Module
1
The Nature, Goals, and Perspectives of
Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here
to help you master the nature of Understanding Culture Society and
Politics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is about the Nature, Goals and Perspectives in
Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Identify the nature, goals, and perspectives in
anthropology, sociology and political science;
2. Recognize the concepts and the subjects of inquiries of
anthropology, sociology and political science; and
3. Appreciate the importance of the goals of anthropology,
sociology and political science.
What I Know
I-Direction: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your
answer in your activity notebook.
1. It is called, “the science of humanity”.
a. Biology
c. Anthropology
b. Sociology
d. Political Science
2. It is the study of the nature, causes, and consequences of collective decisions and actions
taken by groups of people.
a. Biology
c. Anthropology
b. Sociology
d. Political Science
3. It is the scientific study of human society and social behavior.
a. Biology
c. Anthropology
b. Sociology
d. Political Science
4. This branch of anthropology studies patterns of behavior.
a. Social anthropology
c. Linguistic anthropology
b. Cultural anthropology
d. Biological or Physical anthropology
5. This branch of anthropology studies cultural meaning including norms and values.
a. Social anthropology
c. Linguistic anthropology
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b. Cultural anthropology
d. Biological or Physical anthropology
6. This branch of anthropology studies the biological development of humans.
a. Visual anthropology
c. Linguistic anthropology
b. Cultural anthropology
d. Biological or Physical anthropology
7. This branch of anthropology studies how language influences social life.
a. Visual anthropology
c. Linguistic anthropology
b. Cultural anthropology
d. Biological or Physical anthropology
8. One of its main goals is to understand the fossil record of early humans and their
ancestors as well as the archaeological record of more recent pre-historic societies.
a. Biology
c. Anthropology
b. Sociology
d. Political Science
9. Its ultimate aim as pointed out by Samuel Koenig is to improve man’s adjustment to life
by developing objective knowledge concerning social phenomena which can be used to deal
effectively with social problems.
a. Biology
c. Anthropology
b. Sociology
d. Political Science
10. Its main goal is to study the process of growth, industrialization and change and its
impact on government forms and policies.
a. Biology
c. Anthropology
b. Sociology
d. Political Science
11. Who is considered as the “Father of Sociology”?
a. Auguste Comte
c. Aristotle
b. Emile Durkheim
d. Plato
12. Who is considered as the “Father of Political Science”?
a. Auguste Comte
c. Aristotle
b. Emile Durkheim
d. Plato
13. Who wrote The Republic?
a. Auguste Comte
c. Aristotle
b. Emile Durkheim
d. Plato
14. A French sociologist, who is said to have made the largest contribution to the
emergence of sociology as a social scientific discipline.
a. Auguste Comte
c. Aristotle
b. Emile Durkheim
d. Plato
15. Who wrote the Politics?
a. Auguste Comte
c. Aristotle
b. Emile Durkheim
d. Plato
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What’s New
Learning Task 2
Using the given illustration above, identify the concepts that
you can relate to culture, society and politics. Write your answer in
your activity notebook.
Culture
Society
Politics
After doing the activity, give your own definition of culture, society and politics.
Culture
Society
Politics
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What is it
A lot of us are likely confused with the difference between sociology
and anthropology. Confusion might come from their commonalities as
the two are dealing with society and culture. Both of them study human
behavior and the different factors that affects our social relations. Since
these two fields are most likely similar to each other, let us first draw
out its differences
To find out the difference between anthropology and
sociology, let us study the similar and various concepts
between each field below:
Anthropology
Sociology
Answers the
question…
What does it mean to
be human?
Who are you?
Where do you come from?
How do we study society?
What are the things that you
think influence your life?
What is life to people living in
places with different culture and
behavior?
Where did it
start?
Anthropology started as a
science during the time of
exploration when European
countries started to colonize
what they considered as
primitive societies where
people were believed to be
savages and barbaric.
Sociology emerged as an
academic field right at the height
of Industrial Revolution in
Europe which mobilized the
entire population in a way that
had never been before in human
history. These eras had brought
great changes in the way people
live in a society.
Let
it
be
clear
that Sociology started as the study of
anthropology started as the European society by European
study of non- European people (inward).
people by European people
(outward).
During that time, emerging
institutions arose and replaced
During their colonial
the old ones such as how
encounter with these people, science
Europeans
was taking over religion, when
they
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started to make a written record
about non-Europeans. They
focus on kinship, language,
race,
religion,
cultural
perceptions, and others.
reign of kings and queens fell down,
and when the era of feudalism had
ended. People saw the importance of
studying these emerging institutions
and how they started and what impact
they could make to an individual and
the new society in general.
Who started
this field?
Franz Boas –considered as the
father of modern American
anthropology. His study led to
the doctrine of “historical
particularism,” where he stated
that each society is considered
as having a unique form of
culture
that
cannot
be
understood under an overall
definition of general culture.
Auguste Comte – French philosopher
and mathematician. He coined the term
sociology. He saw the need for a
systematic science of studying society
and in dealing with the solution of its
basic problems.
Emile Durkheim- A French sociologist, is
said to have made the largest contribution
to the emergence of sociology as a social
scientific discipline.
Concept
Anthropology is the study of
people and their culture.
It uses a special research
method known as ethnography
in which anthropologists are
required to live with their
subject of study for a long
period of time in order to make
their writings more reliable and
credible.
Sociology is the study of society,
patterns of social interactions, and
culture of everyday life. Unlike
anthropology, the knowledge created
by sociology is used to understand
one’s own society.
Sociologists use qualitative research
method in doing their studies.
Subjects of
Inquiry
Biological anthropology r e f e r s Anything in a society that
to the study of human origins
influences people’s lives can be subjects
(genetics, race, evolutions,
of inquiry, like different fossils, primates).
Cultural anthropology is the
study of living people (religion,
social phenomena, issues, and
social system, language, clothing, problems.
foods, beliefs, traditions, etc.)
Linguistics is the study of
Sociologists can also look into
language, its evolution,
its
connection to other languages, things t h a t i n f l u e n c e life like
background,
socioand others. Archeology refers family
to the study
economic status, ethnicity, social
of dead culture (religion, social
classes, religion, gender, beliefs,
system,
language, how
they dress, foods, beliefs, traditions, norms, among others.
Some
fields
are
social
traditions, etc.).
organization, social psychology,
applied sociology, and human
ecology.
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Goals
The goals of anthropology
The goals of Sociology are the
are
following:
the following:
-Obtain possible theories and
 Seethe commonalities
principles about society as
among people
well as various aspects of
(tradition, language,
social life.
kinship, etc.).
- Study the nature of
 Look at what makes
humanity to further examine
us the same to
our roles within a society.
understand more
- Appreciate that all things in
about human nature.
society are interdependent.
 Discover what makes
- Expose our minds to
people different from
different perspectives in
each other in order to
attaining truth.
understand and
preserve diversity.
 Produce new
knowledge and new
theories about
mankind and
behavior. Look at
one’s own culture
more objectively.
After finding out the difference between anthropology and
sociology, let us now proceed with another discipline in social science
that plays another important role in our life.
Politics impacts our lives directly or indirectly, whether we are
aware of its effects or not. If there is a crime that took place, we call
police, and this scheme is part of government. If there was a fire that
occurred, we call the fire department, and that’s also a part of
government. Military is government as well, let alone our civil liberty
and our rights which have influences on us daily. In school, you were
asked to read by heart the Constitution. When you are apprehended
by an authority, you asked your violation and insisted on your legal
rights. Even inside your house, there are still set of rules that are being
enforced and followed. All these things are related to a field called
Political Science.
