husk ash
as substitute cement or replacement to up to 60% by weight in which mortar
produced is acceptable for specific types of construction applications.
Dela Cruz, J. M. (2020) stated that, A hollow concrete block is a critical
component in infrastructure, especially in the construction industry, because of
its affordability, convenience, and strength. However, the excavation of
conventional coarse aggregates devastates the surroundings with massive
effects on environmental pollution. Thus, a viable replacement using
agricultural wastes as an aggregate to hollow concrete blocks could lessen its
impact on the environment as a massive amount of waste is produced in the
coconut industry. The study aimed to identify the potentiality of coconut shells
and coir fiber as a partial coarse aggregate replacement to hollow concrete
blocks in terms of compressive strength, water absorption rate, workability, and
economic value. Their experimentations showed that all the cylindrical
specimens passed the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
standards, specifically in non-load-bearing concrete. However, the increasing
coconut waste proportions increased the water absorption rate while
decreasing the compressive strength and workability. In addition, the total cost
of production was reduced when coconut shells and coir fiber were used
compared to the expenses required in conventional concrete. The study's
findings prove that using coconut waste as a partial coarse aggregate
replacement for concrete hollow can be helpful in construction and agricultural
industries.
The study of Ganiron Jr, T. u. (2017) focuses on generating a product
from agricultural waste and developing an alternative construction material that
will lessen the environmental and social issues. It also emphasized recognizing
coconut shells and fiber as a substitute for aggregates in developing hollow
concrete blocks. As a whole, the study's primary focus is the construction, the
environment, and building new technology to improve the natural world and
building materials. Another goal of the study is to create a design of a hollow
concrete block using coconut shell and fiber, to be able to contribute to the
industry in saving the environment, make the government find solutions
regarding the disposal to landfills of waste materials, and save the environment,
to teach new knowledge to the contractors, workers, and developers on how to
improve the construction industry methods and services by using recycled
coconut waste (shells and fibers). A conventional concrete hollow block was
compared to hollow concrete blocks with coconut shells and fibers of the same
proportions. The result of the tests was conducted in the laboratory, where
precise data were gathered and wholly attained. Some of the interesting
insights of the study are: (a) coconut shells and fibers can be used as a partial
substitute as coarse aggregates for hollow concrete blocks. (b) the good
indicators of coconut shell and fiber quality as an aggregate of hollow concrete
blocks are particles, shape, and texture, resistance to crushing, absorption and
surface moisture, grading, resistance to freezing and heating, and light-weight.
The study of Baguhin, Israel (2019),The construction industry is now
adding several materials in the concrete mixture to improve its physical
properties like ductility and reduce permeability and bleeding by utilizing
different fibers such as steel, glass, synthetic and natural fibers like coconut.
Natural fibers like coconut fiber are abundantly available all over the world,
especially in the Philippines, and the use of natural fibers from agricultural
waste has been studied to improve concrete properties. The study aims to
produce a load-bearing concrete hollow block (CHB) with pre-treated coconut
fiber passing the required minimum compressive strength. The study concluded
that coconut fiber reinforced load-bearing CHBs can be used for Type N Mortar
for the general purpose of above-grade applications where normal loading
occurs, such as reinforced interior and exterior load-bearing walls.
