Resources:
Practice tests: https://www.crackap.com/ap/world-history/
CED:https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-world-history-modern-course-and-examdescription.pdf
Timeline (Doesn’t include every event, I made it last semester to help me organize the main
timeline in my mind. It’s also a copy of one I made on my school account so I may or may not
remember to update both of them.):
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1qWnsc3T4wlhCNlS-d_xumA-OLcl2h8KCh1Q86mCxsk/edit?usp=sharing
Note: Here is a Trello to see what topics we need to
cover per unit, and I will add some of the topics we
need, but also add some you may think we need.
https://trello.com/invite/apworldcollectivestudyguidetodolist20222023/ATTId50f0a7bc8097a9055
1585bf60da923649975020
NOTE: Add Heading 2s or 3s to keep the study guide
organized. Similar to how I already did Heading 1 for
each unit. This makes it easier to study, good luck.
Unit 1:
●
●
●
●
Growth of major civilizations
World religions continue to influence life/culture
Tech innovations continue
Smaller states, local religions, old tech decline
China
The Succession of Chinese Dynasties:
-
Han (Ended 220 CE)
Sui (589-618) - reunited China
Tang (618-907) - “golden age”
Song (960-1279) - economic revolution
Yuan (1271-1368) - Mongol rule
Ming (1368-1644) - Chinese rule resumed
Developments in East Asia (government)
Governance
● Systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time
○ Song revived elaborate bureaucracy, expanded civil service exams (provided limited social
mobility because merit based but favored aristocracy) to help bring order and stability to
society while continuing meritocracy within imperial bureaucracy (demonstrates development
○
●
of systems of government)
Confucianism justified emperor’s rule and everyone in bureaucracy supported Confucianism
bc of civil service exams (continuity of Confucianism)
Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and
diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional
methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.
Cultural Developments and Interactions
●
Effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time
○ Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism
■ Confucianism - moral behavior instead of punishment, filial piety, unequal
●
relationships, education, respect for and deference from women
■ Neo-Confucianism - revival of the movement, opposed Daoism and Buddhism, but
included ideas of Buddhism and Daoism
Chinese cultural traditions continued and influenced neighboring regions
○ Korea, Vietnam took shape under China’s influence (sinification) but retained distinctive
identities
■ Korea - pressure to adopt Confucianism severely decreased Korean womens’ rights
■ Vietnam - Chinese farming techniques increased agriculture (champa rice: was
drought resistant crop that matured early and could be harvested 3x/year, so it
○
○
●
increased population, originated in Vietnam and Song Dynasty expanded its
production), variation of Chinese writing = chu nom
Heian Japan had selective borrowing
Filial piety, Mahayana Buddhism
Buddhismm and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches,
schools, and practices
○ Buddhism was a key force in the sinification of Korea
Economics Systems
● Effects of innovation on Chinese economy over time
● Economy of Song China flourished as a result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade
networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing
○ Expansion of immense network of internal waterways facilitated cheap movement of goods
(Grand Canal, started in Sui dynasty)
■ Producing for market over local consumption, boosted trade between regions, kept
culture consistent
○ Woodblock and movable type printing led to widely available, cheap books, increased
emphasis on education, spread across the world and led to higher literacy rates which led to
○
●
more learning (medicine, etc.)
navigational and ship building tech, gunpowder, magnetic compass led to China as a sea
power, metallurgy industry spiked output because of urbanization and soaring industrial
production, champa rice
Economy of Song China flourished and became increasingly commercialized while continuing to
depend on free peasant and artisanal labor
○ Silk, porcelain
○
○
Paper money, credit letters, promissory notes led to more output, higher population, greatest
wealth ever
Creation of urban, merchant, middle class
Developments in Dar al-Islam
Cultural Developments and Interactions
● Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society
● Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and their core beliefs and practices continued to shape societies in Africa
and Asia
○ Islam united people with shared language and belief
■ Islam developed out of Judaism and Christianity, all worship the same God, so
conversion for Jews/Christians within Muslim majority states made easier
○ Dhimmi = Jews/Christians were protected people
○ Turkish conversion to Islam, became major sustainers
○ Turkic warrior groups spread Islam to India through conquest (Sultanate of Delhi), led to
○
○
regimes and Islam spread in less Hindu regions bc of egalitarian-ness and to avoid non-Muslim
tax
Vijayanagara Empire - Hindu state formed to resist Muslim encursions peacefully
al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) - cross cultural encounter with Christian Western Europe
■ Christians were eventually persecuted, fragmented into rival states, warfare with
Christian kingdoms, Christian reconquest, Mulsims and Jews forced to move
Governance
● Explain causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time
● As the Abbasid Caliphate (capital of Baghdad) fragmented bc of invaders, new Islamic states emerged,
most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation,
and diversity
○ Seljuk Turkic Empire: Turkic speaking pastoralists from Central Asian steppes who came as
slave soldiers and took political and military power overthrew Abbasid Dynasty which had
weak central government, major Turkish conversion to Islam
○ Delhi Sultanate in India established by Muslim Turks (Delhi Sultanate vs Mamluk Sultanate
demonstrates similarities and differences in state formation); social conversion for opportunity
and avoidance of the jizya led to 25% of population converting, merchants learned about Islam
and the religion spread
■ These new Muslim states were different from before because they were led by Turkic
speakers instead of Arabs; they still relied on same practices of government
■
○
Islamic World politically fractured into sultanates ruled by Persians/Turks led to Mongol
invasion which ended Abbasids
○
Ottoman empire created by Turkic warrior group
■ Long term political unity, massive empire, goal to protect faith, better government,
military, economy more culture
●
Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam
subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis
Technology and Innovation:
● Explain effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam (dominion of Islam)
● Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers
○ Al-andalus - arts, astronomy, medicine, architecture, literature (A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah), math
(Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)
○ made Islamic knowledge available to Christian Europe
○
○
Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy
House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad, scholars gathered to study and translate important
○
texts from Europe and Asia, led to most advanced medical knowledge in the world
Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain
Developments in South and Southeast Asia
Cultural Developments and Interactions
● Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over
time
○
○
●
Work of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis spread Islam from West Africa to India
Hinduism and Buddhism used to unify society and consolidate power (ex: caste system that
Buddhism rejects)
○ Bhakti movement - devotion to an Indian god(dess) through songs, prayer, ritual
○ Sufism - personal relationship with God over worrying about laws of Islam, helped people see
similarities between own beliefs and Islam
○ Buddhist monasticism
Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices continued to shape societies in
South and Southeast Asia
○ Theravada: teaching of the elders, Buddha is not divine, gods played smaller role in achieving
enlightenment
○
Mahayana - greater accessibility because less focus on seclusion and meditation, achievement in
one lifetime possible, compassion over wisdom (bodhisattvas = fully enlightened beings
postponed liberation to help humanity)
○
●
Tibetan: authority given to teachers (Lamas), emphasized awareness and preparation of death,
incorporated Tibetan and Hindu traditions
○ Khmer Empire - Hinduism established in Angkor Watt, Buddhism also was there
Vijayanagara Empire (Hindu state formed to resist Muslim incursions peacefully) and Chola kingdom
built states by trade
○ When merchants from South Asia went to Southeast Asia to trade they often formed diasporic
communities and brought Hinduism & Buddhism with them, governments there then adopted
these religions and used them to build relationships with powerful trade partners as well as
unify and maintain control. This demonstrates similarities in the processes of state formation
from c.1200 to c. 1450.
○
Srivijaya Empire - resources (protective military) attracted traders, Buddhist center, indigenous
beliefs + Buddhist + Indian political ideas = higher level of magic for ruler
Governance
● Explain how and why various states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over
time
● State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the
new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia
○ When merchants from South Asia went to Southeast Asia to trade they often formed diasporic
communities and brought Hinduism & Buddhism with them, governments there then adopted
these religions and used them to build relationships with powerful trade partners as well as
unify and maintain control. This demonstrates similarities in the processes of state formation
from c.1200 to c. 1450.
State Building in the Americas
Governance
● Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time.
● In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity,
and expanded in scope and reach.
○ Maya city-states - Maya had fragmented political system, no central authority, lots of warfare,
developed through seaborne canoe trade
○ Aztec - empire the work of Mexica people, developed military (unstable conquest state with
frequent rebellions, conquered people required to provide valuables and labor), trading
expeditions (pochteca), powerful but decentralized state, ruled remotely through tribute
system enforced through powerful military
■ As part of the Triple Alliance, brought more of Mesoamerica under one political
○
framework than ever before
Inca - work of previously marginalized peoples who absorbed older cultures, developed
through warfare, centralized power, had the mit’a system of mandatory public service (bc it’s
opposite of Aztecs, shows diversity and innovation in Americas)
○
Chaco Canyon - 5 major settlements over time, culture ended bc of drought, intersection for
commerce and connection
○
○
Mesa Verde
Cahokia - social classes, rulers mobilized labor to build big structures, intersection for
commerce and connection
State Building in Africa
Governance:
● Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time.
○ Swahili civilization - commercial city states
○ Commercial life of west Indian Ocean after Islam’s rise stimulated growth, development of
merchant class
○ Culture influenced by China, India, Persia, Islamic world
○ Islam voluntarily and widely adopted, linked cities to Indian-Ocean world
● In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and
diversity and expanded in scope and reach.
○ Great Zimbabwe - emergence connected to growing gold trade and cattle, retained indigenous
religious beliefs
○ Mali Empire - greater centralization than predecessor (Ghana Empire), exemplified by leader
Mansa Musa (sooooooo rich), the elite adopted Islam > thriving trade and scholarship centers
Developments in Europe
Cultural Developments and Interactions
● Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European
society.
○ Roman Catholic CHurch helped to provide structure in weak European states, but as states
●
grew in power they began to struggle to break away from the power of the Church;
throughout Middle Ages, the Church spread Catholicism through Europe and Christianity
held Europe together culturally during this period
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape
societies in Europe.
○ Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches excommunicated each other, Crusades
worsened relationship
■ Corely religious but also political, economic, social motives, Catholics wanted to take
Jerusalem (holy land) from Islamic control, slaughter of Muslims and Jews
■ European contact with Islamic world led to goods, learning, slavery, learning
○
incorporated into Christianity
Renaissance’s secular elements challenged Christianity
○
Byzantine had a strong central government, emperor was the pope and God’s representative,
caesaropapism (state closely tied with the church)
○
Kievan Rus’s Prince Vladimir affiliates with Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire) church to
unify region, link Rus into exchange networks
Powerful and wealthy catholic church competed with but also reinforced nobles and rulers
(legitimacy, protection, encouraged faith)
○
○
●
Women became nuns to escape male control
Feudal system began to break down and powerful kings increased power
○ Spain - Christian kingdoms rose up against majority Muslim leadership, pushing Jews and
Muslims out of Spain in Reconquista, resulted in united Spain
Governance:
● Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
● Europe was politically fragmented post Roman Empire fall and characterized by decentralized
monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system (last two replaced centralized structures)
○ Weak leaders led to independence from political authorities for merchants, powerful and
independent cities, further development of capitalism
Social Interactions and Organization
● Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe
●
Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.
