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RISK- Reviewer Cristobal
BS tourism management (STI College)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
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07H1|RISK MANAGEMENT (Cristobal)
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
OHS (Occupational Health and Safety)
– is the recognition, assessment, and
control of hazards associated with the
work environment.

1978 to 1989
Occupational Health and Safety
Standards - is a body of standards
formulated to protect workers against
the dangers of injury, sickness, or death
through safe and healthful working
conditions,
thereby
assuring
the
conservation of valuable manpower
resources and the prevention of loss or
damage to lives and properties.
The Department of Labor and
Employment (DOLE) is responsible for
issuing hazard-specific guidelines and
department orders and implementing
rules on occupational health and safety
matters
Important OHS Terms



Health refers to a sound state of
the body and mind of the worker,
which enables him to perform his
job normally, in a state of wellbeing (DOLE, 2017a).
Safe/Safety refers to the physical
or environmental conditions of
being protected against failure,
breakage, or accident during work
or employment (DOLE, 2017a).
Work accident shall mean an
unplanned
or
unexpected
occurrence that may or may not
result in personal injury, property
damage, work stoppage or




interference, or any combination
thereof, which arises out of and in
the course of employment (DOLE,
2017a).
A near miss incident is an
undesired event that, under
slightly different circumstances,
could have resulted in harm to
people,
property
damage,
business
disruption,
or
a
combination thereof. It is
sometimes called a near miss,
close call, warning, near hit, or
simply incident (McKinnon, 2020).
An occupational injury or work
injury is any cut, fracture, sprain,
or amputation resulting from a
workplace incident (Kelloway et
al., 2021).
An occupational illness is any
abnormal condition or disorder
caused
by
exposure
to
environmental factors associated
with employment (Kelloway et al.,
2021).
A loss is an unplanned,
preventable waste
of any
resource, be it through injury, loss
of time, damaged product or
equipment, or loss of process
(McKinnon, 2020).
Damage is the physical harm to
buildings, structures, equipment,
product, process, and the
environment normally caused by
accidents (McKinnon, 2020).
RA. 11058 signed by former President
Roa Duterte in 2018

“An
Act
Strengthening
Compliance with Occupational
Safety and Health Standards
and Providing Penalties for
Violations Thereof.”
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Its implementing rules and regulations
state the rights and duties of employers
and workers.
Training and safe working environment
Duties of Workers
 Participate in capacity-building

Duties of Employers









Equip a place of employment
for
workers
free
from
hazardous conditions
Provide complete job safety
instructions
and
proper
orientation, as well as work
environment familiarization, to
all workers.
Ensure that chemical, physical
and biological substances and
agents, and ergonomic and
psychosocial stresses under
their control are without health
risk when appropriate
protection measures are taken.
Use only approved specific
industry sets of standards of
devices and equipment for the
workplace
Comply with OHS standards
Make arrangements for
workers and their
representatives to manage the
OHS management system
actively
Provide measures identifying
training and drills, and
evacuation plans to deal with
emergencies, fires, and
accidents, including first-aid
arrangements
Comply with all reportorial
requirements of the OHS
standards
Register establishment to DOLE
as provided under the OHS
standards.



activities on safety and health
and other OHS-related topics
and programs
Proper use of all safeguards and
safety devices furnished for
workers’ protection
Comply with instructions to
prevent accidents or imminent
danger situations in the
workplace
Observe prescribed steps to be
taken in cases of emergency
Report to the immediate
supervisor or any other
responsible safety and health
personnel any work hazard that
may be discovered in the
workplace.
WORKER’S RIGHTS



