Model Question
Growth And Development
Paper 1 Diagnosis and treatment planning
Essays
Group 1
No.
1.
Question
Marks
What is current status of genomic hypothesis in human growth and
development? Outline the recently introduced changes in functional
matrix hypothesis.
Genomic Hypothesis
 FMH - Revisited – part 3
L.Moss
 Epigenetic dichotomy
3
AJODO – 1997, Melvin



The Genomic Thesis
The Biologic Basis for Genomic Thesis
Critical Definition
 Classification of Causation
Recently Introduced Changes
 Histological Background
 Melvin L.Moss – original article – 1960 ‘ Functional
Matrix Hypothesis ‘
 Classic statement – 1931
 Functional cranial component
 Skeletal unit
 Micro
 Macro
 Functional Matrix
 Periosteal
 Functional
 Capsular Matrix
 Functioning spaces
 Contribution of BOSMA
 Orofacial capsule
 FMA – Revisited and Recently Introduced Changes
Mainly 2 topics
1) Cellular mechanotransduction
2) Biologic Network Theory
- Role of Mechanotransduction
1
2
2
2
1
1
1


 Constraints
a. Methodologic
b. Hierarchial
 Procedure
Mechanoreception
Mechanotransduction
 Unique properties of osseous mechanotransduction
 Mechanotransductive process
 Ionic
 Mechanical
 Role of Osseous Connected Cellular Network
 Formation and structure of CCN
 Attributes of Skeletal CCN
 The role of periosteal functional matrix
 Mechanotransduction A Tentative Synthesis
Genomic Thesis ( Brief )
The Epigenetic Antithesis and the Resolving Synthesis
 Definition
 Mechanism
 The epigenetic antithesis
 Craniofacial epigenetic
 Epigenetic process and mechanism
 Loading
 Extracellular matrix deformation
 Cell shape changes


2.
A Resolving hypothesis
Complexity and organization
Discuss in detail formation of palate. Enumerate the etiological
factors responsible for cleft palate. Quote one study on this subject.
 Definition of cleft
 Background
 Formation of palate
 Timing and formation
 Developmental disturbances
 Etiological factors
 Environmental factors
 Genetics
 Teratogens
 Others

Study - Charbora and Harovitz 1974
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3)
Servosystem theory of growth in relation to dentofacial orthopedics
 Introduction
 Cybernetic language ( transfer function)
 Various component of servosystem
 Growth of maxilla and mandible as explained by
servosystem
 Development of malocclusion according to servosystem
theory
 Action of appliances bases an Servosystem theory
 Clinical implication and drawback
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
4.
Discuss the Growth of the jaw in relation to hereditary and
congenital factors
1
 Introduction
 5 stages of development of embryo
3
 Growth and development
 Maxilla
 Palate
 Mandible
 Alveolar bone
1
 Factors
Von limborgh’s classification
1. intrinsic genetic factor
1
2. local epigenetic factor
1
3. general epigenetic factor
1
4. local environmental factor
1
5. general environmental factor
1
 Epigenetic
By Profitt & Petrovic
 Individual Factors
2
- Genetic and hereditary
2
- Hormonal factors
2
- Neurotrophism
- Function
2
- Enviromental – local
- general
- miscellanous
2
 genetic factors
 hormonal factors
5)
Discuss in detail the post natal growth of mandible
 introduction
1


brief of prenatal growth
post natal growth
 types of ossification
 intramembranous
 endochondral
 clinical significance
1
1

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
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

2
1
1
1
1
2
mechanism of bone growth
anatomy
growth timing
growth in width
growth in length
main sites
 condylar cartilage
 posterior border of rami
 alveolar ridges
 current concepts
 factors affecting growth
 systemic
 local
 anomalies mandible
 age changes of mandible
Factors affecting development of normal occlusion ,concept
of attritional occlusion
Introduction
6.
2
2
2
1
1
1

Factors of normal occlusion
2

Process of attritional occlusion in stone age man
2

Attritional occlusion in deciduous dentition
2

Attritional occlusion in mixed dentition
2

Attritional occlusion in permanent dentition
2

Advanced attrition in stone age man
2

Effect of attrition of the evolution of human teeth
2

Attrition occlusion and the future of dentistry.
2
7.
8.
Development of occlusion from birth to 18 yrs of age

Introduction
2

History
2

Stages of development of occlusion
2

Transient malocclusion
2
Discuss role of 3D CBCT in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment
planning and write a note about merits and demerits
 Introduction
1

1

Conventional CT scan
 Types
 limitations
CBCT

Different system of CBCT
2

2

Uses
 Missing teeth
 Impacted teeth
 Root
 Root fractures
 TMJ and condylar image
 Cleft palate
 Mini implant
Assessment of treatment outcomes

Superimposition of digital modules and 3D photograph
2

3D skeletal view and 3D dentition
2

Alveolar ridge shape and volume
2

Sinuses and airway
1

Facial analysis
1

Facial modeling and therapeutic application
1

Advantages and disadvantages
1
2
1

9.
1
Conclusion
Discuss digital cephalometry and its importance.
Digital cephalometric radiograph

Introduction
2

Digital cephalometric images
2

Acquisition of digital cephalometric images
 Storage phosphor system
 Charge coupled device detector
Indirect system
2
Image diagnostic quality
 Resolution
 Noise
Advantages and disadvantages
 Time saving
 Dark room facility
 Patient exposure
 Storage consideration
 Image compressor
 Teleradiology
3



1
1
1
1
2
2
2
Group 2
1.
1. Define bonding? What are the various procedures and recent
innovations involved in bonding.
Definition
1
Steps
2

isolation

Etching
2

Primer application
2

Adhesive curing
2
Methods
2
Materials
2
Advantages
2
Self etching primers
3
Bonding over different surfaces
2
2. Describe in detail the various local and general factors involved in the
causation of malocclusion
 Introduction
 ClassificationGENERAL FACTORS
Heredity
 Congenital
 Environment prenatal postnatal
 Predisposing metabolic climatic and infectious disease
 Abnormal pressure habits and functional aberrations—Thumb
sucking, Tongue thrust, speech defects etc
 Dietary problems
 Posture
 Trauma and accidents
LOCAL FACTORS:
1. Anomalies of number
a. Supernumerary teeth
b. Missing teeth
2. Anomalies of tooth size
3. Anomalies of tooth shape
4. Abnormal labial frenum
5. Premature loss
6. Prolonged retention of deciduous teeth
1
8
11
7. Delayed eruption of permanent teeth
8. Abnormal eruptive path
9. Ankylosis
10. Dental caries
11. Improper dental restorations
3.
Enumerate the various aspects that have caused a paradigm shift in the
importance of soft tissue in diagnosis and treatment planning.
 Introduction
 Soft tissue analysis
 Clinical examination
 Cephalometric analysis
 Clinical examination
 Natural head position
 Centric relation
 First tooth contact
 Frontal examination
 Outline form
 Facial level
 Midline alignment
 Facial 3rd
 Lower 1/3rd
 Upper and lower lip length
 Incisor to relaxed upper lip
 Interlabial gap
 Closed lip position
 Smile Lip position
 Digital view
 Nasolabial angle
 Maxillary sulcus contour
 Mandibular sulcus contour
 Orbital rim
 Nasal projection
 Throat length and contour
 Cephalometric analysis
 E line
 H line
 S line
 Soft tissue analysis
 Mesh analysis
 Influence of growth related changes to soft tissue
1
2
2
2
3
3
2
1
2
 Nasal growth
 Lip growth
 Chin growth
 Soft tissue prediction based on
 Tooth movement
 Skeletal changes
 Maxilla
 Mandible
4.Discuss in detail etiology and management of transverse discrepancies with
RME



