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LATEX Mathematical Symbols
The more unusual symbols are not defined in base LATEX (NFSS) and require \usepackage{amssymb}
1
Greek and Hebrew letters
α
β
χ
δ
η
γ
ι
2
ψ
ρ
σ
τ
θ
υ
ξ
ζ
\kappa
\lambda
\mu
\nu
o
\omega
\phi
\pi
\psi
\rho
\sigma
\tau
\theta
\upsilon
\xi
\zeta
z
ε
κ
ϕ
$
%
ς
ϑ
∆
Γ
Λ
Ω
Φ
Π
Ψ
Σ
\digamma
\varepsilon
\varkappa
\varphi
\varpi
\varrho
\varsigma
\vartheta
\Delta
\Gamma
\Lambda
\Omega
\Phi
\Pi
\Psi
\Sigma
Θ
Υ
Ξ
\Theta
\Upsilon
\Xi
ℵ
i
k
‫ג‬
\aleph
\beth
\daleth
\gimel
LATEX math constructs
abc
xyz
0
f
√
abc
√
n
abc
3
κ
λ
µ
ν
o
ω
φ
π
\alpha
\beta
\chi
\delta
\epsilon
\eta
\gamma
\iota
\frac{abc}{xyz}
abc
\overline{abc}
f’
abc
\underline{abc}
\sqrt{abc}
\sqrt[n]{abc}
c
abc
f
abc
\widehat{abc}
\widetilde{abc}
−→
abc
←−
abc
z}|{
abc
abc
|{z}
\overrightarrow{abc}
\overleftarrow{abc}
\overbrace{abc}
\underbrace{abc}
Delimiters
|
|
k
k
|
\vert
\|
\Vert
{
}
h
i
\{
\}
\langle
\rangle
b
c
d
e
/
\
[
]
\lfloor
\rfloor
\lceil
\rceil
/
\backslash
[
]
⇑
↑
⇓
↓
\Uparrow
\uparrow
\Downarrow
\downarrow
x
y
p
q
\llcorner
\lrcorner
\ulcorner
\urcorner
Use the pair \lefts1 and \rights2 to match height of delimiters s1 and s2 to the height of their contents, e.g.,
\left| expr \right|
\left\{ expr \right\}
\left\Vert expr \right.
4
Variable-sized symbols (displayed formulae show larger version)
P
Q
`
5
\sum
\prod
\coprod
R
H
RR
\int
\oint
\iint
U
T
S
\biguplus
\bigcap
\bigcup
L
N
J
\bigoplus
\bigotimes
\bigodot
W
V
F
\bigvee
\bigwedge
\bigsqcup
Standard Function Names
Function names should appear in Roman, not Italic, e.g.,
arccos
cos
csc
exp
ker
lim sup
min
sinh
\arccos
\cos
\csc
\exp
\ker
\limsup
\min
\sinh
arcsin
cosh
deg
gcd
lg
ln
Pr
sup
\arcsin
\cosh
\deg
\gcd
\lg
\ln
\Pr
\sup
Correct:
Incorrect:
arctan
cot
det
hom
lim
log
sec
tan
\tan(at-n\pi) −→ tan(at − nπ)
tan(at-n\pi) −→ tan(at − nπ)
\arctan
\cot
\det
\hom
\lim
\log
\sec
\tan
arg
coth
dim
inf
lim inf
max
sin
tanh
\arg
\coth
\dim
\inf
\liminf
\max
\sin
\tanh
6
∗
?
·
◦
•
Binary Operation/Relation Symbols
±
∓
q
\pm
\mp
\amalg
\odot
\ominus
\oplus
\oslash
\otimes
\wr
\Box
\boxplus
\boxminus
\boxtimes
\boxdot
\square
∩
∪
]
u
t
∧
∨
†
‡
Z
f
e
⊥
|
[
\cap
\cup
\uplus
\sqcap
\sqcup
\wedge
\vee
\dagger
\ddagger
\barwedge
\curlywedge
\Cap
\bot
\intercal
\doublebarwedge
C
B
/
.
E
D
5
4
\
Y
g
d
>
i
h
\lhd
\rhd
\triangleleft
\triangleright
\unlhd
\unrhd
\bigtriangledown
\bigtriangleup
\setminus
\veebar
\curlyvee
\Cup
\top
\rightthreetimes
\leftthreetimes
×
÷
~
}