○ Manorialism: elite landowning lords, loyal vassals, serfs
○ Tech breakthroughs supported post Black Plague population growth
○ More freedom for serfs, faster economic and social change during the High Middle Ages
(caused by favorable climate and better security/stability) and accelerated after Black Plague
Comparison
●
●
●
●
●
Explain the similarities and differences in the processes of state formation from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various
regions.
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were
dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.
Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and
diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional
methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.
State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the
new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.
●
In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity,
and expanded in scope and reach.
●
In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and
diversity, and expanded in scope and reach
●
What did all major world religions have in common in this era and what effect did they have?
○
They all spread: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism were conversionist religions and sent
missionaries all over the world (this weakened local religions)
Extra Resources for Unit 1:
https://content.schoolinsites.com/api/documents/3a606f44ef4049bbbd9f71b31e918430.pdf
https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-world-history-modern-course-and-examdescription.pdf
https://go.bfwpub.com/rs/122-CFG-317/images/UnitBased%20Pacing%20Guide_Strayer%201200%204e.pdf.pdf
Unit 2:
Networks of Exchange
The Silk Roads
● Connected China, Europe, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia
Economics System
● Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200
○ Merchants benefited immensely
○ Prospered when powerful states provided security
○ Spread culture (Buddhism spread and evolved, losing values against materialism (religious
syncretism))
●
●
○ Connected people of China with people of Europe
Improved commercial practices/new tech led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the
geographical range of existing trade routes, promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.
○ Silk Road - new forms of credit and money economics also increased trade, such as Bills of
Exchange
○ With the development of money economics, like in China where paper money was being
printed, trade became easier
○ Chang’an
The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing
transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the
development of money economies.
○
○
Paper money/European bills of exchange
Banking houses
○
○
Tech innovations (yokes, saddles, etc.)
Impact of trade trickled down and farmers switched to making si h
■ Zen Buddhism (a new form of Buddhism was embraced by common people but not
Confucian elite) started in China and spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam
●
Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions,
as well as scientific and technological innovations.
○ Influence of Buddhism in East Asia - entered China via Silk Roads, Mahayana became widely
accepted, became assimilated into Chinese culture alongside its other traditions
The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World
Governance
● Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time
○
●
Pastoralists created largest land based empire in world history, Genghis Khan united
Mongolian tribes and started conquests that took down Kievan Russia, Abbasid Dynasty, and
the Song Dynasty
Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial
states, including the Mongol khanates.
○ Entered China while it was split (north and south), Yuan in China by Khublai Khan, used
○
○
Confucian ideals, but poor treatment of Chinese, relied on foreigners to serve as officials
■ Mongolian factionalism, rising prices, plague, peasant rebellions forced Mongols out
of China
■ China recovered during Ming Dynasty and attempted to eliminate foreign influences
Entered Russia where there was no political unity, Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia,
didn’t occupy Russia like they did to Persia/China bc Russia had less to offer
■ Moscow’s rise due to adopted Mongol government practices, plague, divided
Mongols
■ Constantinople’s fall led to Orthodox Church leadership in Moscow
Entered Persia/Middle East during weak Abbasids - brought bureaucracy, disastrous rule and
assimilated into Persian society afterward
■ After collapse united by Safavid
Economics Systems
●
Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time
○ Revitalized Silk Road trade bc Mongol conquests united lands around Silk Road and started
Pax Mongolica, conquests drew people into economy and trade network
●
○
■ Pax Mongolica > security > flourishing trade > quick spread of Black Death
Mongols acquired war tech, incorporated conquered people
○
○
Religious tolerance facilitated blending and exchange of religious ideas
Transfer of artists facilitated technique, ideas, knowledge exchange
The expansion of empires—including the Mongols—facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and
communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and trade networks
○
Mongols controlled vast territory across Afro-Eurasia which increased political
stability and in turn provided safe environment that encouraged trade along the
Silk Road, vast empire led to increased cross cultural interactions
○ Promoted international commerce for tax
○ Connected Eurasia by creating secure trade routes
○ European diplomacy out of fear (unsuccessful) but led to European awareness of wider world
and successful Eurasian diplomacy WHAT
Cultural Developments and Interactions
● Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change.
○ Mongols’ impact post Mongol empire: new states learned from centralizing policies and used
same techniques that the Mongols used to consolidate power (ex: Russia centralized power
after Mongolian decline)
○ Probably spread Black Death on the Silk Road
○ transcontinental/economic/political/social/cultural relationships
○ Nomadic pastoralists no longer transmitters of culture and tech between peoples
and empires bc of organized merchant groups
● Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires, including the Mongols, encouraged
significant technological and cultural transfers.
○
○
Transfer of Greco-Islamic medical knowledge to western Euroep
Transfer of numbering systems to Europe
Exchange in the Indian Ocean
● Connected East Asia, East Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southwest Asia
Economics Systems:
● Explain the causes of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.
○ Lower transportation cost so carried common goods
○ Location between major civilizations of China and India
●
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade
and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean, promoting
the growth of powerful new trading cities.
○ Understanding of monsoons, navigational and ship building tech
●
●
The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by significant innovations in
previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the use of the compass, the
astrolabe, and larger ship designs.
○ Tech innovations (yokes, saddles, etc.)
The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states.
○
○
China’s economic growth
Srivijaya because connection between commerce funded embryonic bureaucracy
○
Settling of foreign traders at Sea Roads routes (diasporic communities)
○
Malacca’s location, stable government, low customs duties, and openness to merchants saw its
rise as a commercial city, blended Islam with local, Hindu, and Buddhist traditions
Cultural Developments and Interactions
● Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.
● In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they
introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures
influenced merchant cultures.
○ Arab and Persian communities in East Africa led to the growth of Swahili and the spread of
●
Islam
Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological
and cultural transfers, including during Chinese maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He
○ To enroll distant cities in tribute systems
Humans and the Environments
● Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange in the period
●
from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
○ Monsoon winds
The expansion and intensification of long distance trade routes often depended on environmental
knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds.
Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
● Connected North Africa, Mediterranean Basin, Sub-Saharan Africa
Technology and Innovation
● Explain the causes and effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade.
○ Effects: stimulated West African civilization (new relationships, etc) before European slave
system linked Africa to larger network of exchange
○ Causes: environmental variation, produced different goods/materials, provided economic
incentive for exchange
●
The growth of interregional trade was encouraged by innovations in existing transportation
●
technologies.
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade
and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade
network.
○
○
Arabian camel, North African Muslim Arabs’ caravans
Camel saddle
trans-Saharan Slave trade
○ First female (domestic), then male (state officials, porters, etc.) enslave people sent to North
African Islamic homes
Governance
●
●
Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time.
●
○ Strengthened routes that allowed for diffusion of cultural and technological innovations
The expansion of empires—including Mali in West Africa–facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and
communication as new people were drawn into the economies and trade networks.
Cultural Consequences of Connectivity
Cultural Developments and Interactions
● Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c.
1200 to c. 1450.
○ Adoption of new religions and blending of cultures due to diasporic communities
●
■ Zen Buddhism
■ Creation of Swahili
Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions,
as well as scientific and technological innovations.
Influence of Buddhism in East Asia - entered China via Silk Roads, Mahayana became widely
accepted, became assimilated into Chinese culture alongside its other traditions
○ Spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia
○ Creation of Swahili from Arabic and Bantu languages mixing in East Africa as Islam took root
■ Islam in West Africa: introduced by Muslim traders across the Sahara, peaceful and
voluntary acceptance, primarily in urban centers, provided link to Muslim trading
■ partners and literate officials to assist in state organization, West African cities became
major Islamic religious and intellectual centers
○ Gunpowder and paper from China
○ Water-management practices (Persian reservoirs and irrigation technologies), part of Islamic
Green Rev
The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of significant decline and periods of increased
urbanization, buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks.
○ Malacca - became a major port city because location gave it a role in trade of entire Indian
○
●
Ocean basin, merchants from all over established in Malacca bc of stable government,
openness to merchants, low customs duties (diasporic communities), rise due to relationship
with China (tribute missions)
●
○ Angkor Watt
As exchange networks intensified, an increasing number of travelers within AfroEurasia wrote about
their travels.
○ Marco Polo - lived in China during Yuan, served Kublai Khan, book inspired many to want to
○
go to China for trade
Ibn Battuta - kept notes about people he met in Dar-al Islam
Environmental Consequences of Connectivity
Humans and the Environments
● Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to
c. 1450.
○ There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic diseases, including the
bubonic plague, along trade routes.
■ Bananas in Africa - bananas circulated within Islamic world, went from Indonesia to
East Africa and led to migration because they could move places where bananas
instead of yams grew, Islamic Green Revolution of increased food production,
population growth, urbanization, and industrial development
■ New rice varieties in East Asia (champa rice)
■ Black Death started in China and spread along trade routes to rest of Afro-Eurasia,
killed up to 75% of population, survivors in Europe gained more power due to labor
shortages
● Mongols sort of responsible
■ Environment was also responsible for development of trade networks
● Indian Ocean merchants used knowledge of monsoon winds to trade
Comparison of Economic Exchange
Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c.
1200 to c. 1450.
Similarities:
○ All depended on establishment of large states (ex: Mongol empire controlled Silk Road >
safety > new tech to transport things quickly and more monetarily efficiently)
○ Primary purpose (trade) and secondary consequence (global cultural exchange)
■ Shared culture
■ Crops (champa rice from Vietnam to China led to population growth, bananas from
●
Indonesia to East Africa
■ growth of trade cities
■ led to new innovations in navigational tech and helped spread it
Differences:
○
Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and
merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; the manufacture of
iron and steel expanded in China as well
○
Different goods, different conditionals that needed new technology for trade facilitation,
different religions
Goods
Technology
Religion - spread by Major trading city:
merchants and
missionaries
Silk Roads
connected China,
Europe, Central
and Southwest Asia
Luxury goods:
Silk, porcelain,
gunpowder, horses,
textiles
Saddles - helped
merchants travel
farther with heavier
loads
Caravanserai - rest
stops
Buddhism from
South Asia to East
and Southeast Asia
Neo Confucianism
from China to
Japan, Korea,
Vietnam
Islam from
Southwest Asia to
South Asia
Chang’an
Indian Ocean
connected East
Asia, East Africa,
Southeast Asia,
South Asia,
Southwest Asia
Luxury goods:
Gold, ivory, fruit,
textiles
And common
goods:
Pepper, rice
Maritime:
Navigational aids astrolabe, magnetic
compass
Faster and more
precise travel sternpost rudder,
lateen sail
Christianity from
Mediterranean
Basin
Buddhism
Neo Confucianism
Islam
Calicut
Srivijaya
Trans-Saharan
connected North
Africa,
Mediterranean
Basin, Sub-Saharan
Africa
Horses, salt, gold,
enslaved people
saddles
Islam - Southwest
Asia/North Africa
to Sub-Saharan
Africa
Timbuktu
Mali
●
A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to
●
cultural, technological, and biological diffusion within and between various societies
Changes in trade networks resulted from and stimulated increasing productive capacity, with
important implications for social and gender structures and environmental processes.
Unit 3 (Need to slightly expand):
3.1 Notes
●
Gunpowder spread through the trade routes (mainly the Silk Roads) and originated from China in the
1400s
●
Gunpowder empire: Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on first
arms.
