ART – something that is perenially around us Ancient Latin, “ars” means a craft or specialized form of skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery (collingwood, 1938) ARS – medieval latin came to mean “any special form of booklearning, such as grammar or logic, magic or astrology” (collingwood, 1938) ASSUMPTIONS OF ART ART IS UNIVERSAL Is a universal language Timeless and universal, spanning generations and continents through and through “…art is not good because it is old, but old because it is good” (Dudley et al., 1960) Crafted by all people regardless of origin, time, place and that it is stayed on because it is liked and enjoyed by people continuously ART IS NOT NATURE Man’s expression of his nature Man’s way of interpreting nature Made by man, whereas nature is given around us Artists are not expected to duplicate nature just as even scientists with their elaborate laboratories cannot make nature ART INVOLVES EXPERIENCE Just experience. The actual doing of something All art depends on experience, and if one is to know art, he must know it not as a fact or information but as experience Every experience in art is accompanied with some emotion Feeling and emotions are concrete proofs that the artwork has been experienced ART AS A PRODUCT OF IMAGINATION It all starts in the human mind. It all begins with imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all there ever will be to know and understand One is able to craft something bold, something new, and something better Artwork does not need to be a real thing, but can be something that is imaginary Artists use their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation ART AS EXPRESSION Expressing oneself Emotion will remain unknown to a man until he expresses it He is able to explore his own emotions and at the same time, create something beautiful out of them ART AS CREATIVITY Thinking outside the box What sets apart one artwork from another Out of the ordinary Creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another artist’s work He does not imitate the lines, flaws, colors and patterns in recreating nature Embraces originality, puts his own flavor into his work and calls it his own creative piece FORMS OF ART EXPRESSION VISUAL ARTS Appeal to the sense of sight and are mainly visual in nature Population is most likely more exposed to Paintings, drawings, letterings, printing, sculptures, digital imaging, and more FILM Art of putting together successions of still images in order to create an illusion of movement Filmmaking focuses on its aesthetic, cultural and social value and is considered as both an art and an industry Motion-picture camera, animation techniques, computergenerated imagery and more Filmmaking simulates experiences or creates one that is beyond the scope of our imagination as it aims to deliver ideas, feelings, or beauty to its viewers PERFORMANCE ART Medium is mainly human body which he or she uses to perform Four elements: time, where the performance took place, the performer’s body and a relationship between the audience and the performer POETRY PERFORMANCE Artist’s expresses his emotion not by using paint, charcoal, or camera, but expresses them through words Uses word’s emotional, musical and special values that go beyond its literal meaning to narrate, emphasize, argue or convince Combined with movements, tone, volume, and intensity of the delivery ARCHITECTURE Art is the pursuit and creation of beautiful things while architecture is the making of beautiful buildings. Buildings should embody these three important elements: plan, construction and design DANCE Series of movements the follows the rhythm of the music accompaniment Describe dance as a form of expression Creative form that allows people to freely express themselves. It has no rules Dancers are free to create and invent their own movements LITERARY ART Use of words to express themselves and communicate emotions to the readers Focuses on writing using a unique style, not following a specific format or norm THEATER Uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live audience Follows a script Participation of the viewer is an important element APPLIED ARTS Incorporating elements of style and design to everyday items with the aim of increasing their aesthetical value Industrial design, interior design, fashion design and graphic design Able to combine functionality and style ARISTOTLE (greek philosopher) Every particular substance in the world has an end, or telos in Greek, which translates into “purpose” TELOS - Intricately linked with function. For a thing to reach its purpose, it also has to fulfill its function. Bound to achieve a life fulfillment and happiness FUNCTIONS OF ART An inquiry on the function of art is an inquiry on what art is for Classified into three: Personal (public