LESSON 1: HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY I. ANCIENT TIMES (estimated 3000 BC to 500 AD) a. Ancient Wheel - People from ancient civilization used animals as means of transportation. - The invention of the ancient wheel is credited to the Sumerians. - It allowed people to travel long distances and trade goods, making commerce easier than it had ever been before. b. Paper - Around 3000 B.CThe ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus. - It is made up from a plant called Cyperus papyrus. - Before the invention of papyrus, writing and record-keeping was done on stones and tablets. c. Shadoof - A tool used and invented by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. - It is a hand-operated device used for lifting water - Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights. - It typically consists of a long, tapered pole placed like a seesaw that is nearly horizontal. On the long end of the rope, a skin or bucket is hung, and on the short end is hung a balancing object d. Antikythera Mechanism - Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of Antikythera, Greece. - It is a mechanism similar to a clock for it has a circular face and rotating hands. - It is believed that this mechanism is used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. e. Aeolipile - It is also known as the Hero’s engine. - It is a steam-powered turbine which spins as the water container at its center is heated. - At first, it doesn’t serve any practical purpose. It is believed to be one of the “temple wonders” at that time. II. MIDDLE AGES also known as Dark Ages (estimated 500 to 1500 AD) a. Printing Press - Johannes Gutenberg managed to invent the printing press after the Chinese invented woodblock printing, a more efficient method of printing using a cast type. b. Telescope - Invented by Galileo Galilei that can magnify 20 times larger than a regular glass. - This is used to discover important astronomical discoveries such as craters and mountains on the moon. c. Compound Microscope - Invented by a Dutch Zacharias Janssen in 1590’s - Nowadays, microscopes are used in many scientific studies in the area of medicine, forensics and genetics. d. Heavy plough - “The heavy plough turned European agriculture and economy on its head. The fields with heavy, fatty soil became those that gave the greatest yields.” - Prof. Thomas Andersen - Because of the invention of heavy plough, northern Europe saw rapid economic prosperity. e. Gun powder - Around 850 A.DChinese alchemists accidentally invented gunpowder. - Prior to the invention of gunpowder, swords and spears were used in battles and wars. - The invention of gunpowder has allowed advanced warfare such as fiery arrows, cannons, and grenades. f. Paper Money - Paper money was first used by the Chinese in the 17th century. - Before the introduction of paper money, merchants and traders used precious metals such as gold and silver. - They realized that using paper money brought advantages because it is easier to keep and transport. g. Mechanical clock - The development of mechanical clocks helped people in accurately keeping track of time. - The sophistication of clockwork technology drastically changed the way of spending the day and work patterns were established. III. MODERN AGES (1500 to 1945) a. Pasteurization - Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. - Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. - Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination. b. Telephone - The more people got acquainted through trade and discovery, the more they wanted a way to keep these links securely and communicate with each other in real time. - Thus, Alexander Graham Bell 's telephone development was one of the most significant developments at the time. c. Engine powered airplane - Invented by Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright. - They demonstrated that slightly tilted wings are the key features of a flying aircraft. d. Television - Invented by Scottish engineer John Logie Baird in the 1920s. - British Broadcasting Corporation used this for its earliest television programming in 1929. - This first television is mechanical and not the same as the television we have nowadays. THREE PREHISTORIC PERIOD 1. The Stone Age (2.5 mya – 3000 BC) – The period of weapons made by stone, wood, bones and other similar materials. It was divided into two periods by John Lubbock, Paleolithic and Neolithic period. a. Paleolithic (Old Stone) Period - It is known to be the longest time in human history which began approximately two million years ago and ended between 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. Humans were believed to be an ape-like creature to a true homo sapiens. They were hunter-gatherers who used stone-made tools, flints or bones to hunt animals and harvest wild plants as a source of food. They were usually nomadic or semi-nomadic with no permanent settlement. During this period, early human development was categorized into three divisions: Lower - Development of simple Tools. Australopithecus, earliest ancestors from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Homo Erectus comprised those 100,000 to 500,000 year-old stones discovered from various African, Asian, European sites. Middle- Netherland Man, early human ancestor who existed 40,000 to 100,000 years ago. Known as cavemen who used fire, stone tools and flake types for hunting. Use bones as needles in sewing body coverings made from animal fur and skins Upper Homo sapiens (CroMagnonman and Grimaldi Man). Period of communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting and making personal ornaments. There was a first man made dwellings called pit house b. Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone) - Occurred during the end of Paleolithic and beginning of Neolithic period. There was a gradual change in human lives attributed to the retreat of glaciers and growth of forests and deserts. People began to learn fishing along rivers and shores, make pottery and use a bow. Gradual transition from gathering agricultural food to food production. c. Neolithic (New Stone) Period - The stage of cultural and technological development based from agriculture which was characterized by domestic plant such as rice, corn, beans and also wild animals such as goats, cattles, sheeps and pigs. They use stone tools and pottery. Weaving and settling in villages. Agriculture continue to expand across most of the inhabited regions giving way to urban civilization. End of this period is the beginning of the age of metal tools. - The Paleolithic was an age of purely hunting and gathering, but toward the Mesolithic period, the development of agriculture contributed to the rise of permanent settlements. The later Neolithic period is distinguished by the domestication of plants and animals. 