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
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


5.
Introduction
etiology of transverse discrepancies
ndications for RME
contraindications of RME
maxillary expansion appliances
designs of various expansion appliances
experimental & clinical studies in RME
expansion appliance activation schedules
force application and residual loads
effects of RME on the maxillary complex
effects of the RME on adjacent facial structures
RME and its applications
surgical midpalatal splitting
effects of RME on -palatal mucoperiosteum,
-periodontal tissue
-root resortion and pulp
retention and relapse
Conclusion
Discuss the normal functions of stomatognathic system
 Introduction
 structures of the stomatognathic system
- jaw bone
- teeth
- tongue
- musculature
- valve of orofacial area
- TMJ
 functions of stomatognathic system
 trajectories of force
 mastication
 deglutition
types of swallow
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
phases of swallow
 respiration
 speech
 TMJ movements
6.
3
3
2
3
Discuss the various malfunctions of the stomatognathic system
 Introduction
 normal functions of the stomatognathic system
 abnormal functions of the stomatognathic system
 Trajectories of force
 mastication
 deglutition
 respiration
 speech
 TMJ movement
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
Short Notes
Group 1
1)
2)
3)
Wetzel s grid
 introduction
1946, Normal C. Wetzel
 purpose of the grid
 mechanism of the grid
 uses
Primary and secondary cartilages
 introduction
 Growth at primary cartilage
 Examples
 growth at secondary cartilage
 examples
 primary versus secondary cartilage
Role of vitamin A in growth
 introduction
 source
 function
 dietary requirements
 deficiency manifestation
 hypervitaminosis
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Counterpart theory of growth
 introduction
 Enlow’s principles
 counterpart principle
 v principle
 counterpart principle
 significance in
 maxilla and mandible
 middle cranial fossa
 anterior cranial fossa
 ethmomaxillary region
 vertical lengthening of nasomaxillary complex
Logarithmic growth of mandible
 introduction
 Melvin moss formula
 Mandibular changes
 Rotation of spiral with age
Growth rotations
 Introduction
 internal rotation – Bjork,Skinner
 matrix rotation
 intramatrix rotation
 External rotation – Profitt
 7 structural signs of growth rotation
 Forward rotation
 3 ways
 Backward rotation
 2 ways
Growth indicators
 Introduction
 indicators
 hand wrist radiograph
 cervical vertebrae maturation indicator
 mandibular canine calcification sign
 lower 3rd molar development
 frontal sinus
 midpalatal suture
Rickett’s growth prediction
 introduction
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
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
9)
1
2
2
2
2
mental protuberance
point EVA
curve A,B,C
Arc of mandibular growth
Prediction
Cephalocaudal Gradient of Growth
 Introduction
 Fetal Life
 Third month
 Time of birth
 Axis of Growth
 Pattern of Growth
1
1
2
2
2
2
Group 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Error management in clinical photography in orthodontic office
 Introduction
 Importance
Analysis
Record
 Requirements
 Errors and its management
Discuss the working principle of single lens reflex camera
 Introduction
 Parts of a camera
 Types of camera
 Mechanism of SLR
Self correcting malocclusion in mixed dentition
 Introduction
 Types of self correcting malocclusion
- Anterior deepbite
- Crowding
- Ugly duckling stage
- Initial end on relationship
Post adolescent changes of facial tissues
 Changes in facial soft tissues
 Changes in alignment and occlusion
 Facial growth in adults.
 Studies
Concept of functional occlusion
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
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

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

6.
7.
8.
Introduction
Functional occlusion
Movements
CR and CO
Functional occlusion for orthodontics
Role of equilibration
Basic concepts of functional occlusion
Diagnosis and treatment planning
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
Equilibrium theory of development of dentition
 Introduction
 Primary factors in equilibrium
 Secondary factors in equilibrium
2
4
4
Relevance of stone age mans dentition in contemporary
orthodontics.
 Introduction
- Attritional occlusion in deciduous dentition
- Attritional occlusion in mixed dentition
- Attritional occlusion in permanent dentition
2½
2½
2½
2½
Late incisor crowding and its clinical management
 Introduction
 Causes
 Management
2
4
4
Group 3
1.
2.
Mc Namara’s analysis
 Reference
 Sample population
 Relating the maxilla to cranial base
 Soft tissue evaluation
 Hard tissue evaluation
 Relating mandible to midface
 Relating mandible to midfacial and upper facial structure
 Relating the upper incisor to maxilla
 Relating the lower incisor to mandible
 Airway analysis
Beta Angle
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1

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
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
Reference
Introduction
Landmarks
Study sample
Result
Advantages and disadvantages
Conclusion
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3.Surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion

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
5.
6.
Introduction
Indication
Patient selection
Appliance
Surgical technique
Retention ,stability and relapse
Limitations , risks, complications
Conclusion
4. HYRAX APPLIANCE
Introduction
Types
Indications
Amount of expansion possible
Effect on sutures
Electromyography
 Introduction
- definition
- principle
 electromyographic technique
- electrodes
 needle electrode
 surface electrode
 Electromyography in orthodontics
- Electromyographic activity in cl 2 malocclusion
- EMG findings in functional appliance
- EMG studies in cl 3 subjects
- EMG during swallowing
- Effect of pain from orthodontic treatment on EMG activity
- EMG activity in cleft lip and palate patients
Mastication

Introduction
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
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
7.
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Dynamic positions of the mandible

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
8.
muscles of mastication
preparatory phase
food contact
the crushing phase
tooth contact
grinding phase
centric occlusion
introduction
postural resting position
centric relation
initial contact
centric occlusion
most retruded position
most protruded position
habitual resting position
habitual occlusion position
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Functional analysis


-
clinical importance of functional analysis
assessment of mandibular position as determined by musculature
postural rest position
interocclusal clearance
path of closure
1
1





examination of TMJ and its functions
symptoms of TMJ dysfunction
muscle disorders
joint sounds
examination of TMJ related structures
muscles
lateral and protrusive movements
1
1


