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PHILOSOPHY
•
•
•
The Meaning of Philosophy is
deduced from the Greek words
"philein" meaning "love" and "sophia"
meaning "wisdom".
Etymologically, philosophy means
“love of wisdom". Philosophy is the
science of beings in their ultimate
reasons, causes and principles,
acquired by the aid of human reason
alone.
In a broad sense, philosophy also
refers to the pursuit of basic truths
about ourselves, the world in which
we live and our connections to both
the world and other people. (FSU
Department of Philosophy 2022).
c. Theodicy - The study of the essence
and existence of God based mainly on
reason.
4. Aesthetics - The study of beauty, its
nature and appreciation.
5. Social / Political Philosophy - The
study of man and his place in society.
6. Ethics - is the study of the nature and
morality of human acts.
ETHICS
•
The Meaning of Ethics is deduced
from the Greek word ethos, meaning
"custom" or "behavior" The term
"moral" is deduced from the latin mos
(mores), meaning "custom." Ethics is
defined as a general study of moral
life which deals with two types of
question, one critically normative and
the other theoretical.
•
The word "ethics" is derived from the
Greek
"ethos"
which
means
"characteristic way of acting", "habit",
or "custom". The Latin equivalent is
mos, mores, from which come the
word moral and morality.
•
Ethics studies the characteristics
behavior of man as endowed with
reason and freewill. The study of
Ethics started with the Greek
philosophers, notably Socrates, Plato
and Aristotle. Socrates is regarded as
the father of moral philosophy.
However, it is Aristotle who has
greatly influenced ethical thinking
with three important treatises _ the
Nicomachean Ethics, the Eudemian
Ethics, and the Magna Moralia
(GreatEthics).
BRANCES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Logic - is the science and art of
correct thinking and reasoning.
2. Epistemology - is the study of human
knowledge.
3. Metaphysics - is the science of the
ultimate principles and properties of real
beings. It is the study of being as being.
A. General Metaphysics
a. Ontology - is the science of being in
its most general aspects.
B. Special Metaphysics
a. Cosmology - The study of inanimate
physical beings.
b. Rational / Philosophical Psychology The study of the life principle,
particularly that of man.
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•
•
Ethics is the science of the morality of
human acts. Human acts are actions
done intentionally and freely, like
walking, reading, working, playing,
shopping, joining a contest, or signing
a contract. Human acts are
differentiated from acts of man which
are instinctive, such as the
physiological
and
psychological
movements like breathing, feeling
happy, or falling in love.
3) Man is free and must exercise his
freedom to promote the welfare of
society.
4) There is no life after death.
5) Man is accountable only to the State
2. The theistic approach, to which we
adhere, assumes that God is the
Supreme Lawgiver. Everything must
conform to God's Eternal plan of creation.
Man must exercise his freedom in
accordance with God's will. There are
absolute principles of morality which are
not changeable.
Ethics does not study the acts of man
in themselves but as factors affecting
man's judgement and violation.
Ethics is the study of man as moral
being, one who is rationally able to
distinguish between right and
wrong. It examines how man is
accountable for his actions and its
consequences. It proposes how man
ought to live his life - meaningfully.
•
1) God is the Supreme Creator and
Lawgiver.
2) Man is free and must use his freedom
to promote his personal interest along
with that of others.
3) Man has an immortal soul.
ETHICAL APPROACHES
There are two approaches - the atheistic
and theistic ethics.
Man is accountable for his actions
and deserves either a reward or
punishment in this life or in the
next. Its tenets are:
GENERAL AND SPECIAL ETHICS
1. The atheistic approach assumes that
only matter exists, and man is
responsible only to the State since there
is no God who rules the universe.
Morality is an invention of man to suit his
requirement and to preserve society.
Moral truths are temporary and
changeable depending on the situation.
Accordingly, the concept of good and evil
is relative.
•
•
General Ethics is about the principles of
morality. It explains the norms with which
the moral significance of the human act is
deter-mined.
Some of its tenets are the following:
•
Special Ethics is the application of the
principles of General ethics to the
problems and issues confronting a
person on account of his circumstances
in life, for instance, as a citizen, neighbor,
1) Matter is the only reality.
2) Man is matter and does not have
spiritual soul.
•
Ethics is divided into general and special
ethics.
The first part of this book is about General
Ethics and the second part about Special
Ethics.
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worker, wife, husband, or child. Special
Ethics includes the sub-branches of
professional ethics, such as medical
ethics, business ethics, legal ethics,
biological and environmental ethics.
ETHICS COMPARED WITH OTHER
SCIENCES THAT DEAL WITH MAN
Ethics and Logic
•
Logic is the branch of philosophy that
deals with man's correct thinking.