display or expression), Social (celebration or to effect collective behavior) and Physical (utilitarian) PERSONAL FUNCTIONS OF ART Varied and highly subjective Depends on the person who created the art May create an art out of the need for self-expression Therapeutic, art is used to help residents process their emotions or while away their time SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF ART Addresses a particular collective interest as opposed to a personal interest Depict social conditions PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART Easiest to spot and understand Found in artworks that are crafted in order to serve some physical purpose OTHER FUNCTIONS OF ART MUSIC – art is in its original form was principally functional -used for dance and religion -essential to dance because music assures synchronity -people compose hymns of love to express feelings and emotions SCULPTURE – made by man most importantly for religion -religious purposes has remained vital, relevant and symbolic ARCHITECTURE – most prominent functional art form -intimate connection of function and form - PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ART ART AS AN IMITATION PLATO (2000) – the things in this world are only copies of the original, the eternal, and the true entities that can only be found in the world forms ART AS REPRESENTATION ARISTOTLE – aid to philosophy in revealing truth -art endeavors to do is to provide a vision of what might be or the myriad possibilities in reality ART AS A DISINTERESTED JUDGMENT IMMANUEL KANT – considered the judgment of beauty, the cornerstone of art, as something that can be universal despite its subjectivity ART AS A COMMUNICATION OF EMOTION LEO TOLSTOY – art plays a huge role in communication to its audience’s emotion that the artist previously experienced -art communicates emotions -art is central to man’s existence because it makes accessible feelings and emotions of people from past and present. TYPES OF SUBJECT PORTRAITS – subjects that refer to objects or events occurring in the real world (Representational Art) Also termed figurative art, figures depicted are easy to make out and decipher. Non-Representational Art – (non-figurative art) does not make a reference to the real world Stripped down to visual elements such as shapes, lines and colors that are employed to translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even concept. SOURCES AND KINDS OF SUBJECT GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY gave faces to Greek and Roman deities or the gods and goddesses GOTHIC churches were characterized by three things: soaring heights (ceilings), volume (flying buttresses and ribbed vault), and light (bright stained glass windows, airy and pleasant interiors. Art was central to religious exprerience HISTORY Dicovery, innovation and man’s incessant search for glory potted a dynamic course of history CONTENT IN ART Identifiable or recognizable forms Motifs, signs, symbols and other cyphers as bases of its meaning Subjective meaning Factual perspective 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ELEMENTS OF ART: VISUAL LINE – point moving at an identifiable path – has length, width, one-dimensional -ability to direct the eyes to follow movement or provide hints as to a work’s focal point a) HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL – communicate stability and firmness H – rest or calm V – connote elevation or height b) DIAGONAL OR CROOKED D – movement and stability, progression can be seen C – violence, conflict, struggle c) CURVE – bend or coil. Allude to softness, grace, flexibility or even sensuality SHAPE AND FORM S – refers to 2 dimensions: height and width F – 3 dimensions: height, width and depth a) GEOMETRIC – find origin in mathematical propositions (squares, triangles, cubes, etc.) b) ORGANIC – readily occurring in nature, often irregular and asymmetrical SPACE – related to form and shape -informed from sense of depth, whether it is real or simulated -real space is 3 dimensional a) POSITIVE SPACE – shadow NEGATIVE SPACE – white space b) 3D SPACE - shading COLOR TEXTURE – enhances the appeal of an artwork a) HUE Primary – red, yellow, blue Secondary – green, orange, violet Tertiary – primary and secondary are mixed b) VALUE – brightness or darkness of color Light colors – source of light 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. Dark colors – lack or even absence of light Tint – lighter color than the normal value (red-> pink) Shade – darker color than the normal value (red->maroon) c) INTENSITY – color’s brightness or dullness. Strength of color whether vivid or muted Bright or warm colors – positive energy Dull/cool colors – sedate/soothing, seriousness/calm Monochromatic harmonies – variations of hue Complementary harmonies – two colors opposite to each