Origin
-
Concepts
Description/Explanation
-The study of political science was started by the
ancient Greeks.
Aristotle on his book “Politics” stated that Man is a
political animal. It means that it is our nature to live
in a society and to have power over another.
-Political Science is the systematic study of
government, politics, and political power. It is often
defined as who gets what, when, where and how.
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Subjects of Inquiry
-
political theory, philosophy and different political ideologies
public management
human rights
international relations and foreign policies.
Goal
- Make people a better citizen.
-
Keep social order and harmony among different
group of people.
Protect the rights of an individual.
Avoid conflict and promote cooperation.
What I Have Learned
Learning Task 3:
Find your own social location by creating your own social
map. Fill up every important feature given on each box to understand
yourself better. Write your answer in your activity notebook .
Race
Religion
Social class
Type of community
(urban/rural)
Gender
Language/Dialect
Answer the following questions
1. What do you think is the importance of finding
your social location in your own society?
2. How do the following features (race, gender,
religion, class, etc.) affect you in pursuing your
present and future plans? Do they provide
opportunities or serve as constraints?
3. How does government respond to the needs of
those people who belong to the same social
location where you are located right now?
Description of your society
________________________________________________________________
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What I Can Do
Learning Task 4:
Based on the picture below, identify the major social
issue or problem that affects our society today. Explain
how the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and
political science help us in addressing this issue. Write
your answer in your activity notebook.
Assessment
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write
the letter that corresponds to your answer in your activity notebook.
For numbers 1-4, identify the branch of science described in
each item. Choose your answer from the given choices below:
a. Anthropology
b. Political Science
c. Sociology
1. Its goal is to look for the similarities and differences
among the culture of societies around the world. In doing
so, we could be able to understand more about human
nature, and be more tolerant on other people’s behavior
and actions.
2. This is the study of society, patterns of social
interactions, and culture of everyday life.
3.Its main concern is to learn how to use power over others
to maintain social order and harmony among citizens.
4. If we want to know why certain social phenomena
happened, such as the television program Eat Bulaga’s
Kalyeserye gaining millions of tweets worldwide, this field
of social science answers these occurrences.
For numbers 5-8, identify the most appropriate discipline to be
used in the following research scenarios and recent
development that happened in our country. Choose your
answer from the given choices below:
a. Anthropology
c. Political Science
b. Geography
d. Sociology
5. Framing legislative policies abolishing or limiting political
dynasties all over the Philippines
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6. Preservation of cultural diversity and respect for traditions
in this period of globalization
7. Referendum was held in selected provinces comprising
the old Bangsamoro republic for the ratification of the
Bangsamoro Organic Basic Law. This was done to promote
development, peace, and order in their locality.
8. Exchange of culture and ideas in the macro level and
breakdown of families in the micro level as a result of
economic migration by Filipino workers
For numbers 9-10, choose the best answer for each item.
9. Food habits like the way of cooking foods, habits of
dressing up, relationship with family members or with inlaws, and many others are some of the focuses of this
anthropological field.
a. Archaeology
c. Linguistics
b. Biological anthropology
d. Cultural & social anthropology
10. A researcher chose to write about indigenous people in
Mindanao and he described them using some concepts such
as kinship, gender and power. He tried to compare them to
other groups of people. Which of the following fields of
science did the statement above portray?
c. History
c. Political science
d. Anthropology
d. Sociology
Module
2
Concept, Aspects, and Changes in/of
Culture and Society
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is
here to help you master the concepts of culture and society.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But
the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module presents the topics on:
 Society and Culture as A Complex Whole
 Aspects and Changes of Culture and Society
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After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain concepts of culture and society and relate it to a real-life
situation;
2. Show deep appreciation on the collaboration between our
culture and society by means of stating personal pledge;
3. Trace and scrutinize terms that are related to the study of
culture and the society, and give examples of such concepts;
4. Analyze aspects of and changes in culture and society;
5. Appreciate the general characteristics of culture as means of
enriching our own culture; and
6. Write examples of real-life situations that best describe
the characteristics of culture.
What I Know
Learning Task 1:
Directions: Based on the previous discussion, kindly recall ideas related
to anthropology, sociology, and political science. Write your answer in
your activity notebook.
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
SOCIOLOGY
ANTRHOPOLOGY
What’s New
Learning Task 2:
Look for the words related to the study of
culture and society. Write your answers on your
answer sheet.
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Learning Task 3:
Analyze each situation. Identify the feature of
culture described in each statement. In addition, the
jumbled letters on the right will be your guide in
identifying these characteristics.
Culture is
1.
_
ELEADR N
Culture is
2.
SLOAC I
Culture has
3.
_
VYATRE I
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Culture is
4.
_
SDHEA R
Culture is
5.
_
G R A G I N T IF
Culture is
6.
_
COUSNTIUTO
Culture is
7.
_
TRNASMIEDTT
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What is it
Did you have a hard time looking for words pertaining to culture and
society?
Now let’s try to go deeper. Analyze the following questions and
write your answers in your activity notebook.
1. How are the words in your activity connected to the
study of culture and society?
2. Can culture and society be completed without these things? Why?
3. How do you define the terms “culture” and “society”?
4. Can a society function without culture, or can a culture
exist without society? Why?
5. What are the characteristics or aspects of culture?
Please enumerate them on the space provided.
CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE
1.
Culture is social because it is the product of behavior.
Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product of
society. It develops through social interaction. No man
can acquire culture without association
2.
Culture varies from society to society.
Every society has a culture of its own that differs from
other societies. The culture of every society is unique
by itself. Cultures are not uniform. Cultural elements
like customs, traditions, morals, values, and beliefs
are not constant.
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3.
Culture is shared.
Culture is not something that an individual alone can
possess. Culture, in sociological sense, is shared. For
example, people of a society share all customs,
traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals, etc.
4. Culture is learned.
Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Unlearned
behavior then, is not culture. Shaking hands, saying
thanks, etc. are cultural behaviors. Not all behaviors
are learned, but most of these can be. Combing hair,
standing in line, telling jokes, criticizing the president,
and going to movies all constitute behaviors that need
to be learned.
5. Culture is transmitted among members of society.
Cultural ways are learned by people from others.
Many of these ways are handed down from elders,
parents, teachers, and others (most likely individuals
of older generation), while other cultural behaviors
are handed up to elders. Transmission of culture is
made possible by language. Language is the main
vehicle of culture. Transmission of culture may take
place also through imitation as well as through
instruction.
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6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.
Culture exists as a continuous process. In its
historical growth, it tends to become cumulative.
Ralph Linton called culture “the social heritage” of
man. No culture ever remains constant or permanent.
It is subject to slow but constant variation. Likewise,
culture is responsive to the changing conditions of the
physical world; hence, it is dynamic.
7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
Culture provides proper opportunities for the
satisfaction of our needs and desires. Our needs,
both biological and social, are fulfilled in cultural
ways. Culture consists of the intellectual, artistic, and
social ideals, and institutions where members of the
society profess and strive to confirm.
What I Have Learned
Learning Task 5
After learning concepts from the previous phases of the
module, answer the “EXIT CARD” and write down your
thoughts in your activity notebook.
Exit Card – 3 Thoughts that you have
learned today 2 Things
that you want to
remember
1 Question you still have in mind.
What I Can Do
Learning Task 7: #pi-YES-ta!
Situation: You are the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK)
chairperson in your barangay. At the same time, you are elected
as the president of the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Federation
in your municipality/city. You are tasked to be the coordinator in
the upcoming “Pista ng Bayan.” Write down your plans and
major directions to the following institutions or committees in
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order to make the program organized and well-coordinated.