Right to Know – All workers
shall be appropriately informed
by the employer about all types
of hazards in the workplace and
be provided access to training,
education, and orientation on
safety, ergonomics, and other
hazards and risks.
Right to Refuse Unsafe Work –
The worker has the right of
refusal to work without threat
or reprisal from the employer if
an imminent danger exists.
Right to Report Accidents –
Workers
and
their
representatives shall have the
right to report accidents,
dangerous occurrences, and
hazards to the employer, DOLE,
and
other
concerned
government agencies. They
shall be free from any form of
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
retaliation for reporting any
accident.
Right to Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) – The
employer shall provide workers
free of charge PPE for any part
of the body that may be
exposed to hazards whenever
necessary
because
of
hazardous work processes or
environments.
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Unsafe acts – occur when employees
do not conform or depart from an
established standard, rule, or policy.
These often happen when an employee
has an improper attitude, physical
limitations, or lacks knowledge or skills.
Unsafe conditions - are the physical or
chemical properties of a material,
machine, or environment that could
cause injury to people, property
damage, disrupt operations, or other
losses.
Type of Accidents
Accidents and diseases can be prevented
by identifying the risks and taking
appropriate preventive measures.
• Struck-Against.
It refers to an accident where a worker
strikes against something stationary or
gets into contact forcefully and
unexpectedly. For example, hitting the
head against a low beam.
• Struck-By.
It refers to accidents where a worker is
struck abruptly with force by something
that moves. For example, getting hit by
falling boxes or a door swinging open.
• Contact-By.
It refers to accidents in which an object
or agent moves toward the worker,
injuring him by nonforceful contact. For
example, steam burns the skin while
opening a pot.
• Contact-With.
It is an accident where the worker moves
toward the agent or object, causing injury
by nonforceful contact. An example is
spilling cleaning chemicals on bare skin
while cleaning.
• Caught-In.
A caught-in accident is when the person,
or some part of their body, is caught in an
enclosure or opening. An example of this
is falling into an opening on a floor.
• Caught-On.
This type of accident involves the worker
getting caught on a stationary protruding
object, causing a fall, or the worker’s
clothing getting caught on a moving
object, pulling them in. Examples of this
are tripping on wires or a piece of
clothing getting caught on a piece of
equipment.
• Caught-Between.
Accidents of this type involve a part of
the body caught between something
moving and something stationary or
between two (2) moving objects. An
example is when the hands get stuck
inside a blender.
• Fall-same-level and Fall-to-Below.
On both types, workers either slip or trip
on something, causing them to fall to the
ground.
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The difference between the two (2) is the
height from where they fell from.
The fall-to-below accidents occur when
workers work above ground or floor
level, and the resulting injuries are
usually more severe. An example of a
fall-same-level accident is slipping on
wet floors, while falling from a ladder is a
fall-to-below accident.
• Overexertion.
It is an accident where a worker is injured
from overexertion in lifting, pulling, or
pushing materials and/or equipment.
Being in an awkward position for long
periods may cause strains and sprains.
Repetitive motions such as chopping or
typing on the keyboard cause abnormal
pressure on tendons and nerves.
• Exposure.
This type of accident refers to injury from
exposure to unhealthy and unsafe
environmental conditions such as noise,
extreme temperatures, poor air, and
toxic fumes. An example is food servers
being exposed to loud music while
working in a nightclub.
2.