2. The Bronze Age (300BC – 1200BC) - It was started when tools and weapons were already widely made with copper and bronze through the metal extraction from ore, the process is called smelting (which was discovered by Sumerians of Mesopotamia), then pouring it into a mold for shaping. Bronze could be done by blending copper and tin. Technological knowledge slowly moved from place to place which began from Southwest Asia to the different parts of the world. It took thousands of years before it covered the entire mainland of Eurasia (Poroszlai, 1999). 3. The Iron Age (1500BC – 450AD). - This began with the smelting pits with advanced quality to produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore (Reardon, 2011). Iron age slowly spread into different parts of the world from North America to Saharan Africa where the diffusion of bronze technology was halted by the Sahara desert. People Dwell in agriculture. Between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious disease known as the " Black Death " (the bubonic plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe—30 percent of the continent’s population. It was especially deadly in cities, where it was impossible to prevent the transmission of the disease from one person to another. The plague started in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. Symptoms of the Black Death included fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and pains – and then death. The plague killed cows, pigs, goats, chickens and even sheep, leading to a wool shortage in Europe. Based from the study, today’s scientists believed that the plague was caused by a bacillus called Yersina pestis, which travels through the air and can also be contracted through the bite of an infected flea or rat, both of which were common in the Middle Ages, especially on ships. LESSON 2: REVOLUTIONS INTELLECTUAL - is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).It is commonly known as the “Pre-Socratic” or “non-theological” or “first philosophy”. OTHER INFO NASA YELLOW PAPER Important Scientific Uprising 1. Universe Model by Nicolas Copernicus - A Heliocentric model of the universe. The distance from the sun determines the arrangement of planets and stars. 2. Law of Planetary Motion by Johannes Kepler - All planets revolved around the sun in an elliptical way. Perihelion is the closest position of the earth to the sun. Aphelion is the farthest position of the earth towards the sun. 3. Work of Motion by Galileo Galilei The discovery of the relations of distance, velocity, acceleration using the following scientific approach: a. Concept b. Expression of the relationship of concepts c. Giving hypothesis d. Deduction of consequences of hypothesis e. Experimentation f. Analysis of abstract and situation 4. Laws of Motion by Sir Isaac Newton Three Laws of Motion a. Law of Inertia b. Law of Acceleration c. Law of Interaction 5. Law of Universal Gravitation by Sir Isaac Newton - It states that “every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers” LESSON 3: REVOLUTIONS INDUSTRIAL Kuhn’s Idea of Paradigm Thomas Kuhn - American physicist, historian and philosopher of Science - According to Kuhn, being critical in science is an illusion - He studied the development of science and saw pattern and order in its discovery - Formulated the Kuhn Cycle Paradigm • Science is always critical in their perception, concepts, ideas, theories etc. (Real Science) • Critical scientists always try to prove their discoveries wrong • Pseudoscience always protect their discoveries 1. PRE-PARADIGMATIC PHASE - Beginning of every concepts and ideas - No shared concept of science Scientists do different things/impossible to work together - This phase only happens in every phase of history of science discoveries - “Dominance of theory” and “Anomaly” 2. NORMAL SCIENCE PHASE - This phase is where concepts or paradigm are taken for granted - Scientists are non-critical - Phase where scientific discoveries are in concrete paradigm (standard) - Points: Scientists are confident and not critical Progress in science 3. CRISIS PHASE - This phase happens there are lots of anomalies in the discoveries - Scientists will start doubting their theories - Scientists became more radical and critical - Results: Old paradigm - accept existing result until new discovery arise New paradigm - will lead to “Scientific Revolution” 4. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PHASE - Dominant discovery will emerge - Begins when serious candidate for a new paradigm emerge - It is undergoing revolutionary change. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1.0 Age of Mechanical Equipment, Water and Steam Engines First Industrial Revolution - importance of mechanization - Labored power into mass production using mechanical equipment. GREAT BRITAIN 1700s; agriculture revolution; manufacturing; cottage industry; Born of the industrialists, capitalists, and entrepreneurs. People Behind Industrial Revolution 1.0 1. Thomas Newcomen - English inventor who created an atmospheric or steam engine - His invention is sometimes called the “Newcomen Engine” Steam Engine ▪ Mechanical instrument that reduces the human effort by using water and steam as power source ▪ The mechanisms are run by coal fuel as source of heat ▪ The engine contains boiler, a piston run by an atmospheric pressure which creates partial vacuum 2. James Watt ▪ Scottish chemist and engineer ▪ His design of a steam engine run by a rotational machine generates a “hore-like power” thus named “Horsepower”. Horsepower ▪ He modified the work of Newcomen’s steam engine by adding a condenser to it to be able to produce a cost-effective steam engine. 3. James Hargreaves ▪ An English weaver, carpenter and inventor ▪ He invented the “spinning jenny” to produce more threads using spinning wheel ▪ “Jenny” is an old term for an “engine” “SPINNING JENNY” - to make wool and cotton production easier. 4. Henry Cort - British inventor and discoverer of the puddling process which converts crude iron (pig iron) into wrought iron. IRON PUDDLING; IRON VS. ORE ▪ Puddling method (metallurgy) produces high grade iron alloy in a crucible or furnace without the use of coal and in an oxidizing atmosphere ▪ The thick iron was called puddled iron INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 2.0 Age of Electricity and Mass Production Second Industrial Revolution - automation; Power source was now petroleum and electricity; Process of internal combustion Karl Benz - Karl Friedrich Benz, German engine designer and automotive engineer; Combustion car engine Henry Ford - American industrialist, developer of assembly line technique of mass production - Standardized and specialized mass Production INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 3.0 and 4.0 Age of Information, Digitalization and Smart Machines Third Industrial Revolution - renewable energy; electronic system, IT system, and automation. Fourth Industrial Revolution - cyber-physical systems; augmentation, artificial intelligence and cloud computing.
