network devices
Contents of this Presentation
Here’s what you’ll find in this Presentation
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What are NICs?
Types of NICs
What are MAC addresses?
Types of MAC addresses
What are IP addresses?
Types of IP addresses
The difference between IP address and MAC address
What are routers?
How do routers operate?
01
NIC
What are NICs?
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Network interface cards are built-in internal hardware that is usually found in the integrated
circuit that allows a device to connect to a network such as WIFI or Ethernet.
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Network interface card comprises a unique address of the device known as MAC address which
is generated during the manufacturing process.
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It is also known as a Network adapter or network interface controller.
The network card operates as a middleman between a computer and a data network. For
example, when a user requests a webpage, the computer will pass the request to the network
card, which converts it into electrical impulses.
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A web server on the internet receives the impulses and responds by sending the webpage back
to the network card as electrical signals. The card gets these signals and translates them into
the data that the computer displays.
Types of Network Interface Cards
Wired NIC
WNIC
02
Internet Protocol
addresses
What are IP addresses?
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When a device is connected to a private network, a router will assign an
address to the device that uniquely identifies that device in that network.
however, that address may be similar to an address given by another
network.
Private IP address is an IP address that is given by the router to that
connected device.
Public network is an IP address that is given to the router when it is
connected to the Internet.
The IP addresses of the devices in the public network are different.
There are two versions of the Internet protocol address; IPv4 and IPv6.
IPV4 consists of 32-bit and is written as four groups of an eight-bit. It uses
denary numbers and a decimal point(.) to separate those parts. For
example, 69.89.31.226
IPv6 consists of 128-bit and is written as eight groups of 16-bit. It uses a
hexadecimal and a colon(:) to separate groups. For
example,2001:0:9D38:6AB8:1C48:3A1C:A95A:B1C2
Types of IP addresses
Dynamic IP
Static IP
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Permanently assigned to a device
by the internet service provider(ISP).
Does not change when a device
connects and disconnects to the
internet.
Allows faster upload and download
speeds.
More expensive to maintain.
Since it is unchangeable, it allows
each device to be fully traceable.
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Assigned by the ISP each time a device logs
onto the internet. This is done using Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP).
A dynamic IP address could be different every
time the device connects to the internet.
Greater privacy since they change every time.
It may be an issue in some cases like VOIP as
the IP address changes.
03
MAC addresses
What are MAC addresses?
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Media access control address is a group of
hexadecimal digits that uniquely identifies
a device.
It consists of 48 bits. It is divided into six
parts and each part of the group contains 8
bits.
the first three parts represent the
manufacturer so that they might be the
same in all devices of the same
manufacturer.
However, the second half is unique and
represents the serial number of the device.
Types of MAC address
Universally administered. address
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The UAA, or Universally
Administered Address, is the most
commonly used type of MAC
address.
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his address is assigned to the
network adapter when it is
manufactured.
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UAA MAC addresses are useful for
security purposes, as they are only
rarely changed from the default
Locally administered address
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The LAA, or Locally Administered
Address, is an address that changes
an adapter's MAC address.
When the LAA is set, the network
adapter uses the LAA as its MAC
address. Otherwise, the network
adapter uses the UAA as its MAC
address.
Comparison between IP and MAC address
MAC address
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Identifies the physical
address of a device.
Unique to the device.
Assigned by the
manufacturer and part of
the NIC.
Can be universal or local.
Uses 48 bits.
IP address
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Identifies global addresses
on the internet.
Not necessarily unique
Uses either 32 bits(IPv4) or
128 bits(IPv6)
Can be static or dynamic.
Router
04
What are routers?
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A router is a device that connects two or more networks to form
a wide area network.
It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these
networks by forwarding data packets to their intended IP
addresses and allowing multiple devices to use the same
Internet connection.
When multiple devices are connected to the same network
since they have the same part of IP addresses, the router is
able to send the appropriate switch. After that, based on their
MAC addresses, the switch will send the data packets to the
proper device.
Router can be either Wired or Wireless.
How does Router work?
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Each data has a unique destination and follows a unique route,
each packet needs to be guided to its destination as efficiently as
possible.
A router helps direct data packets to their destination IP address
without being lost and through the fastest route.
A router uses an internal routing table; a list of paths to various
network destinations.
The router reads a packet's header to determine where it is going,
then consults the routing table to figure out the most efficient path to
that destination. It then forwards the packet to the next network in
the path.
Merits and demerits of routers
Merits
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Can connect different network
architectures, such as
Ethernet.
Create a secure network.
Demerits
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A router is more expensive
than a bridge
Are relatively complex
devices.
Not all the time routers are
reliable.
Thank you
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Listening