u
>
\ast
\star
\cdot
\circ
\bullet
\bigcirc
\diamond
\times
\div
\centerdot
\circledast
\circledcirc
\circleddash
\dotplus
\divideontimes
≡
∼
=
6
=
∼
'
≈
.
=
∝
|=
\equiv
\cong
\neq
\sim
\simeq
\approx
\asymp
\doteq
\propto
\models
≤
≺
⊂
⊆
@
v
a
∈
\leq
\prec
\preceq
\ll
\subset
\subseteq
\sqsubset
\sqsubseteq
\dashv
\in
≥
⊃
⊇
A
w
`
3
\geq
\succ
\succeq
\gg
\supset
\supseteq
\sqsupset
\sqsupseteq
\vdash
\ni
⊥
|
k
./
o
n
n
o
^
_
∈
/
\perp
\mid
\parallel
\bowtie
\Join
\ltimes
\rtimes
\smile
\frown
\notin
u
∼
v
w
,
$
l
m
+
≈
;
:
∝
∴
∵
P
6
=
\approxeq
\thicksim
\backsim
\backsimeq
\triangleq
\circeq
\bumpeq
\Bumpeq
\doteqdot
\thickapprox
\fallingdotseq
\risingdotseq
\varpropto
\therefore
\because
\eqcirc
\neq
5
6
/
≪
l
.
0
w
b
j
@
4
2
J
E
C
\leqq
\leqslant
\lessapprox
\lll
\lessdot
\lesssim
\eqslantless
\precsim
\precapprox
\Subset
\subseteqq
\sqsubset
\preccurlyeq
\curlyeqprec
\blacktriangleleft
\trianglelefteq
\vartriangleleft
=
>
'
≫
m
&
1
%
v
c
k
A
<
3
I
D
B
\geqq
\geqslant
\gtrapprox
\ggg
\gtrdot
\gtrsim
\eqslantgtr
\succsim
\succapprox
\Supset
\supseteqq
\sqsupset
\succcurlyeq
\curlyeqsucc
\blacktriangleright
\trianglerighteq
\vartriangleright
≶
Q
S
T
R
≷

G
t
p
a
`
\lessgtr
\lesseqgtr
\lesseqqgtr
\gtreqqless
\gtreqless
\gtrless
\backepsilon
\between
\pitchfork
\shortmid
\smallfrown
\smallsmile
\Vdash
\vDash
\Vvdash
\shortparallel
\nshortparallel
∦
.
/
3
2
0
6
5
7
4
\ncong
\nmid
\nparallel
\nshortmid
\nshortparallel
\nsim
\nVDash
\nvDash
\nvdash
\ntriangleleft
\ntrianglelefteq
\ntriangleright
\ntrianglerighteq
\nleq
\nleqq
\nleqslant
\nless
\nprec
\npreceq
\precnapprox
\precnsim
\lnapprox
\lneq
\lneqq
\lnsim
\lvertneqq
\ngeq
\ngeqq
\ngeqslant
\ngtr
\nsucc
\nsucceq
\succnapprox
\succnsim
\gnapprox
\gneq
\gneqq
\gnsim
\gvertneqq
⊕
⊗
o
≮
⊀
≯
q
/
*
+
"
#
(
)
$
%
!
&
'
\nsubseteq
\nsupseteq
\nsubseteqq
\nsupseteqq
\subsetneq
\supsetneq
\subsetneqq
\supsetneqq
\varsubsetneq
\varsupsetneq
\varsubsetneqq
\varsupsetneqq
7
8
Arrow symbols
←
⇐
→
⇒
↔
⇔
\leftarrow
\Leftarrow
\rightarrow
\Rightarrow
\leftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
←−
⇐=
−→
=⇒
←→
⇐⇒
\longleftarrow
\Longleftarrow
\longrightarrow
\Longrightarrow
\longleftrightarrow
\Longleftrightarrow
↑
⇑
↓
⇓
l
m
\uparrow
\Uparrow
\downarrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
7→
←(
)
\mapsto
\hookleftarrow
\leftharpoonup
\leftharpoondown
\rightleftharpoons
7−→
,→
*
+
\longmapsto
\hookrightarrow
\rightharpoonup
\rightharpoondown
\leadsto
%
&
.
-
\nearrow
\searrow
\swarrow
\nwarrow
99K
x
(
L99
W
"
\dashleftarrow
\Lleftarrow
\looparrowleft
\circlearrowleft
\upharpoonleft
\leftrightsquigarrow
\rightrightarrows
\rightarrowtail
\curvearrowright
\downdownarrows
\rightsquigarrow
⇔
\dashrightarrow
\leftrightarrows
\leftarrowtail
\curvearrowleft
\upuparrows
\multimap
\rightleftarrows
\twoheadrightarrow
\rightleftharpoons
\Rsh
\downharpoonright
⇒
#
\leftleftarrows
\twoheadleftarrow
\leftrightharpoons
\Lsh
\downharpoonleft
\rightrightarrows
\rightleftarrows
\looparrowright
\circlearrowright
\upharpoonright
8
;
\nleftarrow
\nRightarrow
9
=
\nrightarrow
\nleftrightarrow
:
<
\nLeftarrow
\nLeftrightarrow
Miscellaneous symbols
∞
∇
∂
ð
♣
♦
♥
♠
···
..
.
...
..
.
=
<
9
!
⇒
y
\infty
\nabla
\partial
\eth
\clubsuit
\diamondsuit
\heartsuit
\spadesuit
\cdots
∀
∃
@
∅
∅
ı

