NON MENDELIAN WHAT IS A GENETICS? a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in organism INHERITANCE a process by which genetic information is passed on from parents to child gene gene DNA trait VARIATION any difference between cells, individual organisms or groups of organism of any species. GENE a unit of heredity; a section of DNA that codes for a specific trait GENOTYPE VS PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE genetic make up of organism PHENOTYPE physical feature or trait of an organism GREGOR MENDEL KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF GENETICS The Punnett square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach in 1905. PUNNETT SQUARE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE It is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele resulting in a NEW PHENOTYPE. YES! CODOMINANCE both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of the heterozygote 1. A homozygous wolf with blue eyes mates with a heterozygous wolf with brown eyes. a. What is the probability that they will produce a wolf with blue eyes? b. Calculate the phenotype ratio and the genotype ratio . 2. Two heterozygous cats with brown eyes mate together. a. What is the probability that they will produce a cat with brown eyes? b. What is the probability that the baby cat will be homozygous? c. Calculate the phenotype and genotype ratio. 3. Consider a situation where incomplete dominance occurs in flowers. RR – red, RW – pink , WW- White a. What is the probability that a pink flower will be produced from two pink flowers? b. What is the probability that a pink flower will produced from a red and pink flower? A gene that is controlled by more than two alleles THE FOUR BLOOD TYPES Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination How many chromosomes do humans have? 46 How many pairs of chromosomes do each individual have? 23 What do you call the 22 pairs of chromosomes?Somatic Chromosome rd How about the 23 chromosome? Sex Chromosome SEX LINKED TRAITS SEX LIMITED TRAITS SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS X LINKED INHERITANCE– Traits that are determined by alleles carried on the X chromosome are referred to as Xlinked. NORMAL COLOR VISION IS DOMINANT (N) OVER COLOR BLIND VISION (n) IN HUMAN. A HUSBAND WITH NORMAL COLOR VISION N X Y HAS A PREGNANT WIFE WHO IS A CARRIER OF HETEROZYGOUS NORMAL COLOR VISION XN Xn IS THERE A CHANCE THAT THEIR CHILD WILL BE A FEMALE COLOR BLIND? 1.Identify the traits/ gametes of the parents present on the genetic problem. 2.Use a Punnet Square 3.Identify the Genotypic Ratio 4.Identify the Phenotypic Ratio 5.Get the probability SEX LIMITED TRAITS – are traits which are exclusively expressed in one sex of the species . L X L X A FEMALE HOMOZYGOUS LACTATING CATTLE l l mates with a male not lactating cattle X Y . What will be the possible sex and traits the offspring will inherit? 1.Identify the traits/ gametes of the parents present on the genetic problem. 2.Use a Punnet Square 3.Identify the Genotypic Ratio 4.Identify the Phenotypic Ratio 5.Get the probability WHAT WILL BE THE POSSIBLE TRAITS AND SEX OF THE OFFSPRING IF A FEMALE HETEROZYGOUS LACTATING L i CATTLE X X MATES WITH A MALE NOT LACTATING CATTLE l l X Y ? 1.Identify the traits/ gametes of the parents present on the genetic problem. 2.Use a Punnet Square 3.Identify the Genotypic Ratio 4.Identify the Phenotypic Ratio 5.Get the probability GINO IS A CARRIER OF HOMOZYGOUS BALD WHILE ANNA HIS PREGNANT PARTNER IS A CARRIER OF HETEROZYGOUS NONBALD. A FEW WEEKS FROM NOW, THEY ARE EXPECTING THEIR FIRST CHILD. BASED ON THE GAMETES CARRIER BY THE PARENTS, WILL THERE BE A CHANCE THAT THEIR CHILD IS A FEMALE CARRIER OF BALD TRAIT? 1.Identify the traits/ gametes of the parents present on the genetic problem. 2.Use a Punnet Square 3.Identify the Genotypic Ratio 4.Identify the Phenotypic Ratio 5.Get the probability TROY AND GABRIELA ARE EXPECTING TO HAVE THEIR FIRST CHILD AT THE END OF THE MONTH. TROY IS A CARRIER OF HETEROZYGOUS BALD TRAIT WHILE GABRIELA IS A CARRIER OF THE HETEROZYGOUS NONBALD TRAIT. WILL THERE BE A CHANCE THAT THEIR CHILD BE A MALE NON-BALD CARRIER? 1.Identify the traits/ gametes of the parents present on the genetic problem. 2.Use a Punnet Square 3.Identify the Genotypic Ratio 4.Identify the Phenotypic Ratio 5.Get the probability What is DNA? DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a long molecule that contains our unique genetic code. Like a recipe book it holds the instructions for making all the proteins in our bodies. DNA contains four basic building blocks or ‘bases? ’: adenine? (A), cytosine? (C), guanine? (G) and thymine? (T). DNA is a two-stranded molecule. DNA has a unique ‘double helix’ shape, like a twisted ladder.
