Locating a Thermal Power
Station and Environmental
Statutory issues
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Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
Typical Coal Based Power Project
2
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
3
Presentation Plan
1
Site Selection
2
Grading of Sites
3
Development of Site arrangement
4
Feasibility Study
5
Statutory Issues
Combination of sources for
electric power demand
Site Selection
• Defining types and sizes of power plant: depends on type of
fuel and its delivery method, capacity anticipated in next 5-7
years, area for fuel storage, cooling towers, switchyards,
space needs for store yards, workshops etc, other factors to
be considered are :
• Geology
• Water for Power Stations
• Coal for Power Station
• Transport
• Disposal of Effluents
• Transmission
• Climatic Conditions
• Proximity of Airfield
• Fisheries and Marine Life
• Personnel Requirement
• Amenities
Technical Requirements of coal
Based Pit head Plants
The Basic requirements for Power Station
are:
• Supply of fuel at competitive cost
• Load centre for transmission of
electricity
• Manpower resources of size and quality
• Means of disposal of Effluents
• Land water and power for construction
•
•
•
•
•
•
Technical Requirements of coal
Based Pit head Plants
Coal Delivery- Economically
Cooling water - Ones through, Recirculation
Land –Main Plant, Disposal of Ash, Colony
Geological studies- for land’s load bearing capacity
Access to site – by Road, Rail, heavy Transport
Transmission of power
Typical Land Requirement
Land Required for a typical 4X500 MW Plant
S.No
Description
Land Required
(Acre)
01
Power Block
50
02
Stock Yard Min 3 lakh Tonne Storage
150
03
Cooling Towers, Pumps and Housing
50
04
Water Treatment Plant
50
05
Coal Conveyors
25
06
Switch Yard
50
07
Other BOP facilities
100
08
Stores
50
09
Roads and drainage
25
10
Non Plant Buildings
25
11
Equipment lay down and open space
150
Total about 700 Acre land is required
Hydro Electric Power Stations
Types
o Base load Stations.
o Peaking Station
o Combination
The layout of a particular H. E.
Project mainly depends upon
–
–
–
Type of Hydro power scheme
Topography/ Geology of the
area
Construction Aspects
Scheme of Development
Exploitation of Basin Potential
Exploitation of Potential Energy
By Single Dam or series of Dams
By closed Pressure Conduit
By combination of both
Major Component of Coal Based
Station
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Turbine generator and its auxiliaries.
Steam generator and its auxiliaries.
Circulating water system.
Coal Handling Plant and Stack Yard
Fuel Oil System.
Water Treatment Plant.
Ash Handling and Disposal System.
Effluent Treatment Plant.
Auxiliary systems.
Electrical systems.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECTS
 River Diversion Structures
 Dam/ Barrage/ Weir
 Spillway
 Desilting Arrangements
 Power Intake Structure
 Headrace Tunnel/Channel
 Surge Shaft
 Penstock
 Power house
 Tailrace Tunnel/Channel
 Hydro mechanical works such as Gates, Hydraulic hoists
 Electromechanical works
EL 609.225
All t unnels
EL 600.438
All t unnels
R3
000
0
Desilt ing basin
EL 508.644 Tunnel 1
EL 508.837 Tunnel 2
EL 509.125 Tunnel 3
EL 509.358 Tunnel 4
R=300
00
EL 609.225
All t unnels
45°
EL 609.225
All t unnels
EL 606.000
EL 499.863 Tunnel 1
EL 500.104 Tunnel 2
EL 500.344 Tunnel 3
EL 500.577 Tunnel 4
ACCESS TUNNEL
Slope = 2%
EL 499.000
All t unnels
Powerhouse
EL 498.000
All t unnels
EL 498.000
All t unnels
Medium Head
High Head
Low Head
Types of Hydro –electric Plants
Site Selection
• Defining the area from which site is to be selected; load
center/ co-generation/green-field project etc.
• Charaterizing the siting area; for identifying water/road
ways, existing transmission routes, fuel sources etc
• Defining exclusion area; based on national territory / parks,
monuments etc
• Narrowing down the choice by reviewing the maps,
photographs, hydrology data, vegetation, transportation
access, transmission corridor, topography, geology, work
force availability, waste disposal, environmental impact,
etc.