First Aid
First aid refers to the emergency care or
treatment given to an ill or injured
person before regular medical aid can be
obtained.
The American Red Cross (n.d.)
recommends the following steps in
checking an injured or ill person
1. Check the scene for safety. Make
3.
sure there is no more danger, like
the risk of falling debris, moving
machinery, live wires, and open
fire. Form an initial impression,
obtain consent from the injured
person, and use PPE if necessary.
Check
for
responsiveness,
breathing,
life-threatening
bleeding,
or
other
lifethreatening conditions using
shout-tap-shout. Do this for no
more than ten (10) seconds.
If the person does not respond,
responds but is not fully awake,
is not breathing or is only
grasping, or has life-threatening
bleeding or other conditions, call
emergency services immediately
and give care based on their
condition and check if additional
care is necessary. Do not
perform chest compressions
without proper training.
If the person is responsive or
responds to stimulation, is fully
awake, and does not appear to
have
any
life-threatening
conditions, interview the person
and ask about signs and
symptoms,
allergies,
medications,
and
medical
conditions. Take note of how the
person is acting. Do not move
the person if there is a
suspected head, neck, or spinal
injury. Do not ask the person to
move any area of the body that
causes discomfort or pain.
After checking, call emergency
services or have someone do it
while performing first aid.
Remember to only give care
based on the condition found and
the level of training received.
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First-Aid Kit
For non-hazardous workplaces with 100+
workers, the following medicines,
medical supplies, and equipment are
required to be on hand under the
Occupational
Health
and
Safety
Standards in cases of minor injuries and
medical emergencies:
3. Do not break any blister. If it breaks,
gently clean the area with clean water
and apply antibiotic ointment.
4. Apply lotion or burn ointment. It will
provide relief and prevent the area from
drying.
5. Loosely bandage the burn to protect
the blistered skin.
6. Take a nonprescription pain reliever if
needed.
Electrical burns, including those caused
by lightning and major chemical burns
need emergency medical care. A minor
burn might need emergency care if it
affects the eyes, mouth, hands, or genital
areas.

1.
2.
3.
Treating with First Aid
• Burns involve tissue damage from
contacting hot liquids, flames, chemicals,
electricity, and steam.
For minor burns:
1. Cool the burn by holding the area
under cool water for about 10 minutes.
2. Remove rings or other tight items
around the burned area. Do this quickly,
as the area is expected to swell.
4.
Cuts and Scrapes. They may
occur from using knives and
machinery in kitchens, laundry
shops,
and
engineering
workshops. For minor cuts and
scrapes:
Wash hands to avoid infection.
Stop the bleeding by applying
pressure or elevating the wound.
Rinse the wound with water and
wash the area with soap.
Apply an antibiotic or petroleum
jelly to protect from infections,
keep the surface moist, and
prevent scarring.
5.
Cover the wound with
gauze to keep it clean. Leave it
uncovered if the injury is just a
minor scratch or scrape. Change
the gauze frequently.
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HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE
Bullying
Workplace
bullying
(psychological
harassment or emotional abuse) results
from a repeated conscious effort to
mentally wound and seriously harm
another person with words and actions,
not violence.
It was commonly viewed as a social
problem and not addressed as
occupational health and safety issue until
recently (Reese, 2016).
Some effects on the organization
include:
• Lost productivity
• Erosion of employee loyalty and
commitment
• Increased staff turnover
• Additional costs to recruit and train
employees
• Poor public image
Organizational efforts dealing with
bullying take one of two (2) forms.
out the behavior and ask the bully
to leave and return only when
they can behave in a professional,
work- appropriate manner.
3. Keep track of the abuse.
Document the incidents by
writing down details, including
the time, how it happened, and
any witnesses present. Record
any information that can confirm
the abuse.
4. Talk to the management or
human resources. If the bullying
was not resolved successfully,
check the employee handbook to
learn more about the company
policy on workplace harassment
and the steps needed to file a
complaint.
Sexual Harassment
Republic Act no. 11313, known as Safe
Spaces Act, stipulates in Article IV,
Section 16 that the crime of genderbased sexual harassment in the
workplace.

