ETAP
PowerStation 4.0


User Guide
Copyright  2001
Operation Technology, Inc.
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Chapter 19
Dynamic Models
Motor dynamic models are required for dynamic motor starting, transient stability, and generator starting
studies. Generator dynamic models and some control units (exciters and governors) are only needed for
transient stability studies. In addition, load torque characteristics for different types of models are
required for both motor starting and transient stability studies. PowerStation provides a variety of
induction and synchronous machine models, plus extensive libraries for exciters and governors for you to
select from to perform your studies.
For dynamic motor acceleration studies, only the motors that are accelerated need to have a dynamic
model, i.e., generators, exciters, and governors are not dynamically modeled. For transient stability
studies, all generators, exciters, and governors are dynamically modeled. Motors, which have dynamic
models and are designated to be dynamically modeled from the study case, will be dynamically modeled.
For generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability studies, all generators, exciters,
governors, and motors have to use frequency dependent models.
This chapter describes different types of machine models, machine control unit models, load models, and
explains their applications in motor starting and transient stability studies. It also describes tools that
assist you to select those models and specify model parameters.
The induction machine models section describes five different types of induction machine models and the
frequency dependent forms of these models. Those are Circuit Models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2)
and Characteristic Curve Models. In the synchronous machine models section, descriptions of five
different types of synchronous machine models and the frequency dependent forms of these models are
given. Those are Equivalent Model, Transient Model for round-rotor machines, Sub-transient Model for
round-rotor machines, Transient Model for salient-pole machines, and Sub-transient Model for salientpole machines. Motor starting and transient stability studies also require the utility tie system to be
modeled as an equivalent machine. A description of the modeling of power grid systems is found in the
section Power Grid. Different types of exciter and automatic voltage regulator (AVR) models, including
standard IEEE models and vendor special models, are defined in the Exciter and AVR Models section.
Governor-turbine models that are also based on both IEEE standards and vendors’ product manuals are
listed in the Governor-turbine Models section. Finally, different types of load models are described in the
Mechanical Load section.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-1
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
19.1 Induction Machine
PowerStation provides five different types of induction machine models, which cover all commonly used
induction machine designs. These models are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Single1 CKT Model
Single2 CKT Model
DBL1 CKT Model
DBL2 CKT Model
Characteristic Curve Model
Frequency Dependent Model
In general, Single1, Single2, DBL1, and DBL2 are referred to as CKT (circuit) models, because they all
use equivalent circuits to represent an induction machine stator and rotor windings. These models can be
used for both dynamic motor starting and transient stability studies. Characteristic models use machine
performance curves specified at some discrete points to represent an induction machine. It can be used
for dynamic motor starting studies, but is not suitable for transient stability studies.
Note that the models described in this section are also employed by synchronous motors for motor
starting studies since, during starting, synchronous motors behave similarly to induction motors. This
modeling procedure is approved by the industrial standards.
Notations and Symbols
The following notations are used in defining various parameters for induction machine models:
Rs =
Xs =
Xm =
Rr =
Xr =
Xlr =
Xoc =
Tdo’ =
X/R =
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Magnetizing reactance
Rotor resistance
Rotor reactance
Locked-rotor reactance ( = Xs + XmXr / (Xm + Xr) )
Open-circuit reactance ( = Xs + Xm )
Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (Xm + Xr) / (2πfRr) )
Machine X/R ratio
Plus the notations used in the machine electrical and mechanical equations:
E
It
ωs
ωm
s
f
H
D
Pm
Pe
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Machine internal voltage
Machine terminal current
Machine synchronous speed
Machine mechanical speed
Machine slip ( = (ωs - ωm) / ωs )
Synchronous frequency
Machine shaft inertia
Damping factor (this value is negligible)
Mechanical output power
Electrical input power
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
19.1.1 Single1 Model
This is the least complex model for a single-cage induction machine, with no deep-bars. It is essentially
using a Thevenin equivalent circuit to represent the machine. The rotor circuit resistance and reactance
are assumed constants; but the internal voltage will change depending on the machine speed.
Parameters for this model are:
•
•
•
•
•
E
Xlr
Xoc
Tdo’
X/R
Machine internal voltage
Locked-rotor reactance ( = Xs + XmXr / (Xm + Xr) )
Open-circuit reactance ( = Xs + Xm )
Rotor open-circuit time constant ( = (Xm + Xr) / (2πfRr) )
Machine X/R ratio
Note that the X/R value is obtained from the library and is not the same X/R used for short-circuit
calculations.
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
19.1.2 Single2 Model
This is the standard model for induction machines, representing the magnetizing branch, stator, and rotor
circuits, and accounts for the deep-bar effect. The rotor resistance and reactance linearly change with the
machine speed.
Parameters for this model are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rs
Xs
Xm
Rrfl
Rrlr
Xrfl
Xrlr
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Magnetizing reactance
Rotor resistance at full load
Rotor resistance at locked-rotor
Rotor reactance at full load
Rotor reactance at locked-rotor
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-4
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
19.1.3 DBL1 Model
This CKT model represents double cage induction machines with integrated bars. The rotor resistance
and reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds; however, the equivalent impedance of the
two rotor circuits becomes a non-linear function of the machine speed.
Parameters for this model are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rs
Xs
Xm
Rr1
Rr2
Xr1
Xr2
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Magnetizing reactance
Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit
Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-5
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
19.1.4 DBL2 Model
This is another representation of double cage induction machines with independent rotor bars. The same
as the DBL1 model, the rotor resistance and reactance of each cage are constant for all machine speeds,
and the equivalent impedance of the two rotor circuits is a non-linear function of the machine speed. The
DBL2 model has a different characteristic than the DBL1 model.
Parameters for this model are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rs
Xs
Xm
Rr1
Rr2
Xr1
Xr2
Stator resistance
Stator reactance
Magnetizing reactance
Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit
Rotor reactance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor reactance for the second rotor circuit
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-6
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
19.1.5 Characteristic Curve Model
This model provides the capability to model induction machines directly based on machine performance
curves provided by the manufacturer. Although only a discrete set of points is required to specify each
curve, PowerStation uses advanced curve fitting techniques to generate continuous curves for calculation
purposes.
Curves specified in this model include:
•
•
•
Torque vs. Slip
Current (I) vs. Slip
Power Factor (PF) vs. Slip
Note that this model is only used for motor starting studies. For transient stability studies you can use the
Machine Parameter Estimation program to convert this model into one of the CKT models.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-7
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Induction Machine
19.1.6 Frequency Dependent Model
In generator starting and frequency dependent transient stability studies, the frequency dependent models
of induction machines are used. PowerStation provides the frequency dependent forms for the four types
of circuit models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2). In these models, the stator and rotor reactance and
slip of machine are functions of system frequency. The following is the equivalent circuit for a double
cage induction machine model with independent rotor bars (DBL2).
Rs
ω s Ls
is
Vs
ωsLr1
ωsLr2
Rr1/s
Rr2/s
ω s Lm
Parameters for this model are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rs
Ls
Lm
Rr1
Rr2
Lr1
Lr2
ωs
s
Stator resistance
Stator inductance
Magnetizing inductance
Rotor resistance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor resistance for the second rotor circuit
Rotor inductance for the first rotor circuit
Rotor inductance for the second rotor circuit
System speed
Motor slip
The data interface and library for the frequency dependent forms of the four types of induction machine
models (Single1, Single2, DBL1, DBL2) are the same as the corresponding regular induction machine
models. PowerStation internally converts the reactance in machine interface to inductance.
The model also can be expressed as the following equivalent circuit in terms of transient inductance and
transient internal electromagnetic-force.