`
RRRR
\forall
\exists
\nexists
\emptyset
\varnothing
\imath
\jmath
\ell
\iiiint
k
F
♦
`
a
~
}
\Bbbk
\bigstar
\diagdown
\diagup
\Diamond
\Finv
\Game
\hbar
\hslash
℘
∠
]
^
{
O
4
M
\wp
\angle
\measuredangle
\sphericalangle
\complement
\triangledown
\triangle
\vartriangle
\blacklozenge
\vdots
\ldots
RRR
RR
\iiint
\iint
♦
f
\lozenge
\mho
N
\blacksquare
\blacktriangle
\ddots
\Im
\Re
]
[
\
\sharp
\flat
\natural
0
√
\prime
\square
\surd
H
8
s
\blacktrinagledown
\backprime
\circledS
Ā¯
Ǎˇ
Ȧ˙
\Bar{\Bar{A}}
\Check{\Check{A}}
ˆ
Â
~~
A
\Hat{\Hat{A}}
Math mode accents
á
\acute{a}
ā
\bar{a}
ă
\breve{a}
ǎ
\check{a}
ä
\ddot{a}
ȧ
\dot{a}
à
\grave{a}
â
\hat{a}
ã
\tilde{a}
~a
\vec{a}
´
Á
˘
Ă
Ĩ
`
À
Ø
\Acute{\Acute{A}}
\Breve{\Breve{A}}
\Ddot{\Ddot{A}}
\Grave{\Grave{A}}
\Tilde{\Tilde{A}}
\Dot{\Dot{A}}
\Vec{\Vec{A}}
10
Array environment, examples
Simplest version:
\begin{array}{cols} row1 \\ row2 \\ . . . rowm \end{array}
where cols includes one character [lrc] for each column (with optional characters | inserted for vertical lines)
and rowj includes character & a total of (n − 1) times to separate the n elements in the row. Examples:
\left( \begin{array}{cc} 2\tau & 7\phi-frac5{12} \\
3\psi & \frac{\pi}8 \end{array} \right)
\left( \begin{array}{c} x \\ y \end{array} \right)
\mbox{~and~} \left[ \begin{array}{cc|r}
3 & 4 & 5 \\ 1 & 3 & 729 \end{array} \right]
f(z) =
\left\{ \begin{array}{rcl}
\overline{\overline{z^2}+\cos z} & \mbox{for}
& |z|<3 \\ 0 & \mbox{for} & 3\leq|z|\leq5 \\
\sin\overline{z} & \mbox{for} & |z|>5
\end{array}\right.
11
2τ
3ψ
7φ −
π
8
5
12
x
y
and
5
3 4
1 3 729

 z 2 + cos z for |z| < 3
f (z) =
0 for 3 ≤ |z| ≤ 5

sin z for |z| > 5
Other Styles (math mode only)
Caligraphic letters: $\mathcal{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Mathbb letters: $\mathbb{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Mathfrak letters: $\mathfrak{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math Sans serif letters: $\mathsf{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold letters: $\mathbf{A}$ etc.: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z a b c 1 2 3
Math bold italic letters: define \def\mathbi#1{\textbf{\em #1}}
then use $\mathbi{A}$ etc.:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abc 123
12
Font sizes
Z
R
Math Mode:
f −1 (x − xa ) dx
${\displaystyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
f −1 (x − xa ) dx
${\textstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
${\scriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
${\scriptscriptstyle \int f^{-1}(x-x_a)\,dx}$
R
R
Text Mode:
13
f −1 (x−xa ) dx
f −1 (x−xa ) dx
\normalsize = normal
\large = large
\Large = Large
\tiny = smallest
\scriptsize = very small
\footnotesize = smaller
\small = small
\LARGE =
LARGE
\huge =
huge
\Huge =
Huge
Text Mode: Accents and Symbols
ó
ȯ
o
¯
ø
æ
\’{o}
\.{o}
\b{o}
\o
\ae
ö
ŏ
Å
s
Æ
\"{o}
\u{o}
\AA
\t s
\AE
ô
ő
å
š
†
\^{o}
\H{o}
\aa
\v s
\dag
ò
o o
ß
Ø
‡
\‘{o}
\t{oo}
\ss
\O
\ddag
õ
o̧
ı
¶
c
\~{o}
\c{o}
\i
\P
\copyright
ō
o.

§
£
\={o}
\d{o}
\j
\S
\pounds
s.
s̊
s̋
\d s
\r s
\H s
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