Site Selection, contd….
• Economics of power station and Regulatory environment
• Grading of Sites :
• Assigning credit to evaluation criteria
• Fuel availability & cost
• Plant Waste
• Site topography/ wet land/barren land/land availability
• Water source and long term availability, local allocation
• Soil characteristics/vegetation etc
• Transmission network
• Transportation network; road, waterways, air etc
• Environmental considerations
Site Selection, contd….
• Grading of Sites :
• Actual visit to Sites & evaluation of Site development cost
factor for Actual plant and support infrastructure
• Overall ranking of Sites
• Sensitivity analysis
• Primary & Secondary sites
Development of Site
Arrangement
Defining and Identifying
• Fuel delivery mode
• Location of railhead/road etc
• Location of connecting points for water & sewer lines
• Amount of water to be stored & storage methods
• Type of circulating water system
• Location of electrical grid connection
Development of Site
Arrangement
• Defining and Identifying
• Probable location of waste discharge points
• Location of combustion waste disposal sites and amount to be
stored
• Direction of wind (Summer & Winter)
• Amount of fuel storage
• Location of environmental sensitive area that would affect the
site arrangement
• Location of areas for construction facility
COST COMPARISON
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Major Utilities
Comparative Installed
entering/existing CPC
Unit Cost
Plant Access Road
Rs X per m
Railroad track road
Rs X per m Natural gas pipe
line
Rs X per m
Plant make up water pipeline Rs X per m
Electrical Transmission line Rs X per m
Circulating water pipeline Rs X per m
Coal conveyer
on ground
Rs X per m
Coal conveyer
overhead
Rs X per m
Guidelines of Central Electricity
Authority [CEA]
(a) The choice of location is based on the following:
(i) Nearness to coal source;
(ii) Accessibility by road and rail;
(iii) Availability of land, water and coal for the final installation capacity;
(iv) Coal transportation logistics;
(v) Power evacuation facilities;
(vi) Availability of construction material, power and water;
(vii) Preliminary environmental feasibility including rehabilitation and resettlement requirements, if
any;
(b) Land requirement for large capacity power plant is about 0.2 km2 per 100 MW for the main power
house only excluding land for water reservoir (required if any).
(c) The land for housing is taken as 0.4 km2 per project.
(d) Land requirement for ash pond is about 0.2 km2 per 100 MW considering 50% of ash utilization. Land
for ash pond is considered near the main plant area (say 5 to 10 km away). In case of nonavailability of
low lying ash pond area at one place, the possibility of having two areas in close proximity is considered.
(e) Water requirement is about 40 cusecs per 1000 MW.
(f) First priority is given to the sites those are free from forest, habitation and irrigated/agricultural land.
Second priority is given to those sites that are barren, i.e. wasteland, intermixed with any other land
type, which amounts to 20% of the total land identified for the purpose.
(g) Location of thermal power station is avoided in the coal-bearing area.