●
●
They were usually militaristic but also had lots of art and architecture.
Europe: Monarchies began expeditions around the world to establish more colonies.
●
●
●
●
●
●
Bureaucracies increased, and the power of the middle class grew at the expense of the lords and the
churches.
Russia: They were in a good spot for trade, so they exchanged goods and services with other cultures
farther east and west. They wanted to expand east, and the forces successfully gained control of the
Volga.
By 1639 the Russians had advanced east as far as the Pacific Ocean.
East Asia: The Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty.
The Manchu empire conquered the Mings and established the Qing dynasty.
Islamic Gunpowder empires: They liked to expand. They used the Ghazi Ideal- Model for warrior life,
blending nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam.
They encouraged learning and the arts.
●
Ottoman Empire: Largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires.
Istanbul became the center of Islamic learning.
Ottomans and the other Islamic empires with Sunni Islam.
Safavids: The Empire did not have a navy.
They used Shia Islam as a unifying force that supported rule and denied legitimacy to Mughals: Akbar
was the one who did the most
They used lots of overseas trade
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Castes were given at birth in South Asia.
The caste system was the basis of educational and vocational Opportunities.
The decline of Gunpowder Empires: They did not have sea power,
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and Ottomans fell weak to the sultan and European neighbors.
Safavids felt the same way.
The Mughals ended due to the British and the death of essential leaders.
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3.2 Notes
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Essential Question: How did rulers in land-based empires legitimize and consolidate their power from
1450 to 1750?
Ways to solidify authority: Building temples(Inca), playing military elites(Japan), or a captive
government bureaucracy(Ottomans).
Divine Right of Kings- The right to rule was given by god. King was a political and religious authority.
Absolutism in France: Directed by one power source,
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They used tax farmers to collect various taxes in support of the royal government.
They used a social hierarchy in Moscow.
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Ivan established a paramilitary organization called the oprichnina, and they showed immense loyalty
to Peter the Great and consolidated power by using eastern orthodoxy in Russia. He also used
provincial officials, which replaced the old system. He also used European art rather than Byzantine art
to show admiration.
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The Ottomans used Devshirme to staff their military. It includes taking Christian boys for the
government and military.
The Janissaries were an elite force of boys in the Ottoman army. It provided a path of upward mobility
in the Ottoman Empire.
England gentry officials were justices of the peace: Their job was to maintain peace in the counties of
England, even settle some legal matters, and carry out the monarch’s laws.
The English Bill of Rights assured individual civil liberties and protection from tyranny.
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They also used arts, culture, and economy to show continuities.
The Mings wanted to eliminate Mongol culture, so they set up the civil service exam. They used harsh
military control to maintain authority.
Shoguns in Japan ruled. They used daimyo, an army of samurai, to conquer more territory.
They used gunpowder weapons.
The Tokugawa shogunate reorganized the government to centralize control.
The Mughals admitted power by using zamindars in charge of specific duties such as taxation,
construction, and the water supply. They were paid well. They also built the Taj Mahal to show their
power and architecture to everyone.
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Songhai: Promoted Islam, created an official religion and made an efficient bureaucracy.
3.3 Notes
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Essential Question: How did different belief systems endure or change from 1450-1750?
Corruption in the Church resulted in many councils and reform movements.
Lutheranism: Created by Martin Luther, who had 95 problems with the church because it became
corrupt.
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The major split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire.\
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Luther thought that women could have direct access to God, promoted women’s literacy, and that
women could have significant roles.
Calvinism: Created by John Calvin and believed that people were predestined to heaven and ran the
community based on that.
He wanted to purify the Church of Catholic remnants.
Encouraged Calvinists to work hard and reinvest their profits. “God favored their obedience and hard
work.
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Anglicanism: Created by Henry VIII, who made it so that the King of England was the head of the
church (England) and would not be run by the pope.
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Russia had the Orthodox Church, which unified the Russian people, and the tsars, who claimed to
have the divine right to rule.
Counter-Reformation: Three pronged strategies to gain back more Catholic beliefs. Increased use of
the Inquisition to root the nonbelievers created the Jesuits, who opposed the spread of Protestantism,
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and the Council of Trent, which corrected some of the worst of the Church abuses and concentrated
on reaffirming the rituals.
Peace of Augsburg: The state chose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran. Churches and
inhabitants were forced to practice the state religion.
Thirty Years War: Religious conflict with the Holy Roman Empire. The conflict between Catholics
and Protestants.
Ottoman Empire: Sunni Islam, Sultan replaced the emperor and Byzantine Empire Justinian Law was
replaced by shariah.
Safavids: Used Shi’a Islam to unify. Had lots of battles with the Ottomans with Religion.
Sikhism developed from Hinduism and Sufi Islam.
Science: The Scientific Revolution represents a very different kind of thinking. Empiricism insisted
upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis. He only believed in ideas that had evidence to back
them up.
Isaac Newton created the Principia which influenced science and mathematics. “World was ordered,
and rational and natural laws applied to the rational and orderly progress of governments and society.
3.4 Notes
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Essential Question: By what methods did empires increase their societal and cultural influence from
this period?
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They incorporated lands they conquered, and they blended cultures which happened due to the
interconnection of hemispheres.
Sunnis(Ottomans)vs. Shi’a(Safavids)
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Safavids used enslaved soldiers to offset the power of troops that had more loyalty to their tribe or local
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governor.
Janissaries have enslaved Christian boys that served in armies.
Religion caused lots of conflicts and war.
The Muslim power that was Morocco invaded Songhai to get their resources.
The devshirme system provided the sultan with a pool of servants loyal to him.
The Mins and Manhcus organized their empire into a federal system of provinces and a very organized
political system.
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The Aztecs had a tributary empire which they used to keep control of the region
Mugal zamindars collected taxes from the poor.
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Ottomans used tax farmers to pay an annual fixed sum of money.
Unit 4 (Just watch Heimler, I ended up not being able to add this or polishing Unit
6):
Unit 5: This includes some topics some 6, but I will polish it later
Enlightenment
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Caused Revolutions
It emphasized reason over tradition
Deism became popular among enlightenment thinkers
○ This was the belief that reason and observation of the natural world are
sufficient to determine the existence of a divine creator
■ Socialism and liberalism emerged from it
This led to the women's rights movements
Wanted equality, liberty, and freedom
Wanted to end the slave trade
The concept of Enlightenment sparked revolutions because they promoted
questions about class and religion and denied the legitimacy of government
with absolute power.
Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements
that contributed to the expansion of rights: Ex. suffrage, the abolition of slavery,
and the end of serfdom.
Caused reform movements and new thoughts and ideas
Questioned governments
Industrialization
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Industrialization affects the economy because it leads to globalization and
imperialism and impacts the global industry. It led to the creation of social
Darwinism and the abolition of slavery, making everything from handmade to
processed. This made workers unskilled as they were assigned to one particular
step. It also was a social turning point because of a new growing middle class.
Revolutions
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The American Revolution: The ideals that Inspired this revolution were from the
roots of the European enlightenment philosophy; the American colonists had
become independent politically, and The declaration of Independence
summarized the colonist motive for seeking freedom from the British; Thomas
Jefferson being the author of the Declaration of Independence stated the
“Unalienable rights,” which meant that these rights were to life, liberty, and
pursuit of happiness
The French Revolution: The French Revolution began in 1789 and lasted until 1794.
King Louis XVI needed more money but failed to raise more taxes when he
called a meeting of the Estates General. This instead turned into a protest about
conditions in France. They abolished feudalism and adopted the declaration of
the Rights of man, which has fundamental human rights; by the time Louis XVI
refused to accept a limited monarchy, the protest led to the establishment of
the First french republic, The reign of terror in which the government executed
opponents including citizens, the king. The queen ran away from Jacobins, and
after the terror and the war, general Napoleon Bonaparte became the emperor
of France. King Louis XVI was sentenced to death by the guillotine after he
was found to have been conspiring with other countries and engaging in
counter-revolutionary acts. He was found guilty of treason and later
executed. Nine months later, Marie Antoinette, the former Queen of
France, was executed by the guillotine
●
Haitian Revolution: Enslaved Africans had begun rebelling and were soon joined
by Maroons, who were people who had already escaped slavery in Haiti.
○ Toussaint L’Ouverture had joined the rebellion and became a capable
general. He led the enslaved Africans and Maroons to establish an
independent government.
○ L’Ouverture had written a constitution and declared himself governor. He
then enacted land reforms by dividing the former plantations and
distributing them among formerly enslaved Africans.
○ He had worked with the French but was betrayed and executed.
○ His work was continued by Jean Jacques Dessalines, who had officially
declared Haiti independent. (The first one in Latin America)
○
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an organized slave rebellion broke out, marking the start of a twelve-year
resistance to obtain human rights. The Haitian Revolution is the only
successful slave revolt in history, and resulted in the establishment of Haiti,
the first independent black state in the New World. (Very violent)
Creole Revolution in Latin America: From the late 17th century to the early
18th century, creoles led the fight for independence in Latin America by
seeking nationalism and more political representation, as well as resenting
the system of mercantilism. One primary reason the Creoles led the fight
toward independence was their dislike of mercantilism. They felt pressure
from lower social classes and wanted freedom and economic control. This
revolution remade the New World, banishing the British and Spanish
Empires to the margins of the hemisphere and transforming their former
colonies into independent American states.
● The bolivar revolution: Simón Bolívar was the Venezuelan leader of
independence movements in several South American countries. Led what
are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru,
Panama and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire. He also
wrote the Jamaican letter.
● The New Zealand Wars: As English control in New Zealand over Maori
Affairs increased, the pressure for their land did as well, and this caused a
series of wars between the Maori and the British. The warring Maori tribes
fought together, creating a sense of nationalism, but the British won due
to their overpowering military might.
Laissez faire economics
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Laissez faire means “leave alone”. This approach meant that the government
should reduce its intervention in economic decisions. Adam Smith advocated for
this, and Smith believed that if businesses and consumers were allowed to make
their own choices in their interests, the “invisible hand” would guide them to
make choices beneficial to society. This provided a foundation for Smith’s idea of
capitalism.
Imperialism
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Domination by one country of another country's political, economic, or cultural
life. Some significant contributors to this idea are Spain, Britain, Portugal,
Germany, Italy, and Japan. Imperialism ideas were inspired by Social Darwinism
which is about the survival of the fittest. Europeans felt superior to other nations
and needed to help them learn the proper cultures and traditions. Imperialism
led to increased raw materials and the creation of new countries due to
nationalism. Smaller countries didn’t survive as world powers took over.
Imperialism in Africa and Australia
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Europe had a long-standing relationship with Africa due to the slave trade;
However, most European countries had outlawed the slave trade, and
Europeans continued to export guns, alcohol, and other manufactured goods to
Africa in exchange for natural resources such as palm oil, gold, and ivory.
○ Palm oil helped make machinery not rust.
European desire for diamonds and ivory kept their influence alive in Africa.
Initially, European presence was restricted to trading ports, but they slowly
expanded.
○ The French took over Algeria because they wanted to prevent pirate
attacks.