Ethics, on the other hand, deals with
man's correct doing and correct living.
•
Therefore, like sociology, logic is
closely associated with ethics since a
person who does not know how to
think correctly can never live his life
rightly.
Ethics and Psychology
•
•
Psychology
is
a
descriptive
philosophy that treats man's intellect,
free will, and conduct while ethics
guides man's intellect to know moral
truths and man's will to translate his
intellectual knowledge of moral truths
into action (conduct).
Further, psychology, generally, deals
with human behavior. It posits the
question: "How does man behave?"
Ethics, on the other hand, asserts the
question: "Why does man ought to
behave?"
Ethics and Anthropology
•
Ethics and Moral Philosophy
•
Ethics and Sociology
•
Sociology deals with human relations.
Human
relations,
however,
presuppose proper setup or order in
society. This proper order postulates
the observance of proper laws. These
proper laws postulate the moral laws
or order of right and wrong action,
which is ethics. Therefore, ethics and
sociology are closely associated with
each other. Apart from ethics there
can be no civilized or humanized
relations in society.
Anthropology deals with man's origin
and the behavior of primeval man.
Ethics, on the other hand, deals with
the principles of right conduct as
applied to all men at all times.
Moral Philosophy (Ethics) and Moral
Theology
presuppose
God's
existence; they too have the same
end, i.e., the attainment of man's
ultimate goal: God. They have the
same means towards the attainment
of this end, i.e., right living. The two,
however, differ in their basis. Moral
Philosophy bases its principles on
reason. On the contrary, Moral
Theology bases its principles on Faith
or Divine Revelation and reason.
ART OF CORRECT LIVING
•
Art provides for what is orderly and
harmonious in an artwork. Ethics is
an art, "the art of correct living”
because it teaches how we may put
order and harmony in our lives. Thus,
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Ethics is a practical science and
differs from one that is purely
speculative. Ethics is beneficial only
when its truths are put into practice as
rules of conduct.
ETHICS AND THE FILIPINO
•
Ethics and religion are both concerned
with moral education, but they differ from
each other. Ethics is a science and relies
on reasons for its conclusions. Religion
is a system of beliefs and practices
based on faith and revelation, or truths
revealed to man by God. Ethics teaches
the value of religion, presenting it as a
duty of man towards the Supreme
Being.
ETHICAL NORMS AND LAW
•
The laws of society sometimes
legalize immoral acts, like gambling
and divorce. Hence, what is legal is
not necessary moral. Also, human
laws regulate external actions, but not
thoughts and feelings. Thinking of
robbing a bank is not a crime until it is
attempted. Ethical norms, however,
cover thoughts and feelings so that a
person could sin because of what he
thinks or desires.
WHAT IS MORALITY?
●
Morality comes from the Latin moralis,
meaning customs or manners.
●
Morality is the differentiation of intentions,
decisions, and actions between those that
are distinguished as proper and those that
are improper.
●
Principles concerning the distinction between
right and wrong or good and bad behavior.
●
Moral philosophy is the study of what
morality is and what it requires of us. As
Socrates said, it’s about “how we ought to
live” —and why. It would be helpful if we
could begin with a simple, uncontroversial
definition of what morality is, but that turns
out to be impossible.
WHERE DOES MORALITY COME FROM
There has always been a great deal of
speculation about where morality or ethics
comes from. Has it always been a part of
the world, originating from some
supernatural being or embedded within
nature itself, or is it strictly a product of
the minds of human beings? Or is it some
combination of two or all three of these?
Because morality and ethics deal with values
having to do with good, bad, right, and
wrong, are these values totally objective—
that is, “outside of” human beings? Are they
subjective or strictly “within” human
beings? Or are they a combination of the
two?
THE SUPERNATURAL THEORY.
Some people believe that values come from
some higher power or supernatural being,
beings, or principle—the Good (Plato); the
gods (the Greeks and Romans); Yahweh or
God (the
Jews); God and His Son, Jesus (the
Christians); Allah (the Muslims); and Brahma
(the Hindus), to name a few. They believe,
further, that these beings or principles
embody the highest good themselves and
that they reveal to human beings what is right
or good and what is bad or wrong. If human
beings want to be moral (and usually they
are encouraged in such desires by some sort
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of temporal or eternal reward), then they
must follow these principles or the teachings
of these beings.
THE NATURAL LAW THEORY.
Others believe that morality somehow is
embodied in nature and that there are
“natural laws” that human beings must
adhere to if they are to be moral. St. Thomas
Aquinas (1225–1274) argued for this as well
as for the supernatural basis for morality.