Use the spaces provided.
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Assessment
POST-TEST
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Sinulog Festival is Cebuano’s way of honoring Sto. Nino;
Pangasinan’s Bangus festival signifies their bountiful
harvest of fishes particularly bangus; meanwhile,
Bicolano’s “Bicol express” truly marks their “Uragon”
(courageous) style because of the spiciness and hotness
of the said food. The mentioned traditions represent
culture as being.
a. symbolic
c. encompassing
b. integrated
d. learned
2. Mang Isko and Aling Perla used to have a family devotion
(prayer) every Saturday. They demonstrate and explain
to their children the reason for having deep faith to God.
What aspect of culture is best suitable for this situation?
a. Culture is shared.
c. Culture is transmitted.
b. Culture is social.
d. Culture is learned.
3. Maharlika is a young woman of Agta tribe. She is
excellent in performing their ethnic dance. According to
her, the elders in their tribe transferred the steps of the
dance to her. What characteristic or aspect of culture is
being referred to by this experience?
a. Culture is learned.
c. Culture is continuous.
b. Culture is shared.
d. Culture is transmitted.
4. The following are all considered as means of transmitting
culture among members of the society. Which one is the
main vehicle of passing culture from one generation to
another generation?
a. Instruction
c. Language
b. Imitation
d. Symbols
5. Pinoys are fond of singing and listening to music. Before,
people used to do sing-a-long with a jukebox, then it was
changed to karaoke, and now, most people sing their
favorite songs in videoke. Their ways of enjoying music
has gone through changes but still lives up until today.
Therefore, culture is,
a. learned
c. continuous
b. shared
d. transmitted
6. In the United States, once a person reached the age of
18, he/she can live freely outside the guidance of parents,
while here in the Philippines, we are family-oriented,
meaning some are free to live with parents until they grow
old. This statement simply means that culture is .
a. Culture is continuous.
c. Culture is social.
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b. Culture is varied.
d. Culture is transmitted.
7. Gentriseños are known for celebrating Valenciana
festival. In times of barangay fiestas, people actively
participate in the so-called “karakul.” Carmela has
observed this specific way of life of the Gentriseños
since childhood. At present, this custom is still
embedded in her heart. This story tells us that culture is
acquired by being born into a particular society. What
aspect of culture does it describe?
a. symbolic
c. encompassing
b. integrated
d. learned
8. One of the characteristics of culture is being continuous
and cumulative. No culture remains constant or
unchanged; it is subject to slow but constant change.
Culture is responsive to the changing conditions of the
physical world; hence, it is dynamic. Which scenario
below best fits as an example of the given statements
on culture?
a. The Department of Education conducts learning
instruction through blended learning modalities and
not the face-to-face strategy which people are
already used to.
b. The Department of Health pursues and promotes
proper self-care or health care to avoid virusrelated illnesses.
c. The Department of Interior and Local Government
strictly implements directives on preventing drugrelated activities and many other correlated events.
d. The Department of Public Works and Highways
pursues and supports the administration’s “Build,
Build, Build Program,” in order to invite foreign and
local investors.
9. Which of the following refers to the “way of life” of
individuals in a community?
a. Society
c. Manner
b. Culture
d. Organization
10.
cannot exist apart from culture. It is an organized
group of individuals who share common/related manner
of living.
a. Institution
c. Organization
b. Corporation
d. Society
11. Which of the following words can best describe culture
and society as a complex whole?
a. interdependent
c. interrelated
b. interactive
d. All choices are correct
12. Analyze all the given statements. Trace which one is
the best statement about the complexity of culture and
society.
a. Society can exist without culture.
b. Culture can exist without society .
c. Society can operate without culture command.
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13.
People carry and transmit culture, but they are not
culture. Edward B. Tylor described culture as “a complex
whole.” Which of the following choices supports Tylor’s
description of culture?
a. Culture as complex whole means it encompasses
traits and values of the society.
b. Culture as complex whole means it includes laws
and norms in the government.
c. Culture as complex whole means it deals with
everything that a person learns and shares as a
member of the society.
d. Culture as complex whole means it refers to the
beliefs and traditions of modern Filipinos.
14. Which statement is wrong about the concept of culture?
a. Culture is a way of life transmitted through social interaction.
b. Every society has its own distinctive culture.
c. Culture refers to a group’s ways of behaving and thinking.
d. Culture can evolve into anything.
15. Does culture affect our lives in terms of the way we
view society and interact with other people?
a. Yes
c. Uncertain
b. No
d. Maybe
Module
3
Importance of Cultural Relativism in
Attaining Cultural Understanding
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind.
It is here to help you master the nature of Understanding Culture
Society and Politics. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But
the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
The module is about the importance of cultural relativism in
attaining cultural understanding (MELC Week 3).
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Describe your own culture and compare it to the culture of others;
2. Determine the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural
relativism;
3. Shows the ill effects of ethnocentrism; and
4. Become aware why and how cultural relativism mitigates
ethnocentrism.
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What’s New
Am I Different?
Learning Task 2: Fill in “‘Me’ and My Culture” table by describing
how you behave and practice your own culture under similar
circumstances. Write your answer in your answer in your activity
notebook.
“Them” and their culture
“Me” and my Culture
Marriage
Marriage
A man can have multiple wives. He can
share his wife to his brothers and visitors
as a sign of hospitality. (Eskimos)
Behavior
Behavior
When entering a nearly empty movie
theater or public vehicle, you are rude
when you do not sit beside the only person
in the theater or public vehicle. (South
Africa)
Hand Gestures
Hand Gestures
The V- hand gesture is an offensive sign
in United Kingdom, Australia, and South
Africa.
In
Japan, China, and South
Korea, using this symbol with the
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palm facing the person means he/she is
looking cute in picture.
Child-rearing
Child-rearing
In order to control their population in
difficult
environments,
Eskimos
sometimes kill their children if they could
not take care of them. They also kill
females more than males. (Infanticide)
Religion
Religion
Individuals practicing Hinduism believe in
millions of gods and goddesses. All are
responsible for governing their lives,
destiny, and fate.
Reading text
Hebrew and Arabic books are read from
right to left.
Reading Text
Table Manners
Table Manners
Europeans and Americans use spoon and
fork in eating, while Chinese and Koreans
use chopsticks.
And so, I am Different
1.
What can you say about the culture of these people?
2. Are their respective cultures the same as your own culture? In
what ways are they similar and in what ways do they differ?
3. Do you think that the cultures of these groups are bad? Why or
why not?
4. Can we consider some of their cultural practices as right or
wrong? Explain.
5. Which of the two sets of cultures is the best, their cultures or
your own culture? Why?
6. If one culture behaves in a particular act; does it mean that all
cultures can behave the same way? Discuss further.
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What is it
In this part of your journey, we provide something for you to
deepen your understanding about culture.
Please continue reading with comprehension as you discover
further knowledge that will help you out in your quest on the remaining
phases of this lesson.
What is Ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s own culture is better than
others. They tend to compare, evaluate, and even judge other people’s ways
based on the values and standards set in one’s own culture. Their worldview
is based on the beliefs, assumptions, expectations, and values shaped by
one’s language, behavior, customs, values, religions and other aspects.
Due to ethnocentric beliefs, many people are blinded from seeing
things in another perspective. Ethnocentric people tend to dislike or make
false judgment on other cultures. They tend becoming biased and judge
another culture as bad and wrong.
Even though we deny it, most of us are ethnocentric at some point
in our lives. Some do not even realize that they are being ethnocentric at that
moment. Below are some of the examples of ethnocentrism:
a.
