Global Demography
Demos - the people
Graphein - to draw or write
It is the statistical study of human populations. Demography examines the size, structure, and
movements of populations over space and time.
Population (size, composition, disposition, and distribution across space) and the process through
which population change.
Demographics is the study of population based on factors such as age, race and sex. Governments,
corporations and non-government organizations use demographics to learn more about a populations
characteristics for many purposes, including policy development and economic market research.
Demographic Transition is the historical process of change which accounts for the trends in births,
deaths, and population growth that occurs in today's industrialized societies, especially European
societies according to (Frank W. Notestein, 1945).
Median Age is the age that divides a population into two numerically equally sized groups, that is half
the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age
distribution of a population.
Global Median Age (21.7 - 1970, 30-2019)
Age Dependency Ratio refers to the ratio of dependents. People Younger than 15 or older than 64 to
the working age of population, those who are aging 15 down and 64 up.
Theories of Population Growth and Decline
Malthusian Theory is the theory of Thomas Malthus theorized pessimistically that population was
uncontrollable. Malthus argued that population was growing faster than the amount of resources we
could produce. This suggested that at some point population would outgrow resources (food). A
catastrophe such as war, famine or disease would then cut the population which would return to
balance again.
Demographic transition theory is the pattern of demographic change from high fertility and high
mortality to low fertility and low mortality when society progresses from a largely rural agrarian and
illiterate society to a dominant urban, industrial, literate and modern society.
Mortality refers to the number of death in a given time or space.
Death Rate (Mortality): The percentage of people who die relative to the country's population (annual)
(Total Deaths/ Total Population) x 1000 = Death Rate
Fertility refers to the birthrate of a population
Birth Rate refers to the number of births per 1000 people per year.
(Total Live Births/Total Population) x 1000 = Birth Rate
Life Expectation - Expectation of Life at a given age is the average number of years which a person
of that age may expect to live, according to mortality pattern prevalent in that country (60 is the new
40, 70 is the new 50).
Both sexes
73.2 years
Stages of Demography
Females 75.6 years
Stage 1: Pre-Transition Stage (high stationary)
Males 70.8 years
Phase characterized by high birth rates, and fluctuating death rates.
High Mortality - Prevalence of communicative diseases, famine, poor hygiene, no clean water, and
sewage disposal etc.
High Fertility - no or little family planning
Stage 2: Early Transition (Early expanding)
Phase which death rate begins to fall. Birth rates remain high, the population starts to grow rapidly.
Low mortality - improved medicine, sanitation, water supply, and improved food production
etc.
Stage 3: Late Transition
Birth Rate starts to decline. The rate of the population growth decelerates.
Industrialization and Urbanization, cost of living in urban areas.
Stage 4: Post-Transition
New Equilibrium has been reached between birth and death rates with a stabilization of the population.
Availability of Modern Medicine,
Implication of Over Population
Positive Side
1. Better Economy
2. Efficient utilization of Resources
3. Medical, agricultural and Industrial Growth 4. Better Labor Force
5. Greater Investment in Capital Reformation
Negative Side/ Perils of Over Population
1. Shortage of Food and Land
2. Environmental Problems
3. Problem of Unemployment
4. Poverty and Low Standard of Living
5. Inflation
6. Conflict and War
Top Biggest Country in the World in Terms of Population
1. China
6. Brazil
7. Nigeria
2. India
3. United States of America
4. Indonesia
8. Bangladesh
9. Russia
10. Mexico
5. Pakistan
11. Japan 12. Ethiopia
13. Philippines
14. Egypt 15. Vietnam