Rs
ωsL’
is
ωsE’
Vs
Parameters in the circuit are:
•
•
L’s
E’
Transient inductance
Transient internal electromagnetic-force
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-8
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
19.2 Synchronous Machine
PowerStation provides five different types of synchronous machine models to choose for transient
stability studies and frequency dependent models for generator starting and frequency dependent transient
stability studies. The complexity of these models ranges from the simple Equivalent Model to the model
that includes the machine saliency, damper winding, and variable field voltage. These models are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Equivalent Model
Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
Frequency Dependent Model
Synchronous generators and synchronous motors share the same models. In the following discussion, the
generator case is taken as an example.
Notations and Symbols
The following notations are used in defining various parameters for synchronous machine models:
Xd”
Xd’
Xd
Xq”
Xq
Xq’
Xl
Ra
X/R
Tdo”
Tdo’
Tqo”
Tqo’
S100
S120
H
D
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Direct-axis subtransient synchronous reactance
Direct-axis transient synchronous reactance
Direct-axis synchronous reactance
Quadrature-axis subtransient synchronous reactance
Quadrature-axis synchronous reactance
Quadrature-axis transient synchronous reactance
Armature leakage reactance
Armature resistance
Machine X/R ration (= Xd”/Ra)
Direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
Direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant
Quadrature -axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
Quadrature -axis transient open-circuit time constant
Saturation factor corresponding to 100 percent terminal voltage
Saturation factor corresponding to 120 percent terminal voltage
Total inertia of the shaft
Shaft damping factor
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-9
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
General Concept of Modeling Synchronous Machines
A synchronous machine is, in general, modeled by an equivalent internal voltage source and its equivalent
resistance and reactance. The equivalent internal voltage source is connected to the machine internal bus
behind the equivalent resistance and reactance, as shown in the diagram.
Depending on the structure (round-rotor or salient-pole) and design (with or without damper windings),
the equivalent internal voltage and equivalent impedance are calculated differently. These differences are
reflected in differential equations describing different types of synchronous machine models.
Park’s transformation is adopted and the following notations and symbols are employed in the differential
equations for synchronous machine models:
Efd
=
f(•)
Eq”
=
=
Ed”
=
Eq’
=
Ed’
=
Eq
=
Ed
Ei
It
Id
Iq
=
=
=
=
=
Term representing the field voltage acting along the quadrature-axis. It is
calculated from the machine excitation system
Function to account machine saturation effect
Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine
subtransient reactance
Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine subtransient
reactance
Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine
transient reactance
Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine transient
reactance
Quadrature-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine
reactance
Direct-axis component of the voltage behind the equivalent machine reactance
Voltage proportional to field current
Machine terminal current
Direct-axis component of machine terminal current
Quadrature-axis component of machine terminal current
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-10
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
Saturation
The synchronous machine saturation effect needs to be considered in the modeling. This effect is
represented by two parameters S100 and S120 as defined in the following figure and equations:
S100 =
S120 =
I f 100
If
I f 120
1.2 I f
where
If
= Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the air gap line (no saturation)
If100
= Field current corresponding to 100% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation
curve
= Field current corresponding to 120% terminal voltage on the open-circuit saturation
curve
If120
For generator starting studies, another factor, Sbreak, is required to correct machine inductance as shown in
the above generator saturation curve. The factor Sbreak is defined as %Vt at the saturation break point.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-11
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
19.2.1 Equivalent Model
The screen below shows the equivalent model, its parameters, and the typical data.
This model uses an internal voltage source behind the armature resistance and quadrature-axis reactance
to model a synchronous machine. The voltage source is proportional to the machine field flux linkages.
The model includes the effect of variable field voltage and the effect of saliency in the case of SalientPole machines.
For this model, Req and Xeq are defined as:
Req = Ra
Xeq = Xq
Differential equations to describe this model are:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-12
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
19.2.2 Transient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
The screen below shows the transient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.
This model uses an internal voltage source behind a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh. Rh and reactance Xh
are used to replace Req and Xeq to achieve a faster calculation convergence, i.e.:
Req = Rh
Xeq = Xh
where
2
R h + jX h =
'
'
Ra + X d X q
'
'
Ra - j(X d X q ) / 2
This model is more comprehensive than the equivalent model because it includes more parameters to
account for the machine’s saliency. The following differential equations are involved to describe this
model:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-13
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
19.2.3 Subtransient Model for Round-Rotor Machine
The screen below shows the subtransient model for a round-rotor machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.
This model also consists of an equivalent internal voltage source and a fictitious impedance Rh + jXh.
This model is a more comprehensive representation of general type synchronous machines. In addition to
the machine’s transient parameters, the subtransient parameters are included to model the machine’s
subtransient characteristics. This model is particularly useful for machines with damper windings.
The model’s differential equations are shown below:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-14
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
19.2.4 Transient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
The screen below shows the transient model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters, and the typical
data.
This model essentially has the same complexity as a transient model for round-rotor machines, but
considers special features of salient-pole machines which are:
X’q = X q and the time constant T’ qo is meaningless and omitted
For this model, the fictitious resistance Rh and reactance Xh are set to:
Rh = R a
Xh = X a
The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-15
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
19.2.5 Subtransient Model for Salient-Pole Machine
The screen below shows the Subtransient Model for a salient-pole machine, its parameters and the typical
data.
This model includes the damper winding effect for a salient-pole machine. The same conditions are held
true as with the transient model for salient-pole machines:
X’q = Xq and the time constant T’qo is meaningless.
The following differential equations are involved to describe this model:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-16
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Synchronous Machine
19.2.6 Frequency Dependent Model
A subtransient synchronous machine model with frequency dependency in PowerStation is developed
based on a standard IEEE 2.1 synchronous generator model. An equivalent circuit diagram of the model
is shown here:
Ra
ωsψq
-
Lf1d - Lad
Ll
+
id
L1d
Lffd
Lad
Vd
Rfd
+
R1d
Vfd
-
Direct-axis Equivalent Circuit
Ra
+
ωsψd
-
Ll
iq
L1q
Laq
Vq
R1q
Quadrature-axis Equivalent Circuit
Parameters in the circuits are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rs
Ll
Lad
Laq
Lf1d
L1d
R1d
Stator resistance
Stator leakage inductance
Direct-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance
Qaudrature-axis stator to rotor mutual inductance
Field to direct-axis rotor mutual inductance
Direct-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance
Direct-axis rotor equivalent resistance
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lffd
Rfd
L1q
R1q
Vfd
ψd
ψq
ωs
Synchronous Machine
Field leakage inductance
Field resistance
Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent leakage inductance
Qaudrature-axis rotor equivalent resistance
Field voltage
Direct-axis flux linkages
Quadrature-axis flux linkages
System speed
The data interface for the frequency dependent subtransient synchronous machine model is the same as
the regular subtransient model with a salient-pole. PowerStation internally calculates the required
parameters for the frequency dependent model from the data in generator interface.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-18
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Power Grid
19.3 Power Grid
For motor starting and transient stability studies, it is required to model a power grid (utility system) with
an equivalent machine. Due to the fact that a power grid is generally considered as an interfacing point to
the power grid whose voltage and frequency are supported by a larger system and unlikely to change, it is
valid to assume this equivalent machine has a constant internal voltage source and an infinite inertia.
Thus the power grid is modeled in PowerStation with the following Thevenin equivalent:
where Ei is calculated from the initial terminal bus voltage and Req and Xeq are from positive sequence R
and X of the Power Grid Editor, as shown below:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-19
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
19.4 Excitation System
To accurately account for dynamics from exciter and AVR systems in power system transient responses,
complete modeling of these systems is usually necessary.