-
examination of tongue and its functions
tongue –size ,shape
tongue-posture
tongue-function-swallowing
examination of respiratory function
nasal or mouth breathing examination methods
1
1
1

-
examination of lips
lip competency
lip size
lip biting
1


-
Speech analysis
Dental and occlusal examination
Centric relation contacts
Clinical significance of occlusal examinations
1
1
9.
Postural rest position
2
2+1
10.
 Introduction
 Method of recording postural rest position
- Patient seating
- Head position
- Methods of bringing mandible to rest position
- Command method-phonetic method
- Other command methods
- Non command method
- Combined method
 Oral speculum (A.M.SCHWARTZ)
 Registration of postural rest position
- Direct intraoral method
- Direct extraoral method
- Indirect extraoral method
 Cephalometry
 EMG
 Cinefluorography
 Kinesiography
Theory of tooth eruption


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
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Pulp theory
Vascular theory
Root elongation theory
Alveolar bone growth
Periodontal ligament theory
Genetic input
Hydrostatic pressure
Follicles theory.
2
2+1
Group 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Paperless office concept
 Introduction
 Academic application(clinical)
5
5
Contribution of computers to overall efficiency and
practice economics.
 Introduction
 Academic application
 Clinical application
 Graphic application
 Research application
2
2
2
2
2
Advanced craniofacial imaging
 Introduction
 Basic principle
 Various types
 Indication
 Limiting factors
2
2
2
2
2
Recent advances in CT imaging and lasers
 Introduction
 Basic principle
 Indication
 Limiting factors
2½
2½
2½
2½
TMJ imaging
 Introduction
 Basic principle
 Selection criteria
 Advantage and disadvantage
3-D cephalometrics
 Introduction
 Various software
 Factors before purchase software
Video imaging
 Introduction
 Advantage
 Types
2½
2½
2½
2½
2
4
4
2
4
4
8.
9.
Application of digital radiograph in orthodontics
 Introduction
 Various application
 Advantage
 disadvantage
Prediction imaging
 Prediction imaging/surgical treatment objectives
 Introduction
 Envelope of discrepancy
 Methods
 Cephalometric prediction
 Model prediction
 Photo cephalometric
 Computer prediction
 Video cephalometry
 3D simulation

Conclusion
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Group 5
1.
2.
3.
Self etching primers
 Introduction
 Advantages over conventional etching
 Mechanism of bonding
 Bond strength
 Studies on SEPS
2
2
3
1
2
Indirect bonding
 Introduction
 Various techniques
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Application in lingual orthodontics
1
3
2
2
2
Acid etching
 Introduction
 Purpose
 Types
 Etching of enamel
2
2
2
2
2
 Etching of enamel
Classification of adhesives
 Define adhesives
 Classification bases on various generations(1to3)
 Generations 4 and 5
 Generations 6 and 7
APC brackets
 Introduction
 Description
 Advantages
 Related studies
Bonding on different surfaces
 Introduction
 Bonding on amalgam
 Bonding on ceramic
 Bonding on metals
4.
5
6
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
Group 6
1. Drawbacks of Angle’s classification
 Considered anteroposterior relationship, not vertical & transverse.
 First permanent molars are not fixed points.
 Cannot be applied if first molars missing.
 Cannot be applied to deciduous dentition.
 No differentiation between skeletal & dental malocclusion.
 Classification does not highlight etiology.
2
2
2
2
1
1
2. Role of drugs in etiology of malocclusion
 Introduction
 Prenatal
 Postnatal
1
4
4
3. Genetics of cleft lip and palate


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
Introduction
Genes causing orofacial cleft syndromes
T-box transcription factor-22
Poliovirus receptor like-1
Interferon regulatory factor-6
Candidate genes or loci for non-syndromic cleft lip and palate
2
2
1
 Transforming growth factor-alpha
 Drosophila msh homeo box homolog-1
 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
 Transforming growth factor beta-3
 Other genes and loci
 Environmental factors
 Smoking
 Alcohol use
 Use of folic acid and multivitamins
Conclusion
4. Hormonal role in etiology of malocclusion
Introduction
• Prenatal
• Postnatal
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
5. Upper airway constriction and its effects on malocclusion






conclusion
history
upper airway structure and respiratory mechanics
causes of upper airway constriction
sequelae to respiratory obstruction
investigations
role of orthodontists
1
2
5
1
4
1
Paper 2 – Clinical Orthodontics and Mechanotherapy
Essays
Group 1
1.
Discuss in details the management of open bite
 Introduction
 Definition of open bite
 Incidence
 Classification by various authors
 Etiology of open bite
 Epigenetic factors
 Environmental factors
 Diagnostic criteria
 Clinical features
 Skeletal
 Dentoalveolar
 Cephalometric
 Management
 Etiologic consideration
 Growth/age
 Esthetic consideration
 Functional consideration
 Clinical consideration
 Treatment plan
 Interceptive
 Functional
 Orthopedic
 orthodontic
 corrective
 Surgical
 Orthodontic
 Treatment modalities according to etiology
 Digital sucking
 Tongue thrusting
 Macroglossia
 Airway obstruction
 Extrusion of incisor
 MEAW
 Correction of skeletal open bite

1
1
1
1
1
2
1







2.
According to growth status
Functional orthopedics
Extraction
 Second molar
 First molar
 Premolar
Biomechanics of open bite correction
Magnets
Skeletal anchorage system
Retention and stability
Discuss in detail the management of deep bite
 Introduction
 Definition
 Terminologies
 Incidence
 Classification
 Etiological consideration
 Diagnostic criteria
 Clinical Features
 Cephalometric
 Orthodontic
 Treatment strategies
 Surgical
 Functional
 orthodontic
 Extrusion of posterior teeth
 Flaring of anterior teeth
 Intrusion of incisor
 Treatment plan consideration
 Soft tissue consideration
 Crown gingival relation
 Occlusal plane consideration
 Extrusion of posterior teeth
 Different mechanics

Intrusion arch biomechanics
 Magnitude of force and different intrusion mechanics
 Point of force application
 Intrusion arches
 Others
3
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1



3.
Anchorage control
Clinical consideration for intrusion
Surgical management
 Stability and retention
Early management of class III malocclusion
 Introduction
 Definition
 Incidence
 Etiology
 Components of Class III
 Classification of Class III
 Indications and contraindication of Early Class 3 Treatment
 Differentiation of Pseudo and true class III
 Management of pseudo Class 3
 Treatment of skeletal Class3 malocclusion
 Treatment in
 Deciduous dentition
 Mixed dentition
 Permanent dentition





4
Maxillary deficiency
RME
Face mask
Mandibular excess
Chin cup therapy
Tandem traction bow appliances
Appliances
Magnet in Class3 management
Design and consideration of anchorage system
Retention and stability
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
Explain in detail about frictionless mechanics; add a note as the
biomechanics of t-loop.




