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<div>three kinds of muscle tissue</div>"<div>skeletal,
cardiac, smooth</div>"
"Muscular
System""<div>converts chemical energy in ATP
into motion</div>"
Myrefers to muscles
"Connective
Tissues of a Muscle"<div>Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium, fascia</div>
"Fascicle
Orientation of Muscles"determines the strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull
"<div>Indirect
muscle attachment</div>""<div>tendons
fill the gaps between muscle and bones</div>"
Muslce originpoint where muscle attaches to the bone
Actionthe effects produced by a muscle
Prime movermuscle that produces most of the force during a joint action
SynergistMuscle that helps the prime mover
Antagonistopposes the prime mover
Fixatorholds bone into place
"Muscle
Innervation"The identity of a nerve that stimulates it
Masticationpushes food between molars for chewing
Deglutitionforces food into the pharynx for swallowing
Chewing MusclesAre important for speech
Glossus&nbsp;Toungue
"<div>Muscles that produce the
biting and chewing movements of the mandible</div>""<div>Temporalis,
masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid</div>"
How many pairs of muscles associated with hyoid bone8 pairs
Infrahyoid Muscleallows suprahyoid muscles to open mouth
Suprahyoidallows chewing and vocalizing
"What do the three
pairs <span style=""font-style: italic;"">pharyngeal
constrictors do?</span>""<div>They encircle the pharynx forming a muscular
funnel and push food into the esophagus</div>"
Where do muscles acting on the head originate?"<div>They originate
on the vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle</div>"
What are the 3 functional groups of muscles of the trunk?"<div>muscles
of respiration, muscles
that support abdominal wall and pelvic floor, and movement
of vertebral column</div>"
Inspiration&nbsp;air intake
Expirationexpelling air
<div>Breathing requires the use of what muscles enclosing the thoracic cavity</div>"The diaphragm,
external
intercostal, and internal intercostal"
Diaphragm"<div>muscular
dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities</div>"
Contraction of the diaphragm&nbsp;Flattens it and enlarges the thoracic cavity
The diaphragm is innervated by what nervephrenic nerve
<div>External intercostals</div>"<div>–&nbsp; elevates the ribs</div>
<div>–&nbsp; expands the thoracic cavity</div>
<div>–&nbsp; creates a partial vacuum causing inflow of
air</div>"
<div>Internal intercostals</div>- Depresses and retracts the ribs<br>- Compresses the thoracic cavity<br>- Expells air
What are the four pairs of muscles of the Anterior Abdominal wall"<div>–&nbsp;external abdominal oblique</div>
<div>–&nbsp;internal abdominal oblique</div>
<div>–&nbsp;transverse abdominal</div>
<div>–&nbsp;rectus abdominis</div>"
Rectus abdominis"<div>- flexes lumbar region of vertebral column</div>
<div>- produces forward bending at the waist</div>
<div>- extends from sternum to pubis</div>
<div>- Linea alba</div>"
Hernia"Organs protrude through a weak point in
the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic
cavity"
"<div>Inguinal
hernia</div>""<div>–most common type of hernia (rare in
women)</div>
<div>–Organs (viscera) enter inguinal canal or even the
scrotum</div>"
Hiatal hernia"<div>–s tomach protrudes through diaphragm into
thorax</div>
<div>– overweight people over 40</div>"
"<div>Umbilical
hernia</div>"<div>organs protrude through the navel</div>
"Superficial
Muscles of Back""<div>extend, rotate, and laterally flex
vertebral column</div>"
"<div><span style=""font-style: italic;"">erector
</span><span style=""font-style: italic;"">spinae</span><span style=""font-style: italic;"">
group</span></div>""<div>The extension
and lateral flexion of&nbsp;the vertebral column</div>"
"Muscles
Acting on the Shoulder""<div>•originate
on the axial skeleton</div>
<div>•insert
on clavicle and scapula</div>"
Clavicle&nbsp;"braces the shoulder and moderates
movements"
<div>What are the four muscles of posterior group</div>"<div>Trapezius,&nbsp;levator
scapulae,
rhomboideus
minor,
and rhomboideus
major</div>"
Trapezius"<div>– stabilizes
scapula and shoulder</div>
<div>– elevates
and depresses shoulder apex</div>"
"<div>levator
scapulae&nbsp;</div>"flexes neck laterally
"<div>Rhomboideus
minor</div>""<div>retracts
scapula and braces shoulder</div>"
Deltoid- rotates and abducts arm<br>- intramuscular injection site
Teres major&nbsp;<div>extension and medial rotation of humerus</div>
coracobrachialisflexes and medially rotates arm
Rotator cuff muscles"<div>tendons of these muscles merge with the
joint capsule of the shoulder as it goes to the humerus</div>"
brachioradialisflexes elbow
pronator quadratuspronation
Pronator teres"assists pronator
quadratus
