NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 1. What is the hypofrontality hypothesis? a. b. c. d. It states that people with OCD tend to have lower activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. It states that excessive frontal lobe D2 is might be the cause of schizophrenia. Patients with bipolar disorder tend to have a smaller ventromedial prefrontal cortex. It is a hypothesis that states that frontal lobes are underactive in people with schizophrenia. 2. Ultradian rhythms and infradian rhythms differ by which of the following characteristics? a. They are both the same thing. b. Ultradian rhythms occur less frequently than once a day, whereas infradian rhythms occur more than once a day. c. Ultradian rhythms occur more than once a day, whereas infradian rhythms occur less frequently than once a day. d. Ultradian rhythms last for 24 hours whereas infradian rhythms repeat less than once a day. 3. Which of the following conditions cause limitations with facial expressions? a. b. c. d. e. Bell’s Palsy Moebius Syndrome Septal stimulation Both A and B Both B and C 4. Lesions in the SCN cause which of the following? a. b. c. d. e. Eliminate circadian rhythms related to hormones secretion. Eliminate circadian rhythms related to locomotion. Eliminate ultradian rhythms related to drinking Both A and B Both B and C NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 5. Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? a. b. c. d. Emotional Withdrawal Hallucinations Delusions All of the above 6. True or false? Women given Botox and less able to frown have less negative mood. a. True b. False 7. Which of the following is true about stress and stress disorders? a. b. c. d. Acute stress boosts the immune system. Stress always causes a decrease in immune system function. PCP can be used to treat PTSD. PTSD causes an increase in the frontal cortex and hippocampal volume. 8. Which of the following is true about sleep cycles? a. b. c. d. On average, a person that sleeps for 7-8 hours a night experiences only one cycle. Cycles early in the night have less non-REM stage 3 sleep than REM sleep. Cycles early in the night have more non-REM stage 2 sleep than REM sleep. Cycles early in the night have more non-REM stage 3 sleep than REM sleep. 9. Humans go through multiple stages of sleep. Which of the following correctly orders the stages of sleep based on brain wave activity from waking to deep sleep. a. b. c. d. Alpha rhythms -> Beta activity -> Delta Waves Beta Activity -> Alpha rhythms -> Delta Waves Delta Waves -> Alpha rhythms -> Beta Activity Alpha rhythms -> Delta Waves -> Beta Activity NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 10. Inhibiting reuptake of 5-HT can be used to treat which disorder? a. b. c. d. Schizophrenia Depression Bipolar Disorder All of the above 11. The SCN is located…. a. b. c. d. e. In the hypothalamus Above the optic chiasm Below the pituitary gland Caudal to the parietal lobe Both A and B 12. Which of the following is true about positive symptoms of schizophrenia? a. b. c. d. Are normally acute in nature. Are more likely to respond to antipsychotic medication. Both A and B None of the above 13. Which of the following is true about the characteristics of sleep? a. b. c. d. Bids and dolphins enter SWS one hemisphere at a time. NREM Stage 3 sleep declines with increasing age. Infants have more REM sleep All of the above NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 14. Which of the following is true about the Per/Cry/Tau complex? a. b. c. d. Slows the production of Per and Cry proteins Takes about 24 hours for the degradation of Per/Cry/Tau complex. Glutamate binding to SCN neurons causes faster breakdown of the Per/Cry/Tau complex. Both A and B 15. Which of the following is true about the amygdala? a. b. c. d. e. It is involved in the recognition of sadness. Anxiety reducing drugs act on the amygdala. Damage to the amygdala can make someone less trusting. It is the storage site of emotional memories. More than one of the above are true. 16. The biological clock is located in the a. b. c. d. Hippocampus Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Superchiasmatic Nucleus Pineal Gland 17. Which of the following is true about the different brain areas for emotion? a. b. c. d. The locus coeruleus, VTA, and substantia nigra control different emotions. The hippocampus is the site of memory storage. The hypothalamus deals with autonomic nervous system responses. The cingulate gyrus deals with processing positive emotions. NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 18. Which of the following is true about surprises? a. Expected surprises cause an activation of the hippocampus and the VTA (ventral tegmental area). b. Unexpected surprises cause a greater activation of the NAc (nucleus accumbens) neurons compared to expected surprises. c. An expected reward causes greater stimulation of the cingulate gyrus. d. None of the above 19. Which of the following is NOT true about frontal lobotomy? a. It was first performed by Walter Freeman. b. It was done to people with many different psychiatric disorders. c. It is still performed today in a more controlled fashion. d. None of the above. 