Introduction- frictionless mechanics
Brief overview
Advantage and disadvantage
Indications and contraindications
1
2
2
2

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
5

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
6
T loop introduction
Anchorage consideration
Group A
Group B
Group C
T-loop design
Biomechanics of t-loops
Continuous T loop
Biomechanics of headgear
2
Introduction
Component of head gear
Classification
Selection
Indication
C Res of maxilla, Max dentition, tooth
Headgear biomechanics
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
3
3
2
What is friction? What are the types of friction? Explain in
detail the various factors affecting friction in orthodontic
mechanics







Definition
Laws
Types
Static
Dynamic
Factors affecting friction
Mechanics
Advantages
disadvantages
7. What is preventive orthodontics? Write in detail about the various
procedures involved in preventive orthodontics.
 Definition
 Caries control
 Extn of supernumerary teeth
 Eliminating occlusal interference
 Management of ankylosed tooth
 Abnormal frenal attachments
 oral habits check up
2
3
3
3
3
3
1.5
1.5
2
2
2
2
2
2
2





space maintainer
removable
fixed
advantages
disadvantages
2
2
2
2
8. What is interceptive orthodontics? Write in detail about the various
procedures involved in interceptive orthodontics.

Definition

Serial extraction

Correction of developing cross bite
1
3
2
2

Control of abnormal habits
3
9.

Space regaining

Muscle exercises
3
3

Interception of skeletal malrelation

Removal of soft tissue or bony barrier to enable eruption of teeth
Discuss the principle and techniques of using fixed functional appliances for
advancement of the mandible in skeletal and dental class II problems, add a
note on their utility over non fixed functional appliances
 Introduction
 Definition
 History
 Principles of using fixed functional appliances
- Push force appliances
- Pull force appliances
- Produces head gear effect-on maxillary dentition, intrusive
force on molars.
- Force delivery or force elimination
- Growth utilization
- Linguo facial screening, equilibrium theory of tooth positions
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

- Bite jumping principle
- Incorporation of lingual crown torque in lower arch
Technique of fixed functional appliances
- Appliance producing pushing force
 Rigid appliance
I.
Herbst appliance
II.
MPA
 Flexible appliances
I.
Jasper jumper
- Appliances producing pull force
Saif spring ,etc
 Note on advantages of fixed functional appliances over non fixed
appliance
- Less patient cooperation
- Design to be used for 24 hrs a day
- Orthopedic versus dentoalveolar correction
- Smaller in size permitting better adaptation to mastication
,speech, etc
- Duration of treatment -less in fixed functional
- Treatment can be done in end phase of growth
10. Discuss orthopaedic forces in the treatment for developing class II and class
III malocclusions.
types of skeletal disharmony and orthopaedic forces
Treatment of malocclusions by orthopaedic forces
- Cervical head gear
 With outer bow at a lower level
 With outer bow at a higher level
- Occipital head gear
 Outer bow to C res
 Outer bow to C res
- Combipull headgear
 Outer bow above C res
 Below C res
 Outer bow through C res
- Activator
 Anteroposterior effects
 Vertical effects
- Bionators
 Effects of bionators
- Frankel II
- Twin block appliances
- Fixed functional appliances
 Orthopedic forces- Sagittal changes & vertical changes
Herbst appliance
MARA-jasper jumper
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½






I.

-
MPA-mand corrector
Eureka spring forces etc
Treatment of cl III malocclusion by orthopedic forces
Orthopedic face mask
Delaire face mask
Petit face mask
Sagittal changes
FRIII
Effects of appliances
Chin cup
Vertical pull chin cups
Forces passing through condyles
Occipital pull chin cups
i.
Forces passed below condyle
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
Cl III activator
Biofrankel III
Reverse twin block
Cl III bionator
MAD 3 appliance
TTBA appliance
Jasper jumper
Chumpo jumper
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
11.
Discuss in detail the functional and cephalometric criteria for functional
appliance treatment


i.
ii.
iii.
iv.


i.
ii.
iii.


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



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i.
ii.


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


Functional criteria
(1)
Determination of rest position of mandible and interposed freeway
space or interocclusal clearance
Assessment of rest position 1
Phonetic method
Command method
Non command method
Combined method
Evaluation of path of closure 1
Evaluation of TMJ and condylar movements 1
Clinical examination
Auscultation
1
Palpation
1
Functional analysis
Evaluation of swallowing function 1
Examination of tongue
1
Tongue function
Tongue posture
Size of tongue
Examination of lips
1
Respiration
1
Speech assessment
1
Cephalometric criteria
1+1
Analysis of facial skeleton
Saddle angle
Articular angle
Gonial angle
Facial height
i.
Anterior facial ht
ii. Post facial ht
Cranial base length
Ant cranial base length
Post cranial length
Analysis of jaw bases 1+1
SNA angle
SNB angle
Basal plane angle
Inclination angle
Rotation of jaw bases
1
Linear measurements of jaw bases
Extent of mandibular base
Extent of maxillary base
1+1
 Length of ascending ramus
- Dentoalveolar analysis
 Axial inclination of incisors
i.
Upper incisor
ii.
Lower incisor
12.
13.
Cephalometric analysis of tongue posture
1
How will you manage a child with bilateral cleft lip and palate and its
short comings
 Introduction
 Classification
- Davis&Ritchi’s
- Veau’s
- Anderson
- LASHAM
- Kernahans striped Y
 Etiological factors
 Risk factors
 Guidelines by Krozwer
 Time for orthodontic intervention
 Management:
- Team of doctors
- Treatment figure
 Presurgical orthopaedics
 Lip closure
 Palate closure
 Speech therapy
 Early orthodontics
 Alveolar grafting
 Comprehensive orthodontics
 Pharyngeal flap surgery
 Fixed prosthodontics
 Orthognathic surgery
Discuss the developmental anomalies occurring due to first pharyngeal
arch defect?
 Introduction
- Pharyngeal arches
- Formation of germ layer
- Formation of neural tube
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
-
14.
15.
Development of pharyngeal arches
Structures derived from first pharyngeal arch
Developmental defects due to defects in the first
pharyngeal arch
i.
Ectodermal groove
ii.
Endodermal pouch
iii. Skeleton
iv.
Artery
v.
Muscle
vi.
Nerve
Describe in detail about the development of palate and its
anomalies
 development of palate
- components for development of secondary palate
two lateral maxillary palatal shelves
primary palate
- transformation in the position of palatal shelves
- mechanism for elevation of palatal shelves
- relation of tongue
- fissure of palatal shelves
- ossification at sutures
- muscle development
 anomalies
- Epstein pearls
- Bohn’s nodules
- Cleft palate
- Torus palatine
Recent advances in biology of tooth movement
 Introduction
 Bone remodeling
- Frontal resorption
- Undermining resorption
 Transmission of the mechanical strain to bone
cells
- Streaming potentials
- Strain sensitive ion channels
- Extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton
 Translation of the mechanical strain within the cell
into a genetic response
- Signaling molecules in orthodontic tooth
movement
 cAMP pathway
1
2
4
4
6
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
1


