Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment Eleventh Edition Chapter 2 Biological Development in Infancy and Childhood Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) • LO 2-1 Describe the dynamics of human reproduction (including conception, the diagnosis of pregnancy, fetal development, prenatal influences and assessment, problem pregnancies, and the birth process). • LO 2-2 Explain typical developmental milestones for infants and children. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) • LO 2-3 Examine the abortion controversy (in addition to the impacts of social and economic forces). • LO 2-4 Explain infertility (including the causes, the psychological reactions to infertility, the treatment of infertility, the assessment process, alternatives available to infertile couples, and social work roles concerning infertility). Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-1 (1 of 2) • Describe the Dynamics of Human Reproduction. – – – – – – The Dynamics of Human Reproduction Prenatal Influences Drugs of Abuse Prenatal Assessment Problem Pregnancies The Birth Process Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-1 (2 of 2) • Sperm meets egg; a child is conceived. But in actuality, it is not quite that simple. • Pregnancy can be diagnosed by using laboratory tests, by observing the mother’s physical symptoms, or by performing a physical examination. • An average human pregnancy lasts about 266 days after conception. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Early Functioning of the Neonate (1 of 2) • The average full-term newborn weighs about 7.5 pounds and is approximately 20 inches long. • First, newborn babies generally spend much time sleeping, although the time spent decreases as the baby grows older. Second, babies tend to respond in very generalized ways. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Early Functioning of the Neonate (2 of 2) • Reflexes – – – – – – – – Sucking reflex Moro reflex Startle reflex Stepping reflex Grasping reflex Babinski reflex Swimming reflex Tonic neck reflex Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-2 • Explain Typical Developmental Milestones for Infants and Children. • As infants grow and develop, their growth follows certain patterns and principles. – – – – Continuous and orderly Specific characteristics Individual differences Nature-nurture controversy Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Profiles of Normal Development for Children 4 Months to 11 Years (1 of 2) • Motor; Adaptive; Social; Language: – – – – – Age 4 Months Age 8 Months Age 1 Year Age 18 Months Age 2 Years Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Profiles of Normal Development for Children 4 Months to 11 Years (2 of 2) – – – – – Age 3 Years Age 4 Years Age 5 Years Age 6 to 8 Years Ages 9 to 11 Years Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-3 (1 of 3) • Examine the Abortion Controversy: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces. • A basic decision involved in unplanned pregnancy is whether to have the baby. – The Impacts of Macro System Policies on Practice and Access to Services People’s values affect laws that, in turn, regulate policy regarding how people can make decisions and choose to act. – Incidence of Abortion Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-3 (2 of 3) – Reasons for Abortion – Methods of Abortion – The Importance of Context and Timing Although abortion is considered a very safe medical practice in the United States, the further a woman is into her pregnancy, the greater the risk of death. – Arguments For and Against Abortion – Effects of Abortion on Women and Men Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-3 (3 of 3) – Social Worker Roles and Abortion: Empowering Women Social workers can assume a variety of roles when helping women with unwanted pregnancies. Among them are enabler, educator, broker, and advocate. – Abortion-Related Ethical Dilemmas in Practice The EPS hierarchy involves seven principles Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-4 (1 of 2) • Explain Infertility. – Causes of Infertility Of all infertility cases, males are responsible for approximately one-third and females for about one-third; the remaining onethird involve a mixture of male and female factors. – Psychological Reactions to Infertility Some people experience serious reactions to infertility. They may show signs of depression, guilt, deprivation, frustration, or anger as they pursue infertility counseling. Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. LO 2-4 (2 of 2) – Treatment of Infertility The first thing to be done in the case of suspected infertility is to bring the matter out into the open. – Assessment of Infertility The first step in assessing female infertility usually involves evaluating whether the woman is ovulating each month. – Alternatives Available to the Infertile Couple – Social Work Roles, Infertility, and Empowerment Copyright © 2019 Cengage. All Rights Reserved.