First is through investigation and
resolution of complaints.
 Second is promoting a respectful
workplace.
Sherry Gordon, a bullying prevention
expert and author, recommends the
following strategies for coping with
bullying in the workplace (Gordon, 2022):
1. Set boundaries. Let the bully
know,
professionally
and
respectfully, what they’ve done is
unacceptable and that if it occurs
again, it will not be tolerated.
2. Confront the behavior. Once
boundaries are set, follow
through with consequences. Call
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Safe and Healthy Workplace
Accidents and diseases can be prevented
by identifying the risks and taking
appropriate preventive measures.
RISK ASSESSMENT is the identification of
hazards, the likelihood and possible risks
of harm occurring, and the preventative
measures taken to control the risks.
Risk assessments' overall goal is to avoid
near- miss incidents, thus resulting in safe
operations.
1. Hazard Identification – to identify
the hazard, its type and its
sources.
 Walk-through survey – worksite
and notes hazard.
 Safety Sampling – record
observations of unsafe practices.
2. Risk Analysis – the risk of an
incident or injury is determined.
 Probability – chance that event
will happen and result of harm.
 Consequences – severity of the
injury, harm or loss, it can range
from dust in eyes.
3. Risk Control – final step of risk
assessment process, preventive
and corrective measures are
established to control the risk.
 Elimination
– process of
removing
hazard
from
workplace.
 Substitution – replacing or
changing material for less
hazardous ones.
 Engineering
controls
–
modifications of work processes,
equipment, and materials to
reduce exposure to hazards.
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08H1|RISK MANAGEMENT
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
FIRE SAFETY
Fire can cause death and serious injury
through smoke inhalation and severe
burns. Fire can also be catastrophic to a
business resulting in significant financial
losses through not having insurance or
adequate coverage.
Fire basics
Fire is defined as the active principle of
burning, characterized by the heat and
light of combustion.
Figure 1
Combustion Triangle
Fuel refers to any combustible material
and can be in gas, liquid, or solid form.
Together with oxygen, it forms an
ignitable mixture. When heat is added to
this mixture, fire erupts. When one of
these components is missing, the danger
of ignition no longer persists.
Causes of Fire
It is important to understand what causes
fire first to prevent it. Fires can be caused
by the following (Helmerking, 2020):
• Natural causes, like lightning
• Caused by animals, like rats chewing on
electric cables
• Self-ignition, caused by chemical
reactions
• Technical causes, like defective
equipment
• Negligence, like a lit cigarette thrown in
a bin filled with combustible materials
• Arson (an intentional act of setting fire
to a property)
STAGES OF FIRE
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ignition stage
Growth stage
Fully developed stage
Decay or burnout stage
FIRE CLASSIFICATION:
• Class A: Fires involving ordinary
combustible materials such as wood,
paper, straw, textiles, rubber, and
plastics.
• Class B: Fires involving flammable
liquids such as petrol, diesel, paint, and
gases such as methane and propane.
• Class C: Fires involving electrically
energized equipment such as computers,
radios, and toasters.
• Class D: Fires involving combustible
metals such as magnesium, aluminum,
lithium, sodium, potassium, and other
similar materials.
• Class K: Fires in cooking appliances that
involve combustible cooking media such
as cooking oil, fat, grease, etc.
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Fire Protection Equipment
Some of the basic fire protection facilities
and equipment are:
•
Fire
detection,
alarm,
and
communication system – These notify
building occupants of the fire and other
emergencies. These can be initiated
manually or have automatic detection
(Fire Code of the Philippines, 2019).
• Sprinkler Systems – These consist of
pipes along a ceiling containing water
under pressure. During fires, a seal in the
sprinkler head ruptures so that a steady
stream of water flows, suppressing the
fire (Purpura, 2013).
• Standpipe Systems – These are piping
and hose connections installed in a
building providing reliable water for the
manual suppression of fires (Mahoney,
2021).
• Portable Fire Extinguishers – These are
apparatuses used to put out a small fire
by directing onto it a substance that cools
the burning material, deprives the flame
of oxygen, or interferes with the chemical
reactions occurring in the flame
(Britannica, 2017).
• Break the combustion process – It
involves interrupting the chemical chain
reaction that ignites the fire.
Using a Fire Extinguisher
To operate a fire extinguisher, remember
the word PASS (NFPA, n.d.):
• Pull the pin. Hold the extinguisher with
the nozzle pointing away from you and
release the locking mechanism.
• Aim low. Point the nozzle at the base of
the fire.
• Squeeze the lever slowly and evenly.