16.
Phosphoinositol dual signaling system
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Vitamin D
Cytokines
Growth factors
Colony stimulating factor
Drugs affecting orthodontic tooth movement
Neurotransmitters in OTM
Genes in OTM
Endocrine regulation of bone physiology
Discuss in detail –biology of tooth movement
 Introduction
 The components periodontal ligament
 Theories of tooth movement
 Effect of orthodontic force on periodontal
ligament
- Light force
- Heavy force
 Phases of tooth movement







Transmission of mechanical strain into the bone
cell and its translation to a genetic
response(nuclear response)
Biomechanical factors of bone remodeling
Drugs in orthodontic tooth movement
Neurotransmitter
Genes in orthodontic tooth movement
Endocrine regulation of bone physiology
Biomarkers in orthodontic tooth movement
3
1
1
2
3
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
Group 2
1.
Discuss in detail the various theorems governing retention in orthodontics
 Introduction
 Definition of retention
 Theorems of retention
- Theorem 1 – teeth that have been moved tend to return to their
former positions
- Theorem 2 – elimination of the cause of malocclusion will prevent
recurrence
2
2
2
-
2.
Theorem3 – malocclusion should be over corrected as a safety
factor
Theorem 4 – proper occlusion is a potent factor in holding teeth in
their corrected position
Theorem 5 – bone and adjacent tissues must be allowed to
reorganize around newly positioned teeth
Theorem 6 – If the lower incisors are placed upright over basal
bone, they are more likely to remain in good alignment
Theorem 7 – corrections carried out during periods of growth are
less likely to relapse
Theorem 8 – the farther teeth have been moved, the less likelihood
of relapse
Theorem 9 – arch form, particularly in the mandibular arch cannot
be altered permanently by appliance therapy
Discuss the various schools of thought on retention philosophy and its role in
avoiding relapse?
 Schools of thought on retention philosophy
- Occlusion school- by Kingsley
- Apical base school – by Alex Lundstorm
- Mandibular incisal school – by Grieve and Tweed
- Musculature school – by Rogers
Discuss the period of retention during transitional period of Orthopaedic
treatment and orthodontic treatment
 Retention during transitional period of Orthopedic treatment
- In all 3 planes
 Transverse plane
 Vertical plane
 Sagittal plane
For various appliances and various malocclusions
 Retention during transitional period of orthodontic treatment
- In all 3 planes
 Transverse plane
 Vertical plane
 Sagittal plane
For various malocclusions and habits
- Deep bite correction
- Open bite correction
- Class 2 malocclusion correction
- Class 3 malocclusion correction
- Rotation
4. Discuss in detail the orthodontic considerations in the management of Periodontally
compromised individuals for fixed orthodontic treatment
 Introduction
- Types of periodontal disease relevant to orthodontic treatment
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
3.
10
10
2
2
2
2
2
4







Tissue response to different types of tooth movement
- Intrusion
- Extrusion
- Tipping
- Bodily movement into defect
1
1
1
1
Mucogingival considerations
Frenum considerations
Gingival hyperplasia
Mouth breathing
Gingival retention and esthetic considerations
Considerations with ectopically positioned and unerupted teeth
2
2
2
2
2
2
5. Discuss the biomechanical considerations during orthodontic treatment in
Periodontally compromised individuals and for prosthetic rehabilitation?
 Introduction
 Characteristics of orthodontic appliances
- 0.022’’v/s0.018’’
- Metals Brackets v/s ceramic
- Lingual v/s labial
- Clear aligners, ESSIX, INVASALIGN
 Effects of reduced periodontal support-C res
 Tissue response to certain types of tooth movement
- Intrusion
- Extrusion
- Tipping
- Bodily movement


Friction v/s frictionless mechanics
Prosthetic rehabilitation
- Parallelism of abutment teeth
- Most favorable distribution of teeth
- Redistribution of occlusal and incisal forces
- Adequate embrasure space and proper tooth positions
- Adequate occlusal plane and potential for incisal guidance at
satisfactory vertical dimension
- Adequate occlusal landmark relationship
- Better lip competency and support
- Improved crown to root ratio.
6. Discuss the psychological management of adult patient for orthodontic treatment
 Types of adult
- Younger
2
2+2
2
1
1
1
1
2+2
2+2
6
3


- Older
types of personality in adults
- exceptional personality
- inadequate personality
- pathological personality
several steps in behavioral and psycological management
- advanced continuing education courses
- refined consultation
- appliance modifications for adult treatment to reduce
about appearance
3
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
7. Write in detail the CO-CR discrepancy and its management in orthodontics


CO-CR discrepancy and its management
Introduction
- Need for recording CO-CR discrepancy
 Definition of retruded access position
 Definition of centric occlusion
 Retruded contact position
 Bennett angle
 Occlusal interference
- Criteria for optimal functional occlusion
- Signs of CO-CR discrepancy
- Mounted Vs hand held casts
- Methods of recording maxilla mandibular relation
- Recording condylar position
 Facebow
 Articulators
 Mandibular position indicator
 Axiography
8. Discuss in detail the various investigating procedures dealing with TMJ disorders in
various malocclusions
Investigating procedures dealing with TMJ disorders
 History
- familial
- medical
- dental
- personal
 examination
- auscultation
- palpation
- functional analysis
 dental examination
- occlusal and incisal wear
- mobility of teeth
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1





- restoration
- cross bite or scissor bite
- occlusion
- deviation
- deflection
Temporalis examination
Lateral pterygoid examination
Medial pterygoid examination
Masseter examination
- lateral movement
- protrusive movement
Imaging procedures
- hard tissues
 plain film radiography
 panoromic radiography
 conventional tomography
 computed tomography
- soft tissues
 Athrography
 MRI
- RECENT ADVANCES
 CBCT
 Electronic thermography
 Stereophotogrammetry
 MR Spectroscopy
 Tuned aperture Computed Tomography
 SPECT/CT with TC-MDP
9. Functional Occlusion- Merits and demerits?
Definition of functional occlusion
Types of functional occlusion
- Lateral
- Protrusive
- Retrusive
Merits
-
Free movement of mandible
Mandible should be able to close into maximum
intercuspation
Cuspid protected occlusion
Mutually protected occlusion
Musculo skeletally stable position
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
- Optimal functional tooth contacts
- CO-CR
Demerits
- Very time consuming
- Equilibration should not be performed until growth
- Stability of the jaw
- Case equilibration in centric position
10.
11.
Define an implant. Classify implant and discuss in detail MI as an
absolute anchorage in orthodontics
 Introduction
 Definition
 History and development
 Classification
 Location
 Configuration design
 Composition
 Surface structure
 Sites of placement
 Procedure
 Uses
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Conclusion
Discuss the biomechanical consideration of using MIA for various
orthodontic tooth movements.
 Introduction
 Maxillary retraction mechanics
Extraction cases
 Medium pull
 High pull
 Low pull
 Mandibular retraction mechanism:
Extraction case:
- Medium pull
- High pull
- Low pull
 Anterior intrusion mechanism in maxillary arch
 Anterior intrusion mechanism in mandibular arch
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1