(h) Coal transportation is preferred by dedicated marry-go-round (MGR) rail system. The availability of
corridor for the MGR need to be addressed while selecting the sites.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Guidelines of Ministry of
Environment
&
Forest
Government of India, for site selection of coal-based thermal power stations:
(i) Locations of thermal power stations are avoided within 25 km of the outer
periphery of the following:
(a) metropolitan cities;
(b) National park and wildlife sanctuaries;
(c) Ecologically sensitive areas like tropical forest, biosphere reserve, important lake
and coastal areas rich in coral formation;
(ii) The sites should be chosen in such a way that chimneys of the power plants
does not fall within the approach funnel of the runway of the nearest airport;
(iii) Those sites should be chosen which are at least 500 m away from the flood
plain of river system;
(iv) Location of the sites are avoided in the vicinity (say 10 km) of places of
archaeological, historical, cultural/religious/tourist importance and defense
installations;
(v) Forest or prime agriculture lands are avoided for setting up of thermal power
houses or ash disposal.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Site selection Using Geospatial
Information
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Siting
of
a
New
Basic Inputs :Project
• Land
• Water
• Fuel
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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BASIC INPUTS
LAND
•
•
•
•
•
•
Location & Approach
Requirement
Site Specific Data
Siting Criteria of MOEF
Land Use Plan
Land cost
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Land requirement For Main
Plant
• Boiler Size- Coal
 Distance to be kept between the
characteristics
units
• Electrostatic precipitator (ESP)  Exhaust ducting layout for
size- ash content in coal and
multiple units
emission levels allowed
 Flexibility of Maintenance and
• Number and arrangement of
Future Expansion
Coal Mills-calorific value
 Environmental Aspects:GLC
• Arrangement and size of
limits of SO2, NO2, CO, Lead &
Maintenance bay
SPM
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Coal Handling System
•
•
•
•
•
Merry-Go-Round (MGR)
Wagon Tippler Type
System
Crusher House
Marshalling yard/ Railway
siding - 20 acres extra
Pit head station more area
- Loop formation, Bottom
discharge wagons,
Marshalling yard
requirements are less
 Type of coal unloading
system
 The storage requirement -
15 days in case of pit head
stations
 Redundancies
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Raw Water Reservoir
 Source of water for the station
 Type of cooling system adopted
 Quality of raw water available
 Sea water for direct cooling - 7 degree temperature rise
 Power plants using river water, once through cooling system is
not permitted
 Space for natural draft or induced draft cooling towers
 If the source of water is not available during certain periods of
the year, then the storage reservoir has to be kept, depth
between 4 to 8 metres.
 Reservoir capacity is kept for even upto 30 days of water
consumption.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Water
System
 Pre- treatment and clarification plant





Water treatment plant
Circulating water system with cooling towers
Effluent treatment system
natural draught type of cooling
Natural Draft Cooling Towers(NDCT) require large area whereas
the induced draught type of cooling towers(IDCT) need relatively
less space- 45 acres to 28 acres only.
 Use of natural draft cooling towers recommended to reduce
auxiliary consumption.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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•
Switchyard
Type of arrangement of bays-
either a 1½ breaker system or a 2 main bus
+ 1 transfer bus system.
• Number of line bays necessary to evacuate the power from the
generating station.
• Necessary to restrict the width of the switchyard to that of the main
plant
• Recommended depth is 350 meters for 400 kV and 500 meters for
765 kV
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Ash Handling System




Ash handling plant consists of bottom ash & fly ash collection and disposal systems.
Fly ash evacuation is done using dry and wet systems
Bottom ash and air preheater ash is generally evacuated in wet mode.
MOE&F in their notification dated 19th July, 1999 had specified that the fly ash
utilization has to be 100% from 10th year of commissioning of the plant.
 Laying of dry ash pipelines/ash slurry pipe lines, compressor rooms ash slurry pump
house, silos etc. need space due to the large quantity of ash to be handled.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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F.G.D.
System
 Necessary to capture the sulphur in the flue gas when the
boiler is fired with high sulphur coal
 High percentage of sulphur is observed in imported coal.
Indigenous coal has very low sulphur and FGD system is
not warranted.
 Two types of FGD system - Limestone based & Sea Water
based
 Space is required for FGD system equipments and for the
storage of limestone, a byproduct.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Miscellaneous Station
 Administrative Building
 Hydrogen generation plant
Facilities





Service Building
Compressor house
Fire station
Fire water pump house
Laboratories






DG set room
Auxiliary boiler building
Fire water tanks
Workshop
Canteen
Security office building
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Laydown, Steel Storage yard and
Yard
• LaydownPreassembly
area is necessary for keeping/storing
equipments to be
•
•
•
•
erected or to be repaired.
Steel storage yard and preassembly yard are required for storing
and assembling of plant and equipments
Coal handling area can also be used for preassembly activities
during the initial stages
Space being kept initially for the laydown & pre-assembly will be
later converted into green belt.
Space for the steel storage yard will be kept as 10 acres uniformly
irrespective of the station capacity
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Permanent Store and Construction
Store
• Provided for storing of materials, spares,
consumables etc. required during the
operation and maintenance
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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 Following Types:
Roads
 All main plant roads shall be 10 metre wide.