●
For example, some people will state
that homosexuality is immoral
because it goes against “natural
moral law”—that is, it is against
nature for beings of the same sex to
sexually desire or love one another or
to engage in sexual acts.
Values as Totally Subjective In opposition
to these arguments, there are those who
would argue that morality stems strictly from
within human beings. That is, they believe
that things can have values and be classed
as good, bad, right, or wrong if and only if
there is some conscious being who can put
value on these things. In other words, if there
are no human beings, then there can be no
values.
In discussing the application of morality,
four aspects may be considered:
religious morality, morality and nature,
individual morality, and social morality.
RELIGIOUS MORALITY. Religious morality
refers to a human being in relationship to a
supernatural being or beings
MORALITY AND NATURE. “Morality and
nature” refers to a human being in
relationship to nature. Natural morality has
been prevalent in all primitive cultures, such
as that of the Native American, and in
cultures of the Far East. More recently, the
Western tradition has also become aware of
the significance of dealing with nature in a
moral manner.
INDIVIDUAL MORALITY. Individual
morality refers to individuals in relation to
themselves and to an individual code of
morality that may or may not be sanctioned
by any society or religion. It allows for a
“higher morality,” which can be found within
the individual rather than beyond this world
in some supernatural realm
SOCIAL MORALITY. Social morality
concerns a human being in relation to other
human beings. It is probably the most
important aspect of morality, in that it cuts
across all of the other aspects and is found
in more ethical systems than any of the
others.
Five Moral Foundations
In his revolutionary book, "The Righteous
Mind,"
Professor
Jonathan
Haidt
endeavors to address this initial query by
introducing a framework he terms Moral
Foundations Theory (MFT). Haidt posits that
humans possess six moral underpinnings
that shape our perspectives on politics and
policies:
Compassion/Harm,
Equity/Deception,
Allegiance/Treachery,
Authority/Rebellion, Purity/Degradation, and
Freedom/Suppression.
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According to Haidt, these moral
foundations
serve
as
our
political
"preferences" in a manner analogous to
how our taste buds dictate our culinary
choices.
Various
political
ideologies
emphasize different foundations—some
emphasize Compassion/Harm, while others
prioritize Allegiance/Treachery. Similarly, just
as individuals have varying tastes for
saltiness or sweetness in food, people
interpret Fairness either through the lens of
equality or proportionality.
1. Care and Harm - Kindness,
tenderness, and nurturing values. We
have the capacity to love and feel a
connection to others. We are also
capable of sensing other people's
suffering and disliking it.
2. Fairness and Cheating - We value
those who return our favors when we
assist or are courteous to them. Ideas
of justice, rights, and autonomy are
produced as a result. It also mentions
proportionality,
stressing
that
everyone should do their "fair share."
3. Loyalty and Betrayal - People can
build mutable coalitions, and we
admire people who stay true to those
coalitions. This inspires concepts of
nationalism and self-sacrifice for the
greater good.
4. Authority and Subversion Humans are also capable of
developing
hierarchical
social
relationships.
The
virtues
of
leadership and followership, such as
reverence to rightful authority and
respect for traditions, are based on
this basis.
5. Sanctity and Degradation - The
psychology
of
distaste
and
contamination shaped this basis. It
underpins aspirations to live in a
more elevated, less carnal, and noble
manner. It is at the root of the widely
held belief that the body is a temple
that can be desecrated by immoral
behaviors and impurities.
Euthanasia - Mercy Killing. Another form of
the deprivation of life is the practice of
euthanasia. ―Euthanasia mean the decision
of a person who is terminally ill with little
hope of recovering may give his consent to a
physician to terminate his life or to withdraw
all life support or medicine.
Defining ethics
Ethics are a system of moral principle
and rules of conduct that arise from them. Ethics are a set of moral principles that
determine right or wrong behavior
Ethics refers to an individual's moral
beliefs or principles which govern his or her
conduct. - Ethics deals with right and wrong
in general as well as questions about how
we should act towards people. Ethics are
External rules and may vary between
environments. Ethics characteristics
1. Ethics are what you do (morals are
what you believe)
2. Ethics are based on logic and reason
(morals are often based on religious or
culture)
3. Ethics deal with professional conduct
(morals deal with personal conduct)
4. Ethics is Objective (Based on facts,
not influenced by personal beliefs or
biases)
5. Ethics applies to groups and org
(morals applies to individuals)
6. Ethics ask people to think about what
they are about to do before they act
(Morality asks people to examine their
actions after the act)
7. Ethics tell us how we should behave
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(morality tells us if we did the right thing once
we've behaved in some way)
8. Ethics will help you determine
whether your behavior was good or bad
(morality may help you decide whether your
intentions were good or bad.