other Analogous harmonies – two colors beside each other TEXTURE – can be real or implied. Experienced through sense of touch (and sight) a) TWO-DIMENSIONAL PLANE – can be implied using one technique. Rough or smooth, hard or soft, hairy, leathery, sharp or dull, etc. b) SURFACE TEXTURE – 3D art object PLANES AND PERSPECTIVE a) PICTURE PLANE – actual surface of the painting or drawing, no illusion of a third dimension exists b) RENAISSANCE – chiascuro was developed. Made use of light and dark contracts and times in with paintings not only looked 3D but also more dramatic THREE TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE a) ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE – used in depicting roads, tracks, hallways, or rows of trees. Shows parallel lines that seem to coverage b) TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE – pertains to a painting or drawing that makes use of two vanishing points c) THREE-POINT PERSPECTIVE – scene from above or below ELEMENTS OF ART: AUDITORY RHYTHM – associated to terms beat, meter, and tempo, rhythm is the element of music that situates it in time DYNAMICS – loudness or quietness of music MELODY – linear presentation of pitch. Pitch is the highness or lowness of musical sound HARMONY – can be described in terms of its “harshess” Dissonance – harsh-sounding Consonance – smooth-sounding TIMBRE – likened to the color of music. Quality that distinguishes a voice or an instrument from another TEXTURE – no. of melodies, type of layers, and their relatedness in a composition is the texture of music Monophonic – single melodic lines Polyphonic – two or more melodic lines Homophonic – main melody accompanied by chords PRINCIPLES OF ART BALANCE – distribution of the visual elements in view of their placement in relation to each other a) Symmetrical – one side are reflected to the other, most stable b) Asymmetrical – not the same, heaviness on one side c) Radial – central point, elements and objects are distributed SCALE AND PROPORTION Scale - pertains to the size Proportion – size of the components Proportion can be: Natural – realistic size Exaggerated – unusual size Idealized – canons of perfection, ideal-size relations 3. EMPHASIS – focal point(s), accentuating or drawing attention to these elements or objects 4. CONTRAST – disparity between the elements 5. UNITY - completeness 6. VARIETY -retain the interest by allowing patches or areas that both excite and allow the eye to rest 7. HARMONY – sense of flow and interconnectedness 8. MOVEMENT – direction of the viewing eye 9. RHYTHM – element is repeated, creating implied movement 10. REPETITION – recurring manner 11. PATTERN – image created out of repetition COMBINED ARTS – ex. dance, theater, installation art, film, video art HYBRID ARTS – reminiscent of the motivations of the Renaissance, and whose emergence is hinged on the frontiers of science and technology. ART IN EARLY CIVILIZATIONS STONE AGE stones were used to make tools for survival some artifacts in the form of cave paintings and sculptures would serve as the “storyteller” PREHISTORIC ART gradual shift from a nomadic lifestyle of early humans to that of permanent settlements, paving the way for the rise of early civilizations. PALEOLITHIC ART – product of climate change caves became protective havens for the early humans caves paved the way for the birth of their first attempts to create art MESOLITHIC ART – hunter gatherer foreshortening and contrasting of light and shadows linkage between what was drawn and what could happen in real life NEOLITHIC ART – learned to cultivate the land and domesticate animals EGYPTIAN ART – Fertile Ribbon starts from the banks of the Nile River, which flows north to Africa and ventures into the Mediterranean. art should be something religious and spiritual OLD KINGDOM – religion was bound to the afterlife they decorated the tombs with everyday objects that would reflect day-to-day activities as if the afterlife is a mere continuation of what transpired on earth. Narmer Palette was a palette that utilized and applied dark colors around King Narmer’s eyes. the pyramids in Giza served as tombs since their main purpose was to provide a resting place for pharaohs, constructed with more than two million blocks MIDDLE KINGDOM – shift in the political hierarchy art during the middle kingdom had some references from the old kingdom the Asiatic Tribe introduced Bonze Age weapons and horses to the Egyptians NEW KINGDOM – had references from both of the preceding kingdoms Egypt has established itself as a more advanced and powerful civilizations ANCIENT GREECE – Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspects of society man was at the center of society and how they trained their minds FOUR PERIODS OF GREEK ART 1. GEOMETRIC – geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in