12.
Anterior en-masse retraction & intrusion
Sliding Vs loop mechanism for en-masse retraction
Molar intrusion
Maxillary arch lingual root torque
Molar distalization in non –extraction
Midpalatal implant for molar distalization
Retraction mechanism
Molar uprighting
Buccal crossbite correction
Unilateral constriction
Conclusion
Write a note on osseointegration. Discuss the factors affecting the
stability of microimplants and why osseointegration does not occur
with MI.
 Osseointegration:
- introduction
- definition
- mechanism
- factors influencing osseointegration in MI
 Factors affecting stability of microimplants:
- Iatrogenic
- Host
- Implant
13.Discuss orthodontic treatment planning in Orthognathic surgery cases









Introduction.
Indications for Surgical-Orthodontic Treatment.
Diagnosis and treatment planning.
Collection of Data base.
 Demographic data
 History
 Systematic patient evaluation
 Radiographic examination
 Model analysis
various surgical options
Esthetic changes associated with each surgery.
considerations for surgery during growth
Basic surgical decision
Basic orthodontic decisions
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Cephalometric Prediction Tracing

Principles Of Orthodontic Mechanics In Orthognathic Surgery
Cases
Selection of orthodontic appliances
Bracket placement
Presurgical objectives
Extraction patterns
Immediate presurgical preparation
Mock surgery
Immediate postsurgical objectives
Postsurgical and retention objectives
The surgical orthodontic correction of various type of malocclusion









1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14. Discuss in detail the various surgical procedures in orthodontic cases and
their diagnosis and treatment planning.









For Class II patients with mandibular deficiency
For Class II skeletal open bite
Surgical / orthodontic treatment of mandibular excess
Treatment timing
Asymmetric mandibular excess.
For Class III skeletal open bite
Inherent orthodontic stability.
Inherent stability of the surgical approach
Pre-surgical orthodontics.
15. presurgical and post surgical orthodontics
 Introduction
 Presurgical
Aims
Treatment planning in class 1
Treatment planning in class 2
Treatment planning in class 3
 Biomechanics
 Post surgical
Aims
Procedures in class 1
Procedures in class 2
Procedures in class 3 cases
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
16. orthodontic management of periodontally compromised patients
 Introduction
- Types of periodontal disease relevant to orthodontic treatment
 Tissue response to different types of tooth movement
- Intrusion
- Extrusion
- Tipping
- Bodily movement into defect






3
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Mucogingival considerations
Frenum considerations
Gingival hyperplasia
Mouth breathing
Gingival retention and esthetic considerations
Considerations with ectopically positioned and unerupted teeth
Short Notes
Group 1
1.
2.
3.
Enumerate criteria for serial extraction
 Definition and rationale
 Indication
 Contraindication
 Clinical features
 Diagnostic criteria
 Protocol
Nance
Dewel
Dentoalveolar compensation
 Introduction
 Head form and malocclusion tendency
 In class 1
 In class 2
 In class3
Management of midline Diastema
 Introduction
 Definition
 Incidence
 Etiology
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2


4.
5)
6.
7.
Management
 Diagnostic criteria
 Treatment modalities
 Elimination of etiological factors
 Active correction
Retention-special considerations
Management of tongue thrust habit
 Introduction
 Etiology
 Effect of tongue thrusting
 Management
 Habit breaking appliances
 Management of fixed appliances
 Retention and stability
NAM in unilateral cleft case
 Introduction
 Definition of cleft
 Disadvantages of traditional infant orthopedic
 Historical background
 Objectives
 Techniques in unilateral cleft case
 Procedures
 Fabrication of moulding plates
 Modifications of moulding plates
 Nasal stents
 Goals
 Advantages
Management of generalized spacing
 Introduction
 Etiology
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 removal of etiology
 use of removable and fixed appliances
 use of crown and prosthesis
 retention protocol
Muscles exercise
 definition of interceptive orthodontics
 objectives
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

8.
9.
muscles exercises
 masseter muscle
 lips
 stretching
 holding
 button pull
 tug of war
 tongue
 one elastic swallow
 two elastic swallow
Features and management of class 2 division 2 malocclusion
 introduction
 angle’s classification
 incidence
 etiology of division 2 malocclusion
 role of musculature
 features of division 2 malocclusion
 skeletal
 dental
 management
 long term retention protocol
Fixed space maintainer
 introduction
 advantages
 disadvantages
 types
 bands and loops
 crown and loops
 lingual arch
 palatal arch
 transpalatal arch
 distal shoe
 esthetic space maintainer
 band and bar type
 factors considering
 time elapse
 dental age
 anatomical consideration
Group 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
1.
2.
3.
Rapid versus slow expansion
 indication for arch expansion
 histological background
 classification of appliances
 appliances use for rapid expansion
 appliances use for slow expansion
 features of rapid expansion
 features of slow expansion
 retention protocol
Biomechanics of incisor intrusion
 Definition of intrusion
 Indication
 Intrusion with various appliance
 biomechanics
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
4.
V Bend Biomechanics
 Introduction
 Off – centered v bend
 Centered v bend
 Step bend
Opus loop
1
3
3
3
5.
 Introduction
 Design
 Biomechanics
 Advantages and disadvantages
One couple system in orthodontics
2
3
3
2
6.
 Introduction
 Biomechanics
 Advantages
 disadvantages
Ballista spring




Introduction
Design
Biomechanics
Application
2
2
3
3
Three piece intrusion spring
 Introduction
 Design
 Biomechanics
 Application
2
2
3
3
7.
1
3
3
3
8.
Influences of oral function on dentofacial development









Mastication
- suckling- infant
- mastication cycle by Murphy(6stages)
Buccinator mechanism
role of tongue
Deglutition
- infantile swallow(visceral)
- mature swallow(somatic)
Respiration
Speech
Abnormal posture
Abnormal habits
Altered path of closure
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Group 3
1.
2.
3.
Mandibular protraction appliances(MPA)
 introduction -given by Coelho filho(1995)
 advantages
 disadvantages
 types of mandibular protraction appliances
- type 1
- type 2
- type 3
- type 4
Biofrankel
 introduction(given Lozza et al,J6 -2002)
 working bite
 appliance component
 effects of appliance in treatment of cl 3 patient
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2½
2½
2½
2½
Nasoalveolar moulding