PowerStation provides the following exciter and AVR models:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
IEEE Type 1
IEEE Type 2
IEEE Type 3
IEEE Type 1S
IEEE Type DC1
IEEE Type DC2
IEEE Type DC3
IEEE Type ST1
IEEE Type ST2
IEEE Type ST3
IEEE Type AC1
IEEE Type AC2
IEEE Type AC3
IEEE Type AC4
IEEE Type AC5A
Basler SR8F & SR125A
HPC 840
JEUMONT Industrie
IEEE Type ST1D
IEEE Type AC8B
IEEE Type AC1A
User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
For IEEE type exciter and AVR systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are
in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following references:
•
•
•
IEEE Committee Report, “Computer Representation of Excitation System”, IEEE Trans. on PAS,
Vol. PAS-87, No. 6, June 1968, pp 1460-1464.
IEEE Committee Report, “Excitation System Models for Power System Stability Studies”, IEEE
Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-100, No. 2, February 1981, pp 494-509.
IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power
System Stability Studies”, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992
Excitation System Saturation
Following is a typical block diagram for exciters:
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
This diagram shows the output of the AVR is applied to the exciter after a saturation function SE is
subtracted from it. The exciter parameter KE represents the setting of the shunt field rheostat when a selfexcited shunt field is used.
It should be noted that there is a dependency between exciter ceiling Efdmax, AVR ceiling VRmax,
exciter saturation SE and exciter constant KE. These parameters are related by the following equation
(the sign of KE is negative for a self-excited shunt field):
VR – ( KE + SE ) Efd = 0
for Efdmin < Efd < Efdmax
At excitation ceiling ( Efd = Efdmax ) the above equation becomes:
VRmax = (KE +SEmax ) - Efdmax
Therefore, it is important that the exciter parameters entered satisfy the above equation, when applicable.
PowerStation will check this condition at run time and flag any violations.
The exciter saturation function (SE) represents the increase in exciter excitation due to saturation. It is
defined as:
where the quantities A and B are defined as the exciter field currents which produce the exciter output
voltage on the constant-resistance-load saturation curve and air gap line, respective, as shown in the
exciter saturation curve below
PowerStation assumes that SE is specified at the following exciter voltages:
Saturation Factor
SEmax
SE.75max
Operation Technology, Inc.
Exciter Voltage
Efdmax
0.75Efdmax
19-21
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1)
19.4.1 IEEE Type 1
IEEE Type 1 - Continuously Acting Regulator and Exciter (1)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents a continuously acting regulator with rotating exciter
system. Some vendors' units represented by this model include:
•
•
•
Westinghouse brushless systems with TRA, Mag-A-Stat, Silverstat, or Rotoroal regulator
Allis Chalmers systems with Regulex regulator
General Electric systems with Amplidyne or GDA regulator
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-23
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (2)
19.4.2 IEEE Type 2
IEEE Type 2 - Rotating Rectifier System (2)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents a rotating rectifier exciter with static regulator system.
Its characteristics are similar to IEEE Type 1 exciter, except for the feedback damping loop. This system
applies to units where the main input to the damping loop is provided from the regulator output rather
than the exciter output. To compensate for the exciter damping which is not included in the damping
loop, the feedback transfer function contains one additional time-constant.
An example of such a system is the Westinghouse brushless system, which was in service up to 1966.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (2)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TE
TF1
TF2
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit first time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-25
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (3)
19.4.3 IEEE Type 3
(1− A)
Ifd
It
A = (0.78X1I fd / Vthev )
2
Vthev = KPVt + jKI It
×
VB = 0 for A > 1.8
Vref
Vt
1
1 + sT R
-
+
∑
-
VBmax
VRmax
+
KA
1 + sT A
+
VRmin
∑
1
K E + sT E
Efd
0.0
sK F
1 + sT F
IEEE Type 3 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (3)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents static excitation systems with compound terminal voltage
and current feedback. The regulator transfer function for this model is similar to IEEE Type 1. In this
model, the regulator output is combined with a signal, which represents the self-excitation from the
generator terminals.
An example of such a system is the General Electric SCPT system.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-26
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (3)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
VBmax
KA
KE
KF
KI
KP
XL
TA
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Current circuit gain coefficient
Potential circuit gain coefficient
Reactance associated with potential source
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-27
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1S)
19.4.4 IEEE Type 1S
IEEE Type 1S - Controlled Rectifier System with Terminal Voltage (1S)
In this type of exciter and AVR system, excitation is obtained through terminal voltage rectification. In
this model the maximum regulated voltage (VRmax) is proportional to terminal voltage Vt.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-28
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (1S)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmin
Efdmax
KA
KF
KP
TA
TF
TR
Definition
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit second time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-29
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC1)
19.4.5 IEEE Type DC1
IEEE Type DC1 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC1)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to model field-controlled DC-commutator exciters with
continuous voltage regulators. Examples of this model are:
•
•
•
Allis Chalmers Regulex regulator
General Electric Amplidyne and GDA regulator
Westinghouse Mag-A-Stat, Rototrol, Silverstat, and TRA regulators
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-30
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC1)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Voltage regulator time constant
Voltage regulator time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-31
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC2)
19.4.6 IEEE Type DC2
IEEE Type DC2 - DC Commutator Exciter with Continuous Voltage Regulation and Supplies from
Terminal Voltage (DC2)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for field-controlled DC commutator exciters with continuous
voltage regulators supplied from the generator or auxiliaries bus voltage. Its only difference from IEEE
Type DC1 is the regulator output limits, which are now proportional to terminal voltage Vt.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-32
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC2)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Voltage regulator time constant
Voltage regulator time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-33
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC3)
19.4.7 IEEE Type DC3
IEEE Type DC3 - DC Commutator Exciter with Non-Continuous Voltage Regulation (DC3)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for the older DC commutator exciters with non-continuously
acting regulators.
Examples of this model are:
•
•
General Electric exciter with GFA4 regulator
Westinghouse exciter with BJ30 regulator
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-34
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (DC3)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KE
KV
TE
TR
TRH
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Fast raise/Lower contact setting
Exciter time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Rheostat travel time
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-35
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST1)
19.4.8 IEEE Type ST1
IEEE Type ST1 - Potential-Source Controlled-Rectifier Exciter (ST1)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent potential-source, controlled-rectifier excitation
systems. This is intended for all systems supplied through a transformer from the generator terminals.
Examples of this model include:
•
•
•
Canadian General Electric Silcomatic exciters
Westinghouse Canada Solid State Thyristor exciters
Westinghouse type PS static excitation systems with type WTA or WHS regulators
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-36
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST1)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
VImax
VImin
KA
KC
KF
TA
TB
TC
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator
Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator
Regulator gain
Regulator gain
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant
Voltage Regulator amplifier time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-37
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST2)
19.4.9 IEEE Type ST2
IEEE Type ST2 - Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST2)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems. These
systems use both current and voltage sources.
An example of this model is General Electric static exciter SCT-PPT or SCPT.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-38
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST2)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
Efdmax
KA
KC
KE
KF
KI
KP
TA
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Current circuit gain coefficient
Potential circuit gain coefficient
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-39
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST3)
19.4.10 IEEE Type ST3
IEEE Type ST3 - Compound Source-Controlled Rectifier Exciter (ST3)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents compound-source rectifier excitation systems. These
exciters utilize internal quantities within the generator as the source of power.