The American society sees themselves as a world leader. As
a result, they interfere in the political affairs of other countries and try to
control them, leading to misunderstanding and miscommunication amongst
nations which sometimes result to war.
b. During the time of Adolf Hitler, Germans believed that they are
a superior race. This led to the death of 6 million Jews whom they considered
as an inferior race.
c.
European countries go beyond their ethnocentric biases and
saw non- European cultures as uncivilized and underdeveloped countries of
savages and barbarians. They used this perspective to justify colonialism
and imperialism.
d. Cases of hate crimes and terrorism violence can usually be
traced back to religious conflicts and misunderstandings.
Cultural Relativism as the Opposite View
Cultural relativism is a belief that cultures are equally
complex. There is no such thing as superior or inferior culture.
Cultural relativism is very important in studying the culture
of other people. It is a way of viewing the beliefs, values, and
practices of a culture from its own viewpoint. Another way to
say this is that others should understand an individual’s beliefs
and activities in terms of that person’s own culture.
 Cultural relativism promotes greater appreciation of the
cultures that an individual might encounter along the
way.
 Cultural relativism is a good way to rehearse the norms and values
of a society
–-- a requirement that one must subscribe to,
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regardless of his/her cultural origin.
It means that the function and meaning of a trait are
relative to its cultural setting.
To understand better the main difference between
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism, an illustration was
provided below:

Hello, I am Ben. I am an
ethnocentric. I always believe that
my culture is superior from others.
I often use my own culture to judge
others. I consider their beliefs and
practices as savage or corrupt.
Most of the time I tend to
discriminate others, bully them for
their practices, and get into conflict
with them.
Hello, I am Lisa. I am a cultural
relativist. I believe that culture of
people must be looked at in terms of
the world these people inhabit. I try
to look at their culture based on what
their practices bring in to them. If
Eskimos kill their infant sometimes, I
believe that there is a practical
reason why they do that. That is why
for me, culture is relative. There is no
right or wrong, and I don’t have the
right to say if it is good or bad.
People tend to be more tolerant of another culture’s customs when they
understand and learn the meaning behind them. In order to understand an
unfamiliar culture, social scientists conduct researches. The best way to do
this study is to experience that culture by living with people practicing it.
Additionally, this experience should be done for a long period.
In this activity, you will be asked to conduct a simple case study
examining the culture of other people that is somehow different from yours.
If you are an Ilocano, the subject of your study could be people who identify
themselves as Tagalog, Bisaya, Bicolano, or another ethnicity. If you know
someone who belongs to an indigenous group of people, it is much better to
have them as subjects. Since you are not allowed to go out at present
because of the threat of COVID-19 pandemic, look for someone who is near
to your place or whom you have contact with through social media.
Be guided with the following questions as you write your case study:
1. Describe the group of people that you chose. Who are they?
What do they do? Where did they come from? What do you
know about them?
2. Discuss their way of life in terms of:
a. Social organizations
b. Language
c. Religion
d. Arts and literature
e. Economic systems
f. Values, beliefs and traditions
3. Summarize what you have learned using the 3-2-1 chart
below: 3 Things I learned from them
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2 Things I found interesting 1
Thing I realize
Learning Task 3:
Give some concrete instances when unity exists even though
there are differences happening among people.
Unity in Diversity:
Pagkakaisa sa kabila ng pagkakaiba-iba
What I Have Learned
Learning Task 4:
In your activity notebook, create a slogan that promotes
respect and tolerance towards other cultures all over the
world.
What I Can Do
Learning Task 7:
State your reason why you beg to disagree to the given
statements below. You have to remember that you are a
CULTURAL RELATIVIST; you have to place yourself in the
shoes of these people in order to understand them better.
Culture is not good or bad, neither it is right or wrong, but
instead it is relative.
1. One society can call another society as evil such as
those nations where terrorist live. These places are
also called an “axis of evil”.
2. Western culture is superior and opposite of non-Western
culture.
3. When you don’t say “po” at “opo,” you are impolite.
4. The Mangyan tribe of Mindoro are backwards people
because they are uneducated.
5. We have to avoid going to places like Siquijor and
Capiz because monsters called Aswang infest these
places.
6. Eating Dalagang Bukid, Salagubang, Palakang Bukid
and other organisms are not healthy.
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Assessment
Directions: Read the following items carefully. Write the letter that
corresponds to your answer in your activity notebook.
1. Ben is an ethnocentric. He considers other people, specifically
indigenous tribes, as backwards people who have no manners at all.
Why do you think Ben come up with this bias?
a. He regards another culture as superior.
b. He regards his own culture as superior.
c. He regards his own culture as normal and uses it
to measure foreign cultures.
2. He regards another culture as superior and uses it to
measure his own culture.
a. He regards another culture as superior.
b. He regards his own culture as superior.
c. He regards his own culture as normal and uses it
to measure foreign cultures.
3. Lisa was a proud cultural relativist. She sees that Ilocanos
are thrifty because of their geographical location.
Likewise, she sees nothing wrong about it. What did Lisa
exhibit in that situation?
a. She believes anything goes in one’s own culture.
b. She measures behavior by how the other culture
regards this practice.
c. She has no concept of right or wrong.
d. She measures which cultures are related to others.
4. What might be the result of ethnocentrism on a global scale?
a. Other people may be treated as savage or morally corrupt.
b. There is no way to determine which is right or wrong.
c. Native people often wish to colonize superior culture.
d. Believing one’s own culture is superior makes one
a morally corrupt savage.
5. For better opportunities, many Filipinos were forced to
work abroad, exposing themselves to unfamiliar culture.
Culture shock is a feeling of disorientation experienced
by someone who is suddenly subjected to other’s way of
life or set of attitudes. Which of the following is NOT a
symptom of culture shock?
a. Feeling homesick when in a new place
b. Feeling like the new culture is superior to your own
c. Obsessing about the cleanliness of food and water in
a new place
d. Feeling the hostility towards natives or locals
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6. Which of the following statements is a positive effect of
ethnocentrism?
a. Rina posted on her Facebook wall saying that
eating fried tarantula is “yuckie.”
b. Greg posted a statement which says, “Ang galing
ng Pinoy, angat sa iba, kaya’t tayo ay magkaisa.”
c. Shiela posted a picture of Carlos P. Romulo with a
caption, “This little brown monkey that you are
referring to does not eat banana peelings. He is a
Filipino not an American.
d. Wendel tweeted, “Nakakatakot na ang panahon
ngayon daming taong gumagala na tadtad ng
tattoo ang katawan.”
For numbers 7-10, identify whether the given statement is an
example of ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write letter A if
it is ethnocentrism and B if it is cultural relativism.
7. Korean culture is better than our culture because
many Filipinos try to imitate and adopt this culture.
8. The Aetas of Zambales, the Mangyans of Mindoro and
other Filipino tribes have different religious beliefs.
Their Gods are manifested on the different forms of
nature like trees, mountains, rivers, volcano, their dead
ancestors, and many more. I think there is nothing
wrong about that. It does not make them a lesser
group of people.
9. Indigenous people should learn to change their old
and traditional ways of life in order to be happy and
successful.
10. People in my culture could learn a lot from other’s
culture.
Module
4
Significance of Cultural, Social, Political and
Economic Symbols and Practices
What I Need To Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It
is here to help you master the nature of Understanding Culture
Society and Politics. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But
the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond
with the textbook you are now using.
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The module is about the significance of cultural, social, political
and economic symbols and practices (MELC 4).