Moral Standards
Rules exist to give order and maintain peace
in society
What are Moral Standards?
•
A norm which a society (or an
individual) has regarding which
actions are morally right and which
actions are morally wrong.
Moral Standards is divided into two which is
the
NORMS and VALUES.
Norms
• Refers to the general rules about our
actions or behavior.
Norms of morality:
1. It must not be subjected to
change
2. It must be universal
3. It must be accessible to all
4. It must apply to all conditions
of life
5. It must be a single standards
Values
- Refers to the underlying beliefs and
or behavior ideals that are expressed as
including
beliefs or statements about what is good
and desirable, or what is bad
and not desirable.
Example:
1. Honesty is good, while dishonesty is
bad.
2. Fairness is good, while injustice is
bad
Moral standards are combination of
norms and values
1. Promote human welfare or wellbeing.
2. Promote good
3. Prescribe what humans ought to do or
what ought to be done such us:
A.Rights
B. Obligations
Non Moral Standards
Also known as “Conventional Standards” Which we judge what is good or bad,
what is right or wrong in an non moral
way
- discussed more about manners,
etiquettes, house rules, technical
standards , building structures of
rules of behaviors that are set by
parents, etc,,,
Amoral
- it is something that is not influenced
by what is
right or what is wrong
Person with no;
Conscience and freedom are two things
that guide an action, without these two
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means your actions are amoral. They are
neither right or wrong
•
DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY
There are factors that contributes a lot for the
evilness or goodness of concrete individual
act, and that is determinants of morality
(1) Object: maybe a
thing or the act itself. Ex:
stealing,
running,
jumping
(2) End : or the purpose
of the action Ex: to help
(3) Circumstances: is
the situation behind or
during the action
For example is the Robin Hood, He
was
STEALING
(object)
TO
HELP(end) his people BECAUSE NO
ONE
WILL
DO
IT
BUT
HIM(circumstances)
Morally Indifferent: amoral object: not good
and not evil
However, it depends on the circumstances.
For example, walang masama sa pagtakbo,
pero masama kung yung tinatakbuhan mo ay
batas or pulis dahil may ginawa kang krimen.
MORAL CHARACTERISTICS
•
Moral character can be conceptualized
as an individual’s disposition to think,
feel, and behave in an ethical versus
unethical manner, or as the subset of
individual differences relevant to
morality.
•
Etymologically, the term “character”
comes from the ancient Greek term
charaktêr, which initially referred to the
mark impressed upon a coin. The term
charaktêr later came to refer more
generally to any distinctive feature by
which one thing is distinguished from
others. Along this general line, in
contemporary usage character often
refers to a set of qualities or
characteristics that can be used to
differentiate between persons. It is used
this way, for example, commonly in
literature. In philosophy, however, the
term character is typically used to refer
to the particularly moral dimension of a
person. For example, Aristotle most
often used the term ēthē for character,
which is etymologically linked to “ethics”
and “morality” (via the Latin equivalent
mores).
Aristotle’s discussion of moral character,
and virtue in particular, is the most
influential.
treatment of such issues. For this reason,
his discussion will be used as a beginning
point. The Greek word used by Aristotle
and most translated as virtue is aretē,
which is perhaps better translated as
“goodness” or “excellence.” In general,
an excellence is a quality that makes an
individual a good member of its kind. For
example, it is an excellence of an ax if it
is able to cut wood. An excellence,
therefore, is a property whereby its
possessor operates well or fulfills its
function. Along these same lines, it is
helpful to think of excellences as defining
features of one’s character. Aristotle, for
instance, sometimes speaks of a good
moral character as “human excellence”
or an “excellence of soul” (Nicomachean
Ethics I.13). The idea here is the same as
with the axe—having a good moral
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character helps its possessor operate
well and live up to her potential, thereby
fulfilling her nature.
TWO APPROACHES WHEN DEALING
WITH MORAL CHARACTER
Normative Ethics & Applied Ethics
•
Normative ethics is a branch of moral
philosophy that is concerned with
providing guidelines and principles for
determining what is morally right and
wrong. It aims to establish a framework
for evaluating and prescribing ethical
behavior and actions. In essence,
normative ethics seeks to answer the
fundamental question: "What ought one
to do?"
•
•
There are three competing views on how
moral questions should be answered, along
with hybrid positions that combine some
elements of each: virtue ethics, deontological
ethics; and consequentialism. The former
focuses on the character of those who are
acting. In contrast, both deontological ethics
and consequentialism focus on the status of
the action, rule, or disposition itself, and
come in various forms.
•
•
Virtue
ethics
focuses
on
the
development of virtuous character traits
as the key to ethical decision-making.