○ The Dutch and British started coming to South Africa
○ This was the result of better military technology and Quinine which treats
malaria along with steamships
British in Egypt - A French company had built the Suez Canal to connect the Red
and Mediterranean sea to avoid going around Africa. (It was built by Egyptian
corvee laborers.
○ After unrest threatened the British commercial interest, they took control
of Egypt from the ottomans.
Australia was a penal colony that was a result of a population surplus in Britain
.More people started to come when they discovered that Australia was able to
support a fine wool industry and had gold and copper
Indian National Congress
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Under the British Raj System, many Indians attended British universities. The Britisheducated Indians established the Indian National Congress, a movement to try
and call for self-rule in India. As a result, people started to realize why they lived
in poor conditions, so they wanted reforms to change the country. The Sepoy
Revolt highlighted many of the injustices that the Indians faced.
Indian independence movement
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Aimed to end British rule
1857-1947
Emerged from Bengal in mid-1850s
Mahatma Gandhi emerged in the early 19th century
Gandhi’s views on non-violence and civil disobedience powered the movement
Indian Independence also lead to Pakistan becoming a country
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The Constitution of India established the Republic of India
Trade/Labor Unions
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The Sadler report by the British Parliament showed poor working conditions
Workers organized into Labor unions and advocated for the right to bargain with
their employers.
○ Initially, they were seen as enemies by the trade the Government
○ But around the 20th century, they became more acceptable, and
membership increased.
■ They improved workers' lives by winning minimum wage laws, limits
on hours worked, overtime pay and five day work week.
In a while, they led to a more significant movement for empowerment among
workers which caused the British government to pass reform bills that expanded
male voting polls by reducing the property ownership qualifications.
Industrialization in Japan and Russia
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Japan was a state-sponsored country before this period. They witnessed China’s
downfall in the opium wars, and other European countries wanted to trade with
them. So they decided to start to industrialize while also keeping their existing
culture. They overthrew the shogun, gave power to an emperor, adopted
Western Technology, removed feudalism, took a constitutional monarchy, and
built schools and railroads. In Russia, a similar turn of events took place. They
were a little late to industrialization but became a world power once they
started. They focused on the production of railroads and exports. They built the
Trans-Siberian Railroad, which allowed the coal, iron, and steel industries to
develop. However, agriculture was still a primary source of wealth in the country.
Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
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Adam Smith was one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment. In the
Wealth of Nations, he responded to mercantilism by calling for freer trade. This
was a foundational text for capitalism, establishing private entrepreneurship and
shaping the economics and politics of the Industrial Age.
Steam Engine
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The steam engine was a crucial development in the Industrial Revolution
because it allowed for increased trade, population movements, imperialism, etc.
Moreover, it powered steam trains and boats, resulting in the above-mentioned
effects. In addition, it provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to
create steam, which made energy for machinery in textile factories.
Scramble for Africa
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Expansion of European imperial powers into Africa. European nations
“scrambled” to claim African territory and partitioned it between 1884-1914. Ex:
Belgium in the Congo, Britain in Egypt, Ghana Coast and South Africa, French in
Mali, Ivory Coast, and Guinea. Africa had no say in the separation of its own. The
French and the British had more areas of control and power.
Technology
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Technology included the steam engine, water frame, and spinning jenny. The
impact was urbanization. Spinning jenny allowed a weaver to turn more than
one thread at a time. The water frame used waterpower to drive the spinning
wheel. Together, these reduced the time needed to spin yarn and weave cloth.
Interchangeable parts, made by Eli Whitney, created a system for
manufacturing firearms for the US military. If a particular part breaks off a
component, it could easily be replaced. People adapted this method of making
firearms, and these systems' interchangeable parts were a pivotal contribution to
industrial technology.
○ Steel production with the Bessemer process
○ Oil - Extraction of kerosene from petroleum
○ Led to precision machinery
○ Electrification of London - lighting and electric trains
○ Telephone and radio
○ Transcontinental railroad - connected America
Unit 6 : I suggest just going over significant parts of the Industrial Revolution
such as migrant workers, new social changes, and the political outcomes.
Unit 7:
Russian Revolution—causes and outcomes
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Russians, Ottomans, and Japanese, all decreased in power on the global stage.
Faced internal problems:
○ First revolution of 1905
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■ Protested rights and other means
■ Bloody Sunday
○ Start industrializing
■ Hard labor
■ Low wages
■ Poor Working Conditions
○ Middle Class is upset because they want a constitutional monarchy
○ Nicholas is warned by his advisors not to go into World War I because it may
cause a lot of problems for Russia and because Germany is a major world
power.
DIDN’T MODERNIZE
MANIAC
Mexican Revolution-causes and outcomes
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United and ousted Porforio Diez
Diez took complete control over foreign installations and involvement with Mexico
Caused by very low wages
WANTED:
○ Equitable society
○ Land
○ Money Equality
WWI military alliances
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Allies are good because you will be benefitted by other countries, however it may pull
you into various wars you don’t want to be involved in originally.
Germany is scared of France, and everyone is scared of Germany. Therefore, Alliances
were established.
Nationalism in France and Germany
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Britain built up their army
Germany as a new superpower, leading to wars with Austria and other states increased
their morale as a superpower. However, they then attacked France with this newfound
nationalism, but of course this sense of pride boosted their momentum greatly.
Nationalism in Germany leading to the Holocaust
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Germany built up their army
Imperialism causes rivalries
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Germany invaded Soviets but the winter ruined their attempts. They were doing really
good before that.
Two different countries wanting the same piece of land would cause new fights or maybe
a country is defending itself, which also causes a fight.
Colonies drawn into WWI
Total war:
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All aspects of the economy goes into the war
Japan expanding into Asia
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First invade Manchuria and go south until they control almost all of Asia.
Global Policy East Asia take over by Japan, they wanted to create a power against the
West
Treaty of Versailles-Wilson’s argument vs. France and Britain
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Treaty has already been filed out, and countries like U.S. and others don’t agree with its
harsh policies and restrictions.
Wilson argued that peace without victory, a long lasting peace is better than revenge.
Otherwise, he said a temporary punishment, the winner’s terms upon the vanquished.
However, France and Britain wanted revenge and wanted Germany to have War Guilt,
Reparations, and Land/Colonies lost.
Fascism and extreme political extremism
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Totalitarianism:
○ Control everything, but they tell who to vote for and state has complete control.
○ Ends up as communism
○ Doesn't have to be communism
○ Can be in a totalitarian state, but may be allowed private ownership of land.
● Fascism:
○
○
○
Keep religion, but don't speak out against the state.
Kind of indoctrinate the kids and tell them how to live
■ Compaeconomy.
Blind Loyalty
Allied firebombing of Germany and Japan
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They did it as a last resort because they wanted to end the war
Propaganda
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Lenin wanted to lead them to communism from the struggle trhy are in
Used propaganda/nationalism to appeal to the harsh people and gained their trust as
their only hope.
New rivalry at the end of WWII
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U.S. and Soviets
Different Ideologies
America wants freedom/peace for all, but Russia wanted to take over countries and use
them as satellite countries. Buffer zones. They may have wanted to spread Communism.
Ottoman Empire in WWII
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Home land of Jews promised
Muslim population in India.
Israel and Palestine
The Ottoman Empire broke up into Mandates, but they kept some land known as Turkey
currently. Britain and France proclaimed the other land as territorial mandates
(independent territories) but soon turned them over to the United Nations.
Unit 8:
8.1
The Tehran Conference - Met in Iran in 1943
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➔
The USSR would focus on liberating E. Europe, the US and GB would focus on W. Europe
US and GB agree to give some Polish territory to the USSR
The Yalta Conference - February 1945
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Knew Germany was near surrender - didn’t agree what to do with them.
At Yalta, focused on reconstructing E. Europe and defeating Japan
FDR = free elections in E. Europe, USSR help fight Japan
Stalin = E. Europe should be buffer zone for USSR to prevent another invasion
Will help against Japan if USSR can
Control islands held by Japan
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Control ports owned by China
Have partial ownership of Manchuria
FDR knew American people wouldn’t support yet another war against the USSR/fate of Democracy in
E. Europe.
○
Let conference end with vague assurances about E. Europe democracy and a promise from USSR
to fight Japan
Potsdam - Final Big 3 Meeting in 1945 in Germany
Truman was now US president after death of FDR
Churchill was voted out in the middle of conference, replaced by Clement Attlee
Truman = FREE ELECTIONS IN E. EUROPE!
Stalin = NO
Soviet troops already in the region
Communists gained control backed by USSR in E. Germany, Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania
1945 - US and USSR do NOT trust each other, and Cold War rhetoric was beginning.
Potsdam and other conferences failed to address concerns of world power at end of WWII,
setting the stage for the Cold War.
Massive Destruction in Europe E. and C. Europe hit the worst, but W. Europe also took heavy losses
USSR, Poland, and Germany all lost 10 - 20% of their populations
GB and France - took heavy losses BUT
Maintained strong Democracies
Maintained strong educational systems
Home to numerous large corporations
All of this allowed W. Europe to return as global leader after the war
Due to the losses of the war, Europe became less influential and powerful in the rest of the
world
○
The US and the USSR became more powerful.
US as a World Power after WWII - Of all belligerents, the US suffered the least
No mainland fighting
Industrial base untouched
Grew because of government-funded military contracts
Comparatively low loss of life
Super prosperous economy
Could even send aid money to W. Europe (Marshall Plan)
Why the USSR emerged as a superpower was: They lost many people after the war but they lost a lot of people
but they had “population to spare”. A lot of their infrastructure was also lost but because of Stalin’s attempts at
industrialization they rebuilt quickly.
The USSR did not like that the US hadn’t told them that they had developed a nuclear weapon before they dropped it
on Hiroshima, even though they were allies in WWII.
US developed a-bomb, making US more formidable
USSR developed a-bomb in 1949. Only country that could challenge US military might
Advanced during the war - Government funded research led to great advancements during the war, many by the
military
Air pressure for airplane cabins
Refrigeration for food
Stronger plywood for construction
Variety of plastics
Penicillin - saved the lives of 1000s
The Start of the Cold War - Neither nation wanted a full-scale war, so entered into Cold War
Did not involve direct military confrontation
Used propaganda,covert operations, arms race
Did cause both superpowers to support sides in other conflicts
Made small civil wars and regional conflicts into larger events
1950s - both nations develop more powerful H-Bomb
Arms race = close relationship between government and defense industries
President Eisenhower warned against military - industrial complex
Alliance between defense industries and government becoming overly powerful
Breakdown of Empires - After WWI, imperialism was at an all time high, but some empires like the
Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman did break apart
Calls for self-determination (choosing leader and system of government) grew, but imperialism
continued in China, Asia, India, and Africa.
Many colonies fought during WWII, but nationalism and anti-colonialism grew.
○
○
○
After the war, colonies advocated for self-government
WWII weakened GB, France, and other imperial powers making it harder for them to
govern the colonies
The Cold War gave anti-colonists activists two superpowers to recruit as
supporters
8.2
Conflict Despite Conflict: The United Nations - The League of Nations had failed for two reasons after WWI
1.
2.