Examples of this model are:
•
•
General Electric GENERREX exciter
Shunt-Thyristor exciter
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-40
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (ST3)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
Efdmax
VGmax
VImax
VImin
KA
KC
KG
KI
KJ
KPreal
KPimg
TA
TB
TC
TE
TR
XL
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
Maximum exciter output voltage
Maximum inner loop voltage feedback
Maximum internal signal within voltage regulator
Minimum internal signal within voltage regulator
Regulator gain
Rectifier loading factor related to commutating
reactance
Inner loop feedback constant
Current circuit gain coefficient
First stage regulation gain
Real part of potential circuit gain coefficient
Reactive part of potential circuit gain coefficient
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Reactance associated with potential source
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-41
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1)
19.4.11 IEEE Type AC1
Vref
Vt
1
1 + sT R
-
+
∑
-
1 + sTC
1 + sTB
VRmax
KA
1 + sTA
+
∑
-
1
sTE
VE
0
VRmin
Efd
×
FEX = f (IN )
IN
sK F
1 + sTF
SE + KE
+
IN = K C
I fd
VE
∑
+
KD
Ifd
IEEE Type AC1 - Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System with Non-Controlled Rectifiers and Field
Current Feedback (AC1)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-rectifier excitation systems with non-controlled
rectifiers and exciter field current feedback. There is no self-excitation and the source of voltage
regulator power is not affected by external transients.
Westinghouse Brushless excitation systems fall under this type of exciter model.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-42
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KC
KD
KE
KF
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance
Demagnetizing factor
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-43
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
19.4.12 IEEE Type AC2
Vref
1
1 + sT R
Vt
-
VAmax
+
1 + sTC
1 + sT B
∑
-
KA
1 + sT A
VAmin
VRmax
+
∑
-
LV
GATE
+
KB
1
sT E
∑
-
VE
0
VRmin
VLR
KL
KH
sK F
1 + sT F
+
Efd
×
FEX = f (IN )
IN
∑
SE + K E
+
∑
+
IN = K C
I fd
VE
KD
Ifd
IEEE Type AC2 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Rectifier Exciter System (AC2)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents high-initial-response, field-controlled alternator-rectifier
excitation systems. It uses an alternator main exciter and non-controlled rectifiers. It is similar to IEEE
Type AC1 exciter model but has two additional field current feedback loops.
An example of this model is Westinghouse High-Initial-Response Brushless excitation system.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-44
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
VAmax
VAmin
Efdmax
KA
KB
KC
KD
KE
KF
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum regulator internal voltage
Minimum regulator internal voltage
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Second stage regulator gain
Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance
Demagnetizing factor
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-45
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC2)
Parameter
KH
KL
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
VLR
Definition
Exciter field current feedback gain
Gain of exciter field current limit
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constants
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Exciter field current limit reference
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-46
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
19.4.13 IEEE Type AC3
VLV
+
KLV
Vref
Vt
1
1 + sT R
-
1 + sTC
1 + sT B
+
∑
-
∑
VAmax
KA
1 + sT A
HV
GATE
VAmin
s
1 + sT F
×
+
1
sT E
∑
-
VE
0
VN
VN = g (E fd )
Efd
×
FEX = f (IN )
IN
KR
SE + K E
+
IN = K C
I
fd
VE
∑
+
KD
Ifd
IEEE Type AC3 - Field-Controlled Alternator-Rectifier Exciter (AC3)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents field-controlled, alternator-rectifier excitation systems. It
can model systems that derive voltage regulator power from the exciter output voltage and simulate their
non-linearity.
An example of this model is General Electric ALTERREX excitation system using static voltage
regulators.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-47
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
EFDN
VAmax
VAmin
VLV
KA
KC
KD
KE
KF
KLV
Definition
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Value of Efd at which feedback gain changes
Maximum regulator internal voltage
Minimum regulator internal voltage
Exciter low voltage limit reference
Regulator gain
Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance
Demagnetizing factor
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Gain of the exciter low voltage limit signal
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-48
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC3)
Parameter
KN
TA
TB
TC
TE
TF
TR
KR
Definition
Exciter control system stabilizer gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Constant for regulator and alternator field power supply
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-49
Unit
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC4)
19.4.14 IEEE Type AC4
IEEE Type AC4 - High-Initial-Response Alternator-Supplied Controlled Rectifier Exciter (AC4)
This type of exciter and AVR system represents alternator-supplied, controlled-rectifier excitation
systems. A high-initial response excitation system, it has a Thyristor bridge at the output circuit.
General Electric ALTHYREX and Rotating Thyristor excitation systems are examples of this type of
exciter.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-50
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC4)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
VImax
VImin
KA
KC
TA
TB
TC
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Regulator gain
Rectifier loading factor related to commutating reactance
Regulator amplifier time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-51
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC5A)
19.4.15 IEEE Type AC5A
IEEE Type AC5A - Simplified Rotating Rectifier Excitation System (AC5A)
This type of exciter and AVR system is a simplified model for brushless excitation systems. The
regulator is supplied from a source, such as a permanent magnet generator, which is not affected by
system disturbances.
This model can be used to represent small excitation systems such as those produced by Basler and
Electric Machinery.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-52
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC5A)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
KE
KF
TA1
TA2
TA3
TE
TF1
TF2
TF3
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
The value of excitation function at Efdmax
The value of excitation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage
Regulator gain
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Voltage regulator time constant
Voltage regulator time constant
Voltage regulator time constant
Exciter time constant
Exciter control system time constant
Exciter control system time constant
Exciter control system time constant
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-53
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
19.4.16 Basler SR8F & SR125A
Basler SR8F & SR125A Excitation System (SR8F)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used to represent Basler SR8F and SR125A exciter systems.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-54
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
Basler SR8F & SR125A (SR8F)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
KA
KF
TA
TB
TF1
TF2
TR
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
Regulator gain
Regulator stabilizing circuit gain
Regulator amplifier time constant
Voltage regulator time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant (Rot. Rec.)
Regulator input filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-55
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
19.4.17 HPC 840
HPC 840 Excitation and AVR System (HPC)
This type of exciter and AVR system includes both forward gain and feedback damping loops. There are
three compensation signals to regulate excitation voltages. These signals are terminal voltage magnitude,
real power generation, and reactive power generation.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-56
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Amax
Amin
Bmax
Bmin
C
D
Efdmax
Kpow
KQ
KE
SE .75
SEmax
TL
T4
TD
Definition
Regulator internal maximum limit (Amax = VImax * Ka)
Regulator internal minimum limit (Amin = VImin * Ka)
Integrator upper limit (Bmax = LIMmax * Ka)
Integrator lower limit (Bmin = LIMmin * Ka)
Combined excitation system (C = Kg * kp * Ka)
Combined stabilizing feedback gain (d = Kd * Kf/Kp)
Maximum Exciter output voltage
Active power compensation factor
Reactive power compensation factor
Exciter constant for self-excited field
Value of excitation saturation function at 0.75 Efdmax
Value of excitation saturation function at Efdmax
Integration time constant
Excitation system total delay
Stabilizing feedback time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-57
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
HPC 840 (HPC)
Parameter
Tdsty
TE
TF
TP
TQ
VRmax
VRmin
Control Bus
Definition
Voltage transducer filter time constant
Exciter time constant
Regulator stabilizing circuit time constant
Active power compensation time constant
Reactive power compensation time constant
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage
Voltage feedback bus ID
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-58
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
19.4.18 JEUMONT Industrie
JEUMONT - JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
This type of exciter and AVR system consists of a voltage block, a current block, a voltage regulator
block, and an excitation block. It uses a rotating rectifier for excitation system.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-59
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
AV1
AV2
AV3
AV4
AV5
AV6
AV7
AV8
AV9
AV10
AV11
Ai1
Definition
Gain of voltage control loop
Constant of voltage control loop
Constant of voltage control loop
Gain of voltage control loop
Gain of reference voltage
Gain of voltage control loop
Time constant of voltage control loop
Time constant of voltage control loop
Time constant of voltage control loop
Time constant of voltage control loop
Parameter of voltage control loop
Gain of current control loop
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-60
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Parameter
Ai2
Ai3
Ai4
Ai5
Ai6
Ai7
Ai8
Ai9
Ai10
Ai11
Ai12
AR1
AR2
KU1
KU2
Vres
VSUP
Te
Ke
SEmax
SE.75max
Efdmax
Kae
Kif
Max1
Min1
Max2
Min2
Max3
Min3
Max4
Min4
Max5
Min5
Max6
Min6
Max7
Min7
Control Bus
Definition
Gain of supply voltage to current control loop
Gain of current control loop
Gain of current control loop
Gain of current control loop
Gain of current control loop
Time constant of current control loop
Time constant of current control loop
Time constant of current control loop
Time constant of current control loop
Gain of current control loop
Time constant of current control loop
Gain of regulator
Regulator reference
Gain of terminal voltage feedback
Gain of regulator
Supply voltage of thy-bridge
Supply voltage of current control loop
Time constant of exciter loop
Gain of exciter loop
Saturation coefficient at maximum field voltage
Saturation coefficient at 0.75 maximum field voltage
Maximum field voltage
Gain of field current feedback loop
Gain of field current feedback
Maximum value 1 of voltage control loop
Minimum value 1 of voltage control loop
Maximum value 2 of voltage control loop
Minimum value 2 of voltage control loop
Maximum value 3 of voltage control loop
Minimum value 3 of voltage control loop
Maximum value 4 of current control loop
Minimum value 4 of current control loop
Maximum value 5 of current control loop
Minimum value 5 of current control loop
Maximum value 6 of current control loop
Minimum value 6 of current control loop
Maximum value 7 of current control loop
Minimum value 7 of current control loop
Voltage feedback bus ID
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-61
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
V
V
V
Sec.