Nasoalveolar moulding
Introduction
History
Scientific basis
Method:
- Correction of unilateral oronasal cleft deformity
- Correction of bilateral oronasal deformity
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
4.
 Advantages
 Complications

Cleft palate orthodontics
3
2
2
3
5.
 Cleft palate orthodontics
 Introduction
 Classification
 Treatment

Goslon’s yardsticks
6.
7.
 Description
 Sample
 Results
 Uses

Theories/Concepts of tooth movement
 Introduction
 bioelectric theory
 Fluid dynamic theory
 Pressure tension theory
Bone bending theory
 Functional matrix hypothesis
 RAP
 Specific molecular mechanisms

Hyalinization




8.
Introduction
Hyalinization caused by strong forces
Hyalinization caused by light forces
Elimination and reconstruction of the hyalinized zone.
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
Biomechanical mediators in orthodontic tooth movement







Signaling molecules and metabolites
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Vitamin D
Cytokines
Growth factors
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
9.
 Colony stimulating factor
 neurotransmitters.
Drugs in orthodontic tooth movement





-
Drugs that depress orthodontic tooth movement
Bisphosphonates
Prostaglandins E inhibitors
Corticosteroids
NSAIDS
Other drugs inhibiting tooth movement
Antidepressant , tetracycline, anticonvulsants, antimalarials
statins
calcium and others
Drugs enhancing tooth movement
Nicotine
Misprostrol (synthetic prostaglandins)
Vitamin D and Others
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
Group 4
1. Raleigh Williams keys of retention
 Introduction - given by Raleigh Williams (j6-1985, volume. 19,342350)
 6 keys
- Incisal edge of lower incisor should be placed on the A-pog
linear 1mm in front of it
- Lower incisor apices should be spread distally to the crowns
more than generally and apices of lateral incisors spread more
than central incisors
- Apex of lower canine should be positioned distal to the crown
- All four lower incisor apices must be in the same labiolingual
plane
- Lower cuspid root apex must be positioned slightly buccal to
the crown apex
- Lower incisor should be slenderized as needed after treatment
2. Tooth positioners
 Uses of tooth positioners
 Various types and materials for tooth positioners
- Invisible retainers
- Thermoplastic retainers
- ESSIX retainer
Tooth positioners
1
1½
1½
1½
1½
1½
1½
4
6
2
2
2
3. CSF (circumferential supracrestal fibrotomy)
 Indications
 Procedure
 Timing
 Advantages of CSF
4.
Dark triangles and its management?

Definitions



5.
6.
2½
2½
2½
2½
2
Etiology
Importance in esthetics
Management
- Mucogingival surgery using coronally advanced flap +GTR
- provisional gingival prosthesis
- Orthodontic paralleling of roots and neighboring teeth
- Mesiodistal enamel reduction(stripping)
Deprogramming splint:
2
2




2½
2½
2½
2½
Types of deprogramming splint
Indications of deprogramming splint
Construction of deprogramming splint
Adjustment schedule
1
1
1
1
Retention strategies:


Forward tongue placement habit requires special consideration
3 important situations for indefinite retention
- Pt who had generalized spacing , in which arches are large and
tooth structure are not
- In circumstances of lip competency
- In adult pts who have moderate upper and lower incisor
crowding and whose incisor are mildly upright (cl 2 div 2
cases)
 Special considerations to periodontally compromised patients
 Special considerations for cross bite correction ,rotation correction
2
3
(1)
(1)
(1)
2½
2½
Group 5
1.
Mutually protected occlusion
 Definition
1





2.
3.
4.
Mechanism of mutual protection condylar disocclusion and anterior
tooth disocclusion
Anterior coupling observation
Posterior inter occlusal contacts
- Closure stoppers
- Equalizers
Posterior disocclusion
- Anterior group function
- Cuspid protected occlusion
Importance of mutually protected occlusion on dentition
Roth’s power centric bite
- Introduction
- Importance and clinical significance of power centric bite
- Procedure of taking bite
- Conclusion
Condylar adaptation in class III and class III malocclusion?
 Condylar position in normal occlusion
 In class II malocclusion
- Path of closure from post rest position to occlusion without
functional disturbances
- Path of closure of mandible is upward and forward without
displacement
- Path of closure with posterior displacement
 In class III malocclusion
- Straight path of closure
- Path of closure with anterior displacement
- Path of closure with posterior displacement
 In pseudo class III malocclusion
 Rickett’s study of condylar adaptation
 Related studies of condyle and fossa
Miniplates
 Introduction
 Parts :
- head
- arm
- body
 Types:
- T-plate
1
1
3
3
1
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
- Y-plate
- I-plate
Indications
Positioning
Uses:
- Molar distalisation
- Intrusion
- Protraction
Removal
Complications & control measures





1
1
1
1
1
5.

Conjoint microimplants
2
3
3
2
6.
 Introduction
 Description
 Indications
 Conclusion

Bone density assessment





2
2
2
2
2
Types of bone
CT scan
CBCT
Radiographs
FEM study
Group 6
1. Mock surgery
 Selection of articulators
3

Aims of Model Surgery

Protocol for Mock Surgery
3
3

advantages
1
2. Presurgical objectives
Goals –
1. Align and level teeth without concern for dental occlusion.
2. Establish proper anterior-post. and vertical position of the incisors.
3. Achieve arch compatibility.
Procedures that need to be done before surgery include –
 Alignment
 Leveling – by intrusion
 Arch compatibility
2
Procedures that can be done before and/or after surgery –
 Post. crossbite correction
 Leveling by extrusion
2
Procedures necessary after surgery –
 Settling and leveling by extrusion
 Root paralleling at osteotomy sites
 Detailed tooth positioning.
2
2
Selection of the appliance
3. Cephalometric prediction tracing
Step 1 - Trace the Stable Structures
2
Step 2 - Determine the Ideal Vertical Position for the Upper Incisor.
Step 3 - Autorotation of the Occlusal Plane.
Step 4 - Mandibular Movement.
Steps 5-10 - Completing the Tracing.
4.
Management of peg lateral
 Orthodontic perspectives of the peg shaped lateral
-
Boltons discrepancy
Space management
Axial inclination of lateral
Aesthetic proportions in size
2
2
2
2

Type of restorations
2

5.
Management of congenitally missing lateral incisor
 Restorative management
2
2
2
2
2

1.