Synthesis
Coconut fiber concrete uses coconut fiber to improve the properties of
cement concrete. It determined how coconut fibers improved the flexural and
tensile strength of the concrete. With this, she concluded that coconut fiber
concrete could reduce environmental waste, be used as lightweight structural
concrete, and increase concrete's flexural strength in a 3% fiber mix according
to Kshitija Nadgouda. Furthermore, Coconut fiber can be used as a
replacement for glass fibers in various applications without very high loadbearing capabilities requirements. The content of coconut fiber is directly
proportional to the compressive strength and modulus of rupture of the cement,
which means that increasing the number of coconut fibers will increase the
strength of the material according to N. I. M. Nadzri et al. The researchers also
like to add that there are specific measurements that would allow us to attain
the highest compressive and flexural strengths which are backed up by since
the researchers wanted a great mixture that could great improve the properties
of as cement and at the same time lesson economic waste according to Rilya
Rumbayan. Structural-wise, researchers have also found that Coconut fiber
could be used to reduce reliance on traditional concrete-making materials and
their environmental impact. Fibers could be integrated into a composite for
reasonable thermal insulation solutions if the right fiber content and material
ratio are carried out according to Thi Thu Huyen BUI et al. The dosage and
length of fibers could be regulated to fulfill the parameters for adequate
composite performance. Researchers have investigated the characteristics of
concrete by reinforcing it using coconut fibers. The addition of coconut fiber to
concrete enhances various engineering qualities as it improves its
compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength. By analyzing this experiment's
gathered data, the researchers have concluded that 1 percent by cement
weight has the best fiber content and can be utilized in constructions according
to V.Sai Uday and B.Ajitha. Coconut coir brick has been proven to have the
highest compressive and flexural strength. It also has the lowest water
absorption, which is a good characteristic of bricks that improves their quality
and makes them more durable in fires and weather. Natural fibers, gelatinhexamine, linseed oil, and sodium metasilicate-aluminum sulfate play a
significant role in manufacturing high-strength bricks and was proven by In the
study of A.C. Abdullah and C. C. Lee.
According to Bascon, Angelica F. Philippines is a tropical country and is
rich in natural resources, and found near the typhoon belt. The researchers
could expect that these natural resources that were damaged since according
to Racaza, Olan L. there is an increasing amount of municipal and urban wastes
brought by harsh and heavy biodegradable wastes from widespread
consumption of young coconut water and meat in municipal and urban centers
in the country that could be potentially used as admixtures on concrete.
Through this, the researchers could also lessen the waste of such
biodegradable materials. As said by Dela Cruz, J. M. Hollow blocks have since
been the critical component regarding the construction industry, in which the
researcher's study's findings prove that using coconut waste as a partial coarse
aggregate replacement for concrete hollow can be helpful in construction and
agricultural industries. Ganiron Jr, T. u whose said that Natural fibers such as
coconut fiber are widespread around the world, particularly in the Philippines,
and the use of natural fibers from agricultural waste to improve concrete
qualities has been researched. The goal of the research is to create a loadbearing concrete hollow block (CHB) with pre-treated coconut fiber that meets
the minimum compressive strength requirements. According to the findings,
coconut fiber reinforced load-bearing CHBs can be used for Type N Mortar in
above-grade applications with normal loads, such as reinforced interior and
external load-bearing walls.
Coconut is one of nature's most versatile products. Man uses almost
every component of the coconut palm. This paper examines just one aspect of
coconut utilization in depth: the use of coconut fiber or coir in the production of
rubberized fiber. It is unsurprising that most people are unfamiliar with coconut
byproducts.
Coir-wood-cement board (CWCB) is being studied as an alternative
building material. It is made by mat-forming and pressing a mixture of saturated
coir/excelsior and cement. CWCB satisfies the PHILSA standard specification
for particleboard strength standards.
The need for concrete-based infrastructure grows in tandem with
population expansion. Cracking is one of many issues that can jeopardize the
durability and reliability of concrete structures. The degradation of concrete over
a long period raises the life-cycle cost to national economies in the billions of
dollars.
The introduction of large-span beams, super high-rise skyscrapers, and
mass concrete constructions has increased the demand for concrete strength
and ductility. When compared to ordinary concrete, fiber-reinforced concrete
improves component stiffness, ductility, cracking resistance, and frost
resistance.
Polypropylene fiber is a new type of eco-friendly, cost-effective, highperformance, green and inorganic fiber. It possesses great mechanical and
physical properties, such as high thermal stability, better tensile strength,
excellent acid alkali-resistance, and exceptional plastic deformation capacity.
Including fibers with different elastic moduli, strengths, and sizes into
concrete can produce a positive hybrid effect in strengthening and toughening
concrete, as well as more effectively improve the fracture toughness of
concrete. Wang et al. (2019) also believe that when compared to incorporating
a single fiber, adding multiple fibers can have a more significant impact on
concrete performance.