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
19.4.19 IEEE Type ST1D
IEEE Type ST1D- Static System with Terminal Potential and Current Supplies (ST1D)
This type of exciter and AVR system is used for compound source rectifier excitation systems with voltsper-hertz limiter. These systems use both current and voltage sources.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-62
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
RC
XC
TR
TC
TB
KA
TA
KF
TF
KC
VVLR
KVL
TVL
Definition
Resistive part of reactive droop compensation
Inductive part of reactive droop compensation
Transducer time constant
Transient gain reduction lead time constant
Transient gain reduction lag time constant
Amplifier gain
Amplifier time constant
Stabilizing feedback signal gain
Stabilizing feedback signal time constant
Field current gain
Set point of V/Hz limiter
Over-excitation feedback signal gain
Over-excitation feedback signal time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-63
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
JEUMONT Industrie (JEUM)
Parameter
KVF
TH
VImax
VImin
VRmax
VRmin
Vdc
Rf
Vref
TD
VHZ
Ifb
Vfb
Definition
Stabilizing feedback signal gain
Measurement time constant
Maximum error limit
Minimum error limit
Maximum regular output
Minimum regular output
Field flashing battery voltage
Field flashing battery and external circuit resistance
Voltage reference
Pickup delay time
V/Hz pickup value
Exciter base current
Exciter base voltage
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-64
Unit
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Volts
Ohms
p.u.
Sec.
p.u.
Amps
Volts
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC8B)
19.4.20 IEEE Type AC8B
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-65
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC8B)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VRmax
VRmin
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KP
KI
KD
KA
KE
TD
TA
TE
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax
Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax
Maximum exciter output voltage in pu
Proportional control gain in pu
Integral control gain in pu
Derivative control gain in pu
Regulator gain in pu
Exciter constant for self-excited field in pu
Derivative control time constant in sec
Regulator amplifier time constant in sec
Exciter time constant in sec
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-66
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
19.4.21 IEEE Type AC1A
IEEE Type AC1A Exciter (AC1A)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-67
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VAmax
VAmin
VRmax
VRmin
VUEL
VOEL
SEmax
SE.75
Efdmax
KA
Definition
Maximum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Minimum value of the regulator output voltage in pu
Maximum regulator internal voltage in pu
Minimum regulator internal voltage in pu
Underexcitation limiter in pu
Overexcitation limiter in pu
Saturation value of exciter at Efdmax in pu
Saturation value of exciter at 0.75 Efdmax in pu
Maximum exciter output voltage in pu
Regulate gain in pu
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-68
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (AC1A)
Parameter
KC
KD
KF
KE
TA
TC
TB
TE
TF
TR
a1
a2
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
b9
b10
Definition
Rectifier loading factor in pu
Demagnetizing factor in pu
Regulate stabilizing circuit gain in pu
Exciter gain in pu
Regulator amplifier time constant in sec
Internal signal lead time constant in sec
Internal signal lag time constant in sec
Exciter time constant in sec
Regulate stabilizing time constant in sec
Regulate input filter time in sec
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Rectifier regulation characteristic coefficient in pu
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-69
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
19.4.22 User-defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
From the exciter type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and save.
Details on how to use UDM model are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-70
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
19.5 Governor-Turbine
Modeling of governor-turbine system in transient stability studies is essential for simulation time frames
of more than a second.
PowerStation provides the following governor-turbine models:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Steam-Turbine (ST)
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
Tandem-Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)
Tandem-Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Gas-Turbine (GT)
Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
General Purpose (GP)
Diesel-Engine (DT)
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505
Woodward UG-8
Woodward Governor 2301
GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH)
GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS)
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)
GHH BROSIG Steam-Turbine Governor (GHH)
Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
IEEE Gas -Turbine (SGT)
PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A)
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST60)
Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine/Governor (ST70)
Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2)
Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-3)
Combustion Turbine and Governor (CT251)
For IEEE type governor-turbine systems, the equivalent transfer functions and their parameter names are
in accordance with the IEEE recommended types from the following reference:
•
IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Steam and Hydro Turbines in Power System
Studies", IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and System, Vol. PAS-92, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1973,
pp. 1904-1915.