20. Which of the following is true about sleep? a. Nightmares occur during REM sleep and night terrors occur during NREM stage 3 sleep. b. Nightmares occur during stage 3 SWS (slow wave sleep) whereas night terrors occur during REM sleep. c. Night terrors make the person feel like they are really present in the moment due to the visual imagery (smells, sounds, emotions). d. Both B and C 21. True or false? Fatal familial insomnia is an inherited genetic condition that causes infants to stop sleeping and die within a couple months of the onset. a. True b. False NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 22. Which of the following is true about orexin? a. b. c. d. A mutation in orexin receptors can cause narcoleptic behavior. Orexin is released when you are falling asleep. Orexin is stimulated by VLPO neurons Hypocretin is an orexin antagonist. 23. A researcher studying sleep notices vertex spikes (sharp waves) on an EEG of a sleeping person. What stage of sleep is this person in? a. b. c. d. NREM 1 NREM 2 NREM 3 REM 24. True or false? SCN transplants cause the receiver’s circadian rhythm to match that of the donor. a. True b. False 25. Which of the following areas of the brain become active when aggressive teens watch pain being inflicted on another person? a. b. c. d. Ventral Tegmental Area and Amygdala Insula and Ventral Tegmental Area Amygdala and Ventral Striatum Ventral Striatum and Insula NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 26. Which of the following is true about what people find funny? a. As the violation in social norms increases, the activation in the orbitofrontal cortex increases. b. As something is found to be more funny, the activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex increases. c. Both A and B d. None of the above 27. Which of the following is true about pleasure and happiness? a. The locus coeruleus neurons release dopamine. b. The medial forebrain bundle contains VTA neurons and LC neurons. c. The medial forebrain bundle goes through the hippocampus and comes from the midbrain. d. Both B and C 28. Septal stimulation causes which of the following? a. b. c. d. Feelings of disgust related to social norms. Feelings of pleasure accompanied by arousal and sexual fantasies. Feelings of anger when feeling empathy. None of the above. 29. Which of the following is true about sleep patterns with respect to age? a. b. c. d. Adolescent females tend to get up later than adolescent males. Adolescent males tend to get up later than adolescent females. Males in their 60s tend to wake up significantly later than their female counterparts. Females in their 60s tend to wake up significantly later than their male counterparts. NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 30. Which of the following is true about how circadian rhythms function? a. The retinohypothalamic pathway carries light information from the eye to the SCN in all animals. b. The pineal gland is sensitive to light in amphibians in birds. c. The pituitary gland secretes melatonin at night. d. The hypothalamus receives light information from the hippocampus. 31. True or false? Starting high school after 8:30am showed no significant improvement in academic achievement performance. a. True b. False 32. Clock and Cycle in relation to the SCN are… a. b. c. d. Proteins made by the SCN A dimer made outside of the SCN Genes made inside of SCN cells Genes made in all cells. 33. Which of the following is true about atypical neuroleptics? a. b. c. d. They block both 5-HT2 receptors. They block D2 receptors. Increase DA in frontal cortex. All of the above. 34. Which of the following is true about the insula? a. b. c. d. Guilt does not activate the insula. Moral disgust does not activate the insula, instead it activates the amygdala. Violation of social norms activates the insula. None of the above. NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 35. Which of the following are true about the hippocampus in patients with schizophrenia? a. The pyramidal cells found there are disorganized. b. The disorganization of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus is due to a deficiency of Reelin. c. The hippocampus is smaller in these patients. d. All of the above. 