Compressive strength is a typical strength measure of concrete that may
also be assessed on-site. Compressive strength improves with increasing
aggregate diameter, but decreases with decreasing aggregate diameter. The
production of relatively extensive radial cracks in the structure is enabled by the
use of strong and coarse concrete.
Tensile strength accounts for just 7–15 percent of a material's
compressive strength. It is nevertheless important in terms of longevity and
serviceability. Concrete tensile strength might be assessed using several
specimen models and test methods such as direct pull, flexural, splitting, ringpunch tests.
CHAPTER III
Methodology
Research Design
This study employed the experimental method of gathering information
regarding the Effectiveness of Coconut Coir and Coconut Pulp as Enhancement
Materials for Cement's Toughness and Tensile Strength. The experimental research
method is employed in gathering the required information for this study. Specifically,
the researchers used a form of experimental research method, which is experimenting
and recording the observations, that allows the researchers to collect information from
the experiment.
According to The Albert Team (2020), experiment is a data collection method
where researchers change some variables, which are the independent variables of the
research, and observe its effect on other dependent variables. This type of research
method can be used to explore causal relationships that an observational study cannot,
which will enable the researchers to record the results and draw conclusions from the
experiment.
Subject of the Study
In this experimental study, it aims to identify the effectiveness of coconut coir
and coconut pulp as enhancement materials for cement’s toughness and tensile
strength; the experimentation will be conducted by using coconut coir and coconut pulp
as a strengthening material in the mixture of cement. The experimentation lasted for
two months. The record will consist of the following: tensile strength, compressive
strength and durability.
Data Gathering Instrument.
The data gathering instrument that the researchers used for the preparation of
the materials is a shredder machine. The machine is used to shred the coconut in order
to incorporate it into the cement. The machine also helps in determining the
appropriate mix ratio and preparing the cement for testing.
Shredder Machine
The cement will be tested in a cement testing facility and will undergo three
tests: tensile strength test, compressive strength test and durability test. The following
are the machines used for testing: tension test machine, compressive strength
machine and a rapid chloride permeability tester.
Tension Test Machine
Compressive Strength Machine
Rapid Chloride Permeability Tester
Data Gathering Procedure
1. Conducting experimental observation on the materials individually.
The researchers shall provide each material individually like, the cement,
coconut coir, and coconut pulp alone so the researchers will be able to observe them
in their natural state. In that process, the researchers will be able to distinguish the
different innovations and issues that may occur in the research experiment.
2. Providing a certain ratio mixture of coconut pulp, coconut coir, and cement.
The researchers will provide a table of ratios of three that will divide a hundred
percent of the composition of the modified cement with the use of coconut pulp and
coir. The researchers shall provide at least 3 ratios that will prove the toughness and
the strength of the modified cement. The ratios should be more of the other, equal to
the other, and lesser than the other. It will provide information on what ratio is the best
for the enhanced cement.
3. Conducting Certain tests to prove that the researchers made an enhanced
model of cement.
This research is an experimental study that involves certain tests that will prove
that the researchers have succeeded to reach their goal. The researchers will conduct
tests like Durability test, Compressive Strength Test, and Tensile Strength Test. These
tests will be the criteria or the expectation that the different ratios of cement mixture
will be accepted as an enhancement for regular cement.
4. Evaluating and presenting the results or data.
This section holds and evaluates the data that was gathered during the
experiment. The evaluation will take time but the longer the better because of the
cautiousness and assurance that the product is at its best. Then the data shall be
provided to the experts for further approval in order for the product to be legitimate.
Schematic Diagram
Statistical Treatment of Data
The following statistical methods will be used to further analyze and
evaluate the data derived from material tests.
Mean. The mean is the average and calculated by dividing all the values
on the set by the value in the set. Mean is an efficient method in comparing
different sets of data. In this study, this will be used to assess the profile of the
cement samples in terms of different mechanical properties to determine which
of them has the most efficient mix ratio for cement.