•
IEEE Committee Report, "Dynamic Models for Fossil Fueled Steam Units in Power System Studies",
IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. PS-6, No. 2, May 1991, pp. 753-761.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-71
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Steam Turbine (ST)
19.5.1 Steam-Turbine (ST)
ST Governor System Representation (ST)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple steam turbine and speed governing system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-72
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Steam Turbine (ST)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Trh
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
(Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity)
Maximum shaft power (rated MW)
Minimum shaft power ( > = 0)
Governor reset time constant
Steam chest time constant
Reheater time constant
Speed relay time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-73
Unit
%
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
19.5.2 Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a two-stage steam turbine with reheat and speed
governing system. It consists of a speed relay, a control amplifier, a steam chest, and a reheater.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-74
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST1)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Tdrp
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
(Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity)
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Governor reset time constant
Steam time constant
Load sensor time constant
Speed relay time constant in second
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-75
Unit
%
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)
19.5.3 Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)
Compound Single-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST2)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, single-reheat steam turbine, and
speed governing system. It is a type ST1 model with a block representing crossover piping to the lowpressure turbines.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-76
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Single-Reheat Steam (ST2)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Fip
Flp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Tco
Trh
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
(Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity)
Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Low pressure turbine power fraction
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Governor reset time constant
Steam chest time constant
Crossover time constant
Reheater time constant
Speed relay time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-77
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)
19.5.4 Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
Compound Double-Reheat Steam-Turbine (ST3)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a tandem-compound, double-reheat steam turbine, and
speed governing system. It is similar to type ST2 model except for the added block representing reheated
steam between the very-high pressure and high-pressure turbines.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-78
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Compound Double-Reheat Steam (ST3)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Fhp
Fip
Flp
Fvhp
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tch
Tco
Trh1
Trh2
Tsr
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
(Shaft capacity ahead of reheater)/(Total shaft capacity)
Intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Low pressure turbine power fraction
Very high pressure turbine power fraction
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Governor reset time constant
Steam chest time constant
Crossover time constant
First reheater time constant
Second reheater time constant
Speed relay time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-79
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
19.5.5 IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
This type of governor-turbine system represents an IEEE suggested general steam turbine and speed
governing system. It may be used for modeling the steam systems represented by ST, ST1, ST2, and
ST3, as well as the cross-compound, single-reheat and cross-compound, double-reheat systems.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-80
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
DB
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
K6
K7
K8
Pmax
Pmin
T1
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop in second
Speed deadband
Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction
Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction
Partial high pressure turbine power fraction
Partial high pressure turbine power fraction
Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Partial intermediate pressure turbine power fraction
Partial low pressure turbine power fraction
Partial low pressure turbine power fraction
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-81
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
MW
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
IEEE General Steam-Turbine (STM)
Parameter
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
UC
UO
Definition
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Load sensor (droop) time constant
Control Amp. / current driver time constant
Acutator time constant
Engine dead time constant
Limit of value closing
Limit of value opening
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-82
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine (GT)
19.5.6 Gas-Turbine (GT)
Gas-Turbine (GT)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple gas turbine and speed governing system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-83
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine (GT)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Pmax
Pmin
Tc
Tsr
Tt
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop in second
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Governor reset time constant
Speed relay time constant
Turbine relay time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-84
Unit
%
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
19.5.7 Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
Gas-Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a steam turbine and speed governing system, with the
inclusion of the fuel system.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-85
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas Turbine including Fuel System (GTF)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Ff
KD
Kf
Kr
Pmax
Pmin
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
VL
VU
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
Minimum fuel flow
Governor gain
Fuel system feedback gain Kf = 0 or 1
Fuel system transfer function gain
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Load sensor (droop) time constant
Control Amp. / current driver time constant
Acutator time constant
Engine dead time constant
Fuel value time constant
Fuel system lead time constant
Lower incremental power limit
Upper incremental power limit
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-86
Unit
%
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
General Purpose (GP)
19.5.8 General Purpose (GP)
General Purpose (GP)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a general purpose governor-turbine system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-87
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
General Purpose (GP)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Pmax
Pmin
Ta
Tc
Tdrp
Tsr
Tt
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Actuator time constant
Governor reset time constant
Load sensor time constant
Speed relay time constant
Turbine relay time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
Unit
%
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
19-88
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Diesel-Engine (DT)
19.5.9 Diesel-Engine (DT)
Diesel-Engine (DT)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a simple diesel engine and speed governing system.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-89
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Diesel-Engine (DT)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Pmax
Pmin
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Amplifier / Compensator time constant
Load sensor (droop) time constant
Control Amp. / current driver time constant
Acutator time constant
Engine dead time constant
Fuel value time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-90
Unit
%
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)
19.5.10 Woodward Steam-Turbine 505
Speed
Ref
Speed
1 + sD1
1 + sT f 1
+
-
e −1.5Ts
∑
Speed Ctrl Loop
+
P1
∑
+
-
1
∑
Ratio/
Limiter
+
Turbine Shaft
HP
L1
1
1 + sT a 1
1
1 + sT m 1
Pm
1
1 + sT m 2
EF
L2
Dr1
1
1 + s / I1
Steam
Map
L3
+
P2
∑
+
-
Inverse
Ratio/
Limiter
1
∑
+
L4
Dr 2
1
1 + sT a 2
LP
1
1+ s / I2
Extraction Flow
Extraction Ctrl Loop
Ext Press
-
e −1.5Ts
∑
+
1 + sD2
1 + sT f 2
Ext Pres
Ref
Woodward 505 and 505E Steam-Turbine (505)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 505 and 505E PID governor for extraction
steam turbine system.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-91
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop1
Droop2
Efmax
ExtFlow
ExtPress
Hpa
HPb
HPc
Hpmax
I1 <D>
I1 <I>
I2
L1
L2
L3
L4
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
Extraction loop droop
Max. extraction flow
Turbine extraction flow
Extraction pressure
Min. extraction @ max. power
Max. extraction @ min. power
Min. extraction @ min. power
Max. HP flow
Speed loop integral (Droop mode)
Speed loop integral gain in (Isoch mode)
Extraction loop integral gain
Up limit for speed loop output
Low limit for speed loop output
Up limit for extraction loop output
Low limit for extraction loop output
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-92
Unit
%
%
T/Hr
%
%
T/Hr
T/Hr
T/Hr
T/Hr
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Steam-Turbine 505 (505)
Parameter
P1 <D>
P1 <I>
P2
RampRate
Sa
Sb
Sc
SDR1
SDR1 <I>
SDR2
Smax
Ta1
Ta2
Tm1
Tm2
TS
Definition
Speed loop proportional gain (Droop mode)
Speed loop proportional gain (Isoch mode)
Extraction loop proportional gain
Speed reference ramp rate
Max. power @ min. extraction
Min. power @ max. extraction
Min. power @ min. extraction
Speed loop parameter (Droop mode)
Speed loop parameter (Isoch mode)
Extraction loop parameter
Max. power
HP valve actuator time constant
LV valve actuator time constant
Turbine time constant (shaft power output)
Turbine time constant (extraction flow)
Controller sample time
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-93
Unit
%
%
%
%
%/Sec.
kW
kW
%
%
%
kW
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)
19.5.11 Woodward UG-8
Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward UG-8 governor, used mainly for diesel
generators. This model includes a representation for a ball head filter, amplifier/compensator, and a
diesel engine.
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-94
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward UG-8 (UG-8)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
A1
A2
A3
Ad
B1
B2
C1
K1
Pmax
Pmin
T7
T8
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Compensator constant
Compensator constant
Compensator constant
Permanent droop constant
Ball head filter constant
Ball head filter constant
Governor drive ratio
Partial very high pressure turbine power fraction
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Engine dead time constant
Fuel value time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-95
Unit
rad/Sec.
rad/Sec.
rad/Sec.
rpm/in
Deg/in
MW
MW
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward 2301 (2301)
19.5.12 Woodward Governor 2301
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward 2301 and 2301A speed governing systems
with a diesel turbine system and load sharing capability.
Woodward Governor 2301A and 2301 (2301)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-96
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward 2301 (2301)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Load Sharing (MW Sharing)
To share load (MW) between generators, set LS GP# (Load Sharing Group Number) of 2301 governors to
the same group number. Note that in order to use this capability, load sharing governors must be in
isochronous mode.
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
LS GP#
Droop
θmax
θmin
α
β
ρ
K1
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Load sharing group number
Steady-state speed droop in second
Min. shaft position in degrees
Max. shaft position in degrees
Gain setting
Reset setting
Actuator compensation setting
Partially very high pressure power fraction
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-97
Unit
%
Deg
Deg
Deg/A
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward 2301 (2301)
Parameter
τ
T1
T2
Pmax
Pmin
Definition
Actuator time constant
Amplifier / compensator time constant
Amplifier / compensator time constant
Maximum shaft power
Minimum shaft power
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-98
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
MW
MW
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTH)
19.5.13 GE Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTH)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE heavy-duty gas turbine speed governing system.
GE Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTH)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-99
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTH)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Max
Min
Term.Ctrl
Acc.Ctrl
X
Y
Z
a
b
c
Kf
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop in second
Fuel upper limit (VCE' upper limit)
Fuel lower limit (VCE' lower limit)
Flag to include temperature control loop
Flag to include acceleration control loop
Governor transfer function coefficient
Governor transfer function coefficient
Governor transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fuel system feedback gain, Kf = 0 or 1
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-100
Unit
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTH)
Parameter
Tf
Tcr
Tcd
Ttd
T
Tt
Tr
t1
t2
Definition
Fuel system time constant
Combustion reaction time delay
Compressor discharge volume time constant
Turbine & exhaust system transportation delay
Transportation delay
Temperature controller integration rate
Turbine rated exhaust temperature
Tr - 700 (1 - WF) + 550 (1 -N) in English units
Tr - 390 (1 - WF) + 306 (1 -N) in Metric units
1.3 (WF - 0.23) + 0.5 (1 -N)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-101
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Deg.F
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTS)
19.5.14 GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor - Gas Turbine (GTS)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the GE simplified single shaft gas turbine speed
governing system.
