MATERIAL DATA
The following tables show the mechanical properties
and chemical compositions of the metal alloys listed.
Mechanical property tables show hardness values,
modulus’ of elasticity, yield strengths, and Poisson’s
ratios. The chemical composition tables show upper
and lower limits of alloying elements present.
TABLE A.IV.1. MECHANICAL P ROPERTIES OF ASTM 2024
ITEM DESCRIPTION
VARIABLE
Brinell hardness number
Knoop hardness number
Rockwell hardness scale: B
Vickers hardness number
Yield strength
Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ratio
VALUE
UNIT
47.00
56.00
50.50
50.00
75.80
69.00
0.330
BHN
KHN
HRB
VHN
UNITLESS
T ABLE A.IV.2. C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION OF ASTM 2024
ELEMENT VARIABLE CONTENT UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, %
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Silicon
Magnesium
Chromium
Zinc
Titanium
Aluminum
Zirconium
Fe
Cu
Mn
Si
Mg
Cr
Zn
Ti
Al
Zr
0.600
3.800
0.900
0.600
1.800
0.150
0.300
0.200
93.43
0.150
0.500
4.900
0.300
0.400
1.200
0.050
0.200
0.100
90.40
0.120
Characteristics of ASTM 2024 include: good
machinability and surface finish. The aluminum
Association does not recommend use of this alloy
unless it has undergone heat treatment.
Tables A.IV.3 and A.IV.4 are used with the
procedures in the V o l t a g e a n d S t r a i n chapter.
TABLE A.IV.3. SM1009 APPARATUS TECHNICAL DETAILS
E QUIPMENT D IMENSION
V ARIABLE
V ALUE
U NIT
Height
Width
Depth
Mass
T ABLE A.IV.5. M ECHANICAL P ROPERTIES OF BS 1178
ITEM DESCRIPTION
VARIABLE
Brinell hardness number
Rockwell hardness scale: C
Vickers hardness number
Yield strength
Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ratio
VALUE
UNIT
5.000
50.50
16.00
11.00
16.00
0.440
BHN
HRC
VHN
UNITLESS
T ABLE A.IV.6. C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION OF BS 1178
ELEMENT VARIABLE CONTENT UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, %
Antimony
Zinc
Lead
Sb
Zn
Pb
0.100
0.100
99.90
0.050
0.050
99.80
Lead is a soft, malleable, and heavy post-transition
metal. It is a neurotoxin that accumulates in soft
tissues and bones; poisonous to humans and animals
damaging nervous systems and causing brain disorders.
Tables A.IV.7 and A.IV.8 are used in conjunction
with the procedures in the Material Failure chapter.
TABLE A.IV.7. SM1006 APPARATUS TECHNICAL DETAILS
E QUIPMENT D IMENSION
V ARIABLE
V ALUE
Height
Width
Depth
Mass
Effective mass of the arm
Support pin mass
Weight hanger mass
Mechanical advantage
U NIT
UNITLESS
T ABLE A.IV.8. BS 1178 L EAD S PECIMEN D IMENSIONS
I TEM D ESCRIPTION
Specimen length
Specimen breadth
Distance between pin slots
Specimen thickness
Gauge width
Gauge length
V ARIABLE
V ALUE
U NIT
25.50
63.50
1.400
4.800
20.00
T ABLE A.IV.4. SM1009 B ENDING E XPERIMENT D ETAILS
I TEM D ESCRIPTION
Beam total length
Beam depth
Beam breadth
Datum position
Test length
Poisson’s ratio
Young’s modulus
Input voltage
Gauge factor
Gauge resistance
V ARIABLE
V ALUE
U NIT
UNITLESS
F IGURE A.IV.1. BS 1178 L EAD A LLOY T EST S PECIMEN
UNITLESS
Material Data | A.IV.1
TABLE A.IV.9. CHARPY IMPACT TEST DIMENSIONS
ITEM DESCRIPTION
DETAILS
Specimen length
Specimen width
Specimen thickness
V-Notch height
V-Notch radius
V-Notch angle
55
10
10
8
0.5
45
T ABLE A.IV.12. MECHANICAL P ROPERTIES OF AISI 1018
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Table A.IV.10, below, shows the hardness values,
modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and Poisson’s
ratio for AISI 1095 high carbon steel.
TABLE A.IV.10. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AISI 1095
VARIABLE
Brinell hardness number
Knoop hardness number
Rockwell hardness scale: B
Rockwell hardness scale: C
Vickers hardness number
Yield strength
Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ratio
VALUE
UNIT
197.0
219.0
92.00
13.00
207.0
525.0
210.0
0.300
BHN
KHN
HRB
HRC
VHN
UNITLESS
Table A.IV.11 shows the approximate chemical
composition—the upper and lower limits of
alloying elements in AISI 1095 high carbon steel.
