Robotics.
Robotics: What Are Robots? Robotics Definition & Uses.
Written by Sam Daley
U P D AT E D BY
Jessica Powers | Aug. 18, 2022
Robotics Technology
:
Robotics is an interdisciplinary sector of science and engineering
dedicated to the design, construction and use of mechanical robots. Our
guide will give you a concrete grasp of robotics, including different types
of robots and how they’re being applied across industries.
ROBOTICS OVERVIEW
ROBOTICS IS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY SECTOR FOCUSED ON CREATING MACHINES THAT EFFICIENTLY CARRY OUT
VARIOUS TASKS. | IMAGE: SHUTTERSTOCK
What Is Robotics?
Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and
technology that produces machines, called robots, that
replicate or substitute for human actions. Pop culture has
always been fascinated with robots — examples include R2-D2,
the Terminator and WALL-E. These over-exaggerated,
:
humanoid concepts of robots usually seem like a caricature of
the real thing. But are they more forward thinking than we
realize? Robots are gaining intellectual and mechanical
capabilities that don’t put the possibility of a R2-D2-like
machine out of reach in the future.
WHAT IS A ROBOT?
A robot is a programmable machine that can complete a task,
while the term robotics describes the field of study focused on
developing robots and automation. Each robot has a different
level of autonomy. These levels range from human-controlled
bots that carry out tasks to fully-autonomous bots that perform
tasks without any external influences.
As technology progresses, so too does the scope of what is
considered robotics. In 2005, 90 percent of all robots could be
found assembling cars in automotive factories. These robots
consist mainly of mechanical arms tasked with welding or
screwing on certain parts of a car.
Today, we’re seeing an evolved and expanded definition of
robotics that includes the development, creation and use of
bots that accomplish tasks like exploring the planet’s harshest
conditions, assisting law enforcement, streamlining surgical
:
procedures and undertaking rescue missions.
Robotics Defined
While the overall world of robotics is expanding, a robot has
some consistent characteristics:
1. Robots consist of some sort of mechanical construction.
The mechanical aspect of a robot helps it complete tasks in
the environment for which it’s designed. For example,
the Mars 2020 Rover’s wheels are individually motorized and
made of titanium tubing that help it firmly grip the harsh
terrain of the red planet.
2. Robots need electrical components that control and power
the machinery. Essentially, an electric current — a battery, for
example — is needed to power a large majority of robots.
3. Robots contain at least some level of computer
programming. Without a set of code telling it what to do, a
robot would just be another piece of simple machinery.
Inserting a program into a robot gives it the ability to know
when and how to carry out a task.
We’re bound to see the promise of the robotics industry
sooner, rather than later, as artificial intelligence and software
also continue to progress. In the near future, thanks to
:
advances in these technologies, robots will continue getting
smarter, more flexible and more energy efficient. They’ll also
continue to be a main focal point in smart factories, where
they’ll take on more difficult challenges and help to secure
global supply chains.
The robotics industry is filled with an admirable promise of
progress that science fiction could once only dream about.
From the deepest depths of our oceans to thousands of miles
in outer space, robots will be found performing tasks that
humans couldn’t dream of achieving alone.
Robot Etymology
The word robot is derived from the Czech word robota, which
means “forced labor.” The word first appeared in the 1920 play
R.U.R., in reference to the play’s characters who were massproduced workers incapable of creative thinking.
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TYPES OF ROBOTICS
Types of Robotics
Mechanical bots come in all shapes and sizes to efficiently
carry out the task for which they are designed. All robots vary
in design, functionality and degree of autonomy. From the 0.2
millimeter-long “RoboBee” to the 200 meter-long robotic
shipping vessel “Vindskip,” robots are emerging to carry out
tasks that humans simply can’t.
There are five distinct types of robots that perform tasks
depending on their capabilities. Below is an outline of these
types and what they do.
Pre-Programmed Robots
Pre-programmed robots operate in a controlled environment
where they do simple, monotonous tasks. An example of a
pre-programmed robot would be a mechanical arm on an
automotive assembly line. The arm serves one function — to
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weld a door on, to insert a certain part into the engine, etc. —
and its job is to perform that task longer, faster and more
efficiently than a human.