GE Simplified Heavy Duty Governor and Gas Turbine (GTS)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-102
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GE Gas Turbine (GTS)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
Max
Min
X
Y
Z
A
B
C
D
R
S
T
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
Fuel upper limit
Fuel lower limit
Governor transfer function coefficient
Governor transfer function coefficient
Governor transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fuel system transfer function coefficient
Fast load pickup operating zone limit
Fast load pickup operating zone limit
Fast load pickup operating zone limit
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-103
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
19.5.15 Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Turbine MARS governor set for gas turbine and
speed governing systems.
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-104
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-105
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Turbine MARS Governor Set (MARS)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
MaxGov
MinGov
Max2
Min2
Max3
Min3
Maxo
Mino
Wover
Tref
Ks
Kt
Ko
Ku
Kl
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Th1
Th2
Definition
Unit
Speed droop
Governor maximum at no load
Governor minimum at no load
Maximum mechanical power
Minimum mechanical power
%
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Maximum gas producer
Minimum gas producer
Maximum overspeed control
Minimum overspend control
Over speed reference
Temprature reference
Speed control gain
Temperature control gain
Overspeed control gain
Loader delta maximum fuel
Loader delta minimum fuel
Governor reset time
Combustor time constant
Gas producer time constant
Controller delay time constant
Speed Lead/Lag lead time constant
Speed Lead/Lag lag time constant
Thermocouple time constant
Controller delay time constant
Controller recursion time constant
Controller recursion time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-106
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Detroit Diesel (DDEC)
19.5.16 Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Detroit Diesel turbine with DDEC controller and the
Woodward DSLC unit system.
Detroit Diesel DDEC Governor Turbine (DDEC)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-107
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Detroit Diesel (DDEC)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
Droop
PMmax
PMmin
K1
K2
R1
Ts
T1
T2
T3
Definition
Droop or Isoch
Steady-state speed droop
Maximum shaft power (rated MW)
Minimum shaft power (>=0)
PL control gain
Lead/Lag controller gain
PL control constant
Load share system time constant
PTO filter time constant
Filter and Delay time constant
Filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-108
Unit
%
MW
MW
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
19.5.17 GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the GHH BROSIG steam turbine governor system.
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor System (GHH)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-109
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
KP1
KP2
KP3
KP4
GL
GM
GH
Tn1
Tn2
Tn3
Tn5
Tn6
TL
TM
TH
HP
MP
Definition
Generator load control gain
Extraction 1 control gain
Extraction 2 control gain
Speed control gain
Low pressure steam valve control gain
Medium pressure steam valve control gain
High pressure steam valve control gain
Time constant of generator load control
Time constant of extraction 1 control
Time constant of extraction 2 control
Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control
Time constant of low pressure steam valve control
Time constant of low pressure steam valve control loop
Time constant of medium pressure steam valve control loop
Time constant of high pressure steam valve control loop
Extraction 1 pressure
Extraction 2 pressure
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-110
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
bar
bar
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
GHH BROSIG Steam Turbine Governor (GHH)
Parameter
VLmax
VLmin
VMmax
VMmin
VHmax
VHmin
PLmax
PLmin
PMmax
PMmin
PHmax
PHmin
Pa
Pb
Pc
Pd
Pe
Pf
LFa
LFc
LFd
EX2f
LFv1
LFv2
LFv3
LF1
LF2
LF3
KFM0
FM0
FM1
KFL0
FL0
FL1
m1
m2
m3
e1
e2
Esf1
Esf2
Initia2
Definition
Maximum value of low pressure valve control signal
Minimum value of low pressure valve control signal
Maximum value of medium pressure valve control signal
Minimum value of medium pressure valve control signal
Maximum value of high pressure valve control signal
Minimum value of high pressure valve control signal
Maximum value of low pressure valve position
Minimum value of low pressure valve position
Maximum value of medium pressure valve position
Minimum value of medium pressure valve position
Maximum value of high pressure valve position
Minimum value of high pressure valve position
Power output value at point A of steam map
Power output value at point B of steam map
Power output value at point C of steam map
Power output value at point D of steam map
Power output value at point E of steam map
Power output value at point F of steam map
Maximum value of live steam flow
Live steam flow value at point C of steam map
Minimum value of live steam flow
Extraction 2 steam value at point F of steam map
Valve position value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics
Valve position value at point 2 of live steam flow characteristics
Valve position value at point 3 of live steam flow characteristics
Flow value at point 1 of live steam flow characteristics
Flow value at point 2 of live steam flow characteristics
Flow value at point 3 of live steam flow characteristics
Exponential coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
Minimum flow value of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
Coefficient of medium pressure steam flow characteristics
Exponential coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics
Minimum flow value of low pressure steam flow characteristics
Coefficient of low pressure steam flow characteristics
Valve control parameter
Valve control parameter
Valve control parameter
Valve control parameter
Valve control parameter
Initial extraction 1 steam flow
Initial extraction2 steam flow
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-111
Unit
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm/Sec.
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
MW
t/h
t/h
t/h
t/h
mm
mm
mm
t/h
t/h
t/h
1/mm
t/h
t/h
1/mm
t/h
t/h
t/h
t/h
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)
19.5.18 Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Woodward hydraulic governing systems.
Woodward Hydraulic Governor-turbine (HYDR)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-112
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VO
VC1
VC2
GMAX1
GMAX2
GMIN
Q
RP
RT
TP
TG
TR
Zt
Zp1
ft
fp1
Tt
Definition
Gate opening speed
Gate closing speed inside of the buffer zone
Gate closing speed outside of the buffer zone
Max gate position (RPM>RPM2)
Max gate position.(RPM<RPM2)
Min gate position
Servo gain
Permanent droop
Temporary droop
Pilot and servo motor time constant
Main servo time constant
Dashpot time constant
Surge impedance of tunnel
Surge impedance of penstock
Head loss coefficient of tunnel
Head loss coefficient of penstock
Travel time constant of tunnel in
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-113
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Woodward Hydraulic (HYDR)
Parameter
Tp1
At1
QNL
Q2
Wref
Href
GC
Damp
RPM1
RPM2
RPM3
GBUFF
m
B
Definition
Travel time constant of penstock
Proportionality factor
No load flow in first unit
Flow rate in second unit
Speed reference
Head reference
Gate conversion factor
Damping coefficient
Gate limit speed set point 1
Gate limit speed set point 2
Gate limit speed set point 3
Buffer zone gate limit
Partial shutdown gate position coefficient
Partial shutdown gate position coefficient
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-114
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
19.5.19 IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the IEEE gas-turbine governing systems.
IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-115
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
IEEE Gas-Turbine (SGT)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Pref
Pmax
Pmin
K1
K2
K3
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
TR
Definition
Load reference
Maximum power limit
Minimum power limit
Gain 1
Gain 2
Gain 3
Governor time constant 1
Governor time constant 2
Governor time constant 3
Turbine time constant 1
Turbine time constant 2
Turbine time constant 3
Load setting time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u
p.u.
Sec.
Sec
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
19-116
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)
19.5.20 PowerLogic Governor-turbine Model A (PL-A)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Siemens Westinghouse PowerLogic model A
governing systems.