in pronation"
Supinatorsupinates the forearm
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome"<div>repetitive motions cause inflammation and
pressure on median nerve</div>"
iliacusflexes thigh at the hip
psoas majorflexes thigh at the hip
flexor digitorum longus&nbsp;flexes phalanges
flexor hallucis longus&nbsp;flexes big toe
Conductivity<div>electrical change that triggers a wave of excitation that travels&nbsp;on&nbsp;muscle fiber</div>
Contractibility&nbsp;shortens when stimulated
Skeletal muscle&nbsp;"<div>voluntary, striated muscle attached
to one&nbsp;&nbsp;or more bones</div>"
endomysium&nbsp;connective tissue around muscle cells
perimysium&nbsp;connective tissue around muscle fascicles
epimysiumconnective tissue surrounding an entire muscle
myofibril&nbsp;string of sarcomere
Fasciclea group of fibers
sarcolemmaplasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm&nbsp;cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
myofibrilsprotein bundles in the sarcoplasm
"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">sarcoplasmic
reticulum</span>"Smooth ER around myofibril
triada T tubule and two terminal cisterns
"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">terminal
cisternae&nbsp;</span>"sacs of SR that cross muscle fiber
Sarcomereunit of muscle fiber
troponincalcium binding protein on tropomyosin molecules
fibrous actintwo intertwined strands
Titina huge springy protein
Striations"<div>result
from overlap among protein filaments</div>"
Muscle contraction"<div>muscle
cells shorten because their individual sarcomeres shorten&nbsp;</div>"
Thick and thin filamentsdon't change length during shortening
"skeletal
muscle never contracts unless stimulated by what?&nbsp;"a nerve
Somatic fiber muscles"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">axons</span> that go to the skeletal muscle"
Motor unit"<div>A
nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it</div>"
Muscle fibers of one motor unit produce a strong or weak contraction?&nbsp;weak
How many muscle fibers for each motor unit?200
Large motor units have morestrength than control
Muscle power is determined by the number of&nbsp;motor units
Synapsepoint where a nerve fiber meets the target cell
"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">In a neuromuscular
junction&nbsp;</span>"the target cell is a muscle fiber
Mid muscle contractionmeans the msot muscle power
Fully contracted or fully stretched&nbsp;means less power
What is a twitcha contraction
What is a length - tension relationship?"<div>•the
amount of tension generated by a muscle and the force of contraction depends on
how stretched or contracted it was before it was stimulated</div>"
latent period&nbsp;<div>The delay between when a stimulus starts and the onset of twitch response</div>
"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">10-20
stimuli per second&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>""produces
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">treppe</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""> </span>&nbsp;"
When stimulant is constanttwitch strength can vary
Muscle contraction depends on what?ATP
"<div>A<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">naerobic fermentation</span></div>"<div>•enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen</div>
"<div>A<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">erobic respiration</span></div>""<div>•produces a lot of ATP</div>
<div>•less toxic end products</div>
<div>•requires a continual supply of
oxygen</div>"
Anaerobic metabolismshort burst of energy and power
Aerobic metabolism (oxygen)sustained energy
Myoglobin<div>oxygen need is briefly supplied and rapidly depleted</div>
"<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">glycogen-lactic
acid system&nbsp;</span>"the pathway from glycogen to lactic acid
Muscle fatigueloss of muscle contractibility
Muscle fatigue is caused by?ATP synthesis decline
Oxygen debt- heavy breathing after exercise<br>- oxidizes lactic acid
How to beat muscle fatigue?&nbsp;Taking creating and carb loading
Slow twitchA lot of mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries
fast twitch"<div>–poor in mitochondria, myoglobin,
and blood capillaries which gives pale appearance</div>"
Cardiac Muscle"<div>–<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">striated</span>
like skeletal muscle, but cardiocytes
are <span style=""font-weight: bold;"">shorter
and thicker</span></div><div>- uses
<span style=""font-weight: bold;"">aerobic respiration&nbsp;</span><span style=""font-weight: bold;""><br></span></div>"
Smooth muscle&nbsp;"<div>–It is involuntary and can contract in response to
chemical stimuli</div><div>- Literally has nothing else (striations, z discs, or tubules)</div>"