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Identify the human origins and the capacity for culture
2. Determine the role of culture in human adaptation
3. Explain processes of cultural and sociopolitical evolution
4. Analyze the key features of interrelationships of
biological, cultural and socio-political processes in
human evolution that can still be used and
developed
What I Know
Learning Task 1: Analyze the images below and Identify
which shows ethnocentrism or cultural relativism. Write your
answers on your activity notebook.
1. In the Philippines, it is said that a person
came from the northern part of Luzon
(Ilocano) are stingy.
2. Filipinos are known for being hospitable.
3. Some say rich people are snobby.
4. Philippines are known for
having variety of delicacies
which used different cooking
techniques but all native
food are tasty and delicious.
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5.
Some cultures include eating of dog meat.
What’s New
Learning Task 2: The ICEMAN and the ALPS (this activity is
adapted from slideshare.net accessed May 25, 2020)
In 1991, hikers in the Alps found a dead body and notified
the authorities. They thought that person might have died on a
recent hike, but extensive scientific testing revealed the body to
be around 5,000 years old! Since the “Iceman” was frozen for all
this time, his body clothing, and tools were all preserved intact,
giving us a rare glimpse of what it must have been like to live
in the Neolithic Era.
The discovery of the Iceman has also given us a mystery
to solve. The autopsy’ revealed many signs of violent death.
When archaeologists inquire about the past, the examined
evidence and put it together to tell their story. What story does
it tell?
Artifacts




Copper Axe
Flint knife
Unfinished longbows
Flints (stones used for tools
and fire)
 Mushrooms
 14 bone-tipped arrows
o Two finished
o Twelve unfinished
Autopsy






Cerebral Trauma to the
head
Cuts and bruises on hands
Arrow wound in shoulder
(arrow probably removed)
Blood from 4 people (DNA)
57 Carbon Tattoos (dots and
lines on lower spine. Back of
knees and right ankle)
About 5000years old
Your assignment:
By yourself, use at least 6 pieces of
evidence to tell a story about the events leading
to the Iceman’s death. Remember that the only
wrong answer in history is an answer that lack
evidence.
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1.
Based from the activity, what is the significance
of human material remains and artifactual
evidence in interpreting culture, social and
political processes?
2.
As compared to our lives today, what differences
do we have from these men who lived 5,000
years ago in terms of biological and cultural
features? Use the reconstructed picture of the
iceman below.
Present day Human
Beings
Biological difference:
Cultural Difference:
__________________________________
__________________________________
3.
As you can see, there is a big difference between
the biological and socio- cultural features
between that Iceman and you. Why do you think
changes happened in all aspects of your life from
time to time?
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What is It
In this part of your journey, we provide something for
you to read to deepen your understanding about the topic.
Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that
will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest.
Learning Task 4: Think it over:
1. When we try to compare then and now, what are
differences in terms of how people carry out things
physically, culturally, and socio-politically?
2. What are the different stages in the cultural development of human?
3. How does human grow culturally, socially, and politically in
Paleolithic Period? Neolithic Period? Age of Metal?
4. Why do you think people need a transformation or
evolution to adapt to his/her environment?
5. Do you observe practices that preserve culture in
today’s living? Explain by giving an example.
6. As a human, how do you progress? List down at least
five things that you can’t do 10 years ago, and the
things that you can do at present.
10 years ago, I CANNOT
At present, I CAN
HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION
It is a saying that “human has no contentment”. As the
environment changes, we continuously grow and find ways to
make maximize our effort as we live. It is very evident in the
different stages of human cultural evolution: Palaeolithic Period,
Neolithic Period, and Age of Metal.
The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist John
Lubbock in 1865. It is derived the from Greek word, palaios,
which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone", In short, the Palaeolithic
Period, which happened 2.5 million years ago, is also known as
"Old Stone Age".
In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold
and ocean levels were much lower than they are now. Due to
the cold climate, much of the Stone Age is also called the Ice
Age.
During these years, people were nomads and able to use
simple tools and weapons made of unpolished stone. The caves
served as their shelter.
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Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to
use the fire, through the use of stone, for their protection against
cold temperature and to cook their own food.
Human beings in this time were grouped together in small
societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and
fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals. Also in this era,
according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of NCCA, respect is
given to age, and individual prowess and ability are recognized.
There are no leaders that could be said to be above everybody
else and whose commands are obeyed without question. In
some cases, one who is known for good decisions is consulted
when a problem arises; or well-known hunter will be asked to
lead a hunting group.
Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same
archaeologist and from the Greek word “neo” which means new
and “lithos” meaning stone or in short, the “New Stone Age”
which was happened for about 10,000 B.C. In this period, the
Cro Magnon disappeared and the new people who are
considered the modern man appeared.
The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the First
Agricultural Revolution. During this period, there was a widescale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of
hunting and gathering to of agriculture and settlement kind of
society which eventually led to population increase. People
depend on domesticated plants and animals. They learned to
create such crafts as pottery and weaving. They likewise
developed boat as means of transportation and for fishing as
well.
From being nomads during the early stage, human began
to develop a sedentary type of society of which they built-up
villages and towns.
Furthermore, they were never contented of their
accomplishments. They kept on discovering things for their own
convenience. So, they discovered metals, and they gradually
abandoned stone as the basic element for their instrument and
tools.
This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C – 1500
B.C). The used of metal such as bronze, copper, and iron
produced a new historical development from the cradle civilization
of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including the India, and China
which later spread throughout Asia.
There were three stages distinguished within this Age
due to the different types of metals that were used: The Copper
Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age; copper was the first
known metal, it is of a low hardness and it was used to make
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ornaments; bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is harder
and stronger than copper. Several eastern Mediterranean
peoples discovered this metallurgy and progressed rapidly.
During this age, agricultural tools were developed with
bronze, such as plows and sickles, military weapons like
swords, spears and shields, as well as household utensils like
jars, bowls and cups. Likewise, a more developed social,
cultural, political, and economic system were improved. Tribes,
empires, and state were recognized at this point.
EARLY CIVILIZATION and RISE of the STATE
Ancient State and Civilization
One of the earliest states and civilizations was found in the
Fertile Crescent which is known as the Mesopotamian
civilization. The word Mesopotamia is a Greek word for “Land
between two rivers” which is often referred to as the cradle of
civilization. It is the region of the Western Asia located between
the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is known as the Fertile
Crescent where the first evidence of agriculture was also found.
Here the first human civilizations were taking the earliest steps
from hunter-gatherer society into settled community.
Moreover, it is in Mesopotamia that the history writing appeared
as early as over 5,000 years ago. This invention was so
important that it marks the end of the Prehistory, and the
beginning of history. One of the first writing systems, the
Cuneiform, is one of the most important civilizations in the
history of Mesopotamian culture.
Every city in Mesopotamia had its own government, rulers,
warriors, patron god, and functioned like an independent
country. Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagesh.
There is a temple at the center of each city called a ziggurat (a
massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure).
There was also what we called Mesopotamian warrior-gods (2.400-
2.500 B.C.) who govern and protect the people under its
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government. Military commanders eventually became monarch
creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty. It is a
series of rulers descending from a single-family line. The
Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years. In the year 2350–2150
B.C, Babylonian Empire overtook Sumerians around 2000 B.C.,
and they built capital, the Babylon, on Euphrates River.
Another ancient state or civilization was the Egyptian
civilization. It emerged more than 5,000 years ago along the
River Nile in the north-east of Africa. The Ancient Egyptians
lived near the River Nile because of its fertile land suitable for
growing crops and domestication of animals. Each year, water
from the Nile rose and flooded the area. When the water went
back, it left mud that made the fields fertile.
Egyptians called their king a pharaoh. The pharaoh was allpowerful: He passed laws, He ruled the country, He owned most
of the land, and He controlled trade and led the armies.