Humanoid Robots
Humanoid robots are robots that look like or mimic human
behavior. These robots usually perform human-like activities
(like running, jumping and carrying objects), and are
sometimes designed to look like us, even having human faces
and expressions. Two of the most prominent examples of
humanoid robots are Hanson Robotics’ Sophia and Boston
Dynamics’ Atlas.
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Autonomous Robots
Autonomous robots operate independently of human
operators. These robots are usually designed to carry out
tasks in open environments that do not require human
supervision. They are quite unique because they use sensors
to perceive the world around them, and then employ decisionmaking structures (usually a computer) to take the optimal
next step based on their data and mission. One example of an
autonomous robot is the Roomba vacuum cleaner, which uses
sensors to roam freely throughout a home.
EXAMPLES OF AUTONOMOUS
ROBOTS
• Cleaning Bots (for example, Roomba)
• Lawn Trimming Bots
• Hospitality Bots
• Autonomous Drones
• Medical Assistant Bots
Teleoperated Robots
Teleoperated robots are semi-autonomous bots that use a
wireless network to enable human control from a safe
distance. These robots usually work in extreme geographical
:
conditions, weather and circumstances. Examples of
teleoperated robots are the human-controlled submarines
used to fix underwater pipe leaks during the BP oil spill or
drones used to detect landmines on a battlefield.
Augmenting Robots
Augmenting robots, also known as VR robots, either enhance
current human capabilities or replace the capabilities a human
may have lost. The field of robotics for human augmentation is
a field where science fiction could become reality very soon,
with bots that have the ability to redefine the definition of
humanity by making humans faster and stronger. Some
examples of current augmenting robots are robotic prosthetic
limbs or exoskeletons used to lift hefty weights.
What Is a Bot? What Is Software Robotics?
Software robotics, also called bots, are computer programs
which carry out tasks autonomously. One common use case of
software robots is a chatbot. A chatbot is a computer program
that simulates conversation both online and over the phone
and is often used in customer service scenarios. Chatbots can
either be simple services that answer questions with an
:
automated response or more complex digital assistants that
learn from user information.
TYPES OF BOTS
• Chatbots: carry out simple conversations, often in a customer
service setting.
• Spam Bots: collect email addresses and send spam mail.
• Download Bots: download software and apps automatically.
• Search Engine Crawler Bots: scan websites and make them
visible on search engines.
• Monitoring Bots: report on website speed and status.
Software robots only exist on the internet and originate within
a computer, which means they are not considered robots. In
order to be considered a robot, a device must have a physical
form, such as a body or a chassis.
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HOW DO ROBOTS WORK?
How Do Robots Function?
Independent Robots
Independent robots are capable of functioning completely
autonomously and independent of human operator control.
These typically require more intense programming but allow
robots to take the place of humans when undertaking
dangerous, mundane or otherwise impossible tasks, from
bomb diffusion and deep-sea travel to factory automation.
Independent robots have proven to be the most disruptive to
society, as they eliminate certain jobs but also present new
possibilities for growth.
Dependent Robots
Dependent robots are non-autonomous robots that interact
with humans to enhance and supplement their already
existing actions. This is a relatively new form of technology
:
and is being constantly expanded into new applications, but
one form of dependent robots that has been realized is
advanced prosthetics that are controlled by the human mind.
A famous example of a dependent robot was created by Johns
Hopkins APL in 2018 for Johnny Matheny, a patient whose arm
was amputated above the elbow. Matheny was fitted with a
modular prosthetic limb so researchers could study its use
over a sustained period. The MPL is controlled via
electromyography, or signals sent from his amputated limb
that controls the prosthesis. Over time, Matheny became
more efficient in controlling the MPL and the signals sent
from his amputated limb became smaller and less variable,
leading to more accuracy in its movements and allowing
Matheny to perform tasks as delicate as playing the piano.
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What Are the Main Components of a Robot?