T ABLE A.IV.11. C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION OF AISI 1095
ELEMENT VARIABLE CONTENT UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, %
Carbon
Iron
Manganese
Silica
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Molybdenum
Nickel
Copper
Aluminum
C
Fe
Mn
Si
P
S
Mo
Ni
Cu
Al
1.030
98.80
1.400
0.450
0.040
0.050
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.030
0.900
98.38
1.000
0.350
As the two tables for AISI 1095 carbon steel above
show: this steel boasts a very high hardness and
strength as a direct result of carbon being the main
alloying element.
A.I.2 | Material Data
VARIABLE
Brinell hardness number
Knoop hardness number
Rockwell hardness scale: B
Vickers hardness number
Yield strength
Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ratio
F IGURE A.IV.2. C HARPY IMPACT T EST S PECIMEN
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Table A.IV.12 below, shows the hardness values,
modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and Poisson’s
ratio for AISI 1018 mild carbon steel.
VALUE
UNIT
126.0
145.0
71.00
131.0
370.0
205.0
0.290
BHN
KHN
HRB
VHN
UNITLESS
Table A.IV.12 shows this steel has excellent weld
ability which is critical for producing a harder and
more uniform weld. This mild steel has a good
balance of toughness, strength, and ductility and is
considered the best steel for carburized parts.
Table A.IV.13 shows the approximate chemical
composition—the upper and lower limits of
alloying elements present in this mild carbon steel.
T ABLE A.IV.13. C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION OF AISI 1018
ELEMENT VARIABLE CONTENT UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, %
Carbon
Iron
Manganese
Phosphorus
Sulfur
C
Fe
Mn
P
S
0.200
99.26
0.900
0.040
0.050
0.140
98.81
0.600
Table A.IV.14, below, shows the hardness values,
modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and Poisson’s
ratio for AISI 1045 medium carbon steel.
T ABLE A.IV.14. MECHANICAL P ROPERTIES OF AISI 1045
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Brinell hardness number
Knoop hardness number
Rockwell hardness scale: B
Vickers hardness number
Yield strength
Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ratio
VARIABLE
VALUE
UNIT
163.0
184.0
84.00
170.0
310.0
200.0
0.290
BHN
KHN
HRB
VHN
UNITLESS
The table above illustrates how this medium tensile
steel has decent weldability, reliable machinability,
suitable high strength, and excellent impact
fracture properties.
Table A.IV.15 shows the approximate chemical
composition—the upper and lower limits of alloying
elements present in this medium carbon steel.
MATERIAL DATA
T ABLE A.IV.15. C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION OF AISI 1045
ELEMENT VARIABLE CONTENT UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, %
Carbon
Iron
Manganese
Phosphorus
Sulfur
C
Fe
Mn
P
S
0.500
98.98
0.900
0.040
0.050
0.420
98.51
0.600
Table A.IV.15, above, shows this medium carbon
steel has low through-hardening capabilities;
however, it can be efficiently flame or induction
hardened provided the correct quenching method is
utilized. Also shown in the table above, this steel
lacks suitable alloying elements for—and thus does
not respond well to—nitriding processes.
Table A.IV.16, below, shows the hardness values,
modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and Poisson’s
ratio for AISI 4140 medium carbon steel.
T ABLE A.IV.16. MECHANICAL P ROPERTIES OF AISI 4140
ITEM DESCRIPTION
VARIABLE
Brinell hardness number
Knoop hardness number
Rockwell hardness scale: B
Rockwell hardness scale: C
Vickers hardness number
Yield strength
Young’s modulus
Poisson’s ratio
VALUE
UNIT
197.0
219.0
92.00
13.00
207.0
415.0
200.0
0.280
BHN
KHN
HRB
HRC
VHN
UNITLESS
Table A.IV.17 shows the approximate chemical
composition—the upper and lower limits of
alloying elements in AISI 1095 high carbon steel.
T ABLE A.IV.17. C HEMICAL C OMPOSITION OF AISI 4140
ELEMENT VARIABLE CONTENT UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, %
Carbon
Iron
Manganese
Chromium
Silicon
Molybdenum
Phosphorus
Sulfur
C
Fe
Mn
Cr
Si
Mo
P
S
0.430
97.77
1.100
1.000
0.300
0.250
0.040
0.050
0.380
96.78
0.800
0.750
0.150
0.150
As the two tables for AISI 4140 medium carbon
steel above show: this steel boasts high ductility.
AISI 4140 alloy steel is chromium, molybdenum,
manganese containing low alloy steel. It has high
fatigue strength, abrasion and impact resistance,
toughness, and torsional strength.