Instead of prescribing specific rules or
evaluating consequences, virtue ethics
encourages individuals to cultivate
virtues
like
honesty,
courage,
compassion, and wisdom. Aristotle’s
virtue ethics is a prominent example of
this approach.
Deontological theories emphasize the
inherent nature of actions themselves,
rather than their outcomes. These
theories propose that certain actions are
•
•
intrinsically right or wrong, irrespective of
their consequences. Immanuel Kant's
deontology, for example, is based on the
idea of the categorical imperative, which
suggests that one should act according to
rules or principles that could be
universally applied without contradiction.
Consequentialist theories argue that
the morality of an action is determined by
the consequences it produces. The most
well-known form of consequentialism is
utilitarianism, which asserts that an
action is morally right if it maximizes
overall happiness or utility. Other
consequentialist theories include ethical
egoism and hedonism.
Applied ethics is a branch of moral
philosophy that deals with the practical
application of ethical principles, theories,
and concepts to real-world situations and
specific
moral
dilemmas.
Unlike
normative ethics, which focuses on
developing
general
theories
and
principles for determining what is morally
right or wrong, applied ethics takes these
principles and uses them to address
concrete, often complex, ethical issues
that arise in various domains of human
life. Applied ethics seeks to provide
practical guidance on how to make
ethical decisions in specific contexts.
Bioethics deals with ethical questions
related to medicine, healthcare, and
biological sciences. It addresses issues
such
as
euthanasia,
organ
transplantation,
reproductive
technologies, genetic engineering, and
the treatment of patients' rights and
informed consent.
Environmental ethics focuses on
ethical considerations related to the
environment, conservation, and our
interactions with the natural world. Topics
include climate change, biodiversity
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•
preservation, resource allocation, and
sustainable development.
Business ethics examines ethical
dilemmas and responsibilities within the
corporate world. It covers topics like
corporate social responsibility, ethical
decision-making in business practices,
labor rights, and fair trade.
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
The second level of moral development that
happens to 8 years of age to early
adolescence. This contains 2 stages;
•
WHAT IS MORAL DEVELOPMENT
KOHLBERG’S THEORY OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT is a theory that focuses on
how children develop morality and moral
reasoning. Kohlberg’s theory suggests that
moral development occurs in a series of six
stages. The theory also suggest that moral
logic is a primarily focused on seeking and
maintaining justice.
Developed by Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958
and was based on Jean Piaget’s theory of
moral judgement for children (1932). This
theory focuses on how individuals acquire
morality and moral judgment. According to
the concept, moral reasoning is mainly
involved with pursuing and upholding justice
over the course of six stages. (Cherry, K.,
2022) The moral development is divided into
3 levels with two stages each from the levels.
•
POST CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
A person's comprehension of general ethical
principles determines what is morality.
•
PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL
The moral development starting period. Up
until about age nine, it persists This is divided
into 2 stages.
•
•
Individualism and Exchange
This is judgment about what is good
may also be described in terms of
what is best for us.
Obedience and Punishment
Punishment implies that a behavior is
bad. It must be beneficial if it results
in a reward.
Good Boy/Nice Girl Orientation stage
where behavior is influenced by
social acceptance. By acting in a
"good person" manner, the individual
hopes to keep or gain the
acknowledgement and acceptance of
others.
Stage 4 Law and Order Orientation
where kids think that what is
appropriate or inappropriate behavior
is determined by societal norms and
other people's expectations. When
making judgments, persons start
considering society into effect.
•
Social Contract and Individual
Rights
People start to consider the various
values, attitudes, and beliefs of other
people. When laws conflict with
people's constitutional rights and the
interests of the majority, they do not
benefit society and should be
replaced with alternatives.
Universal Principle
Based on abstract reasoning and
universal ethical principles. Even
when they go against laws and rules,
people nevertheless adhere to these
internalized principles of justness at
this point. People who are morally at
this level have their own ethical ideals
and values and don't just conform to
social norms.
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PLATO’S IDEALISM
IDEALISM
ETHICS
AS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plato imagined that there exists an
ideal or perfect world beyond our own
physical earth.
There is a world of ideas which is a
world of unchanging and absolute
truth. This is reality for Plato.
Plato believed that the understanding
of reality must be sought through the
study of the abstract, intellectual
forms of objects and concepts rather
than their material and physical
manifestations.
Plato’s ethical system is grounded in
the belief that the ultimate goal of
human life is to achieve happiness or
“eudaimonia,” which he defines as
living a life of excellence or virtue.
The goal of human life was to achieve
happiness and fulfillment, which can
only be attained by aligning one's soul
with the eternal and perfect forms.
The ultimate goal of human life is to
attain knowledge of the Form of the
Good.