Robots are built to present solutions to a variety of needs and
fulfill several different purposes, and therefore, require a
:
variety of specialized components to complete these tasks.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN
COMPONENTS OF A ROBOT?
• Control System: the CPU that directs a robot’s task at high level.
• Sensors: a component that provides electrical signals to allow a
robot to interact with the world.
• Actuators: the motor parts that are responsible for a robot’s
movement.
• Power Supply: the battery that supplies power to a robot.
• End Effectors: the exterior features of a robot that allow it to
complete a task.
However, there are several components that are central to
every robot’s construction, like a power source or a central
processing unit. Generally speaking, robotics components fall
into these five categories:
Control System
Computation includes all of the components that make up a
robot’s central processing unit, often referred to as its control
system. Control systems are programmed to tell a robot how
to utilize its specific components, similar in some ways to how
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the human
sends signals
the body, in order
:
to complete a specific task. These robotic tasks could
comprise anything from minimally invasive surgery to
assembly line packing.
Sensors
Sensors provide a robot with stimuli in the form of electrical
signals that are processed by the controller and allow the
robot to interact with the outside world. Common sensors
found within robots include video cameras that function as
eyes, photoresistors that react to light and microphones that
operate like ears. These sensors allow the robot to capture its
surroundings and process the most logical conclusion based
on the current moment and allows the controller to relay
:
commands to the additional components.
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Actuators
A device can only be considered to be a robot if it has a
movable frame or body. Actuators are the components that
are responsible for this movement. These components are
made up of motors that receive signals from the control
system and move in tandem to carry out the movement
necessary to complete the assigned task. Actuators can be
made of a variety of materials, such as metal or elastic, and are
commonly operated by use of compressed air (pneumatic
actuators) or oil (hydraulic actuators) but come in a variety of
formats to best fulfill their specialized roles.
Power Supply
Like the human body requires food in order to function,
robots require power. Stationary robots, such as those found
in a factory, may run on AC power through a wall outlet but
more commonly, robots operate via an internal battery. Most
robots utilize lead-acid batteries for their safe qualities and
:
long shelf life while others may utilize the more compact but
also more expensive silver-cadmium variety. Safety, weight,
replaceability and lifecycle are all important factors to
consider when designing a robot’s power supply.
Some potential power sources for future robotic development
also include pneumatic power from compressed gasses, solar
power, hydraulic power, flywheel energy storage organic
garbage through anaerobic digestion and nuclear power.
End Effectors
End effectors are the physical, typically external components
that allow robots to finish carrying out their tasks. Robots in
factories often have interchangeable tools like paint sprayers
and drills, surgical robots may be equipped with scalpels and
other kinds of robots can be built with gripping claws or even
hands for tasks like deliveries, packing, bomb diffusion and
:
much more.
EXAMPLES OF ROBOTICS
ROBOTICS IS QUICKLY INFILTRATING EVERY ASPECT OUR LIVES, INCLUDING AT HOME. | IMAGE: SHUTTERSTOCK
Uses of Robots
Robots have a wide variety of use cases that make them the
ideal technology for the future. Soon, we will see robots
almost everywhere. We’ll see them in hospitals, hotels and
even on roads.
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APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTICS
• Conservation: fighting forest fires.
• Manufacturing: working in factories, finding and carrying items
in warehouses.
• Companionship: providing company to elderly individuals.
• Healthcare: assisting in surgical procedures.
• Delivery: completing food delivery and last-mile fulfillment.
• Household: vacuuming and mowing the grass.
• Rescue: undertaking search-and-rescue missions after natural
disasters.
• Military Operations: detecting landmines in war zones.
Robotics in Manufacturing
The manufacturing industry is probably the oldest and most
well-known user of robots. These robots and co-bots (bots
that work alongside humans) work to efficiently test and
assemble products, like cars and industrial equipment. It’s
estimated that there are more than three million industrial
robots in use right now.