It didn’t have support of the most powerful nations, including the US
It didn’t have the power to act quickly to stop small conflicts from turning into big ones
Despite ideological differences, the US and the USSR were committed to creating a new peace
keeping organization
○
1943 - US, USSR, GB, and China discussed ideas for the United Nations
■
UN was created and adopted in 1945
Rivalry in economics and Politics - The UN didn’t prevent tensions from growing between the East and the West
1946 - “An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent” - Winston Churchill
○
Represented split between E and W Europe
Capitalism VS Communism
US, and W. Europe = Capitalism
Economic assets are mostly owned privately
People can act in their own self interest
Private interest influenced economic decisions
USSR and E. Europe = Communist
Economic assets owned by government
Hypothetically emphasized equality and fairness
Democracy and Authoritarianism - E and W also differed in how they organized politically.
US = people elected leaders in free elections
◆ Relied to press to provide accurate information to inform votes
USSR - Elections don’t really matter
◆
◆
Press operated by the gov’t
Single party dominated politics
Criticisms and Similarities
US - USSR restricts freedom of people in religion, government, and economics
USSR - US discriminated against women and minorities, didn’t help the poor
◆
Really emphasized women’s rights as US criticism
Military was powerful in both nations
In both nations, economy was controlled by groups (corporations in US, government in
USSR)
The USSR and the Satellite Countries - USSR wanted surrounding nations to be just like
them
Bulgaria, E. Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania became Soviet Satellites
Gov’t functioned like USSR
Were completely economically dependent on USSR
● Could only import/export with them
Had to make 5 year collectivization/industrialization plans like USSR
World Revolution - Communist belief that workers would overthrow Capitalism all over the
world
Between 1919 and 1923, USSR supported workers revolutions in Germany, Bavaria,
Hungary, N. Italy, and Bulgaria
This interference proved to the West that the USSR was fighting to expand
communism
Containment - Policy created by US diplomat George Kennan
DON’T LET COMMUNISM SPREAD!
Critics wanted to “roll back” or overthrow existing regimes, thought containment was too nice
Truman Doctrine - Influenced by Containment
US would do almost anything to stop spread of communism.
Applied first in Greece and Turkey where Communism was threatening gov’t
Truman pledged economic and military support to stop it
Marshall Plan - Providing assistance to W. Europe to help them rebuild and resist communism
Fear = communism uprising could happen in unstable economies of W. Europe!
1947 - US offers $12 billion to all nations in Europe, including Germany
Modernize industry, reduce trade barriers, republic damaged infrastructure
● Plan worked!
USSR and satellite countries refused aid
Made Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) to rebuild E. Europe
Modest impact compared to Marshall Plan
The Space Race
1957 - USSR launched Sputnik - first satellite into orbit around Earth
❏
❏ Began Space Race
US launched first satellite in 1958
Race began to become first to sent manned satellite and put man on moon
❏
US puts first man on moon in 1968
The Arms Race and Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
❏
❏
❏
1959 - USSR tested first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that could bring nuke to US
❏
US had ICBM in same year
Mutually Assured Destruction - both nations were too powerful and no matter who started war,
everyone would be obliterated by the end of it
❏
Now no incentive to start nuclear war
“Balance of Terror” actually helped keep the peace
Non-Aligned Movement - Many nations had gained independence from imperialism, and wanted to stay
out of the conflict between the US and the USSR
Didn’t want the world to be dominated by only two superpowers
Bandung Conference - 1955 in Indonesia
◆
Delegates from India, China, and 27 other countries (representing more than ½ world’s
population) condemned colonialism
◆
Formally organized the Non-Aligned movement in 1961
Non-Aligned nations faced challenges
-
Member states wanted to combine to promote common interests, but weren’t sure how to do it
Member nations often became more closely aligned with one of the two superpowers
-
EX: War between Ethiopia and Somalia
-
USSR supported Ethiopia so US supported Somalia
8.3
Berlin Blockade - Berlin was also split into 4 zones, inside of the Soviet Zone
Allied zones became free city within Soviet zone of Germany.
Soviets wanted to control all of Berlin
◆
◆
Set up blockade to prevent supplies from going into W. Berlin
Allies didn’t want war
●
●
Berlin Airlift - Allies flew supplies into W. zones for 11 months
Soviets ended blockade
Two Germanies - After blockade ended Germany split into two states
❏
❏
West Germany = Federal Republic of Germany
East Germany = German Democratic Republic
Division of Europe into E and W was complete.
Berlin Wall - About 2.5 million E Germans fled into W Germany from 1949 to 1961 (W. Was more
prosperous)
E. Germany determined to keep people in E. Germany
◆
Exodos to W did NOT look good for Communism!
Overnight, E. Germany constructed barbed wire wall with armed guards between E and W
◆
1961 - Replaced fence with wall
●
●
Berlin Wall
1961 - 1989 - soldiers killed about 150 people trying to jump the wall
North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Created to coordinate defenses in W. Europe in case of a conflict with the
Soviet Bloc in 1949
Mutual support and cooperation within alliance
◆
OG members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Ital, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the US
●
Membership has since expanded considerably
Warsaw Pact - Soviet response to NATO in 1955
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E. Germany, Hungary, Poland, romania, the USSR
◆
◆
Combined armed forces and based them in Moscow - capital of USSR
Known as Communist, or Soviet Bloc
Albania joined the Warsaw Pact, but withdrew in 1968 and allied with China
Yugoslavia never joined
○
Broke up into Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia in 1990s
Other Alliances
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) - 1954 - Australia, France, GB, New Zealand,
Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the US
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) - anti-Soviet treaty organization
◆
◆
GB, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, turkey
Prevent spread of Communism in Middle East
●
★
US wasn’t full member, but joined the military committee
During Cold War, US formed alliances with more than 40 states
○
It was easier for US to influence smaller nations outside the scope of the UN
Korean War - After WWII, Korea was split between the North - occupied by the Soviet Union, and the South occupied by the US.
❏
❏
1950 - N invades S to reunite country under communism
UN voted to defend the S militarily
❏
❏
❏
❏
USSR was on UN Security Council and could have vetoed vote, but they were boycotting the
Security Council at the time.
16 member nations sent troops to support the South, with US providing most troops and General
Douglas MacArthur to lead troops
USSR = no troops, but $ and arms
UN forces pushed N. back to Chinese border
❏
Chinese allied with N. Korea and sent troops to enter the war
❏
After three years of fighting and 4 million deaths, war ended in stalemate
❏
Korea remains divided with demilitarized zone in between.
Vietnam War - Vietnam was split between Communist N and non-Communist South
❏
❏
❏
Eisenhower, following Containment, sent “advisors” to S. Vietnam to train them and prevent communist
takeover
❏
❏
JFK escalated number of advisors from 1 to 16 thousand
Communist victory would weaken US global position
S. Vietnamese ruler was not democratic, and not popular.
❏
❏
Monks self immolated to show dissatisfaction, sparking other protests
US supported military coup to overthrow S. Vietnamese leader
Next President Johnson followed Domino theory
❏
❏
If one country in SE Asia fell to communism, they all would
Sent more US troops to actively fight
Cuba
1959 - Fidel Castro led Communist overthrow of Cuban government and set up a dictatorship
1960 - New government began nationalizing foreign-owned businesses
○
○
Nationalized Texaco, Esso, Sinclair Oil, and 36 sugar mills all owned by US
US broke off trade relations with Cuba and cut diplomatic ties
■
Castro accepted Soviet aid and aligned foreign policy with USSR
Bay of Pigs Crisis - 1961 - JFK was super nervous about communism 90 miles from shore of Florida
➔
Kennedy supported the CIA training of a group of Cuban exiles who wanted to overthrow the
regime
◆
◆
The invasion was a huge failure
Cemented Cuban - Soviet Relations
The Cuban Missile Crisis - After Bay of Pigs, Soviets began supporting Cuba with arms and military
advisors
New Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, saw huge opportunity in Soviet Union
◆
1962 - sent nukes to Cuba
●
◆
Felt justified b/c US had nukes in Turkey, which shared border with USSR
US finds out! Oh no!
●
Kennedy orders Navy blockade to prevent nukes reaching Cuba
○
Blockade is technically an act of war, so Kennedy called it a
“quarantine”
SUPER CLOSE to nuclear war for 13 days!!!!
◆
◆
◆
Khrushchev called back Soviet ships and missiles
US removed missiles from Turkey
1963 - Hotline telegraph est. to link US and USSR leaders so they could communicate
more easily
Test-Ban Treaties - people all over the world were concerned about health and environmental concerns around
nuclear power.
❏
❏
Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty - 1963 - USSR, US, and 100 other countries signed
❏
❏
❏
❏
France and China didn’t
Outlawed testing nuclear weapons above ground, underwater, and in space
Cut-down amount of radiation that people were exposed to
Underground testing still legal
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Nuclear powers should prevent the spread of military nuclear tech and
materials to non-nuclear countries
Anti Nuclear Weapon Movement
❏
❏
❏
❏
Japan 1954 - Movement began in response to US testing nukes in Pacific Ocean
1955 - ⅓+ of Japanese population signed petition against nukes
1970s and 80s - movement expanded to other nations - esp. US and W. Europe
1982 - Over 1 million people protested in New York City against nuclear proliferation
Angola - Fought for 14 years for independence from Portugal - won in 1975
There was lots of ethnic conflict in the new Angola, as tribal boundaries were not considered when it was
created by Europe
Angola had 3 distinct cultural groups that each fought for independence and dominance.
○
○
○
USSR and Cuba backed Mbundu tribe
South Africa backed Ovimbundu tribe
US backed Bakongo tribe
Civil War broke out upon independence
○
○
Cease-fire signed in 2002 after 27 years
Threats of violence remained
Contra War - Socialist Sandinistas ended 43-year long dictatorship by the Somoza family in Nicaragua
-
Conservative opponents of the Sandinistas, the Contras, tried to overthrow them
1981 - 1988 - Contra War
-
US backed the Contras with covert action
10s of 1000s fied
War ended in 1989
8.4
Communist Victory
❏
Communists led by Mao Zedong
❏
❏
Had lots of support from peasants
Won support by opening schools and hospitals, redistributing land, and punishing corrupt/abusive
military members
❏
1949 - Communists beat nationalists and est. People’s Republic of China
❏
Nationalized Chinese industries and created Soviet style 5 year plans
❏
Emphasized heavy industry over making consumer goods
Great Leap Forward - 1958 Policy of Land Reform
Peasant land organized into communes
◆
◆
State held land, not private owners
Protest? Reeducation camp.
Failing harvests = severe food shortages
◆
China still sent grain to Cuba and Africa
● Convince the rest of the world of their success!
20 million Chinese died of starvation
◆
1960 - Plan abandoned
Cultural Revolution - Mao’s attempt to reinvigorate China’s love of communism! (and solidify Mao’s hold
on power...you know).
➔
Red Guard - revolutionary students - encouraged to seize government officials, teachers, and
others and send them to reeducation camp if they spoke out
◆
◆
Hard physical labor
Red guard members pressured to admit they hadn’t been revolutionary enough
Relations with the Soviets - USSR and China, despite both being Communist, were often hostile to
each other.