∑𝒙
Formula for Mean(μ)= 𝑵
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). By implementing a statistical test such
as ANOVA, it will identify a relationship between more than two groups. In using
the ANOVA formula, the F statistic, allows for the study of groups of data
concurrently, allowing you the opportunity to see the mean of each group then
discovering the variability inside and between groups. In this study, ANOVA will
be used as the statistical method to determine if there is a significant difference
in the properties of the cement samples. It will also be used to compare the
values of the tensile strength, compressive strength and durability allowed for
cement and concrete. ANOVA will be used in hypothesis testing for this study
to determine the performance of coconut coir and coconut pulp or whether the
tensile strength, compressive strength and durability of the cement has met the
allowed standard. The analysis of variance will be calculated by applying the
formula:
H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 ... = μk is:
where


X = individual observation,
= sample mean of the jth treatment (or group),


= overall sample mean,
k = the number of treatments or independent comparison
groups, and

N = total number of observations or total sample size.
with degrees of freedom df1 = k-1, df2=N-k.
Bibliography:
-Abdallah, S., Fan, M., Zhou, X., & le Geyt, S. (2016). Anchorage Effects of Various
Steel Fibre Architectures for Concrete Reinforcement. International Journal of
Concrete
Structures
and
Materials,
10(3),
325–335.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-016-0148-5
-A.C. Abdullah, C.C. Lee, Effect of Treatments on Properties of Cement-fiber Bricks
Utilizing Rice Husk, Corncob and Coconut Coir, Procedia Engineering,
Volume
180,
2017,
Pages
1266-1273,
ISSN
1877-7058,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.288.
-Baguhin, Israel, and Cabahug, Ruel, (2019). Investigation on Load-Bearing
Concrete Hollow Block Reinforced with Coconut Coir Fiber. University of
Science and Technology of Southern Philippines – Cagayan de Oro.
-Bakhridin Khasanov, B., Irmuhamedova, L., Firlina, G. & Mirzaev, T. (2020).
Theoretical foundations of the structure formation of cement stone and
concrete.
IOP
Conf.
Ser.:
Mater.
Sci.
Eng.
869
032032.
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/869/3/032032/pdf.
-Bascon, Angelica F., et al (2019). Precast Concrete Wall Panel with Banana Fiber
and
Coconut
Coir
As
Admixtures,
https://www.scribd.com/document/362338715/Precast-Concrete-Wall-PanelWith-Banana-Fiber-and-Coconut-Coir-as-Admixtures.
-Dela Cruz, J. M., et al (2020). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Waste as Partial Coarse
Aggregate Replacement for Concrete Hollow Blocks. Faculty Member,
International School, Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite.
-Ganiron Jr, T. U., et al (2017). Recycling of Waste Coconut Shells as Substitute for
Aggregates in Mix Proportioning of Concrete Hollow Blocks. College of
Business Administration, University of the East, Manila, Philippines
-Hansen, C. (1966). THEORIES OF MULTIPHASE MATERIALS APPLIED TO
CONCRETE,
CEMENT
MORTAR,
AND
CEMENT
PASTE.
https://trid.trb.org/view/98728.
-Kshitija Nadgouda (2014). Coconut fibre reinforced concrete, Sardar Patel College
of
Engineering,
Andheri,
Mumbai,
http://www.digitalxplore.org/up_proc/pdf/102-14109319585-7.pdf
-Liang, N., Ren, L., Tian, S., Liu, X., Zhong, Z., Deng, Z., & Yan, R. (2021). Study on
the Fracture Toughness of Polypropylene–Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 15(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-021-00472-x
-Liao, W. C., Chen, P. S., Hung, C. W., & Wagh, S. K. (2020). An Innovative Test
Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete by Applying the Strut-and-Tie
Methodology. Materials, 13(12), 2776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13122776
-Mercier, J., Zambelli, G., & Kurz, W. (Auth.). (2003). Introduction to Material Science.