Logistics Robots
Shipping, handling and quality control robots are becoming a
must-have for most retailers and logistics companies. Because
we now expect our packages to arrive at blazing speeds,
logistics companies employ robots in warehouses, and even
:
on the road, to help maximize time efficiency. Right now, there
are robots taking your items off the shelves, transporting
them across the warehouse floor and packaging them.
Additionally, a rise in last-mile robots (robots that will
autonomously deliver your package to your door) ensure that
you’ll have a face-to-metal-face encounter with a logistics bot
in the near future.
Robots for Home
It’s not science fiction anymore. Robots can be seen all over
our homes, helping with chores, reminding us of our
schedules and even entertaining our kids. The most wellknown example of home robots is the autonomous vacuum
cleaner Roomba. Additionally, robots have now evolved to do
everything from autonomously mowing grass to cleaning
pools.
Travel Robots
Is there anything more science fiction-like than autonomous
vehicles? These self-driving cars are no longer just
imagination. A combination of data science and robotics, selfdriving vehicles are taking the world by storm. Companies like
Tesla, Ford, Waymo, Volkswagen and BMW are all working on
:
the next wave of travel that will let us sit back, relax and enjoy
the ride. Rideshare companies Uber and Lyft are also
developing autonomous rideshare vehicles that don’t require
humans to operate the vehicle.
Healthcare Robotics
Robots have made enormous strides in the healthcare
industry. These mechanical marvels have use in just about
every aspect of healthcare, from robot-assisted surgeries to
bots that help humans recover from injury in physical therapy.
Examples of robots at work in healthcare are Toyota’s
healthcare assistants, which help people regain the ability to
walk, and TUG, a robot designed to autonomously stroll
throughout a hospital and deliver everything from medicines
to clean linens.
Robots have been employed by pharmaceutical companies to
help the fight against COVID-19. These bots are now being
used to fill and seal COVID-19 testing swabs, and are also
being used by some manufacturers to produce PPE and
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respirators.
THE HISTORY OF ROBOTICS
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History of Robotics
People have been pondering robots since ancient civilizations
incorporated myths and beliefs of “thinking machines” into
their societies and invented the water clock. Robotics has
:
drastically changed since the time of the Greeks, Romans and
Egyptians, but its history is vast. Here’s a look at some of the
most important events that shaped the history of robotics.
1700s
• (1737) Jacques de Vaucanson builds the first biomechanical
automaton on record. Called the Flute Player, the mechanical
device plays 12 songs.
1920s
• (1920) The word “robot” makes its first appearance in Karel
Capek’s play R.U.R. Robot is derived from the Czech word
“robota,” which means “forced labor.”
• (1926) The first movie robot appears in Metropolis.
1930s
• (1936) Alan Turing publishes “On Computable Numbers,” a
paper that introduces the concept of a theoretical computer
called the Turing Machine.
1940s
• (1948) Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the
Animal is published by MIT professor Norbert Wiener. The
book speaks on the concept of communications and control in
electronic, mechanical and biological systems.
• (1949) William Grey Walter, a neurophysiologist and inventor,
:
introduces Elmer and Elsie, a pair of battery-operated robots
that look like tortoises. The robots move objects, find a source
of light and find their way back to a charging station.
1950s
• (1950) Isaac Asimov publishes the Three Laws of Robotics.
• (1950) Alan Turing publishes the paper “Computing
Machinery and Intelligence,” proposing what is now known as
the Turing Test, a method for determining if a machine is
intelligent.
1960s
• (1961) The first robotic arm works in a General Motors
facility. The arm lifts and stacks metal parts and follows a
program for approximately 200 movements. The arm was
created by George Devol and his partner Joseph Engelberger.
• (1969) Victor Scheinman invents the Stanford Arm, a robotic
arm with six joints that can mimic the movements of a human
arm. It is one of the first robots designed to be controlled by a
computer.
1970s
• (1972) A group of engineers at the Stanford Research
Institute create Shakey, the first robot to use artificial
intelligence. Shakey completes tasks by observing its
:
environment and forming a plan.The robot uses sensors, a
range-finder and touch-sensitive apparatus to plan its moves.
• (1978) Hiroshi Makino, an automation researcher, designs a
four-axis SCARA robotic arm. Known as the first “pick and
place” robot, the arm is programmed to pick an object up, turn
and place it in another location.
1980s
• (1985) The first documented use of a robot-assisted surgical
procedure uses the PUMA 560 robotic surgical arm.
• (1985) William Whittaker builds two remotely-operated
robots that are sent to the Three Mile Island nuclear power
plant. The robots work in the damaged reactor building’s
basement to survey the site, send back information and drill
core samples to measure radiation levels.
• (1989) MIT researchers Rodney Brooks and A. M. Flynn
publish Fast, Cheap and Out of Control: A Robot Invasion of the
Solar System. The paper argues for building many small, cheap
robots rather than few big, expensive ones.
1990s
• (1990) A group of researchers from MIT found iRobot, the
company behind the Roomba vacuum cleaner.
• (1992) Marc Raibert, another MIT researcher, founds robotics
company Boston Dynamics.
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• (1997) Sojourner lands on Mars. The free-ranging rover sends
2.3 billion bits of data back to Earth, including more than
17,000 images, 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and
extensive data on Mars’ weather.
• (1998) Furby, a robotic toy pet developed by Tiger
Electronics, is released and eventually sells tens of millions of
units. Furbys are preprogrammed to speak gibberish and learn
other languages over time.
• (1999) Aibo, a robotic puppy powered by AI hits the
commercial market. Developed by Sony, the robotic dog reacts
to sounds and has some pre-programmed behavior.
2000s
• (2000) Cynthia Breazeal creates a robotic head programmed
to provoke emotions as well as react to them. Called Kismet,
the robot consists of 21 motors, audio sensors and algorithms
to understand vocal tone.
• (2000) Sony unveils the humanoid Sony Dream Robot, a
bipedal humanoid entertainment robot it developed and
marketed but never sold.
• (2001) iRobot’s PackBot searches the World Trade Center site
after September 11th.
• (2002) iRobot creates Roomba. The vacuum robot is the first
robot to become popular in the commercial sector amongst
:
the public.
• (2003) Mick Mountz and the cofounders of Amazon Robotics
(formerly Kiva Systems) invent the Kiva robot. The robot
maneuvers around warehouses and moves goods.
• (2004) Boston Dynamics unveils BigDog, a quadruped robot
controlled by humans. The robot is known for being more
nimble than previous iterations of robots, as it is capable of
only having two feet on the ground at a time. It has 50 sensors
and an onboard computer that manages the gait and keeps it
stable.
• (2004) The Defense Department’s Defense Advanced
Research Projects Agency establishes the DARPA Grand
Challenge. A self-driving car race that aims to inspire
innovation in military autonomous vehicle tech.
• (2005) A Volkswagen Touareg named Stanley wins the
second DARPA Grand Challenge. The car uses AI trained on
the driving habits of real-world humans and five lidar laser
sensors to complete a 131.2-mile course in the Mojave Desert.
2010s
• (2011) NASA and General Motors collaborate to send
Robonaut 2, a humanesque robotic assistant, into space on
space shuttle Discovery. The robot becomes a permanent
resident of the International Space Station.
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• (2013) Boston Dynamics releases Atlas, a humanoid biped
robot that uses 28 hydraulic joints to mimic human
movements — including performing a backflip.
• (2012) The first license for a self-driven car is issued in
Nevada. The car is a Toyota Prius modified with technology
developed by Google.
• (2014) Canadian researchers develop hitchBOT, a bot that
hitchhikes across Canada and Europe as part of a social
experiment.
• (2016) Sophia, a humanoid robot dubbed the first robot
citizen, is created by Hanson Robotics. The robot is capable of
facial recognition, verbal communication and facial
expression.
2020s
• (2020) Robots are used to distribute COVID-19 tests and
vaccinations.
• (2020) 384,000 industrial robots are shipped across the
globe to perform various manufacturing and warehouse jobs.
• (2021) Cruise, an autonomous car company, conducts its first
:
two robotaxi test rides in San Francisco.
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With help from Intel, Delair's drones are flying high
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