To know the good is to do the good.
THE FILIPINO WAY
•
•
Our culture is a big reflection of
our great and complex history. It is
influenced by the most of the
people we have interacted with. A
blend of Malay-Polynesian and
Hispanic culture with the influence
of Chinese, Indians Arabs, and
other
Asian
culture
really
contributed to the customs and
traditions of the Filipinos.
Custom- a traditional and widely
accepted way of behaving or
doing something that is specific to
a particular society, place, or time.
Tradition- the transmission of
customs
or
beliefs
from
generation to generation, or the
fact of being passed on in this
way.
What is it about the Philippines that
makes it different from the rest of the
world?
1.Mano po- mano is a Spanish word for
“hand” while po is used at the end of the
sentence when addressing to elders or
superiors.
2.Hospitable- many Filipinos are giving
their best to entertain their visitors well.
3.The Bayanihan- the spirit of communal
unity or effort to achieve a particular
objective.
4.Courtship- we Filipinos are very
romantic when it comes to heart affairs.
Example Serenading or harana.
5.Living with parents- Filipinos highly
value the presence of family more than
anything.
• Filipinos are very religious.
• Filipinos are known to be resilient.
• A huge portion of Filipinos like foreign
produced products.
Filipino Moral Identity
•
The Filipino identity was
created primarily as a result of
pre-colonial cultures, colonial
influences and foreign traders
intermixing
and
gradually
evolving together.
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•
Filipino values are a system
which includes their own
unique
assemblage
of
consistent ideologies, moral
codes,
ethical
practices,
etiquette and cultural and
personal values that are
promoted by their society.
CULTURE
SYSTEM
AND
VALUE
Cultural System
•
•
•
•
All the things that make up who you are.
A cultural system is made up of aspects
that influence how people interpret
ideas and behaviors.
Cultural systems have roots that are
impacted by their surroundings, just like
trees. A culture’s rituals, traditions,
ceremonies, myths, and symbols
provide it with the nutrients it needs to
survive.
Cultural systems are not bounded—
different people within a cultural system
may live differently.
Value System
• Refers to a set of principles or
ideals that drive and/or guide a
person’s behaviour.
• Refers to the cultural reasons and
purposes that have been defined
and regarded as ultimate and
important
by
thinkers.
Thus,
principles
and
their
any
smartest
culture’s
knowledge
are
retained in the shape of its value
system.
•
“Toxic Filipino culture” is
not an official term or concept, but
it may refer to negative behaviors,
attitudes, or practices within
certain segments of Filipino
society. It can encompass various
aspects,
including
those
mentioned earlier, such as
machismo, political corruption,
colorism, or crab mentality. These
elements can be considered toxic
when they have harmful effects on
individuals, communities, or the
overall well-being of society.
•
It's Important to remember
that these negative aspects do not
represent all Filipinos or the entire
culture, and many Filipinos actively
work to address and overcome
these challenges. The use of the
term “toxic” should be approached
with caution and should not be
used to stereotype or stigmatize an
entire culture or its people.
TOXIC FILIPINO CULTURES
1.Crab Mentality – This trait is
characterized by not wanting
other people to rise above you,
and whenever they do, you try to
bring them down so that it does
not happen.
2.Kids as “retirement benefit” –
This trait is characterized by
having a mindset that there is a
need to have a child, so that there
will be someone who will take
care of you when you grow old. It
may also come with the
expectation that the child will
always support the parent
financially as he/she grows old
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3.Utang na loob – This trait is
characterized by expecting that all
the good favor you provide/show
to someone gets returned back to
you
complex historical and social
factors. Awareness and education
are key to combating it.
4.Filipino time – This trait is
characterized by padding 1-2
hours from the agreed time, and
therefore ending up very late for
events or meet-ups.
RELIGION AS
ETHICS
5.English
as
basis
of
intelligence – This trait is
characterized of putting judgment
as to a person’s intelligence
merely by how well he/she speaks
in English.
6.Machismo - This refers to an
exaggerated sense of masculinity
and can lead to issues like
gender-based
discrimination,
domestic violence, and the
objectification of women.
7.Political
Corruption
Corruption is a problem in many
countries, not exclusive to the
Philippines. Efforts to combat
corruption are ongoing, and many
individuals and organizations are
dedicated to reform.
8.Economic
Inequality
Economic inequality is a global
issue, and addressing it requires
systemic changes. Many Filipinos
are engaged in initiatives to
reduce poverty and improve
access to opportunities.