ACADEMIC
PR-ELSEVIER
SCIENCE
(MO).
https://www.scribd.com/document/358892649/Jean-P-Mercier-GeraldZambelli-and-Wilfried-Kurz-Auth-Introduction-to-Materials-Science-ACADEMIC-PRELSEVIER-SCIENCE-MO-2003.
-Momber, A. W. (2005). Hydrodemolition of Concrete Surfaces and Reinforced
Concrete
Structures.
Elsevier
Gezondheidszorg.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781856174602/hydrodemolition-ofconcrete-surfaces-and-reinforced-concrete
-N. I. M. Nadzri, J. B. Shamsul & M. N. Mazlee. (2012). Development and properties
of coconut fiber reinforced composite cement with the addition of fly ash.
Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 1(4), 186-191.
-Racaza, Olan L. Racaza, Cabahug Ruel R. (2016). Young Coconut Husk Ash as
Partial Cement Replacement in Masonry Application.
-Rai, A. and Jha, C. N. (2004). Natural Fibre Composites and Its Potential as Building
Materials.https://www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/Refe
rencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=793257.
-Ratner, L. (2003). Non-Linear Theory of Elasticity and Optimal Design: How to build
safe economical machines and structures How to build proven reliable
physical theory. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780444514271/nonlinear-theory-of-elasticity-and-optimal-design.
-Resan, S. F., Chassib, S. M., Zemam, S. K., & Madhi, M. J. (2020). New approach
of concrete tensile strength test. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 12,
e00347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00347
-Rilya Rumbayan, et al. (2017). An investigation on the mechanical properties of
concrete
containing
North-Sulawesi’s
coir
fibre,
http://www.iasem.org/publication_conf/asem17/1.SM/W4A.6.SM1112_4497F1.pdft.
-Science Tech Entrepreneur. (2009). Green Building Materials for Low-Cost Housing.
https://www.scirp.org/(S(i43dyn45teexjx455qlt3d2q))/reference/ReferencesPa
pers.aspx?ReferenceID=793259.
-Taheri, S., & Clark, S. M. (2021). Preparation of Self-healing Additives for Concrete
via Miniemulsion Polymerization: Formulation and Production Challenges.
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 15(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-020-00449-2
-The Albert Team (2020). Data Collection Methods: What to Know for AP® Statistics,
https://www.albert.io/blog/data-collection-methods-statistics/.
-Thu Huyen, Bui & BOUTOUIL, Mohamed & Nguyen, Dang & Sebaibi, Nassim.
(2018). A Simple Review of Using Coconut Fiber as Reinforcement in
Composite.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344883615_A_Simple_Review_of_
Using_Coconut_Fiber_as_Reinforcement_in_Composite/citation/download
-V. Sai Uday & B. Ajitha. (2017). Concrete Reinforced with Coconut Fibres.
https://ijesc.org/upload/d30151e504d8c657502685f468d118a3.Concrete%20
Reinforced%20with%20Coconut%20Fibres.pdf.the
-Wang, D., Ju, Y., Shen, H., & Xu, L. (2019). Mechanical properties of highperformance concrete reinforced with basalt fiber and polypropylene fiber.