Table A.IV.18 shows the conversion rates for
Rockwell Hardness B Scale hardness numbers,
denoted HRB, to the more universal Vickers
hardness numbers denoted VHN. Please refer to
H o m e w o r k f o r E x p e r i m e n t I V and L ab o r at o r y
R e p o r t f o r E x p e r i m e n t I V for instructions on how
to use the information in this table.
TABLEA.IV.18. Rockwell Scale: B Conversion to Vickers Hardness
R OCKWELL H ARDNESS SCALE: B, HRB V ICKERS
55.0
56.0
56.5
57.0
58.0
58.5
59.0
60.0
61.0
61.5
62.0
62.5
63.0
64.0
65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0
79.0
80.0
81.0
82.0
83.0
84.0
85.0
86.0
87.0
88.0
89.0
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0
100
H ARDNESS , VHN
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
114
116
117
119
121
123
125
127
130
132
135
137
139
141
144
147
150
153
156
159
162
165
169
172
176
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
216
222
228
234
240
Material Data | A.IV.3
Table A.IV.19 shows the conversion rates for
Rockwell Hardness C Scale hardness numbers,
denoted HRC, to the more universal Vickers
hardness numbers denoted VHN. Please refer to
H o m e w o r k f o r E x p e r i m e n t I V and L a b o r a t o r y
R e p o r t f o r E x p e r i m e n t I V for instructions on how
to use the information in this table.
Table A.IV.20 shows the conversion rates for
Rockwell Hardness D Scale hardness numbers,
denoted HRD, to the more universal Vickers
hardness numbers denoted VHN. Please refer to
H o m e w o r k f o r E x p e r i m e n t I V and L ab o r at o r y
R e p o r t f o r E x p e r i m e n t I V for instructions on how
to use the information in this table.
TABLEA.IV.19. Rockwell Scale: C Conversion to Vickers Hardness
TABLEA.IV.20. Rockwell Scale: D Conversion to Vickers Hardness
R OCKWELL H ARDNESS SCALE: C, HRC V ICKERS H ARDNESS , VHN
R OCKWELL H ARDNESS SCALE: D, HRD V ICKERS H ARDNESS , VHN
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
2
4
5
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
0
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
1
2
3
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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4
3
0
6
1
5
8
0
2
3
4
6
7
8
8
8
8
8
7
6
5
3
2
9
7
4
1
8
5
8
0
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
0
8
5
3
0
6
2
8
4
0
5
0
A.I.4 | Material Data
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
6
8
0
2
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
0
0
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
0
0
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
0
0
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
9
9
0
1
2
3
3
4
5
6
6
6
.
.
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1
9
6
1
1
8
6
2
1
0
7
4
2
0
8
5
3
1
8
6
4
2
9
7
5
2
0
8
4
1
1
8
6
4
1
9
7
5
2
9
7
5
2
0
8
5
4
1
5
9
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
3
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
9
0
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
1
2
4
6
7
9
1
3
5
7
9
2
4
7
0
3
6
0
2
4
8
3
8
4
0
6
2
9
6
4
2
0
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
6
8
1
4
8
3
8
4
0
7
5
3
3
3
4
7
0
6
2
0
2
5
0
0
0
M P E R A T U R E , T,
T ETemperature,
T , C
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
100
VHN
VICKERS HARDNESS
MARTENSITIC REGION
BAINITIC REGION
PEARLITIC REGION
FERRITIC REGION
AUSTENITIC REGION
101
566
10
15
102
599
75
496
446
342
95
TTime,
I M E , t,, s
90
311
5
85
99
103
20
15
75
92
314
25
70
293
70
30
285
65
239 213
35
F IGURE A.IV.3 AISI 4140 S TEEL C ONTINUOUS C OOLING T RANSFORMATION D IAGRAM
5
1
3
10
104
206
197
105
MATERIAL DATA
Material Data | A.IV.5
Rockwell Hardness Scale: C, HRC
60
50
4340
8640
5140
1045
40
30
20
0
5
10
20
15
25
30
40
35
45
50
Distance from Quenched End, d, mm
9
170 70 31 18
2
2.8
3.9
5.6
Cooling Rate , RC , Cs-1
F IGURE A.IV.4. H ARDENABILITY OF V ARIOUS S T E E L S
Rockwell Hardness Scale: C, HRC
60
50
40
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Distance from Quenched End, d, mm
170 70
31
18
9
5.6
3.9
2.8
2
Cooling Rate , RC , Cs-1
F IGURE A.IV.5. H ARDENABILITY OF AISI 4140 S T E E L
HARDENABILITY
A.I.6 | Material Data