Egyptians believed that the pharaohs were gods.
Modern State and Civilization
In the European continent, several states and civilization grew
tremendously over centuries. In England, around 1500s, most
of the people lived in small villages. They paid tithes to their
feudal landlords. Henry VII won the War of the Roses in
England, which led into what is known as the Tudor dynasty,
and begun the development of the English nation-state.
In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and
Isabella took Spain back from the Muslim. It became the era of
Spain as a global power.
In France, Louis XIV of France created an absolute monarchy.
France became the dominant power in Europe. When the
French Revolution broke out, it created the modern French
nation-state, which sparked nationalism around Europe.
In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power
and superiority over all the nations in the world, the World War
I begun until 1918. In 1919, Treaty of Versailles ended the World
War I. It divided several multinational empires that led to the
creation of several new nation-states.
In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War
II led to the formation of United Nations in 1945.
The State of the People: Democratic State
In the recent decade after the two World Wars, people are
becoming more active in their government and state affairs, in
which people become the source of political power and
government rules. This evolution in the government is known as
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the process of democratization, or simply democracy – the rule of
the people.
Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political
regime, including substantive political changes moving in a
democratic direction. It may be the transition from an
authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a transition from an
authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition
from a semi- authoritarian political system to a democratic
political system. What is a democracy?
Moreover, a democracy is a form of government where the
citizens of the nation have the power to vote. There are several
different types of democracies; (1) a representative democracy
is a system where citizens choose government representatives
among their citizens, (2) direct democracy is when the citizens
form a governing body and vote directly on issues, (3)
constitutional democracy limits the powers of government
through the nation’s constitution.
What I Have Learned
Learning Task 5: To sum up what you have learned.
Complete the following phrases
3 Thoughts I have learned…
_
2 Things I want to remember…
_
1 Question I have in mind…
_
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Life as a SYMBOL…
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: “A Better Me in My Society”
As a millennial and a Filipino youth, how will you respond and
adapt to this changing world where people and society have
indeed developed and became more advanced than before?
However, consider some circumstances that are hooked on it.
Learning Task 7: #I WILL SURVIVE!
Fill in the blank to complete your pledge to continue the legacies of our
ancestors.
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As a human being, I understand that people need to change to
survive. Hence, I will try to ,
, and
to
continuously grow as a student.
I will do my best to
and
all cultural
properties which I believe are part of my country’s legacy. I will
also render all possible help to
and
our society and history as well.
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. During the earliest stage of human cultural evolution,
people were nomadic, so they hunt and gather foods. As
they learn to make a sedentary lifestyle in the Neolithic
period. Which statement tells the accomplishment of
human in the Neolithic period?
A. Live in a cave
B. Used unpolished stone tools
C. Used metals to upgrade tools
D. Domesticate plants and animals
2. The Age of Metal produced a new historical development
from the cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
including the India, and China which later on spread
throughout Asia. Which type of metal were the earliest
known by human?
A. Aluminum
B. Bronze
C. Copper
D. Iron
3. There are three notable stages in the human cultural
evolution. Which statement tells the correct timeline of
these evolutions?
A. Age of Metal, Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period
B. Neolithic Period, Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal
C. Paleolithic Period, Age of Metal, Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period, Neolithic Period, Age of Metal
4. From being nomads during the early stage, human
began to developed a sedentary type of society of
which they built-up villages and towns. In which era has
these evolutions happens?
A. Age of Bronze
B. Age of Copper
C. Neolithic Period
D. Paleolithic Period
5. The most significant evolution in Paleolithic period is
when people discovered the use of fire. In the Neolithic
period is when human learned to domesticate plants and
animals, which is known to be the First Agricultural
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Revolution. In the Age of Metal is the discovery of people
in using metal as their tools, thus, the Age of Metal is
identified as:
A. Agricultural Revolution
B. Metal Civilization
C. Stone Revolution
D. Rise of Civilization
6. How were the first modern humans (Homo sapiens)
different from any other hominid species?
A. They lived outside of Africa
B. They had large brains
C. They used and controlled fire
D. They used symbolic thought
7. In the history of human social evolution, what group of
people was skillful at hunting and butchering animals?
A. Australopithecus
B. Home erectus
C. Homo habilis
D. Homo sapien
8. In the history of human civilization in which people started
to develop their society, where did the world’s first
Civilization develop?
A. Mesopotamia
B. Crete
C. Egypt
D. Eastern China
9. From the different kind of government in various
societies, what is a form of government where the
citizens of the nation have the power to vote?
A. Aristocracy
B. Bureaucracy
C. Democracy
D. Capitalism
10.
In the context of European historical society,
which of the following DOES NOT happened during
pre- 1500’s?
A. Henry VII wins the War of the Roses in England,
begins the Tudor dynasty, and starts the
development of the English nation-state.
B. The era of Spain as a global power begins.
C. The hundred year’s war started.
D. The French Revolution
11.
In the history of war, the nations started to claim
their power and supremacy over the nations. Which
treaty ends the World War I and breaks several multirational empires?
A. Treaty of Saint-Germain en Laye
B. Treaty of Versailles
C. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
D. Faisal-Weizmann agreement
12.
Democracy is a type of government in which the
people elect their leader in the government position.
Direct democracy is the system in which...
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A. Citizens choose their representatives in free and fair
elections.
B. Citizens are allowed to debate with their
representatives in open public meetings.
C. Citizens represent themselves in the decision-making process.
D. Senior political leaders are known as 'Directors'.
13.
Which statement most accurately describes
how geography affected the growth of the ancient
civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia?
A. River valleys provided rich soil to grow plentiful crops.
B. Large deserts provided many mineral deposits.
C. Access to the Atlantic Ocean provided trade routes.
D. Lage Savannah areas provided protection from invaders.
14.
Which geographic feature was common to the
development of civilizations in ancient Egypt, China,
India, and Mesopotamia?
A. river valleys
B. rain forests
C. deserts
D. mountains
15.
In the context of ancient civilization, which factor
led to the development of civilizations in ancient
Mesopotamia?
A. political harmony
B. favorable geography
C. religious differences
D. universal education
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Module
5
The Context, Content, processes, and
Consequences of Socialization
What I Need to Know
This module is designed and written with you in mind. It is here
to help you master the nature of Understanding Culture Society and
Politics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary levels of students. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are
now using.
The module is made to explain the Socialization based
on the MELC Week 5. After going through this module, you are
expected to:
1. Identify the concepts and aspects of socialization.
2. Identify the concepts and aspects of enculturation.
3. Determine the connection between the agents of
socialization and enculturation to the development
of an individual.
4. Value the significance of socialization and
enculturation to the development of one’s self.
What I Know
After assessing what you know about our module,
let us review what you have learned from the previous module.
Look each items below. Check whether the
examples are Tangible Cultural Heritage or Intangible Cultural
Heritage.
Remember that tangible cultural Heritage’ refers to physical
artifacts produced, maintained and transmitted from one
generation to another in the society while Intangible Cultural
Heritage refers to the practices, representations, expressions,
knowledge, skills that communities, groups and, in some cases,
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individuals recognize as Part of Cultural Heritage
1. T’nalak fabric of the T’boli
2. O, Maliwanag na Buwan sung by Pilita Corales
3. Dambana ng Kagitingan in Mount Samat
4. Taal lake and volcano
5. Parada ng Lechon of Balayan
6. Nuno sa punso
7. Pagsasanghiyang
8. The UP Oblation
9. Valenciana Festival of Gen. Trias
10. Taka Figurine of Paete Laguna
What’s New
Learning Task 1
Take a look at the image below. Consider everything that
forms the image.