• Sweep the nozzle from side to side.
Figure 2
Sample Fire Extinguisher Label
Earthquakes
Putting Out Fires
The four (4) ways of putting out fire are:
• Cooling – It involves decreasing the
temperature of the burning material.
• Smothering – It involves limiting the
oxygen supply to the burning material.
• Starvation – It involves the removal of
a fuel source.
An earthquake is the sudden shaking of
the ground caused by the passage of
seismic waves through the Earth’s rocks.
The Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) recommends the
following during an earthquake:
• DROP – Drop down to the ground, on
hands and knees. It reduces the risks of
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falling as the ground shakes. Crawl away
from objects, tall furniture, and shelves
that may fall.
• COVER – Cover the head and neck and
find shelter under a sturdy table or desk.
If there is no shelter nearby, get down
next to low-lying furniture and protect
the head and neck with arms and hands.
• HOLD – Hold on to the shelter until the
shaking stops.
Workplace Violence
Workplace violence as any act or threat
of physical violence, harassment,
intimidation, or other threatening
disruptive behavior at work.
Terrorism
Terrorism
is
intentional
violence
involving targeted attacks designed to
scare, intimidate, or ‘terrorize’ for a
political purpose.
Human Trafficking
Human trafficking is the recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring, or
receipt of people through force, fraud, or
deception to exploit them for profit.
Emergency Planning
An emergency is any sudden set of
circumstances demanding immediate
action. It can be naturally occurring, like
storms and epidemics, and it can be
caused by humans, like fires and riots.
An emergency response plan is an
integrated set of policies and procedures
that allows organizations to prepare for,
respond to, and recover from emergency
incidents
Cornerstones of an Emergency Plan
An emergency plan has four (4) essential
qualities. These are (CCOHS, 2020):
• Prevention – It ensures that
emergencies are eliminated or minimized
(e.g., regular workplace inspection and
equipment maintenance).
•
Preparedness – It ensures that
people in the organization are prepared
to respond effectively to an emergency
(e.g., conducting drills and employee
training).
• Response – It ensures that resources
are available and used when responding
to an emergency (e.g., using fire alarms
and proper evacuation procedures).
• Recovery – It allows the organization to
return to usual operations with as little
disruption as possible (e.g., assisting
employees in dealing with their fears and
stress and managing insurance claims).
Developing an Emergency Response Plan
There are six (6) key steps in developing
an emergency response plan. These are
discussed below (CCOHS, 2020):
1. Establish the Planning Team. Effective
emergency planning requires a team
approach. Combining the various skill
sets from all levels and functional areas
of the organization can be beneficial as it
provides a broader perspective in
emergency planning.
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2. Assess the Risks and Company
Capabilities. Risk assessments are
conducted to identify the severity of a
possible emergency and its impacts on
the organization. The organization’s
capability to respond to an emergency
and available resources are also assessed.
Resources include facilities, equipment,
supplies, staff expertise, employee
experience, and their level of training.
3. Develop the Plan. The emergency
response plan shall be written beginning
with the most likely emergency scenario,
expanding
to
cover
all
other
emergencies. It will also be based on the
current resources as determined in the
previous step. The emergency response
plan shall include the following:
o
The emergency response team
shall
manage
and
lead
during
emergencies.
o
Alarm activation refers to the
procedures to activate the alarm system
to alert employees of an emergency.
o
Reporting
refers
to
the
procedures for contacting emergency
services.
o
Resource mobilization refers to
the procedures for assembling the
resources determined in step 2.
o
Response procedures refer to
the procedures for responding to each
possible emergency.
o
Media plan refers to the
communication plan for dealing with the
media and the public.
o
Business recovery plans refer to
the procedures that will ensure the
resumption of critical business functions
and operations after an emergency.
o
Cleanup and restoration plan
refers to cleanup, restoration, repair,
replacement, and salvage procedures.
4. Implement the Plan. It includes
training personnel and conducting drills
and exercises as specified in the
emergency plan.
5. Evaluate its Effectiveness. A thorough
evaluation of the exercise will ensure that
the emergency plan is successfully
implemented and completed.
6. Improve the Plan Continuously. Pieces
of feedback from step 5 and findings
from investigations after an actual
emergency are applied to the emergency
plan to prevent future incidents.
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