36. Which of the following is true about sleep recovery? a. Sleep recovery is a treatment used for patients with sleep apnea. b. The first night is characterized by an increase of stage 2 sleep at the expense of stage 3 sleep. c. The first couple nights show an increase in REM sleep compared to normal. d. None of the above 37. Which of the following is true about the endocannabinoid hypothesis involving schizophrenia? a. Endocannabinoid levels are elevated in the CSF of people with schizophrenia. b. There is a decrease in CB1 receptor (inhibitory modulator of other neurotransmitters) binding in people with schizophrenia. c. THC binds to endocannabinoid receptors d. Both A and B 38. Which of the following is true about how OCD can be treated or reduced? a. b. c. d. Antidepressants can help by blocking serotonin autoreceptors. Antipsychotics increase glutamate receptor activity. Anxiolytics can help reduce activity of repetitive behavior. Both A and B NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 39. In a stressful situation, such as with skydiving, when are testosterone levels found to be the highest? a. Before training for the activity and before jumping many many days after the initial training. b. Before and after jumping on the first day after training. c. Only before the training. d. Only on the first day before jumping. 40. The right caudate and VTA are found to be active when… a. b. c. d. People with OCD wash their hands. Sadistic people inflict harm on others. When someone experiences a negative emotion. None of the above 41. Which stage of sleep is characterized by no postural tension and small amplitude EEG waves? a. b. c. d. NREM 1 NREM 2 NREM 3 REM 42. Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose and breaks down proteins? a. b. c. d. Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine Insulin NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 43. When looking at an EEG of a person in REM sleep, the activity is most similar to someone that is…. a. b. c. d. Awake In NREM 2 In NREM 3 None of the above 44. Which of the following is true about schizophrenia? a. People with schizophrenia are found to have enlarged lateral cerebral ventricles. b. Monozygotic twins will both either present with or without schizophrenia since it is a genetic disorder. c. Both A and B d. None of the above 45. True or false? Epinephrine has been found to be greater in people in a crowded setting rather than in a normal setting. a. True b. False 46. True or false? A correlation had been found between being pregnant during peak influenza season and the child having schizophrenia. a. True b. False NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 47. Which of the following is true about being awake? a. Acetylcholine and norepinephrine neurons stimulate the sensory thalamus. b. Acetylcholine and norepinephrine neurons inhibit the reticular nucleus which suppresses thalamic inhibition. c. Both A and B d. None of the above 48. Which of the following is true about depression? a. b. c. d. There is an increase in blood flow to the amygdala. There is a decrease in blood flow to the orbitofrontal cortex. The cortex of the right hemisphere is thicker. None of the above. 49. Which of the following is true about sleep related disorders? a. b. c. d. e. Cataplexy is common in people with sleep onset insomnia. Bed wetting is associated with slow wave sleep in children. Sleepwalking occurs in the REM phase of sleep. Ambien is an effective drug for treating people with narcolepsy. Both B and C 50. Which of the following amygdala related pathway is correct? a. Information from the hippocampus goes to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala eventually to the central nucleus of the amygdala. b. Information from the thalamus goes to the sensory cortex, then to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, and eventually to the central nucleus of the amygdala. c. The central nucleus of the amygdala can activate the bed nucleus stria terminalis which leads to a hormonal response. d. All of the above. NSC 3361 SI Exam 3 Practice 51. Which of the following is found in people with depression? a. b. c. d. High levels of serum cortisol. Patients enter REM much later and much slower. Patients are frequently treated with ECT which raise levels of ACh. Both A and B 52. People with bipolar disorder tend to present with which of the following? a. b. c. d. A smaller ventromedial cortex. Reduced number of neurons. Decrease in subgenual prefrontal cortex activity. Present with a milder version of cyclothymia 53. Which of the following is true about panic? a. Medial raphe nucleus projects to the limbic and prefrontal cortex which mediates cognitive components. b. Medial raphe nucleus projects to the limbic and prefrontal cortex which mediates fear and anxiety. c. Dorsal raphe nucleus projects to the prefrontal cortex and modulates aggression. d. Doral raphe nucleus projects to the thalamus and modulates anxiety.