Space regaining and space maintenance
Retained deciduous incisor present
Left till patient is sent for restorative treatment
regaining space
Restoration
Dental implant and fixed bridges
Canine substitution
Considerations in canine substitution-size,
esthetics ,gingival line
 Recontouring of canine and premolar teeth
esthetics.
1
1
2
2
2
2
Paper 3 – Recent Advances
1)
Recent innovations in class II molar distalizers
Indications for molar distalization
(10)
Contraindications
(10)
Ricketts criterion
(5)
Classification of appliances
(5)
Different appliances used and a brief description
Keles slider
5
Implant supported distal jet
5
Modified keles slider
5
SAS
5
2)
Carrier distalizer
5
First class appliance
5
Essix base molar distalizer
5
Frozat appliance
5
BAPA
5
Removable molar distalizer
5
Intraoral maxillary molar distalizer
5
Beneslider
5
Distal screw
5
Frog appliance
5
Recent advances in management of impacted teeth.
Background
(5)
etiology of impacted teeth
(10)
theories put forward for impacted canines
(10)
sequelae of impacted teeth
(5)
Diagnosis
(10)
mechanotherapy-general steps
(20)
a)methods of space gain
(10)
b)force generating devices
(10)
c)tunnel traction
(5)
d)autotransplantation
(5)
e)buccally and palatally impacted canines
3)
(10)
Recent trends :invisible orthodontics
Background
(5)
Indications
(5)
newer bracket materials
a)ceramic brackets
(10)
b)plastic brackets
(10)
aesthetic and coated archwires
(10)
clear aligner therapy
a)invisalign
(10)
b)clearpath
(10)
lingual orthodontics
a) History
5
b)generations of lingual brackets
5
c)indications
5
d)contraindications
5
e)biomechanical considerations
5
f)anchorage considerations
5
g)advantages
5
h)disadvantages
5
4)
5)
advances in digital imaging in orthodontics
define digital image
(5)
digital photography
(5)
digital radiography
(5)
principles of digital imaging
(5)
RVG
(5)
digital ceph
(10)
video imaging
(10)
CT, spiral ct, cbct
(20)
MRI
(10)
Steriolithography
(5)
Steriophotogrammetry
(5)
3-D laser
(5)
Occlusogram
(5)
clinical application-sure smile technology and ortho CAD
(5)
newer bracket prescriptions in orthodontics
History
(10)
PEA
(10)
other newer systems
tip-edge
(10)
6)
alexander vari
(10)
Vaiziz
(10)
butterfly system
(10)
sondhi system
(10)
combination anchorage technique
(10)
kameda technique
(10)
Bedditot
(10)
Describe in detail the mechanics and practice of invisalign
Introduction
(5)
History
(10)
Development
(10)
diagnosis and treatment planning
(10)
appliance fabrication
(10)
aligner materials
(5)
Attachments
(5)
possible tooth movements
(10)
Indications
(10)
Contraindications
(10)
finishing with invisalign
(5)
retention and stability
(5)
Risks
(5)
7)
lingual orthodontics: evolution to current trends
History
(10)
generations of lingual brackets
(20)
Indications
(10)
Contraindications
(10)
Biomechanics
(20)
anchorage considerations
(10)
finishing ,detailing and settling
(10)
Advantages
(5)
8. Describe in detail accelerated osteogenic orthodontics
Background
5
History
5
Koles technique(surgical procedure, philosophy)
10
Corticotomy
5
Wilckodontics(surgical procedure)
20
Clinical applications
5
Indications
5
Advantages
5
Different types of graft material
10
Role of PRP &PRF
10
Indications in periodontically compromised patients
10
Complications
10
9.Distraction orthodontics and its importance in orthodontics
Definition and history
5
Importance in orthodontics
5
Biomechanics(classification of treatment modality ,mechanical forces)
10
Indications
5
Clinical examination and diagnostic records
10
Distraction devices (Characteristics)
10
Mandibular distraction devices(classification and surgical procedure)
15
Maxillary distraction devices(classification, technique, RED)
15
Orthodontic management(pre, during, post)
15
Management of alveolar defects and distraction of PDL
5
Future implications
5
10.Recent Advances in mixed dentition orthodontic treatment
Definition of mixed dentition
5
Features of mixed dentition
5
List of problems to look into for timing of treatment
10
Interceptive, corrective and preventive orthodontics (definition)
10
Advantages of early intervention
5
Early management of tooth size/arch size discrepancies (space management and space
gaining procedures)
Early management of transverse discrepancy
15
10
Early management of class II malocclusions
15
Early management of skeletal and pseudo Class III malocclusions
15
Early treatment and compliance(psychological need for Rx)
5
5
Relapse tendency
11.Recent concepts in biology of tooth movement
10
History.
30
Theories of orthodontic tooth movement.
15
Biological response of surrounding tissue to orthodontic forces.
5
Difference between modeling and remodeling.
5
Biological markers of orthodontic tooth movement.
5
Chemical markers of orthodontic tooth movement.
10
Genetic basis of orthodontic tooth movement.
5
Effects of hormones and vitamins on orthodontic tooth
Effects of drugs on orthodontic tooth movement.
Clinical application of concepts of orthodontic tooth movement.
movement.
10
10
10
12. Recent advances in orthodontics alloys
Classifications
Write about types of Arch wires
a)stainless steel
b)beta titanium
c)niti wires
d)Chinese niti
e)Japanese niti
10
f)copper niti
g)dual flex wire
h)speed supercable
i)nitrogen coated arch wire
j)alpha titanium
k)titanium niobium
l)optiflex wire
m)marsenol
n)imagination
o)lee white wire
p)CAN
Write about types of Brackets
Stainless steel brackets
Titanium brackets
Gold coated brackets
Platinum coated brackets
Nickel free brackets
30
13. Latest concepts in growth and development
Introduction
10
Terminologies of growth and development
10
Mechanisms of growth
20
Theories of growth
20
Functional matrix theory -4 articles
20
Voudouris et at –Growth relatively theory/light bulb theory.
20
14. Advances in orthodontic bonding
Introduction and history
Steps in orthodontic bonding
Classification of adhesive resins
Composition of adhesive resins
Setting reaction
10
10
15
5
5
GIC
Ormocer
1 step adhesive,2 step adhesive
Primers and its modifications
Bonding to unconventional tooth surface
Importance of fluoride release
Nanotechnology
15. Oral sleep apnoea- clinical feature and management
Definition
Incidence
History of OSA
Symptoms
Pathogenesis
Predisposing factors
Types of apnea
Cycles during sleep in apnea
Diagnosis
Epworth sleepiness scale
Investigations
Cephalometric characteristics of OSA
TREATMENT OPTIONS
Non specific therapy
Specific therapy
Oxygen administration
Physical or mechanical therapy
Pharmacological agents
Surgery
Oral appliance-tongue retaining devices, oral airway dilator designs, clearway oral
appliance, PM positioner, TAP, modified herbst, EMA, oral pressure appliance, MRD,
5
5
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5