SOURCE
OF
Definition of Ethics and Religion,
Religious Ethics
RELIGION – it is a system of
beliefs, practices, and rituals
centered around the worship of a
higher power or powers, often
involving organized institutions
and sacred texts.
a. Religion
is
defined
as
"people's beliefs and opinions
concerning the existence, nature,
and worship of a deity or deities,
and divine involvement in the
universe and human life.
b. Religion denotes the belief in,
or the worship of, a God/s and the
worship
or,
to
God
or
supernatural.
c. Religion is also viewed as an
"organized collection of beliefs,
cultural systems, and worldviews
9.Colorism - Colorism exists in
various forms in different cultures
worldwide and is rooted in
that relate humanity to an order of
existence.
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ETHICS – refers to the
philosophical concept of morality,
endeavors to understand moral
concepts and justify moral
principles. It analyzes concepts
such as right and wrong, and
seeks to establish principles of
right behavior that may serve as
guides to action for people to
follow (Pojman, 1992).
a. Ethics may be defined as a system of
moral principles which affects how
For those who practice religion,
ethics and religion are closely
related because one's religious
convictions usually have an
impact on ethical matters. A
particular faith is typically used as
a compass for those who practice
or believe in it, guiding them in all
facets of life. Yet, this does not
imply that religion and ethics are
always linked, as ethical behavior
can exist even among persons
who do not hold a particular
religious perspective.
people make decisions and lead their
lives.
b. Ethics is concerned with what it is
Is there a Filipino understanding
good and right for a person and
of right and wrong? Why this
society.
interpretation?
What
are
its
influences?
RELATIONSHIP
OF
RELIGION AND ETHICS
The relationship between religion
and ethics is about the interaction
between revelation and reason.
Religion is based on the belief
that God provides insights into
life's true meaning, which are
presented in texts as "revelation."
From a humanistic point of view,
ethics is built on reason and
rationality. It encourages people
to
be
independent
and
responsible, so they can make
decisions that are good for
themselves and others. It's not
based on religious teaching but
on what makes sense and can be
proven.
Yes.
There
is
a
filipino
understanding of right and wrong
outside of any religion's influence.
There is a filipino version of
"karma". Filipinos believe in two
types of karma: good and bad
karma. They believe that if they do
something well, it will be returned
to them rightfully, implying that
they can expect good things to
happen to them. Meanwhile, if
they do something bad, bad
things may happen to them as
well. People will treat them
differently as a result of their
earlier
behavior.
This
will
determine the rightness and
wrongfulness of their actions.
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Filipino
understandings
now
about right and wrong are based
on influence by different cultures
and religions. But the give
example is an original filipino
concept.
Describe filial traits that
shape and reshape our
moral fibers
➢ Selflessness: Selflessness is the
willingness to put the needs of others
before our own. It is an important filial
trait because it teaches us to care for
our parents and elders, even when it
is difficult.
➢ Compassion: Compassion is the
ability to understand and share the
feelings of others. It is an important
Filial traits are the characteristics
and values that we learn from our
parents and other elders. They
shape and reshape our moral
fibers by providing us with a
foundation for understanding and
evaluating right and wrong.
filial trait because it teaches us to care
for our parents and elders, even when
they make mistakes.
Filial traits can shape and reshape
our moral fibers in a number of
ways. First, they provide us with a
foundation for understanding and
evaluating right and wrong.
Second, they teach us to value
our relationships with our parents
and elders. Third, they motivate
us to be better people.
Some of the most common
filial traits include:
➢ Respect: Respect for our parents and
elders is one of the most important
filial traits. It teaches us to value their
wisdom and experience, and to treat
them with deference.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
➢ Obedience: Obedience to our parents
and elders is another important filial
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
trait. It teaches us to follow their
guidance and to learn from them.
➢ Gratitude: Gratitude to our parents
•
Is the claim that ethical practices differ
and elders is also an important filial
among
cultures,
and
what
is
trait. It teaches us to appreciate their
considered right in one culture may
sacrifices and to be thankful for all
be considered wrong in another.
that they have done for us.
•
Cultural relativism implies that
no one society is superior to another;
they are merely different.
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•
•
2. There is no objective standard that can
Indicates that no culture is better than
another; they're solely different.
be used to judge one societal code as
better than another;
This claim stated that culture has
significant differences when it comes
to their ethical
3. The moral code of one’s own society has
no special status but is merely one
among many;
standard therefore there is no bad
or good ethical standard since it
varies.
4. There is no “universal truth” in ethics,
TYPES
meaning that there are no moral truths
that hold for all people at all times;
1. ABSOLUTE
2. CRITICAL
•
5. The moral code of a society determines
There are two different categories of cultural
what is right and wrong within that
relativism: absolute and critical. Absolute
society; that is, if the moral code of a
cultural relativists believe that outsiders must
society says that a certain action is right,
and should not question everything that
then that action is right, at least within that
happens within a culture.