Construction
and
Building
Materials,
197,
464–473.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.181
Curriculum
Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Jean Carlos A. Adalia
Address: Greenwoods Sub. Pallocan East, Batangas City
Contact no.: +639772602286
E-mail Add: Adalia.jehan@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
DATE OF BIRTH
: December 5, 2002
PLACE OF BIRTH
: Batangas City
AGE
: 19
CITIZENSHIP
: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS
: Single
GENDER
: Male
RELIGION
: Roman catholic
FATHER’S NAME
: Joenard M. Adalia
MOTHER’S NAME
: Carolina A. Adalia
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
:
BS Electrical Engineering
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Golden Country Homes,
Barangay Alangilan
A.Y. 2021 - Present
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon, Batangas City, Batangas
A.Y. 2019-2021
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon, Batangas City, Batangas
A.Y. 2015 – 2019
PRIMARY
:
CASA DEL BAMBINO
EMMANUEL MONTESSORI
Alangilan, Batangas City
A.Y. 2009 – 2015
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Neil Tristan G. Bool
Address: Pallocan West, Batangas City
Contact no.: +639465025774
E-mail Add: boolneil14@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
DATE OF BIRTH
: July 14, 2003
PLACE OF BIRTH
: Batangas City
AGE
: 18
CITIZENSHIP
: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS
: Single
GENDER
: Male
RELIGION
: Roman catholic
FATHER’S NAME
: Noel B. Bool
MOTHER’S NAME
: Teresita G. Bool
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
:
BS Electrical Engineering
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Golden Country Homes,
Barangay Alangilan
A.Y. 2021 - Present
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon, Batangas City, Batangas
A.Y. 2019-2021
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon, Batangas City, Batangas
A.Y. 2015 – 2019
PRIMARY
:
SCOULA MARIA
President Jose P. Laurel Hwy, Batangas
A.Y. 2009 – 2015
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Jhesster Daniel C. Clarin
Address: Tabangao Ambulong, Batangas City
Contact no.: +639065714177
E-mail Add: clarinjhesster.pro@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
DATE OF BIRTH
: February 16, 2003
PLACE OF BIRTH
: Batangas City
AGE
: 18
CITIZENSHIP
: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS
: Single
GENDER
: Male
RELIGION
: Roman catholic
FATHER’S NAME
: Alejandro C. Clarin
MOTHER’S NAME
: Judith C. Clarin
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
:
BS Electrical Engineering
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Golden Country Homes,
Barangay Alangilan
A.Y. 2021 - Present
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon, Batangas City, Batangas
A.Y. 2019-2021
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Pablo Borbon, Batangas City, Batangas
A.Y. 2015 – 2019
PRIMARY
:
AMBULONG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Tabangao Ambulong, Batangas City
A.Y. 2009 – 2015
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Airah Jael E. Ebreo
Address: Ilijan, Batangas City
Contact no.: +639362816501
E-mail Add: leriahjael@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
DATE OF BIRTH
: October 10, 2002
PLACE OF BIRTH
: Batangas Regional Hospital
AGE
: 19
CITIZENSHIP
: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS
: Single
GENDER
: Female
RELIGION
: Baptist
FATHER’S NAME
: Lino B. Ebreo
MOTHER’S NAME
: Alleriza E. Ebreo
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
:
BS Electrical Engineering
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Golden country homes,
Barangay Alangilan
A.Y. 2021 - Present
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
SAN PASCUAL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1
San Antonio, San Pascual, Batangas
A.Y. 2019-2021
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
PEDRO S. TOLENTINO MEMORIAL
INTEGRATED SCHOOL
Ilijan, Batangas City
A.Y. 2015 – 2019
PRIMARY
:
ILIJAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Ilijan, Batangas City
A.Y. 2009 – 2015
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Ralph Joseph E. Inandan
Address: A-37 Poblacion, San Pascual,Batangas
Contact no.: +639950439118 / (043) 727-27-30
E-mail Add: Ralphmain863@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
DATE OF BIRTH
: August 06,2003
PLACE OF BIRTH
: Maternity House, Batangas City
AGE
: 18
CITIZENSHIP
: Filipino
CIVIL STATUS
: Single
GENDER
: Male
RELIGION
: Roman Catholic
FATHER’S NAME
: Marcianito G. Inandan
MOTHER’S NAME
: Emma E. Inandan
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY
:
BS Electrical Engineering
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Golden Country Homes,
Barangay Alangilan
A.Y. 2021 - Present
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
SAN PASCUAL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1
San Antonio, San Pascual, Batangas
A.Y. 2019-2021
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL :
SAN PASCUAL NATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOL
Poblacion, San Pascual, Batangas
A.Y. 2015 – 2019
PRIMARY
SAN PASCUAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Poblacion, San Pascual, Batangas
A.Y. 2009 – 2015
: