English Q2 Reviewer
November 07, 2023 - January 16, 2024
Table of Contents
Book Report .............................................................................................................................. 1
Differences in Prose and Poetry ............................................................................................. 1
Stanza ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Rhyme in Poetry ....................................................................................................................... 5
Rhythm and Types ................................................................................................................... 9
Tone in Poetry ..........................................................................................................................10
Imagery ...................................................................................................................................10
Figures of Speech: Simile, Metaphor, and Personification ..................................................10
Elements of Poetry ..................................................................................................................12
Use Literature as a Way of Understanding One’s life experiences as well as other
People’s Lives ..........................................................................................................................12
Onomatopoeia .......................................................................................................................13
Adverbs ...................................................................................................................................13
The Shakespearean Sonnet V.S. the Petrarchan Sonnet ....................................................13
Literature in VUCA ..................................................................................................................15
Book Report
a. Book Title
 Name of Author
 No. of pages
 Date of Publication
 Place of Publication
b. Identify Settings of the Story (paragraph form)
 Setting of story in sentence form; e.g. place/location of story, time
c. The Characters/Characterization (paragraph form)
 Characters: protagonist, antagonist, supporting
 Characterization: the role a character played in the story (unsa ilang
nabuhat?)
d. Plot of the Story (paragraph form)
 How do we write about the story’s plot? Construct 5 paragraphs
representing each element, namely;
1.
Setting
2.
Rising Action
3.
Climax
4.
Falling Action
5.
The Solution of the story
e. Conflict (paragraph form)
 Identify what ‘kind’ of conflict occurred. Is it Man VS Man, Man VS Nature
(these are only some examples, research for more), then justify.
f. Theme of the Story (paragraph form)
 Specify what genre/theme it typically circulates around then elaborate
why. Some examples are family, friendship, love, etc.
g. Moral of the Story (paragraph form)
 Write about what you learned from the story, what lesson/s it holds.
Differences in Prose and Poetry
PROSE
Similarities
•
Short Story or tells a story
Written works
•
Poem
•
Paragraphs & Sentences
Uses literary devices
•
Lines & Stanzas
•
Not Structured by rhythm
or rhyme
•
Structured by:
Rhythm, Rhyme, and other
sound devices
•
Gives Information
•
Provides Emotion
• Words are clear, direct, and
grammatical
•
Words hold multiple
meanings, and figurative
•
•
Imaginative Focus on the
writer’s will
Complete details
Examples: Newspaper, Fable,
Research, etc
POETRY
Example:
“The Road Not
Taken” by Robert Frost
Stanza
What’s the difference between lines and stanzas?
LINES are a group of words together on one line of the poem.
STANZAS are a group of lines arranged together, similar to a paragraph.
STANZAS
 Generally refer to units or groups of lines in a poem that are separated by
spaces.
 A stanza is a well-defined group of several lines of poetry having a fixed length,
meter, or rhyme scheme.
TYPES OF STANZAS:
1. Monostich (1 line) - a poem consisting of a single line in a stanza
 example.
“monostich/monoku”
Meanings in pencil can’t be erased
My spine curved toward your wounds
Your ideas bend my soul to new light
In your laughter, a garden of joy seeds
You’ve taken it without permission - give me my breath back
2. Couplet (2 lines) - stanza consisting of two lines
 example.
“Captive” by Amy LV
Once I dive into these pages
I may not come out for ages.
Books have powers over me.
Inside a book I am not free
I am a prisoner in a land of
print on paper in my hand.
But do not worry. Do not fear.
I am a happy captive here.
3. Tercet (3 lines) - stanza with three lines
 example.
“Tercet - Life” by M. Asim Nehal
Youthful don’t dance with flamboyance
Old age is waiting for you to fall in its lap
Like a caged bird waiting for your soul to fly.
Eyes which are filled with intoxication will
fall on the darkness of the dusk
Like waves finally travels to the shore.
4. Quatrain (4 lines) - most common stanza form, comprised of four lines
 example.
“The Orange” by Wendy Cope
At lunchtime I bought a huge orange The size of it made us all laugh.
I peeled it and shared it with Robert and Dave - They
got quarters and I had a half.
And that orange, it made me so happy,
An ordinary things often do
Just lately. The shopping. A walk in the park. This
is peace and contentment. It’s new.
The rest of the day was quite easy.
I did all the jobs on my list
And enjoyed them and had some time over.
I love you. I’m glad I exist.
5. Quintain or Cinquian (5 lines) - stanza with five lines
 example.
Would someone please lend an ear here,
listen for a moment,
before we disappear,
and our ears turn into dust
blowing in the wind.
How come we think we’re so busy,
that we can’t stop here, and give
our tired hearts a rest, To live in the
present, and learn to take our
time.
6. Sestet (6 lines) - stanza with six lines
 example.
“Collins Sestet (Morning in May)” by Rosalind Brackenbury
The air is cooling on the evening breeze A cold
beer in the hand a man at ease
He sits alone amid the failing light
His mind drifting to greet the coming night
And on the breeze the hanging bells now chime
Silence lies broken in the sands of time
In music his thoughts may now rest content
For all is done; silent his dreams consent
To dance once more in the poetic muse
As love and words of dreadful news confuse
On paper to form verse written in rhyme
Silence lies broken in the sands of time
7. Septet (7 lines) - stanza with seven lines
 example.
“Soul Septet” by Sneha Murali
Wishful thinkin crosses my mind
while blissful wishin plays its course, wanting to be with you
in an advertant effort at cutting it close to a heavenly
soliloquy duet with oneself. My heart travels incognito
through yours, while I sit paleface, with no veins and since
a palsy rendition of my love for you.
8. Octave (8 lines) - stanza comprised of eight lines
 example.
“Dragon’s Flight” by Nicholas Spandrel
through the air,
through the stars, on dragon wings I fly,
Soaring the sky, on a gentle breeze,
searching for a heart’s delight, the stars in
the sky bright as diamonds, as the cool
gentle breeze resides with me.
9. Spenserian (9 lines) - stanza consisting of nine lines
- consists of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by the 9TH
line of the iambic lines
 example.
“The Speed Of Time”
I can remember so clearly the day
As a tiny boy in the primary school, A
classmate told a short story one day:
“To have a cable time is not able,”
Made us much laughed and funny but less fool
As some little playful, mindless children,
Even in college we were unable
To guess the message of that great maxim,
Now time has enabled us to be enough sane,
10. Decima (10 lines) - stanza consisting of ten lines
 example.
“I Can’t” by CJ Holm
I can’t see a rainbow without The clouds
breaking warm summer air. God can’t hear
my words in prayer Unless I interrupt my
doubt. I can’t see what this life’s about Until
his love redeems my soul.
I can’t know when my life is whole When
nothing guaranteed in time.
But this I hope it will be sometime
Till I complete this earthly role
11. Sonnet (14 lines) - stanza consisting of fourteen lines
 example.
“Cursed To Love - A Sonnet” by Shanmuyam P
She came into sight like a beam of light;
Opening my heart, she conquered my dream;
One day, she started flowing like a stream;
Roaring with waves, she moved all day and night!
Yanking my soul, she soon threw me in love
And made my heart to beat only for her;
Gasping for her breath, I began to slur;
“Are you an angel or a mystic dove?”
Yielding no response increased my longing
Tuning into her, I began to sing;
Humming along with her taught me a lot!
Raising in pitch, I found bliss in her song;
I’m cursed to think about her all day long!
12. Ode - short lyric poem that praises an individual, an idea, or an event.
FREE VERSE
 Is a form of poetry that does not adhere to regular meter or rhyme scheme.
 Unlike traditional poetry that follows specific patterns, free verse allows poets
greater freedom in terms of line length, rhythm, and structure.
 As a result, free verse often lacks a consistent rhyme scheme and may not have
a formalized stanzaic structure.
FREE VERSE example.
“The city breathes
In pulses and sighs
Skyscrapers scrape the sky
A symphony of horns honking
Concrete and glass
Reflecting a thousand stories
Rhyme in Poetry
RHYME
• Rhyme in poetry is the repetition of similar sounds at the end of words, enhancing
rhythm, unity, and overall impact.
TYPES OF RHYME:
1. PERFECT RHYME
 Occurs when the sounds of stressed syllables and any succeeding sounds
in the words are identical.
Perfect Rhyme example : poem by Eve Merriam
Once upon a time
I caught a little rhyme
I set it on the floor
but it ran out the door….
2. NEAR RHYME (aka Slant Rhyme)
 The sounds are similar but not exactly the same. This can involve variations
in vowel sounds, consonant sounds, or both.
“Near Rhyme” poem by Christopher Aaron
This poem was meant to be a test
To teach a concept and give a taste
Of what it’s like to not completely rhyme
It taught me and it is a sign
That we really need to use our minds
And concentrate on all of the instruction
I know for sure that I’m not dumb
So when I finish and this is done
I will have shown that I have truly mastered
How to pen a good poem faster
And not be one of the last third
To send it in before the rest have finished
3. INTERNAL RHYME
 Occurs within a single line of verse in a stanza.
 This can contribute to the musicality of the poem.
“Mother Nature’s Rhyme” poem by Tia Mania : Internal Rhyme example
In the early morning air, every little care lifts with the rising sun.
When I feel the time, to unwind this
is where I come.
The burning pain is worth the gain
as we begin the climb Pretty
patches of flowers with their
captivating powers, offer a
chance to rest a while
Then that second wind comes and
with hearts beating like drums, we
are on the ascent again. At
Crystal falls we drink and pause
while tranquility settles in.
We cannot stay though we have all day still
further we must go.
And finally when we reach the Sphinx,
our chosen peak, we feast upon the
view.
The green of the hills are just the frills wrapped
at the skirt of the mountains high
And as eagles soar in the pale blue sky
I know this is my place to be…
4. EYE RHYME
 Words that look like they should rhyme but do not sound the same.
“Sumtimez Eye Rhyme” poem by angie bb hart : Eye Rhyme
example Sometimez I wanna convey wordz I don’t wanna say
and tho I prefer 2 rhyme it duzn’t happen all the tyme mirroring
life
my poetry dozen’t conform nor
dare 2 follow the norm
it iz wat it iz and it
ain’t wat it aint like a
starving artist running
out of pai
5. RICH RHYME
 Involves the use of words that not only rhyme phonetically but also have
similar meanings.
 It adds a layer of depth to the poetic expression.
“Cinder Girl” (Excerpt) by Andrea Dietrich : Rich Rhyme example
An ember sparked will softly glow, and fed by fuel, will
grow and grow.
I once was cinder, sparked by you. first
timid… till the flames then grew.
And so our start was touch of dawn,
with amber hue, for I was drawn to
eyes so welcoming and warm
I never guessed you’d do me harm.
………
6. CONSONANT RHYME
 Involves the repetition of consonant sounds at the end of the words,
contributing to the musical and rhythmic qualities of the writing.
Consonant poem example:
Let the boy try along this bayonet blade
How cold steel is, and keen with hunger of blood;
Blue with all malice, like a madman’s flash; And
thinly drawn with famishing for flesh.
7. ASSONANT RHYME
 A poetic technique where the vowel sounds in stressed syllables of words
are repeated, enhancing the musical and rhythmic qualities of the writing.
“Moses” : Assonant poem example
Moses supposes his toeses are roses,
But Moses supposes erroneously; For
nobody’s toeses are posies of roses As
Moses supposes his toeses to be.
TYPES OF RHYME SCHEME:
1. Couplet (AA) - two consecutive lines that rhyme.
 The sun is shining in the sky (A)
I feel so happy, oh so high (A)
2. Triplet (AAA) - three consecutive lines that rhyme.
 The moon is bright up in the night (A)
Its gentle glow a soft delight (A)
The stars around, a shimmering sight (A)
3. Quatrain (ABAB) - four consecutive lines with a specific rhyme where the 1ST and
3RD lines rhyme with each other and the 2ND and 4TH lines rhyme with each
other.
 The wind whispers through the trees (A) A melody carried on the breeze (B)
The leaves rustle with a gentle tease (A)
Nature’s song puts the mind at ease (B)
4. Alternate (ABAB) - similar to a quatrain, but the rhyme scheme alternates
between lines.
 The river flows, a silver stream (A)
Reflecting the moon’s soft gleam (B)
The night is calm, a tranquil dream (A)
Nature’s beauty, a timeless theme (B)
5. Limerick (AABBA) - a five-line poem where the 1ST, 2ND, and 5TH lines rhyme
with each other and the 3RD and 4TH lines rhyme with each other.
 There was once a son of a duke (A)
Whose upbringing was really a fluke: (A)
He was raised by some gibbons (B)
With apes for his siblin’s (B)
So all he can say now is “ook.” (A)
6. Sonnet (various) - 14-line poems with different rhyme schemes. The
Shakespearean or Elizabethan sonnet typically follows the ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
rhyme scheme.
 My Mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun; (A)
Coral is far more red than her lips’ red; (B)
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; (A)
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. (B)
I have seen roses damasked, red and white, (C)
But no such roses see I in her cheeks; (D)
And in some perfumes is there more delight (C)
There in the breath that from my mistress reeks. (D)
I love to hear her speak; yet well I know (E)
That music hath a far more pleasing sound; (F)
I grant I never saw a goddess go; (E)
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground. (F)
Any yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare (G)
As any she belied with false compare. (G)
Rhythm and Types
RHYTHM
• Beat or pace of a poem that gives it a sense of movement and flow.
• Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
• Comes from the Greek word ‘Rhythmos’ which means measured motion
ELEMENTS OF RHYTHM:
o Poetic Foot (ft)
•
 basic unit of meter
 Group of syllables with one stressed syllable and one or two unstressed
syllables
 Most common feet in English poetry: iamb(da-DUM) and trochee(DUM-da).
The difference between them lies in which syllables are stressed. In an iamb, the first
syllable is unstressed and the second is stressed. It sounds like da-DUM. In a trochee,
you stress the first syllable and unstress the second (so DUM-da), as in the name
Adam.
o Enjambment
 continuation of a sentence or thought from one line to the next without
pause
o Line
 a group of words that form a unit of rhythm o Caesura
 pause or break within a line of poetry, occurs in natural pauses in the syntax
or marked by punctuation.
TYPES OF RHYTHM:
1. Iambic
 most common type of rhythm; has 5 iambs per line
 2 syllables (1 UNstressed + 1 Stressed) 2. Trochaic
 2 syllables (1 Stressed + 1 UNstressed)
3. Spondaic
 less common
 2 syllables (1 Stressed + 1 Stressed)
4. Dactylic
 less common; 5 ft in one line
 3 syllables (1 Stressed + 2 UNstressed)
5. Anapestic
 lighthearted & bouncy feel
 3 syllables (2 UNstressed + 1 Stressed)
Tone in Poetry
“TONE”
 The overall attitude/emotion(s) expressed by the poet in their poem
“MOOD”
 The reader’s feelings toward a poem
TONE IN POETRY:
• The overall attitude/emotion(s) expressed by the poet in their poem
• Key factor to understanding the poem & shapes the reader’s mood
• Influenced by various elements: emotion, imagery, language & word choice,
theme, symbolism, sound and rhythm
Imagery
IMAGERY is a vivid and vibrant form of description that appeals to the reader’s
senses and imagination.
TYPES OF IMAGERY:
1. Visual Imagery - appeals to the reader’s sense of sight by using descriptive
metaphors, simile, or personification to create a mental image in the reader’s
mind
2. Auditory Imagery - appeals to the reader’s sense of hearing by using
onomatopoeia or words that imitate sound to recreate auditory experience
3. Gustatory Imagery - appeals to the reader’s sense of taste by describing the
flavor or texture of the food
4. Tactile Imagery - appeals to the reader’s sense of touch by describing typical
physical sensation/s
5. Olfactory Imagery - appeals to the reader’s sense of smell by describing
fragrance, odor, or scent
6. Kinesthetic Imagery - appeals to the reader’s sense of motion by describing
motion, movement, speed
7. Organic Imagery - appeals to the reader’s sense of fatigue by describing
internal sensations (can be physical/emotional) such as fatigue, hunger,
thirst, love
Figures of Speech: Simile, Metaphor, and Personification
SIMILE (direct comparison)
 A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing
of a different kind.
 A type of figurative language that compares two different things using the
word "like", "as", or "than"
 helps the reader visualize, understand and have a better conception of the
quality of the nouns being compared, makes it more vivid and descriptive.
 A simile can be used for comparisons, vivid descriptions, and imageries.
“A dragon poem” Simile Examples:
My dragon has eyes as round as dinner plates,
It has sharp teeth like daggers,
It’s mouth is dark and wide like a cave,
It has claws which are as pointed as needles
It’s nose lets out plumes of smoke like a chimney
It’s body is as huge as an ocean whale,
It’s tail flicks from side to side like it’s an angry cat, It
sits silently waiting to catch it’s prey.
METAPHOR (indirect comparison)
 A figure of speech in which an object, living being, idea, or situation is referred to
directly as something it is not.
 It compares two things like simile, but it doesn't use the words "like", "as", or "than"
 A metaphor uses the meaning of a word or phrase to not describe something as
literal, but rather provide an imaginative description of something.
 helps the reader visualize, understand and have a better conception of the quality
of the nouns being compared, makes it more vivid and descriptive, and adds a hint
of emotional impact.
 A metaphor can be used for comparison, symbolism, and emotional impact.
“Dreams” by Langston Hughes, Metaphor Examples:
Hold fast to dreams
For if dreams die
Life is a broken-winged bird That
cannot fly.
Hold fast to dreams
For when dreams go
Life is a barren field Frozen
with snow.
PERSONIFICATION
 when something is described as if it's a person (it is given human attributes).
 Personifying an object means figuratively describing it with human traits in order to
craft a vivid image of that object in your reader’s mind.
 Personification can be used to create vivid imagery, adding emotion, enhance
storytelling, setting the atmosphere, and highlighting concepts.
Personification Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The trees DANCED in the wind.
The sun SMILED down at us.
The grey clouds CRIED drops of rain.
The waves aggressively KISSED the shore.
The old house WHISPERED with every step.
Elements of Poetry
FIGURES OF SPEECH
• Is a creative use of language to make comparisons, explain something, or to add
dramatic effect. It adds beauty in poetry.
HYPERBOLE
 A colorful figure of speech used to exaggerate or overstate something to
create impact or humor within a sentence.
 It involves deliberate exaggeration beyond the bounds of truth for effect.
 Often not meant to be taken literally.
“Hyperbole Café”
Welcome to our restaurant Where
every thing’s gigantic.
A hundred waiters hold one dish. Our
kitchen can get frantic.
Our soup is deeper than the sea.
Our noodles stretch a mile. The
bread is longer than a train It’s
sure to make you smile.
We pile our peas up mountain high.
One cookie hides the moon.
We pour our iced tea into boats.
We hope you’ll visit soon.
OXYMORON
 Is a figure of speech in which contradictory to or incongruous terms appear in
conjunction.
 Combines contradictory words with opposing meanings.
 May be illogical at first, but in context, they usually make sense.
Examples:
- The couple seemed to have a love-hate relationship.
-
We are going to a slumber-party!
-
What surrounded us was the deafening silence.
-
Her school crush was a known secret.
-
We saw a comedian last night, he was seriously funny.
Use Literature as a Way of Understanding One’s life experiences
as well as other People’s Lives
OBJECTIVES: TONE ANALYSIS
8. Use Literature as a Way of Understanding One’s life experiences as well as
other People’s Lives
9. Analyze poems using elements of poetry
10. Reflect (master previous discussions as a guide)
Onomatopoeia
ONOMATOPOEIA
• the formation of a word from a sound associated with what is names (e.g.
cuckoo, sizzle)
• used for literary effect; vocal imitation
Examples: Bang, Bark, Boom, Buzz, Clap, Drizzle, Gulp, Clink, Clash, etc
Adverbs
Adverb is a word that modifies (add/change) or describes a verb, an adjective,
or another adverb.
ADVERBS OF TIME
 describes “when” an action occurred
 e.g. Today, quarterly, last week, every month, etc
ADVERBS OF MANNER
 tell us “how” something happens.
 Usually placed AFTER the main verb or the object
 e.g. Carefully, happily, understandably, lazily, etc
ADVERBS OF PLACE
 indicates “where” or an object’s position in relation to another object 
e.g. Below above, between, behind, around, etc
The Shakespearean sonnet V.S. the Petrarchan sonnet
THE SONNET
• meaning “ a little song”
• A poem with 14 lines
• Written in ONE (1) stanza
• Contains a volta
THE PETRARCHAN SONNET
THE SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET
• Measured in Iambic Pentameter
Iambic Pentameter
*penta = 5
*iamb - measurement of 2 syllables in poetry
- unit of one stressed & one unstressed syllables
 Iambic pentameter (5 x 2 = 10)
 5 units of stressed and unstressed syllables
 10 syllables per line Example:
“Shall / I / com / pare / thee / to / a / sum / mer’s / day?”
THE PETRARCHAN SONNET
THE SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET
•
Italian Sonnet
•
English Sonnet
•
Named after Francesco Petrarca
•
Named after William Shakespeare
•
14 lines
•
14 lines
•
Stanzaic structure: Octave
& Sestet
•
Stanzaic structure:
3 Quatrains & 1 Rhyming Couplet
•
Volta AFTER Octave
•
Volta BEFORE Rhyming Couplet
•
Rhyme scheme:
(Octave)
ABBAABBA
•
Rhyme scheme:
(Sonnet)
ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
•
Always written in Iambic Pentameter
(Sestet)
CDCDCD / CDECDE / CDCCDC
•
Meter can change
Literature in VUCA
V - Volatile
U - Uncertain
C - Complex
A - Ambiguous
VUCA
• used to describe volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity of general
situations
• it is a Theoretical Leadership Acronym based on the theories of Warren Bennis and
Burt Nanus
• The concept of VUCA can be expressed in the conflict/s of a story. One example
includes: conflict of love.
Volatility
 deals with the nature and dynamic of change
 e.g. COVID 19 pandemic, daily life situations needing adjustment
Uncertainty
 lack of predictability
 e.g. life, how long the COVID 19 pandemic lasts
Complexity
 is the compounding of confusions or space
 e.g. variety of COVID-19 vaccines with different efficacies
Ambiguous
 is about potential ideas or standpoint for misjudgment, or something that gives
confusions and different meaning.
 e.g. misleading or fake news about COVID-19