❏
❏
From 1961 on, the two nations fought across their border
They competed for global influence
❏
Albania - Soviet satellite - left the Warsaw Pact to align with China
❏
Got more autonomy and financial aid from China
Foreign Influence - GB and Russia invaded Iran in WWII to stop them from aligning with the Nazis
Installed Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi
◆ Iranian nationalists said he was a puppet of the West and in 1951 forced him to flee
Mohammad Mosaddegh was chosen as prime minister
◆
◆
Said he would nationalize oil
US and GB said NO
●
Orchestrated overthrow of Mossadegh and reinstalled Shah Pahlavi
○
Ran authoritarian regime that relied on ruthless secret police
Land Reform and the White Revolution - Shah did lead Progressive reforms like women’s right to vote, social
welfare, and funding literacy
Land Reform - wanted to undercut rich and increase popularity with poor
◆
◆
Gov’t bought land from rich, sold it to peasants for cheap
●
Didn’t reach many peasants
The rich and those who didn’t get land were against the land reform
Religious conservatives were against modernization
Advocates for Democracy also didn’t like Shah
Iranian Revolution - 1979 revolution to overthrow Shah
●
●
Many resented overthrow of Mossadegh and supported revolution
Leaders of revolution rejected Shah’s secular policy
○
○
○
Said Islam was key to governing
Est. Theocracy based on Islam
Religious people ran the country and followed Shariah law.
■
■
Could approve/deny anyone who ran for congress
Opposed W. policies in the ME and Israel
Venezuela - gov’t redistributed 5 million acres of land
Some was state-owned, some was taken from land owners
The 2001 land redistribution wasn’t popular with landowners
◆ Also, squatters began moving into government land
Those who benefitted supported the government, those who lost and did not.
Guatemala - Democratically elected government under Jacob Arbenz began land reform
❏
US was concerned about business interests, primarily United Fruit Company
❏
United Fruit Company lobbied US government to remove Arbez
❏
They did in 1954 through covert action.
Vietnam - In WWII, Japan occupied Vietnam, but France still claimed it as a colony. After WWII, Vietnam declared
independence from France and Japan
❖
❖
❖
❖
Agricultural society. Few people owned most of land.
Communists wanted to seize land from rich and give it to peasants
➢
Won them lots of support!
In N. Vietnam they violently carried this policy out
In the South, it was slower to happen and remained unpopular
Ethiopia - Ethiopia had remained independent (expect under Italian occupation from 1936 to 1941), but had similar
problems to imperialized countries
❏
❏
❏
Leader Haile Selassie aligned with the West.
❏
❏
❏
Ethiopia saw economic success
BUT land reform was unsuccessful
People thought he was pawn of US imperialism
Deposed by Mengistu Haile Mariam - leader of military
❏
❏
Assassinated 60 former leaders
Declared Ethiopia Socialist
❏
Received aid from Soviet Union
By 1991 he fled because of famine, failed economic policies, rebellion
India - India had been under British control in 1858. In the 1920s, Gandhi led the independence movement against
GB, but Indian didn’t become independent until WWII.
India was partitioned in 1947
◆ India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Muslim)
Both countries struggled
India started land reform
◆
◆
Redistribute land to landless, abolist power of rent collector, protect land renters, promote
cooperative farming
Results were mixed, but region of Kerala had some success
●
●
●
★
1963 - Tennant won right to buy land from owner
1969 - Tennant can become full owner of land
1974 - Lws provided fixed hours of work and minimum wage
The Keala advancements were great, but the Indian nat’l government took efforts to slow or reduce
the measures.
8.5
Pushes for Indian self-rule began in the 19th c. with the Indian National Congress and its leader Mohandas
Gandhi
Hindu and Muslim groups were united to push out the British
◆ Not everyone liked Indian National Congress - but all wanted independence!
Utilized mass civil disobedience
◆
Indian National Congress remained powerful after independence
Muslim League - Founded in 1906 and dvocated for a separate nation for Indian Muslims
Post WWII - India’s fighting abilities grew, and Europe was weakened
GB failed to follow through with independence promises
◆ Anti-British protests grew
Royal Indian Navy Revolt - 1946 - made GB realize they couldn’t continue to rule India
◆
Slow post-war recovery + Indian economic pressure = British willing to negotiate
Division and Conflict - Muslims were nervous to live in Hindu majority independent India
❏
Muslims advocated for Muslim country
❏
Indian and Pakistan were given independence in 1947
GB agreed to negotiate for independent in West Africa as well
Gold Coast combined with British Togoland to form Ghana
◆
◆
With help from UN, negotiated independence in 1957
Kwame Nkrumah - first president in 1960
Ghanaian Nationalism - Nkrumah took ideas from other nationalistic like US and GB to form Ghanian nationalism
❏
❏
❏
❏
❏
❏
Made a national narrative centered on having historical past and glory
Created rich narrative including founding fathers, a currency, a flag, an anthem, museums, monuments
Pushed numerous public works and developments projects
Critis: all of this led to debt and corruption
1964 - Voters agree to one-party system and he becomes dictator
❏
Advocated Pan-Africanism (African for Africans)
❏
Celebration of unity of culture and ideas across continent and resist imperialism
Organization of African Unity (OAU) - 1963 - started by Nkrumah
❏
❏
3 years later a military coup pushed him and many foreigners out
Ghana didn’t see peaceful transition of power amongst civilians again until 2000
Algeria’s fight for independence was more violent, with France applying restrictive laws and violence to
prevent rebellion
Algerian War for Independence - began after WWII
◆
◆
So many French lived in Algeria, France wouldn’t let them go.
Movement led by National LIberation Front (FLN)
●
●
Sought self-determination through guerilla techniques against French troops
100s of 1000s of Algerians died
○ French military was BRUTAL
This movement divided France
◆
Powerful French Communist Party supported Algerian independence
● Violence broke out in France!
President De Gaulle used newly expanded presidential power to side step French National Assembly and
appeal to the people to get freedom for Algeria which happened in 62.
◆
◆
War broke out immediately in Algeria
Pro-French had to flee
●
Became refugees in France, causing housing/employment issues and anti-immigration
sentiment
First Algerian president overthrown by military coup
◆
◆
FLN became single-party rulers for years
Maintain socialist government
●
●
Didn’t take dissent
Pushed for modernization of industry and collectivization of land
Algerian Civil War- Violence broke out against one party rule in 1991
Islamic Salvation Front won election that was cancelled causing Algerian Civil War
○
○
FLN controlled gov’t during war
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika was chosen by army in 1999
■
■
Tried to accommodate insurgents
Suicide bombings became big problem
Algeria remained in a military state of emergency until 2011
Comparing Ghana and Algeria
BOTH:
❏
❏
Struggled for years under military rule
Had disagreements over single VS multi party rule
GHANA:
❏
❏
Created constitution in 1992 to help transitions of power
Had a leader become UN Secretary General in 1997
ALGERIA:
❏
Experienced growing religious tensions
❏
❏
❏
Growing Islamic movement willing to use violence challenged modern Muslim rule
1992 - Islamic extremist assassinated Algeria’s president
❏
Military responded by repressing Islamic fundamentalism
1997 - banned political parties based on religion
Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Niger, Upper Volta
◆
◆
France had used indirect rule and a small military presence to maintain presence
Relied on local governments and chiefs to maintain stability
France invested in W. Africa to grow trade over the years
◆ Railroads, agricultural development etc.
Overtime, many political parties grew in W. Africa and slowly started negotiating their
independence.
Vietnam - France had occupied Vietnam, but had to stop in WWII. They reoccupied the South after the
war, but communists under Ho Chi Minh had taken control of the North, and wanted to reunite the
country under Communism .
France tried to reestablish rule in the North, sparking war of independence lasting until 1954
○
Peace treaty left country split into N and South with reunification election planned for
1956
■
People in the South, and the US, were scared Communists under Ho would win.
●
Election never happened
War broke out.
○
Communist supported Vietcong in the N. VS US supported non-communists in the
South
■
■
As the US escalated their presence in Vietnam, anti-war protests grew in the
US
NIxon withdrew American troops in 1975
●
●
Over 1 million died total, 58,000 Americans
War destabilized SE Asia and communism soon spread to Laos and
Cambodia
1980 - Vietnam began to introduce some capitalist reforms and the US re established relations
with Vietnam
Egypt gained nominal independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1922, but GB retained some
rights in the region
1936 - Anglo-Egyptian treaty gave more independence
◆
BUT British could keep troops to protect Suez canal
Post WWII - Egypt and 5 others found the Arab League, which eventually grew to 22 states
Gamal Abdel Nasser and Muhammad Naguib - overthrew King and established Republic of
Egypt
◆
Naguib - first president, Nasser - second president
●
Nasser - Promoted Pan Arabism
○
○
○
Movement promoting cultural and political unity of Arab nations
Blended Islam and Socialism
Instituted land reform, nationalized some businesses, including some
banks
Suez Crisis - The Suez Canal had been built by Egyptians with French financing. It had been “on loan”
to the French for 99 years, and controlled by the British and French
Nasser saw this as imperialism and took the Suez Canal
Israel invaded Egypt at the behest of France and GB
◆
◆
Occupied area around the canal, said they were acting under the UN
◆
Canal was put under the sovereignty of Egypt but it became international waters,
open to all traffic.
US and USSR opposed British and French actions and used the UN to broker peace
Foreign troops were removed
◆ UN stationed peacekeeping troops there
GB and France weren’t happy with US interference
The Suez Crisis represents a nation remaining non-aligned
The most populous state of Africa, Nigeria, became independent from GB in 1960
Biafran Civil War - 1967
◆
Igbos, a Westernized, Chrstian, tribe tried to secede from gov’t
●
They were experiencing targeted attacked from Hausa-Fulani Islamic group that
controlled the government
● BUT the region the Igbos were in was oil-rich
Movement failed, and Biafra didn’t exist at end of war in 1970
◆ Nigeria gave leaders of the movement amnesty
Military coups continued in Nigeria until 1999 when a democratic civilian government - the Fourth
Republic of Nigeria - was elected
◆
Split Nigeria into 36 states across ethnic and religious lines to prevent tribalism
●
●
●
Tension between Christian Igbos and Muslims continued
11 states voted for dual secular and Shariah law
Intermarriage was encouraged between relgions groups
Oil continued to divide the nation
◆
◆
People believed gov’t was getting oil rich and not sharing the wealth
Concerned about environment
●
Militants set fire to oil wells and pipelines
A cultural and political divide reamined in Quebec, which began as a French colony but was later
controlled by England
People in New France were mostly Catholic, while English speaking parts of Canada were
mostly protestant
◆
◆
The Quebecois historically aligned with France over GB
Wanted to create a separate independent state
“Quiet Revolution” of the 1960s - Liberal party grew to power in France.
◆
Economic and political reform reignited desires from separatism from British-Controlled
Canada
French-Canadian nationalism grew and some adopted extreme tactics including terrorist
bombings begining in 1963
◆
Canadian Prime Minister - Pierre Trudeau - was a Quebec native and kept the country
together
1995 - referendum to make Quebec independent narrowly failed
8.6
Zionist Movement - Belief that assimilation of Jews into European society didn’t provide safety or equal
oppourtunity
-
Dreyfus Affair
Zionist Congress of 1897 - Theodore Herzl advocated for seperate Jewish State
Birth of Israel - Jews wanted historical homeland of Palestine, but modern Palestine was mostly Muslim.