•
society and;
Meanwhile, critical cultural relativism
questions cultural practices regarding who is
accepting
6. It is arrogant for people to attempt to
judge the conduct of other people.
them and why, as well as
recognizing power relationships.
Instead, researchers should adopt an
attitude of tolerance toward the practices
ASSUMPTIONS
Cultural
relativism
of other cultures.
has
several
different elements, and there is some
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND
ETHNOCENTRISM
disagreement as to what claims are
true
and
pertinent
to
cultural
relativism and which are not. Some
•
Ethnocentrism believes that one’s
culture is superior to others,
Meanwhile;
•
Cultural Relativism belief that one’s
culture is different from each other
and one’s culture
claims include that:
1. Different societies have different moral
codes;
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•
should not be judged
but understood.
between
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look
at the world largely from the
perspective of one’s
premise
cultural
that all cultures are valid
in their customs is vague
in Karanack’s view.
•
of its culture are superior to those of
Karanack also criticizes
cultural relativism from a
theoretical perspective for
having
other groups.
contradictory
ethnic, or cultural group is the most
important or that some or all aspects
asserting
•
that
relativism is based on
This may be motivated, for example,
by the belief that one’s own race,
own
culture-bound reality. The
own culture.
•
one’s
Ethnocentrism can often lead to
incorrect assumptions about others’
behavior based on
one’s own norms,
values, and beliefs
(Worthy, Lavigne, &
Romero, 2021a).
ISSUE
OF
RELATIVISM
•
CULTURAL
Philosophers do not support
this claim however this is
supported in the field of
Anthropologist and Social
Science.
•
Cultural Relativism has been
criticized
for
numerous
reasons, both theoretical
and
practical.
•
According
to
(2013), cultural
attempts
to
knowledge
Karanack
relativism
integrate
that
logic,
cultural
relativism often asserts
that social facts are true
and untrue, depending
on the culture in that one
is situated.
Asian Understanding of Moral
Behavior:
Collectivism: Many Asian
cultures
emphasize
collectivism and communal
harmony over individualism.
Moral
behavior
often
revolves around maintaining
social
cohesion
and
respecting authority figures,
such as parents and elders.
Strength: This emphasis on
collective well-being can
promote social cohesion,
cooperation, and a strong
sense of community.
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Weakness:
It
may
sometimes stifle individual
expression and dissent,
potentially
hindering
personal
freedom
and
creativity.
Filial Piety: Filial piety, or the
respect and devotion to
one's parents and ancestors,
is a central moral value in
many Asian societies.
Strength: It strengthens
family bonds and ensures
care
for
the
elderly,
promoting a stable family
structure.
Weakness: It can be taken to
extremes, leading to undue
pressure on children and
potentially oppressive family
dynamics.
Confucian
Ethics:
Confucianism has had a
significant influence on moral
values
in
East Asian
countries. It promotes virtues
like
loyalty,
respect,
benevolence,
and
righteousness.
Strength: These virtues can
contribute to a harmonious
and
orderly
society,
emphasizing the importance
of ethical conduct.
Weakness: Overemphasis
on strict adherence to
hierarchies and social norms
can limit individualism and
hinder social progress.
Buddhist
and
Taoist
Influences: In countries
where Buddhism and Taoism
are
prevalent,
moral
behavior
often
involves
concepts
like
karma,
compassion, and balance in
life.
Strength:
These
philosophies
encourage
mindfulness, empathy, and a
sense of interconnectedness
with all living beings.
Weakness: Some may find
these concepts abstract or
difficult to apply in everyday
life.
Filipino Understanding
Moral Behavior:
of
Bayanihan: The Filipino
concept
of
bayanihan
signifies community spirit
and mutual cooperation.
People come together to
help each other in times of
need.
Strength: Bayanihan fosters
a strong sense of community
and collective responsibility.
Weakness: While it promotes
unity, it may not always be
sufficient to address larger
societal issues.
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Religiosity: The Philippines
is predominantly Catholic,
and religious values play a
significant role in shaping
moral behavior, including
concepts
of
charity,
forgiveness, and humility.
References: Kindly see the google classroom.
Strength: Faith-based values
can provide moral guidance
and support during difficult
times.
Weakness:
Dogmatic
adherence
to
religious
principles may sometimes
lead to intolerance or limit
critical thinking.
Respect for Elders: Similar
to many Asian cultures,
Filipinos place a strong
emphasis on respecting and
caring for their elders.
Strength:
This
tradition
strengthens family bonds
and ensures the well-being
of older family members.
Weakness: It can lead to
undue deference to elders
and potentially suppress the
voices
of
younger
generations.
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