What is represented by each icon?
1.
4.
G
C
V
M
L
2.
5.
C __ CH
C
M
U
T
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3.
F
M
L
F R
E
What word do you form out of the given letters inside the box
from numbers 1 – 6?
What can you say about the image formed?
What is It
In this part of
your journey, we provide
something for you to read in
order to deepen your
understanding about the
topic.
Please do it with comprehension to discover knowledge that
will help you out in dealing with the next phase of your quest.
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Do you see the picture? What do you have in mind?
Very good! If you think that socialization is very important in our lives, you are absolutely
correct. But what is meant by socialization really?
Socialization simply means the process of learning one’s society and its culture. It is
moreover the same as interacting, mingling and being with other people or groups
within/ outside of your society.
How do you feel in a situation when it seems that you don’t belong and you are being
isolated? Good thinking! Of course, you will feel sad and lonely. That kind of feeling only
shows that socialization is important to you --- and to all of us.
Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language, their roles in
life, and what is expected from them. Without socialization, a person will
develop different physical and mental disabilities. It is sad to know that
individuals with no successful socialization develop mental illness, abnormal
or odd behavior and self -isolation. Do you know that there are different
groups of people that influence your orientations and perspectives to life?
These groups are called agents of socialization. These agents play a
crucial role in developing yourself as a person and a member of the society.
Family is the first agent of socialization.
Most of the habits, manners, beliefs and the way we think are develop
in the family. A huge part of your personality is molded by your family
because this is where you spent your childhood. Your family influences you
on the way you behave and act as a person. This is when socialization
process is crucial and intense. Do you still remember your happy moments
in school? Of course, you do.
School is another agent of socialization.
Here, you interact or socialize with other people- your classmates,
teachers, administrators and others which are outside your family within a
society. Your socialization with them has made a lot of experiences in you.
It is in the school that your behavior and attitude are shape to become a
better member of society. So a part of your personality is developed by this
agent. Do you agree?
Your circle of friends is also an agent of socialization. It is called peer
group. Your peers usually have similar ages, social status and share
interests. Your peer group influences you on the way you can accept
yourself. It is with your peer group that you find yourself belonged.
I’m sure you learned a lot from your friends, didn’t you? So, you are
right when you think that they are also important agent in shaping your
personality.
Social media as agent of socialization plays a crucial role in shaping
your personality as well. Majority of us, young and old, are connected
through social media. Much of our waking time is spent on using social
media.
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So, this agent of socialization influences your way of life intensively
thus doing large part in your personal development. There are other
socialization agents who are also important in molding you as a person: the
community, the church and the government.
You see? What you are now is a product of socialization. You have been
socializing from the time you were born until now. Socialization is a
continuing process until we die. Socialization is really a necessity for it
develops you as person.
ENCULTURATION
We are living in a society of many cultures. Culture is the customary
beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious or social group
(Merriam Webster. com). These cultures make people different from one
another. A group has a set of shared attitudes and practices which are
partially or even totally apart from what others have.
As an individual grows up in a social group, he/she learns to
understand his/her identity. This is where enculturation comes in.
Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their
surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviors appropriate or
necessary in that culture.
(https://www.definitions.net/definition/Enculturation).
According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as
cited from Hoebel, 1982), enculturation is both a conscious and an
unconscious conditioning process whereby man, as child and adult,
achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and becomes
thoroughly enculturated. Socializing with people plays a great part in
achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also learns from observing
the surrounding he/she is in.
As a child lives with his family and the community, he/she adapts
socially accepted values (e.g. attending to religious obligations, respecting
the elders, etc.) At a very young age, a child is instilled with values by his/her
parents and family. He / She sees the importance of being together as
respected when they eat. Also, he/she learns the foundations of learning;
be it reading the alphabet and counting of numbers.
In school, he/she learns to be socially educated person as he/she observes
and adapts the behavior of other people (e.g. singing the National Anthem,
paying respect to the flag, showing respect to teachers and valuing
friendship among friends and classmates). A person becomes more civilized
as he learns more of culturally accepted behavior and knowledge in school.
In a community, a person may be inspired to practice social duties
and obligations as observed and learned from those who do great
contributions for the welfare of most people. In these practices, one may
also become a steward of goodwill.
A teenager learns to clothe himself/herself like his/her friends or in
great chances, adapts how they behave and act. He / She appreciate the
value of friendship, learn to find joy in sharing commonalities and accepts
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differences in choices and decisions. His / Her confidence in dealing with
people can be rooted from a well-maintained relationship with friends.
The government upon its imposition of law refines a person’s way of living.
Through which, he/she learns his civil rights and exercises them righteously.
Likewise, he/she learns to respect government policies and abides to them,
knowing that every action has limitation.
In his/her dealing with religious affiliations, a person’s belief in Omnipotent
Being is strengthened. This cultivates the idea that everyone like a brother
and a sister. Thus, respect towards one another is valued. He or she learns
to respect differences in faith.
Parents and other authorities are called the initiators of enculturation. As
one is enculturated by those initiators, the process is manifested in his/her
actions, choices and decisions. If it is not because of enculturation, a person
will not become the way he/she in the society. One will not be able to discern
what is right from wrong or even make actions to handle problems
encountered. Because of enculturation, an individual knows the boundaries
of his/her actions, words and ideals. As a learned individual, one becomes
accepted by the group he/she belongs with. Enculturation teaches a person
of his/her roles in the society. True enough, he/she becomes functional
member of the society.
What I Have Learned
Learning Task 5: Today, I learned that…
Answering this module is enjoyable because…
After reading and completing this module I have
learned that… My learning’s form this module
inspires me to…
What I Can Do
Learning Task 6: I CAN FILL IT
Imagine yourself as the image below. On a separate sheet, fill
them in with WHO or WHAT influence you to become the
person you are now.
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Your Name
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Assessment
Directions: Read the following statement and choose
the letter of the correct answer found in a box.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Church
Agents of socialization
Family
Social media
Undergoing constant socialization enables an individual to fully develop in
physical, emotional and mental aspects.
Playing computer games
socializing with others
It is the process of learning one’s own culture.
Parents
Community
Peer group
We learn our culture’s norms and the roles expected of us.
mental illness and sometimes having abnormal behavior
As the person learns his/her culture, he/she becomes functional member of
the society.
Socialization
This is the place where a person is enculturated through immersing
himself or herself in serving others with the help of other individuals.
We are all part of a
that would help us understand our own
cultural and values orientation.
As the saying goes, it takes a village to raise a child. Because of these,
a child needs a group of individuals who will shape his or her culture,
beliefs and values. What do you call this group of individual?
The first agent of socialization is our family most especially our parents.
Throughout our life we will have our set of chosen family that will also
guide us in socialization and teach us to interact with other people. Who
is this chosen family?
At this day and age of modern technology, a new agent of socialization
has influenced people both young and old. The influence of this agent
is both good and bad. This is why our family and friends play an
important role in managing the influence of this agent. What agent of
socialization is this?
Aside from teaching morality and reverence to our Creator, this
institution also instills cultural appreciation and cultural values that
would shape the personality of a child. What is this institution?
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6.
7.
Every individual undergoes a social process which enables him/her to
become part of one’s culture throughout his/her life time. Which
concept refers to this process?
Through socialization we learn some ways of behaving. Which of the
choices is normally learned during socialization?
8.
Socialization is an important social activity in the development of a
person. How does socialization affect the development of an
individual?
9.
The agents of socialization performing role in the development of
one’s personality. However, each of them influences the development
of individual in varying degree. What is the first agent of socialization
that influences the development of a person intensively?