 All secondary plant roads shall be 5 metre wide provided with 1.5 metre wide
hard shoulders on either side and shall be for access to plant auxiliary areas
and buildings.
 Peripheral roads along the boundary wall shall have adequate nos. of watch
towers as per requirement.
 Provide access to all the units of the generating station from the
site boundary line and throughout the site to buildings and activity
areas.
 Land requirement for the roads along the boundary of the power
station
 Land for roads inside the plant area are already considered while
arriving at the land requirement for the main plant and other
auxiliary plant areas.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Land Scaping & Green
Belt
 Landscaping and ground cover system is meant to enhance the
appearance of selected areas, enhance soil and slope stabilization of
the land of the generating station, and assist in reducing the noise level
and fugitive dust generated by the plant.
 Land scaping is generally adopted for power station premises from the
main gate to the service/administrative building.
 As per the stipulations of MOE&F, green belt is to be provided all
around the power station boundary by planting trees and the total green
area including landscaping area will be 1/3rd of the plant area.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Maximum Land Requirement for
Ash
Dyke
 Land requirement for ash
disposal
depends on the capacity of
the power station, ash content in the coal and also on the ash
utilization in the area where the plant is located.
 MOE&F had specified that the fly ash utilization has to be 100%
from 10th year of commissioning of the plant.
 Since the power stations have no control over the agencies in
the field of fly ash utilization, the task of 100% fly ash utilization
is difficult in most of the cases.
However, there is a considerable scope for reducing the land requirement for
ash dyke by maximum utilization
of Fly Institute,
Ash as
as bottom ash.
Power Management
NTPCwell
Ltd Noida
38
Criteria for land requirement for the
ash dyke
 PLF - 90%
 Ash content in coal - 40% for units upto 660 MW/ 34% for 800 MW
units based on Indian coal and 10% ash in imported coal
 Height of ash dyke -18 metre (In stages) for pit head/load centre
projects and 15metre for coastal projects
 Ash dyke shall be sufficient for 25 years of plant operation
 Bottom ash will be fully discharged into the dyke for 25 years of
plant operation.
 Fly ash will be discharged starting with 10% utilization in the first
year and 100 % utilization during the 10th year.
 Density of ash in dyke - 1 T/m3
 Unit Heat Rate - 2250 kCal/kWh. for 660/800 MW units
 Calorific value of coal - 3600 kCal/kg for Indian coal and 6000
kCal /kg for imported coal
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Land Requirement for
Facilities Outside the
Power Plant
 Raw Water Intake System- raw water pump house, de-silting
basins : 10 acres shall be kept for this purpose for stations upto
3000 MW and 15 acres for stations capacity more than 3000 MW.
 Corridor for Ash Slurry Pipe Lines- The area for the ash slurry
pipe lines from the station to the ash dyke is taken as 25 acres for
10 km long and 10 m wide corridor
 Corridor for MGR System- Single track is sufficient for stations
upto 1000 MW pit head stations, double line is required for
stations more than 1000 MW capacity. 30 metre width is required
the single track including service road (150 acres). 35 m Width
Suggested for double railway line (175 Acre) for 20 KM track
 Raw Water Intake Pipeline Corridor- a length of 10 km. for the
raw water pipe line with a corridor of 14 metres wide considered
for working out the land requirement
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Land Requirement for Facilities
Outside the Power Plant (Other than
Ash Dyke)
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Township
 Township requirement depends on the manpower




employed
Depends on the capacity of the station
Township for station upto 2000 MW capacity shall be
kept as 100 acres and for stations beyond 2000 MW
capacity 150 acres.
Further optimize the land required for the township by
adopting multi-storey type residential accommodation
Minimizing the land required for other facilities such
as school, hospital, recreation club etc.
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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SUMMARY OF TOTAL LAND
REQUIREMENT FOR INDIGENOUS
COAL BASED STATIONS
Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd Noida
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Environmental Statutory Issues
Major Pollutants
• Particulate Matter
• Gaseous emissions : Sox ,
Nox, CO, Ozone,CO2
• Effluents
• High Temperature water
Discharge
• Trace elements in coal such
as Mercury, Lead
Particulate Matter- What is it
A complex mixture of extremely small solid particle
with drops of liquid in the air.