1917 - Balfour Declaration - GB said Palestine should be Jewish homeland
◆
◆
Shouldn’t impose on non-Jewish rights, though
GB also promised Arabs an independent nation
●
British hoped they would rise up against Ottomans to make them easier to beat in WWI
◆ Arabs didn’t trust the British promise to maintain their rights in Palestine
After WWII, GB was given mandate in ME and Jews began moving into Palestine
◆ Arabs were upset about lost land and traditional way of life
WWII and the Holocaust further encouraged Jewish immigration
British turned issue over the UN
◆
Decided partition would help like in India
●
●
Palestine
Israel - Jewish Section
Multiple Wars - War immediately broke out between US backed Israel and Arab backed Palestine
❏
❏
Forces from Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded Israel
Isralei army won and truce was declared
❏
About 400,000 Palestinians became refugees living on Israeli border
Three other Israeli - Palestinian Wars were fought
1.
1956 - After Egypt nationalized Suez Canal, Israel - with support from GB and France - invaded
Egypt
a.
2.
6-Day War of 1967 - Israel fought on three fronts at once
a.
3.
Were forced to withdraw after international outrage
Gained Gaza Strip from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and
Golan Heights from Syria
Yom Kippur War of 1973 - Israel successfully pushed backed surprise invasion by Egypt and
Syria
Israeli - Egyptian Peace - US President Jimmy Carter helped negotiate a peace after 30 years of
conflict in the Camp David Accords
Palestinians and other Arabs denied the peace treaty in 1979
Palestinian LIberation Organization (PLO) - led by Yasser Arafat wanted the return of
occupied lands and the creation of an independent nation of Palestine
Ongoing Violence - Peace became more complicated in 21st c.. when Palestine split into two factions
The Fatah controlled the West Bank
The Hamas controlled Gaza
This tension led Israel to strengthen defenses on the border which included sanctions and trade
restrictions that impacted 100s of Palestinians and made them upset
Israel also approved settlement of land Palestine said belonged to them
◆
◆
Violence continues.
Between 2000 and 2014 7000 Palestinians and 1000 Israelis were killed
●
Many countries remain hostile to US for its support of Israel
After WWII, Vietnam’s neighbor Cambodia was granted independence from France.
Cambodia tried to remain non-aligned, but was pulled into the Cold War
Khmer Rouge - communist guerrilla organization under Pol Pot overthrew government of
Cambodia
○
Instituted ruthless form of Communism following the Chinese model of “cultural
revolution”
○
■
targeting intellectuals and dissenters
Slaughter and famine killed more than 2 million
■
■
1/4th of Cambodia’s population
Mass graves discovered in “killing fields” for decades
1977 - Vietnam invaded Cambodia to push out Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge
○
○
○
Fighting continued, but Vietnam took control of government and helped them stabilize
1989 - Vietnam leaves Cambodia
1991 - Peace treaty signed allowing free elections
■
Country developed democratic government with multiple political parties
and some market economy traits
Sri Lanka - World’s first Female Prime Minister - Sirimavo Bandaranaike - elected in 1960
Took husbands seat after 1959 asassination
Continued husbands socialist economic policies
Voted out of office under bad economy in 1965
Returned in 1970 way more radical
◆
◆
Land reforms, restricted free enterprise, new constitution
Some worked, but economy didn’t improve
● Voted out again in 77
Her daughter became first female president in 1994
◆
Made her mom Prime Minister
Pakistan - Benazir Bhutto elected as PM in 1988. Her father had also served
First elected female leader of majority Muslim country
Struggled to improve economy and help poverty
Corruption charges followed her
Won two non consecutive elections then went into exile from 1999 to 2007
◆
Killed by assassin after returning to Pakistan
India - 1966 - Indira Gandhi became PM after her dad, India’s first PM, died
Distanced herself from fathers policies and instituted political and economic moves to strengthen
India’s economy
◆
War with Pakistan took toll on economy
● India won with support from USSR
She became incredibly popular, but was kinda hurt by weak economy
1975 - declared national emergency and jailed opposition after high inflation and poverty
threatened her rule
◆
20-point economic policy was successful:
●
●
●
Relieved inflation
Reformed corrupt laws
Increased national production
She was unpopular with some though, and lost in 1977
◆
Returned as PM in 80, but was assassinated in 84.
Tanganyika gained independence from GB in 1961 and named itself United Republic of Tanzania
❏
First President was Julius Nyerere
❏
❏
❏
❏
Arusha Declaration - 1967 - Instituted African socialist political and economic ideas
❏
❏
Egalitarian approach based on cooperative agriculture
Ujamaa - “familyhood” - Literacy campaigns, free education, collective farming
Advanced economy away from foreign aid
Conflicts with Idi Amin in Uganda and economic hardship challenged his leadership
Resigned in 1985, despite popularity, because he couldn’t end poverty
Emigration from New to Old Countries
❏
❏
❏
❏
★
People in newly independent countries sometimes emigrated to their former colonial power.
Large numbers of people from Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh moved to London after WWII
❏
Metropole - London - large city of a former colonial ruler
Large numbers of Vietnamese, Algerians, and W. Africans moved to France
Filipinos moved to the US
Because of this, economic ties between the colonial power and newly independent countries
remained strong.
8.7
Mohandas Gandhi - Led nonviolent marches, boycotts, and fasts to oppose British colonial rule. India became
independent in 1947
Martin Luther King JR - Baptist minister, prominent Civil Rights activists in the US in the 50s and 60s. Civil Rights
movement used a variety of methods
1.
Court Decisions
a.
2.
Like Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka - banned racial segregation in schools
Boycotts
a.
Montgomery Bus Boycott - year long Boycott after Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to white
passenger
i.
3.
Ended segregation in public transit
Marches
a.
March on Washington - 250,000 person march for JObs and Freedom (“I have a Dream”)
Nelson Mandela - Led resistance to codified segregation in S. Africa by white minority government (apartheid)
-
While he did support more violent action in his youth, he was known for leading nonviolent protests
Poland - Workers in Poland rose up for better living conditions in 1956
Wladyslaw Gomulka - New leader of the Polish Communist Party came to power
○
○
Pursued independent economic policy for Poland
■
Ended Soviet forced collectivization of farms
Continued to be loyal to USSR
■
Soviet troops remained in Poland
Hungary - 1956 - Imre Nagy declared Hungarian Independence and demanded Soviet troops leave
Hungary
Supported free elections where non-communist parties participated
Said Hungary would be neutral in Cold War, and would withdraw from Warsaw Pact
○
○
○
Soviets responded by invading Hungary
Captured and executed Imre Nagy
Many fled Hungary to West
Czechoslovakia
Prague Spring - 1968 - Alexander Dubcek conceded to people’s demands
◆
◆
◆
Increased freedom of speech and press
Allowed greater freedom of travel
Agreed to make political system more democratic
Armies of Warsaw Pact crushed the movement
Brezhnev Doctrine - Soviet Union and allies would intervene if action of one member nation
threatened other socialist countries
Czechoslovakia was one of many uprisings in 1968
❏
❏
❏
❏
★
★
★
Students in Yugoslavia marched against authoritarian government
Protests over religion broke out in Ireland and Poland
In Brazil, marchers demanded improvements in public education and fair treatment of workers
In Japan, students protests university financial decisions and support of US actions in Vietnam
Protests took place on college campuses all over the globe
As more people entered college, Universities were unprepared to accommodate them
○
○
Tensions were high
Calls for university reform happened
Protests surrounding civil rights, women’s rights, workers’ rights and the Vietnam War
were common
France - Student movements reached their peak in France in 68
1000s of students took to the streets
Police responded violently
10 million workers went on strike in solidarity with the students
◆
Largest strike in French History
The United States - students and others demonstrated for Women's rights and against the war in
Vietnam and Civil Rights
Vietnam protests were the most widespread
After 4 students were killed by the National Guard on the Kent State Campus in Ohio, students
and faculty at 100s of universities went on strike.
Conflict in N. Ireland - Most of Ireland (dominated by Roman Catholics) became independent from the United
Kingdom in 1922 but the Protestant dominated N. Ireland did not
Catholics in N. Ireland faced disrimination and wanted their region to join the Irish Republic
◆ Protestants in N. Ireland did not
Conflict became violent in the 1960s
◆
Irish Republican Army (IRA) - Catholics
●
●
Committed acts of terrorism in England
Used violence to achieve goals
◆ Ulster Defense Association - Protestants
3,500 died in the conflict
1994 - Ceasefire signed, IRA renounced violence
Separatists in Spain - Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA) - used violence to fight for independence for
Basque region of N. Spain
ETA killed more than 800
1973 - Killed successor to longtime dictator Francisco Franco
2011 - Declared it would stop violence and work within political system to achieve independence
Peru’s Shining Path - created by Abimael Guzman based on ideas of Mao Zedong and Khmer Rouge
1980 - Shining Path began decades of bombings
◆ Wanted to overthrow existing government and est. communist rule
Caused an estimated 37,000 deaths over 20 years
1992 - Guzman sentenced to prison for life
◆ Shining Path continued attacks into late 1990s
2011 - Shining Path admitted defeat and began negotiations with Peruvian government
Islamic Terrorism - Many small groups of fundamentalist Muslims used Islam to justify terrorism and carryed out
attachs in major European cities like Madrid, London, and Paris
Boko Haram in W. Africa
al-Shabaab in E. Africa
Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) in Middle East
al-Qaeda - one of the deadliest groups led by Saudi billionaire Osama bin Laden
Carried out numerous attacks
September 11th Attacks
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3,000 killed after al-Qaeda hijacked and crashed planes at the World Trade Center Twin
Towers in New York City, the Pentagon near Washington D.C., and a field in Pennsylvania
Most of the world, even foes like Iran, supported the US
American military action weakened al-Qaeda
Bin Laden was killed in 2011 by the American military
Terrorism in the United States - While the 9/11 attacks were the deadliest, they were not the only
terrorist attacks in the US
US also saw domestic terrorism led by white nationalist and extreme right-wing groups
Oklahoma City Bombing - led by anti-government extremists
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Bombed federal building in OKC in 1995
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Killed 168 people
The Franco Dictatorship in Spain - The dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975
Overthrow democratically elected leftists
Anti-communist beliefs made him ally of US
Executed, imprisoned, sent to labor camps 100s of 1000s of dissenters
When Franco died, Spain moved to democracy
Intensified Conflict in Uganda under Idi Amin - Idi Amin ruled Uganda from 1971 to 1979 as military dictator
Called “the Butcher of Uganda”
Initially aligned with W, but eventually backed by USSR
Declared himself President for Life!
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Worsened ethnic tensions
Denied basic human rights
Undermined economic stability
Super unpredictable generally
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Chairman of Organization of African Unity
Member of UN Commission on Human Rights
1972 - Expelled 60,000 Asians from Uganda and gave their businesses to supporters
Responsible for up to 500,000 ethnically motivated deaths
He threatened Tanzania who joined with Ugandan nationalists to overthrow him
Military Industrial Complex - Some countries that felt threatened built strong militaries to protect
themselves (like US and USSR)
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Required large factories to build planes, tanks, other goods
Nations who couldn’t do the above le to the growth of the international arms trade
As the defense industry grew, more people depended on it for jobs, so it made it harder to decrease the
size of it.