the most artworks 2. ARCHAIC – importance on human figures 3. CLASSICAL – peak of Greek sculpture and architecture 4. HELLENISTIC – Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and focus on creating artworks ANCIENT ROME – came of age during the Hellenistic period Greek culture’s influence has reached its peak in the Mediterranean world Romans were also known to be master builders, which earned their reputation for grand monuments and architectural infrastructures MIDDLE AGES – period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance. ignorance and darkness church was the most important figure; copied the Christian scriptures TWO PERIODS DURING MIDDLE AGE 1. ROMANESQUE – darker; inspired by the old roman empire 2. GOTHIC – lighter; more northern flavor from the Goths – vulgar and barbarian RENAISSANCE ART – valued the individual as a subject of arts emphasized the naturalism, which was also an influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis on the proportionality of the human body. revival of the Roman theatrical plays MANNERISM – displayed distorted figures, two-dimensional spaces, discordant hues and colors, and lack of defined local point. BAROQUE AND THE ROCOCO – Portuguese term barocco translated as “irregularly shaped pearl motion and space were taken into consideration by artists like the use of dramatic lighting and the concept of time people believed that music could serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain feelings among its listeners. NEOCLASSICISM – emergence of modern painting exhibitions movement that time which basically aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek and Roman into art and architecture. ROMANTICISM – highlighted heroic elements emphasis on the goodness of mankind justice, equality and social order emphasized emotions and feelings of man REALISM – accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality IMPRESSIONISM – scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene POST-IMPRESSIONISM – broken colors and short brush stroke NEO-IMPRESSIONISM – response to empirical realism of impressionism pointillism utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure color ART NOUVEAU – asymmetrical line, form of insect wings or flower stalks FAUVISM – pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the canvas unnatural or striking colors, manifest individualism CUBISM – two-dimensional surface of the picture plane focusing on flat surface FUTURISM – speed, energy, dynamism and power of machines MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ART CONTEMPORARY – present, today, now MODERN – anything goes OTHER CONTEMPORARY ART MOVEMENTS NEO-POP ART – pop art PHOTOREALISM – realistic depictions precision that it start to look like it is a photo without a direct reference to the artist who created it CONCEPTUALISM – fought against the idea that art is commodity PERFORMANCE ART – may be planned or spontaneous and done live or recorded INSTALLATION ART – kind of an immersive work where the environment or the space in which the viewer steps into or interacts with is transformed or altered large-scale, host of objects, materials, conditions, and even light and aural components EARTH ART – natural environment or a specific site or space is transformed by artists STREET ART – graffiti art ex. murals, stenciled images, stickers, and installations CULTURE AND THE ARTS SOULMAKING – In order for humans to make sense of language and derive meanings from words, semantics and grammatical rules are important elements considered contexts and symbols are also considered to interpret and analyze either verbal or written works IMPROVISATION – doing something without prior preparation APPROPRIATION – if an apprentice painter needs to hone his skills in his craft, he would be allowed to use his master’s work to copy ART IN ASIA CHINESE ART – monumental styles wherein rocks and mountains served as a barrier that made the viewer distracted initially from the main subject of the work porcelain to make decorative ornaments, such as vases and jars central theme: nature themes include everyday activities, war and violence, death, and nature JAPANESE ART – ceramic products created called Haniwa, made of clay Buddha images and sculptures Buddhist temples became staples in key places minimalist ukiyo-e, crafted through woodcut prints PHILIPPINE ART – use art not only for daily activities but also for religious rituals and practices pottery, weaving, and the use of metalwork and jewelry. T’boli people from Mindanao are known for their woven abaca cloth called t’nalak Tausug and Maranao people are known for their okir designs applied to woodcarvings. Sarimanok, aga and pako Sarimanok design of a mythical bird either standing on a fish or holding a piece of fish on its break