PowerLogic Turbine/Governor Model A (PL-A)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-117
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Model
Plimit
TP
TL
TQ
TLD
TLG
TA
TC
TD
TV
TPL
TPG
TC1
TC2
TX1
TX2
TX3
Definition
Liquid fuel or Gas fuel
Turbine base load
Load transducer time constant
Filter time constant in sec
Speed transducer time constant
Lead time constant
Leg time constant
Speed/load controller time constant
Speed/load controller time constant
Current to pneumatic pressure transmitter time constant
Valve servo time constant
Liquid piping time constant
Gas piping time constant
Combustion time constant
Combustion time constant
Temperature controller time constant
Temperature controller time constant
Temperature controller time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-118
Unit
p.u.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
PowerLogic Model A (PL-A)
Parameter
TX4
TX5
KL
KI
KA
KC
KT
DL
JRL1
JRL2
TFLD
Tref
GovBase
Definition
Temperature controller time constant
Temperature controller time constant
Speed droop
Speed/load controller gain
Temperature controller gain
Temperature controller gain
Temperature controller gain
Decel limiter
Jump rate limiter1
Instantaneous jump rate limiter1
Loading time from no-load to full load
Temperature reference
Governor base
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-119
Unit
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
V/F
V/V
V/BTU/Sec
p.u.
%/Sec
%/Sec
min
p.u./100
MW
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)
19.5.21 Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST60)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel systems
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-120
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Th1
Th2
KS
KT
Kmax
Kmin
Definition
Unit
Controller delay time constant
Speed compensator lead time constant
Speed compensator lag time constant
Governor reset time constant
Combustor time constant
Controller delay time constant
Thermocouple time constant
Gas producer time constant
Controller recursion time constant
Controller recursion time constant
Speed control gain
Temperature control gain
Loader delta maximum fuel gain
Loader delta minimum fuel gain
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-121
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST60)
Parameter
MinGOV
Pmax
Pmin
Gmax1
Gmin1
Gmax2
Definition
Governor minimum at no load
Maximum mechanical power
Minimum mechanical power
Maximum gas producer
Minimum gas producer
Maximum fuel
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Gmin2
Psolo
R
Tref
Minimum fuel
Solonox control threshold
Speed droop
Temperature reference
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-122
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST70)
19.5.22 Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Turbine-Governor (ST70)
This type of governor-turbine system represents the Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel systems
Solar Taurus 70 Solonox Gas Fuel Governor-Turbine system
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-123
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST70)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-124
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Solar Taurus 60 Solonox Gas Fuel (ST70)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Mode
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Gp
Th1
Th2
KS
KT
Pmax
Pmin
Gmax1
Gmin1
R
Tref
Definition
Unit
Controller delay time constant
Speed compensator lead time constant
Speed compensator lag time constant
Governor reset time constant
Combustor time constant
Controller delay time constant
Thermocouple time constant
Gas producer time constant
Gas producer constant
Controller recursion time constant
Controller recursion time constant
Speed control gain
Temperature control gain
Maximum mechanical power
Minimum mechanical power
Maximum gas producer
Minimum gas producer
Speed droop
Temperature reference
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
Sec.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-125
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT-2)
19.5.23 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT-2)
This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with windup limits.
Gas-Turbine and Governor system (GT-2)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-126
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT-2)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Pref
Plimt
Vmax
Vmin
Base
R
TR
T1
T2
T3
KT
Definition
Load reference
Ambient temperature load limit
Maximum fuel valve opening
Minimum fuel valve opening
Governor base
Speed droop
Load sensing time constant
Governor time constant
Combustion-chamber time constant
Turbine thermal time constant
Load limit thermal sensitivity gain
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-127
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT3)
19.5.24 Gas-Turbine and Governor (GT3)
This type of governor-turbine system represents gas turbine with non-windup limits.
Gas-Turbine and Governor-Turbine system (GT3)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-128
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Gas-Turbine (GT3)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
Pref
Plimt
Vmax
Vmin
Base
R
TR
T1
T2
T3
KT
Description
Load reference
Ambient temperature load limit
Maximum fuel valve opening
Minimum fuel valve opening
Governor base
Speed droop
Load sensing time constant
Governor time constant
Combustion-chamber time constant
Turbine thermal time constant
Load limit thermal sensitivity gain
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-129
Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
MW
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Combustion Turbine (CT251)
19.5.25 Combustion Turbine-Governor (CT251)
This type of governor-turbine system represents a combustion turbine-governor.
Combustion Turbine and Governor system (CT251)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-130
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
Combustion Turbine (CT251)
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
R
TR
T1
TV
TE
K1
K2
KP
Definition
Speed droop
Load sensing time constant
PID Integral time constant
Throttle valve time constant
Piping combustion time constant
PID input scaling factor
PID output scaling factor
PID proportional gain
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-131
Unit
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
p.u.
p.u.
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
User – Definded Dynamic Model (UDM)
19.5.26 User-Defined Dynamic Model (UDM)
From the governor type list, user can access UDM models that have been created and save.
Details on how to use UDM model are described in User-define Dynamic Models chapter.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
19.6 Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
Power system stabilizer (PSS) is an auxiliary device installed on synchronous generator and tuned to help
with system stability.
PowerStation provides two standard IEEE type models:
•
•
IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)
IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)
Reference for these two types of PSS is from:
•
IEEE Std. 412.5-1992, “IEEE Recommended Practice for Excitation System Models for Power
System Stability Studies”, IEEE Power Engineering Society, 1992
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (PSS1A)
19.6.1 IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)
IEEE Type 1 PSS (PSS1A)
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-134
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Excitation System
IEEE Type (PSS1A)
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VSI
KS
VSTmax
VSTmin
Vtmin
TDR
A1
A2
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Definition
PSS input (speed, power or frequency deviation) in pu
PSS gain
Maximum PSS output
Minimum PSS output
Terminal undervoltage comparison level
Reset time delay for discontinuous controller
PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant
PSS signal conditioning frequency filter constant
PSS lead compensation time constant
PSS leg compensation time constant
PSS lead compensation time constant
PSS leg compensation time constant
PSS washout time constant
PSS washout time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
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Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
sec
p.u.
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Governor-Turbine
IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)
19.6.2 IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)
IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A)
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Power System Stabilizer
IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A))
Parameters and Sample Data
Parameters for this model and their sample data are shown in the following screen capture:
Operation Technology, Inc.
19-137
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Power System Stabilizer
IEEE Type 2 PSS (PSS2A))
Parameter Definitions and Units
Parameter definitions and their units are given in the following table:
Parameter
VSI1
VSI2
KS1
KS2
KS3
VSTmax
VSTmin
VTmin
TDR
Tw1
Tw2
Tw3
Tw4
N
M
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
Definition
PSS first input (speed, power or frequency deviation)
PSS second input (speed, power or frequency deviation)
PSS gain
PSS gain
PSS gain
Maximum PSS output
Minimum PSS output
Terminal undervoltage comparison level
Reset time delay for discontinuous controller
PSS washout time constant
PSS washout time constant
PSS washout time constant
PSS washout time constant
Integer filter constant
Integer filter constant
PSS lead compensation time constant
PSS leg compensation time constant
PSS lead compensation time constant
PSS leg compensation time constant
PSS transducer time constant
PSS transducer time constant
PSS filter time constant
PSS filter time constant
Operation Technology, Inc.
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Unit
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
p.u.
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
sec
ETAP PowerStation 4.0
Dynamic Models
Mechanical Load
19.7 Mechanical Load
For accelerating motors in motor starting studies and dynamically modeled motors in transient stability
studies, the connecting mechanical loads should be modeled for the calculation to determine the motor’s
acceleration and deceleration characteristics. Mechanical loads are modeled based on load torque curves
as shown in the following screen capture:
A load curve is expressed by a third order generic polynomial equation:
T=A0+A1 ω+Α2 ω2+Α3 ω3
where
T
= Load torque in percent of the rated torque of the driving motor
= Per unit speed of the load ( = ωm/ωs)
A0, A1, A2, A3 = Coefficients
ω
PowerStation provides a number of the most common load models for you to choose from. New load
torque curves can be added to the PowerStation Motor Load Library and are then accessible from the
Start Dev pages in the Induction Machine and Synchronous Motor Editors.
Operation Technology, Inc.
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ETAP PowerStation 4.0