10. Socialization process affects the development of an individual on
different aspects. Which among the choices is an effect to an
individual who has not been successfully socialized?
11. School is one of the different institutions in the society that help in the
foundation and development of a person. Students are learning by
example from their teacher and their fellow students. Which is an
example of enculturation in school?
12.A person projects an image different among others. One is a product of
the culture he/she adapted which brings his/her own individuality and
identity. What then is the importance of enculturation to the
development of one’s self?
13.
Enculturation shapes an individual through different processes.
Knowingly or unknowingly, one internalizes the practices of the group
he or she belongs. Which among the following one can be best
enculturated?
14.
Personal identity develops in many ways, depending on preferred
choices. In a society where there are many cultures, one’s identity can
be formed through enculturation. Which of the following highlights
enculturation?
15. Enculturation exists as one adapts or obtains behaviors
and beliefs from different initiators of this process. These
authorities can bring out a person’s view of what life is
about. Which of the following figures play a vital role in
developing personal identity in children?
Module
6
Forms and Functions of Organization
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind.
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It is here to help you master the nature of Understanding
Culture, Society and Politics. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is about examining the concept, characteristics and
forms of social stratification using sociological perspective.
(MELC week 9)
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Define the concept of social groups
2. Identify the characteristics and forms of social groups.
3. Share examples of primary, secondary, in, out,
reference group and networks based on real life
situation.
What I Know
Learning Task 1: Complete the letters of the word based
from what the pictures are implied.
1. F_ _ _ l_
2. F _ _ _n _s
5. O _ g _n _ z _ t _ _ n
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What’s New
Learning Task 2: Directions: Complete the sentence below
based on the previous activity:
1. The words that I formed were_______ , _________
and __________.
2. I can relate to the picture/s above because
What is It
In this part of your journey, we provided something for you to read
to deepen your understanding about the topic. Please do it with
comprehension to discover knowledge that will help you out in dealing
with the next phase of your quest.
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Everyone belongs to a group; your race, gender, favorite sports
team, your college, even the place where you were born were all
examples of groups. Sometimes groupings are determined by factors
related to who we are (sex, age, race/ethnicity) but in many other cases,
they arrive in a somewhat arbitrary fashion. In school, you would likely
associate with classmates who share the same interests as you do like
having a common hobby or sports affiliation or even fashion sense or
even love of a certain type of music.
What is a Group?
A group is composed of two or more persons interacting with
each other and guided by a set of norms. It is also defined as specified
number of individuals where each recognizes members as distinct from
non-members.
Basic Classifications of Social Groups
1. Primary Groups
Primary groups are marked by concern for one another, shared
activities and culture, and long periods of time spent together. They are
influential in developing an individual’s personal identity. The goal of
primary groups is actually the relationships themselves rather than
achieving some other purpose. The examples of a primary group but not
limited to be your family and childhood and close friends.
The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles
Cooley in his book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind.
(Contreras, Antonio P. et al. “Social Groups”. Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2016)
Sample Groups: Family, Play group, Village/Neighborhood, Work-team
2. Secondary Groups
Secondary relationships involve weak emotional ties and little
personal knowledge of one another. In contrast to primary groups,
secondary groups don’t have the goal of maintaining and developing the
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relationships themselves. These groups are based on usual or habitual
interests or affairs. It includes groups in which one exchanges explicit
commodities, such as labor for wages, services for payments, and such.
Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, Professional
Association, Corporation, University classes, Athletic teams, and groups
of coworkers.
3. In-group
Belonging to the same group as others who share the same
common bond and interests who are more likely to understand each other
refers to an in- group. Sample Groups: Sports team, Unions and
Sororities
4. Out-group
Those who do not belong to the in-group are part of the out-group,
which exist in the perceptions of the in group members and takes on
social reality as a result of behavior by in-group members who use the
out group as a negative point of reference.
5. Reference Groups
A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a
standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part
of that group. We rely on reference groups to understand social norms,
which then shape our values, ideas, behavior, and appearance. This
means that we also use them to evaluate the relative worth, desirability,
or appropriateness of these things.
By looking to reference groups--be they those of race, class,
gender, sexuality, religion, region, ethnicity, age, or localized groups
defined by neighborhood or school, among others-- we see norms and
dominant values, and we choose to either embrace and reproduce them
in our own thoughts, behavior, and interactions with others; or, we reject
and refute them by thinking and acting in ways that break from them.
Sample of these groups are parents, siblings, teachers, peers,
associates and friends.
6. Network
A network is a collection of people tied together by a specific
pattern of connections. They can be characterized by the number of
people involved, as in the dyad (by twos) and triad (by threes), but also
in terms of their structures (who is connected to whom) and functions
(what flows across ties). Networks indeed, are able to do more things and
different things than individuals acting on their own could. Networks have
this effect, regardless of the content of the connections or persons
involved.
Nowadays, the giving of information and establishing of
connections and various relationships can be done through social
networking sites. In this manner,
it is easier to form connections, relationships and linkages.
Example: Family Members, Friends, Work Colleagues, Classmates
There is another strong example of a network that has boomed
since the beginning of the 21st century. Since 1979, electronic forms of
social networking have boomed, starting with CompuServe and
MySpace, and moving to other networking applications such as
Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram.
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What I Have Learned
Learning Task 4: Directions: Differentiate the following
classifications of groups by citing their characteristics and
examples. Do this on your activity notebook.
Primary Group
Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Secondary Group
Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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In-Group
Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Out-Group
Characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Examples
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What I Can Do
Learning Task 5: Directions: Answer the following questions
comprehensively. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Question: Think of a group that you belong to. How does this
group influence you as a student?
Answer: The group where I belong to is my
.
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Assessment
Directions: Read the items carefully. Choose the
letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.
1. In your everyday life in school or in your
neighborhood, your kabarkada is an example of:
A. In-group
B. Primary Group
C. Secondary Group
D. Out-Group
2. Typically,
a small social group whose members
share close, personal and enduring relationships.
A. Out-Group
B. Primary group
C. Secondary group
D. Networking group
3. Among
different kinds of social groups in our
society, this can be small or large, mostly
impersonal and usually short-term.
A. Out-group
B. Social Group
C. Primary Group
D. Secondary Group
4. In
various manifestation of characteristics of social
group, below are examples of out-groups EXCEPT:
A. Gays and lesbians
B. Urban and City groups
C. Network and Social Group
D. Classmates sharing the same likes and dislikes
5. Every
social group manifest specific sets of
characteristics, which of the following is NOT a
characteristic of members in an ingroup?
A. a sense of “we” rather than “I”
B. a feeling of unity
C. similar likes/dislikes
D. knowing out-group’s differences
6. Based
on the kind of social relation, which of the
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following is an example of an in- group?
A. enemies
B. a biker and a singer
C. members of a dance troupe
D. knowing out-group’s differences
7. Nowadays technology-based social group has
been already part of everyone’s daily life. As such,
social networking sites is considered as are powerful
tools
A. Communication
B. Laboratory
C. Man-made
D. Technological
8. These
are sets of informal and formal social ties that link
people to each other.
A. In-groups
B. Networks
C. Out-groups
D. Reference groups
9. Network
is a highly influenced the lives of the
people. Which of the following is the true reason
for forming networks:
A. Personal
B. Economic
C. Socio-Cultural
D. Environmental
10. Network
links people among themselves in
various ways. Which words below pertains to an
example of networks:
A. Letters
B. Postcards
C. Facebook
D. Instagram
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References
Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON
Office Address:
Telefax:
E-mail Address:
Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800
02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
region4a@deped.gov.ph