DEMO CONTENT
DEMO SEQUENCE
-INTRODUCTION
-DISCUSSION
-NATURE WALK (MOSS TERRARIUM)
-DISCUSSION\PYRAMID
-VID TO CLASS DEBATES
-DISCUSSION
-FOODWEB COLLAGE
-ROLEPLAY - (ASSESSMENT)
-JINGLE SONG
POSSIBLE ACTIVITIES:
-Food Web Collage: Provide students with magazines, newspapers, or printed images of various organisms. Ask
them to create a food web collage by cutting out and pasting the images onto a poster board, showing the
connections between producers, consumers, and decomposers in an ecosystem. This activity helps visualize the
complex relationships within food webs.
-NATURE WALK OR HIKE: Visit a local park, nature reserve, or forest and observe the different components of
the ecosystem. Take note of the plants, animals, and their interactions. Pay attention to the diversity of species and
the various habitats present.
-Ecosystem Role-Play: Divide the class into groups, and assign each group a specific ecosystem. Have them
research and prepare a short skit or role-play that demonstrates the interactions between organisms and their
environment in that ecosystem. This activity encourages teamwork and a deeper understanding of ecosystem
dynamics.
-Class Discussion and Debates: Engage students in discussions and debates about various ecosystem-related topics,
such as deforestation, climate change, or the role of humans in ecosystem management. Encourage students to
express their opinions, support their arguments with evidence, and consider different perspectives. This activity
promotes critical thinking and communication skills.
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is composed of two types of components namely:

Biotic components

Abiotic components
1. Biotic components: The biotic components are the organic compounds and also known as living component of
an ecosystem. There are subdivided into the following groups:

Producers

Consumers

Decomposers
Producers: These are food suppliers to all plants and green trees which are termed as producers. For example, all
green plants and trees take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, water from the soil, and sunlight from the sun. The
plants undergo a chemical reaction and it is also known as photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants liberate
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oxygen into an environment which is essential for life. The below equation explains about the photosynthesis reaction
and liberation of oxygen.
Consumers: Consumers are classified into four groups and they are:

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers

Omnivores
1.
Primary consumers: They depend only on plants for their food and they are called as herbivores. The examples
of it are insects, flies, deer, and rabbit.
2.
Secondary consumers: These are the animals which depend on herbivores for their food. The examples of it are
frog, lizard, fish, and snake.
3.
Tertiary consumers: Wild animals like tiger, lion, and fox feed on the animals and they are called as carnivores.
4.
Omnivores: Human beings are classified as omnivores and they feed on plants and animals.
Decomposers: Decomposers feed on the dead bodies of plants and animals and convert them back as nutrients into
the soil. Termites, ants and some other bacteria are called as decomposers. Animals such as frog, dog, wolf, and
eagles are termed as decomposers. The decomposers not only act as scavengers to clean the dead bodies but also
serves as parasites, participate to clean the ecological cycles.
2.Abiotic components: Abiotic components are the non-organic compounds and also known as non-living
components of an ecosystem. The examples of these components are temperature, light, and soil.
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Ecological Pyramids:
An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation of an ecological parameter like number, biomass, and energy
depicted in a systematic and stepwise manner in an ecosystem. The ecological pyramid was initially developed by
Charles Elton in 1927. Hence they are also called as Eltonian pyramids. Three types of pyramids may be performed
per each ecosystem and they are as follows:

Pyramid of numbers

Pyramid of biomass

Pyramid of energy
1.Pyramid of numbers: This pyramid deals with the relationship between the number of primary producers and
consumers of a different order.
Fig1: Pyramid of Numbers
2.Pyramid of biomass: This explains about the biomass per unit area.
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Fig2: Pyramid of Biomass
3.Pyramid of energy: The pyramid of energy depends upon the energy levels. In the pyramid structure energy level
increases from bottom to top. Here, producers have low energy level but the consumers have high energy level.
Fig3: Pyramid of Energy
Grassland ecosystem: Grassland is an area that consists of grass, sedges, and forage plants. Grassland occupies
about 24% of the earth’s surface.
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Fig4: Grassland Ecosystem
Forest ecosystem: Natural renewal resources are many and one among them is a forest. Forest is an area where
10% or more of the land is occupied by very big plants. Te world’s biggest and tropical forest area is located in South
America which is called as Amazon Forest. The loss of forest can decrease rainfall and protection of forest lead to
protection of biodiversity which is the resource material of biotechnology.
Fig5: Forest Ecosystem
Aquatic ecosystem: The aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem which is related to water, abiotic components in the
pond ecosystem are some organic and inorganic compounds discovered in it and water.
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Fig6: Aquatic Ecosystem
Energy flow in an ecosystem:
The flow of energy from one organism to another organism in an ecosystem is known as energy flow. In biological
activities, energy flows from the sun to plants and to all heterotrophic organisms like animals and human beings. The
flow of energy takes place in the following way:

Sun to plant

Plant to primary consumers

Primary consumers to secondary consumers

Secondary consumers to tertiary consumers

Tertiary consumers to quaternary consumers

Quaternary consumers to sun ecosystem
The energy flow diagram is as shown below:
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Fig7: Diagram of Energy Flow in an Ecosystem