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President Eisenhower called the combination of government defense departments and private
business the military industrial complex
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Warned it could hurt democracy
8.8
Detente and a Colder War - After the issues of the 60s like the Bay of Pigs and CMC, relations
improved. This relaxed tension was called a detente.
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Nixon visited Brezhnev in USSR and they signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT
I) - freeze the # of ICBMs in both nations
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Nixon also visited China to play China and the USSR against each other that year.
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Knew relationship with China would help US economy and press on strained
USSR-China relationships
The USSR really needed detente at this time:
USSR was in economic crisis
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Foreign trade was limited
Government controls made it hard for farmers/manufacturers to make anything
Soviet Satellites were fighting for more control
❏ USSR violently put some of these down
Russia and China were skirmishing across shared border
US also needed detente:
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Slow economy
Vietnam war was expensive and unpopular
Detente would help maintain containment and reduce tension
Results of Detente:
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US sold excess grain to USSR who had a drought
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Gave US farmers new, huge market
This ended after USSR invaded Afghanistan
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This ended detente
Soviet - Afghan War - Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to prop up their communist government
against Muslim fighters
562,000 to 2 million died
Millions of Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran or become homeless
Soviet troops couldn’t beat guerrilla fighters
◆ Undermined Soviet legitimacy
Civil War continued after Soviet Troops left
The war put stress on Soviet’s centralized economic system
Reagan and Gorbachev - Tension increased under Reagan who sent arms and aid to Afghans
By 1980 - 12,000 nukes existed, all pointed at opposite side
◆ Enough to end the whole world like 7 times.
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or “Star Wars”) - US defense program that could destroy a
Soviet missile on its way to US
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USSR didn’t have similar program
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Made some Soviets nervous and push for reform
The Thaw - During this tension, a more progressive Communist - Mikhail Gorbachev - came to power
Favored Perestroika - moves to restructure economy and allow some free enterprise
Glasnost - opening up Soviet society and the political process by granting more freedoms
Reagan and Gorbachev liked each other - met 3 times in 2 years
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) - Us and USSR restricted intermediate-range
nuclear weapons in 1987
The world began to breathe a sigh of relief
Gorbachev used the decreased tensions to quiet conservative Soviets and
implement more political and economic reforms
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Gorbachev ended economic support of the Satellite states in E. Europe
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Soviet army would no longer help Soviet bloc communist governments if they were
threatened
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Now had some freedoms and reform swept through E. europe
1989 - Berlin Wall came Down
1990 - E and W Germany reunited as one country
The Spread of Reforms
Many E. European countries began to reform
Lithuania, Georgia, and other Soviet Republics overthrew rulers and declared independence
Warsaw Pact dissolved
The USSR wanted in on the reforms!
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Gorbachev’s reforms led to his political downfall and the end of the USSR in 1991
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Russia emerged as the strongest of the newly independent states
The Cold War was Over!
New Challenges - With the fall of the superpower USSR, political alliances changed and economic
interactions grew
The world became more interconnected than ever before
The Post Cold War World had to deal with new democracies, vast economic inequality,
ethnic conflicts, genocide, terrorism, environmental degradation, and global epidemics
Unit 9:
9.1: Advances in Technology and Exchange
➔ Improvements in communication technology allowed people to stay connected across
long distances and allowed people in power to communicate directly with the people. (An
example of this is FDR’s Fireside Chats that were broadcasted by radio to Americans
during the Depression & WWII).
◆ Some communication technologies: Radio, television, celular technology, the
internet
◆ Satellites orbiting Earth allowed these technologies and the near instant global
sharing of info (this was called the Information Revolution)
◆ Social media was/is also used to unit people in rebellion & protest. An example is
the Arab Spring in 2000 when there were anti-government across the Arab world.
Protesters used social media to document, organize, and broadcast the protests.
➔ Improvements in transportation technology allowed the world to become more
interconnected and globalized because it allowed for goods to be shipped all over the
world and because it allowed people to travel much quicker.
◆ Some important transportation technologies that were invented/improved/utilized
were air travel (including the rise of commercial airlines), and the use of mass
shipping containers.
➔ Energy technology is very important in an industrialized world.
◆ Non-renewable petroleum & natural gas.
◆ Renewable but dangerous nuclear energy has been experimented with but the
disaster in Chernobyl (and others) have shown its flaws.
◆ Solar/wind energy & hydropower are examples of renewable energy.
➔ The Green Revolution brought many changes to the agriculture industry.
◆ Crop yields were improved with genetically engineered crops and grains, the
increased use of pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation. New heavy farming
equipment was also used.
◆ The Green Rev. encouraged the rise of commercial farming because small
farmers couldn’t afford all these new technologies so they were bought out by
bigger farming companies.
◆ The Green Rev. has ended famines in other places and has made our growing
world population easier to support.
◆ Some Green Rev. technologies had negative effects on the environment.
➔ New medical technologies help people live longer/change people’s lives.
◆ Antibiotics (ex. penicillin)
◆ Vaccines became more widely used.
◆ Birth control was developed which (along with other factors) lead to a decline in
fertility rates.
➔ Some Intellectual Developments:
◆ New Physics: Challenged the idea that natural laws can predict everything.
Instead of arguing for a rational world with very few uncertainties it argued that
everything is relative.
◆ Sigmond Freud: Founded psychoanalysis and created the “Talking Cure.”
9.2: Technology advancements & limitations: Disease
➔ Impoverished people get/got diseases like Malaria, Tuberculosis and Cholera in a
higher proportion because of worse housing conditions, bad water, and limited
healthcare access.
➔ Global Epidemics:
◆ Spanish Flu of 1918: Brought back from WWI soldiers
◆ HIV/AIDS: Attacks immune system & treatments have now been developed
◆ Ebola: Fewer people got/get it but it had a very high mortality rate.
◆ COVID-19
➔ Some diseases are more common now because people are living longer lives and
they’re associated with aging examples include: Alzeimer’s disease, heart disease
9.3: Debates About the Environment & Environmental Issues
➔ Deforestation: Especially because of making land for agriculture
➔ Desertification: Because of deforestation, drought, and bad agriculture practices
➔ Decline in air quality
◆ Ex. The Great Smog in London (1952): Industrial coal emissions + fog =
poisonous smog
➔ Increased pressure on the world’s freshwater supply.
➔ Global Warming
➔ Causes of 20th cen. environmental issues
◆ Globalization/industrialization
◆ Population growth/Urbanization
➔ Effects of environmental issues
◆ Competition for non-renewable resources (oil, freshwater)
◆ Climate change
◆ Kyoto Protocol: International agreement for nations to reduce CO2 emissions
(mainly for developed nations but the US was absent)
◆ Paris Agreement: Agreement with the goal to keep temperature rises below 2%
of pre-industrial levels (US joined then left then joined again)
9.4: Economics in the Global Age
➔ Free Market Economics became very important
◆ After the Cold War Eastern European nations and non-aligned nations
accelerated their implementation of free market economics. (Encouraged by
British prime minister Marget Thatcher and US president Ronald Reagan)
◆ Chilean president/dictator Augusto Pinochet & The Chicago Boys promoted it in
Chile
◆ Deng Xioaping relaxed communist economic policies but didn’t give the people
more political rights which lead to the Tiananmen Square protests
➔ Knowledge Economies: An economy that depends on the quality/quantity of available
information. Information can be monetized as a commodity.
◆ Ex. of jobs in a knowledge economy: Teachers, lawyers, banking/finance
workers, engineers.
◆ Ex. Finland & Japan invested in education and became knowledge economies.
◆ Manufacturing jobs moved away from knowledge economies and to mainly Latin
America & Asia for very low wages
➔ Transnational Free Trade Organizations: An agreement between nations eliminating
barriers of exchange (like tariffs) between them.
◆ North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): Deal saying that Mexico would
manufacture things and export them to US/Canada tariff-free.
◆ Association of Southeast Asian Nation
◆ World Trade Organization (WTO): Goal to reduce trade barriers as well as other
things.
➔ Multinational corporation: An entity that’s incorporated in one country but
manufactures/sells goods in others.
◆ Knowledge workers in 1 country, manufacturing in another, and selling goods on
a global scale.
◆ Ex. Nestle, Mahindra and Mahindra
9.5: Calls for Reform and Responses
➔ Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Created 1948 by the UN
➔ UNICEF: UN International Children’s Emergency Fund (Meant to help feed hungry
children)
➔ UN First World Conference on Women (1975)
➔ Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(1979)
◆ Proposed an international bill of rights for women including women’s suffrage,
choosing one’s spouse, education equality, and the right to birth control/family
planning (voting rights eventually helped women get some of the other rights)
➔ Negritude Movement (French West Africa): Celebrated blackness
➔ Liberation Theology (Latin America): The idea that Jesus is pro poor and anti
rich/powerful
➔ Anti Apartheid Movement: A push for racial equality
➔ In India discrimination against the lowest class (the Dalit) was banned and the Caste
Reservation System was established, reserving certain jobs/education for the lower
castes.
➔ China: Tiananmen Square Protest & Uighur (A muslim minority) “Reeducation
Camps” or concentration camps
➔ Poorer nations’ environments degraded because of the manufacturing that was
relocated there.
◆ Greenpeace & Wangari Maathai w/ her Green Belt Movement (in Kenya)
fought practices that harmed the environment.
◆ World Fair Trade Organization: Member nations agreed to fair trade practices,
respect for the environment, good working conditions, & non (gender/racial)
discrimination.
9.6: Globalized Culture
➔ New technology like radio, movies, television, the internet, and social media is what
made culture truly global.
◆ Even technology like airlines and high speed trains helped because they ship
products around the world, spreading the culture that came with the product.
➔ Examples of Global Culture:
◆ Pablos Picasso & Cubism
◆ Harlem Renaissance & Jazz
◆ Reggae
◆ K-Pop
◆ Hollywood: Exported American culture/values to the rest of the world
(Americanization)
◆ Bollywood Films (from Mumbai, India)
◆ The Olympics
◆ The World Cup
➔ Global consumerism (Facilitated by sites like Amazon & Alibaba) means that people
around the world are using the same brands in their everyday lives.
9.7: Resistance to Globalization
➔ The Battle for Seattle: Around 40,000 protesters showed up to protest a WTO meeting.
They were protesting the harm it did to developing nations, workers, and the
environment.
➔ World Social Forum: Also anti-globalizationist
➔ Some nations see globalization and related trade agreements as a threat to their
national sovereignty (Ex. Britain & Brexit)
➔ Weibo: Social media site in China replacing the banned Western ones (the Western
ones were banned after a riot broke out between the ethnic Uighur and Han people that
the government determined related to the western influence coming from these
platforms).
9.8: Institutions Developing in a Globalized World
➔ The UN (an International Organization): Goal of keeping the peace by being a forum for
negotiation.
◆ Security Council (Russia, USA, France, China, Great Britain, + Rotating
members): Has the most power in the UN and can use military force, however
any member of the Security Council can veto measures so they often don’t
cooperate.
◆ International Court of Justice
◆ The Economic & Social Council
◆ World Food Program
➔ World Bank (International Organization)
➔ International Monetary Fund - IMF (International Organization)
➔ Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
◆ International Peace Bureau: Pro reducing military spending & nuclear
disarmament
◆ International Committee of the Red Cross