These particles are
emitted directly from air
pollution sources such as
power plants, factories,
automobile exhaust,
construction sites,
unpaved roads, wood
burning
Health Effects From Particulate
Mater
• Many scientific studies
have linked breathing
PM to a series of
significant health
problems, including:
– aggravated asthma
– increases in respiratory
symptoms like coughing
and difficult or painful
breathing
– chronic bronchitis
– decreased lung function
– premature death
46
Other Effects From
Particles
• Visibility Impairment
– PM is the major cause of
reduced visibility (haze) in parts
of the Cities, and areas near our
projects.
• Aesthetic Damage
– Soot, a type of PM, stains and
damages stone and other
materials, including objects such
as monuments and statues.
• Plant Damage
– PM can form a film on plant
leaves interfering with
photosynthesis and plant growth
47
Dispersion of Pollutants from Chimney
• Gaussian dispersion model for
buoyant pollution plumes to forecast
the air pollution.
• Consideration given to wind velocity,
stack height, emission rate and
stability class (a measure of
atmospheric turbulence).
• The models are typically employed to
determine whether existing or
proposed new industrial facilities are
or will be in compliance with the Air
Quality Standards
Gaseous Emissions
NOX Effects
• Ground-level Ozone (Smog) - is formed when
NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react
in the presence of sunlight
• Acid Rain - NOx and sulfur dioxide react with
other substances in the air to form acids which fall
to earth as rain, fog, snow or dry particles
Health and Environmental Impacts of SO2
•Respiratory Effects from Gaseous SO2, Sulfates
• Visibility Impairment
•Acid Rain
• Plant and water Damage and asthetic damage
Ozone Health Effects
•Causes lung inflammation, shortness of breath,
chest pain, wheezing, coughing
•Exacerbates respiratory ailments such as asthma
•Long-term, repeated exposures may cause
chronically reduced lung function
• Particles - NOx reacts with ammonia, moisture,
and other compounds to form nitric acid and
related particles
• Water Quality Deterioration - Increased nitrogen
loading in water bodies, particularly coastal
estuaries, upsets the chemical balance of nutrients
used by aquatic plants and animals.
• Climate Change - One member of the NOx,
nitrous oxide or N2O, is a greenhouse gas
• Visibility Impairment - Nitrate particles and
nitrogen dioxide can block the transmission of
light, reducing visibility
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Time-weighted average
Pollutants
SulphurDioxide (SO2)
Oxides of
Nitrogen as
(NO2)
Suspended Particulate
Matter (SPM)
RespirableParticulate
Matter (RPM) (size less
than 10 microns)
Lead (Pb)
Ammonia1
CarbonMonoxide (CO)
Concentration in ambient air
Method of measurement
Industrial Areas
Residential, Rural & other
Areas
Sensitive Areas
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3
24 hours**
120 µg/m3
80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3
- Jacob & Hochheiser
Modified
(Na-Arsenite) Method
24 hours**
120 µg/m3
80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
- Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence
Annual Average*
360 µg/m3
140 µg/m3
70 µg/m3
- High Volume Sampling,
(Average flow rate not
less than 1.1 m3/minute).
24 hours**
500 µg/m3
200 µg/m3
100 µg/m3
Annual Average*
120 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
50 µg/m3
24 hours**
150 µg/m3
100 µg/m3
75 µg/m3
Annual Average*
1.0 µg/m3
0.75 µg/m3
0.50 µg/m3
- ASS Method after
sampling
using EPM 2000 or
equivalent
Filter paper
24 hours**
1.5 µg/m3
1.00 µg/m3
0.75 µg/m3
.
Annual Average*
0.1 mg/ m3
0.1 mg/ m3
0.1 mg/m3
.
24 hours**
0.4 mg/ m3
0.4 mg/m3
0.4 mg/m3
.
8 hours**
5.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3
1.0 mg/ m3
- Non Dispersive Infra
Red (NDIR)
1 hour
10.0 mg/m3
4.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3
Spectroscopy
- Improved West and
Geake
Method
- Ultraviolet Fluorescence
- Respirable particulate
matter
sampler
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS FOR GAS / NAPTHA BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS
(i) Limit for emission of NOx
(a) For existing units 150 ppm (v/v) at 15% excess oxygen.
(b) For new units with effect from 1-6-99.
Total generation of gas turbine
Limit for Stack NOx emission (v/v), at 15%
excess oxygen)
(a) 400 MW and above
(i) 50 ppm for the units burning natural gas.
(ii) 100 ppm for the units burning naphtha
(b) Less than 400 MW but upto 100 MW
(i) 75 ppm for the units burning natural gas
(ii) 100 ppm for the units burning naphtha
(c) Less than 100 MW
100 ppm for units burning natural gas or naphtha
as fuel
(d) For the plants burning gas in a conventional
boiler.
100 ppm
(ii) Stack height H in m should be calculated using the formula H= 14 Q
0.3
, where
Q is the emission of SO2 in kg/hr, subject to a minimum of
30 mts.
Source : EPA Notification
[GSR 7, dt. Dec. 22, 1998
THERMAL POWER PLANT
: STANDARDS FOR LIQUID EFFLUENTS
Environmental Standards
Effluent
Source
Parameter
Concentration not to exceed, mg/l (except
for pH & Temp.)
Condenser
Cooling
Water
(once through higher cooling
system)
pH
Temperature*
6.5
to
8.5
Not more than 5oC than the higher intake
Boiler Blowdown
Free
Chlorine
Suspended
Oil
&
Copper
Iron (Total)
Cooling Tower Blowdown
Free
available
0.5
solids
grease
(Total)
100
20
1.0
1.0
available
Chlorine
Zinc
Chromium
(Total)
Phosphate
Other corrosion inhibiting
materialon
As pond effluent
pH
Suspended
Oil & grease
1.0
0.2
5.0
Limit to be established on case by case basis
by Central Board in case of Union Territories
and State Boards in case of States
6.5
solids
20
to
100
8.5
Thermal Power Plant : Emission Standards
Generation Capacity
Generation capacity
210 MW or more
Generation capacity
less than 210 MW
Pollutant
Emission limit
Particulate
matter
Particulate matter
150
mg/Nm3
3
300 mg/Nm
•Depending upon the requirement of local situation, such as protected area,
the State Pollution Control Boards and other implementing agencies
•under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, may prescribe a limit of 150
3, irrespective of generation capacity of the plant.
mg/Nm
Thermal Power Plants : Stack Height/Limits
Generation Capacity
Stack Height (Metres)
500 MW and above
275
200 MW/210 MW and above to less
than 500 MW
220
Less than 200 MW/210 MW
H= 14 Q 0.3 where Q is
emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr,
and H is Stack height in
metres.
TEMPERATURE LIMIT FOR DISCHARGE OF
CONDENSER COOLING WATER FROM THERMAL POWER PLANT
A. New thermal power plants commissioned after June 1, 1999.
New thermal power plants, which will be using water from rivers/lakes/reservoirs, shall install
cooling towers irrespective of location and capacity. Thermal power plants which will use
sea water for cooling purposes, the condition below will apply.
B. New projects in coastal areas using sea water.
The thermal power plants using sea water should adopt suitable system to reduce water
temperature at the final discharge point so that the resultant rise in the temperature of
receiving water does not exceed 7°C over and above the ambient temperature of the
receiving water bodies.
C. Existing thermal power plants.
Rise in temperature of condensor cooling water from inlet to the outlet of condenser shall
not be more than 10°C.
D. Guidelines for discharge point:
The discharge point shall preferably by located at the bottom of the water body at mid
stream for proper dispersion of thermal discharge. In case of discharge of cooling water
into sea, proper marine outfall shall be designed to achieve the prescribed standards.
The point of discharge may be selected inconsultation with concerned State Authorities/NIO.
No cooling water discharge shall be permitted in estuaries or near ecologically sensitive
areas such as mangroves, coral reefs/spaning and breeding grounds of acquatic flora and
fauna.
Source : EPA Notification
[GSR 7, dated Dec. 22, 1998
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