POWER DISTRIBUTION INTRODUCTION Overview RELIABILITY AUTOMATION PROTECTION Uninterrupted power supply Automatic sensing and management Safety and fault protection • Transformers • Monitoring and control network • Protection devices • Switches • Advanced control devices • Protection schemes • Maintenance • Smart grids • Fault reaction DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Definition WHAT IS DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY? Consistent Electricity Delivery: • Ensures a reliable and uninterrupted flow of electricity to consumers. Minimization of Downtime: • Strategies and practices to minimize periods without electricity. Reduction of Outages: • Efforts to decrease the frequency and duration of power interruptions. Steady Supply Assurance: • Ensuring a consistent and dependable supply of electricity to meet consumer needs. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Importance IMPORTANCE OF DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY IN POWER SYSTEMS: Customer Satisfaction: • Ensures uninterrupted electricity for customers. • Enhances overall customer satisfaction with the utility. Economic Impact • Unreliable distribution may lead to financial losses for businesses. • Affects overall economic productivity and growth. Public Safety • Crucial for public services like emergency response systems. • Ensures public safety during power-dependent emergencies, especially in healthcare facilities. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Factors Affecting Reliability EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY: Transformers: Critical Voltage Regulation: • Transformers play a critical role in voltage regulation and distribution. Maintenance Importance: • Regular inspections and maintenance are essential to ensure their continued reliability. SWITCHGEAR AND COMPONENTS: Stability of Distribution Network: • Reliable switchgear and components are crucial for maintaining the stability of the distribution network. Regular Maintenance: • Regular checks and timely DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Factors Affecting Reliability REGULAR MAINTENANCE: Necessity for Reliability: • Routine inspections, testing, and maintenance are necessary to ensure the ongoing reliability of the distribution system. Proactive Measures: Identifying Potential Issues: • Proactive measures, such as routine maintenance, can identify and address potential issues before they escalate into major problems. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Factors Affecting Reliability ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS: Impact on Equipment: Adverse Effects: • Extreme temperatures, humidity, and natural disasters can adversely affect distribution systems. Essential Design Considerations: • Robust design and protective measures are essential to withstand the challenges posed by varying environmental conditions. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Reliability Improvement Strategies PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE: Definition: Using Data and Analytics: • Predictive maintenance involves using data and analytics to predict when equipment is likely to fail. Benefits: Reduced Downtime: • Reduces downtime by addressing issues before they cause failures. Extended Equipment Life: • Extends equipment life by identifying and rectifying potential problems in advance. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Reliability Improvement Strategies PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE: Definition: Scheduled Inspections and Repairs: • Preventative maintenance involves scheduled inspections and repairs to prevent equipment failures. Benefits: Issue Identification: • Identifies and addresses potential issues before they lead to disruptions. Enhanced Reliability: • Minimizes unexpected breakdowns and enhances the overall reliability of the system. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Reliability Improvement Strategies REDUNDANCY: Definition: Backup Systems for Continuity: • Redundancy involves having backup systems or components to ensure continuity in case of a failure. Benefits: Minimized Impact of Failures: • Minimizes the impact of equipment failures by providing alternative pathways for power. Enhanced Overall Reliability: • Enhances the overall reliability of the distribution system DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Grid Modernization GRID MODERNIZATION: Definition: Incorporating Advanced Technologies: • Grid modernization involves incorporating advanced technologies and communication systems into the power distribution infrastructure. Benefits: Improved Reliability: • Improves reliability by enabling real-time monitoring and control of the distribution network. Enhanced Efficiency: • Enhances efficiency and enables better management of energy resources. DISTRIBUTION RELIABILITY Grid Modernization Industry Example GRID MODERNIZATION IMPLEMENTATION AT TORONTO HYDRO: • Intelligent Grid Strategy • System Observability Enhancement • System Controllability & Automation: • Additional Controllability Initiatives • ADMS Upgrades • Efficient Technology Integration DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION Definition The solution of automatic systems, devices, and software applications designed to optimize power distribution efficiency and reliability. Includes Sensors Monitoring Controls Reactionary devices Power management systems The Smart Grid is a result of ongoing distribution automation DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION Automation Network Overview DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION Sensor, Monitoring, and Control The system must proactively sense the power grid for anomalies or signs of imbalance. Power Line Sensors Power Transformer Sensors DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION Common Automated Control Devices Switchgear Control Recloser Control Voltage Regulation Control DISTRIBUTION AUTOMATION Smart Grids Smart Grids allow two-way communication between the customers and the utility operators. DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Significance Significance: • Critical aspect of power distribution. • Ensures safety and reliability of the electrical grid. Primary Goal: • Detect and respond to faults or abnormalities promptly. Equipment Protection: • Prevents damage to transformers, switchgear, and other vital components during faults. • Enhances the lifespan of equipment by isolating faulty sections. System Stability: • Maintains the stability of the distribution system by isolating faults and preventing cascading failures. • Reduces the risk of widespread power outages. Safety: • Protects personnel and the public from potential hazards associated with electrical faults. • Ensures the safe and reliable operation of the distribution network. DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Protective Devices and Schemes Circuit Breakers: Role of Circuit Breakers: • Act as a crucial line of defense by interrupting the flow of electrical current during faults. • Isolate faulty sections to prevent damage to equipment. Relays: Use of Relays for Protection: • Essential for sensing abnormal conditions. • Signal circuit breakers to interrupt the flow of current. • Quickly detect faults and initiate protective actions. Reclosers: Use of Reclosers for Protections: • Reclosers are automatic circuit breakers designed for overhead distribution systems. • They help in restoring power automatically after momentary faults by re-closing the circuit. • Enhance system reliability by minimizing the duration of outages. DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Protective Devices and Schemes Introduction to Protection Schemes: Protective Schemes Overview: • Involve a combination of devices and strategies. • Aim to ensure comprehensive system protection. Design and Purpose: Tailored Response: • Schemes are designed to respond to specific types of faults or abnormal conditions. Comprehensive Protection: • Provide a holistic approach to safeguard the distribution system. Functionality: Coordination of Devices: • Devices within the protective scheme work in coordination to address various scenarios. Timely Responses: • Ensure timely responses to faults, minimizing potential damage and downtime. DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration Red = Closed Switch Green = Open Switch DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration • Over voltage or over current detection • Directional comparison • Phase comparison Red = Closed Switch Green = Open Switch Fault Current Indicator (FCI) DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration FCI Red = Closed Switch Green = Open Switch DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration FCI Red = Closed Green = Open DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration FCI Red = Closed Green = Open Switchgear control DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration FCI Red = Closed Green = Open Switchgear control DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration Red = Closed Green = Open DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION Fault Reaction Fault Location Isolation Service Restoration CONCLUSION RELIABILITY AUTOMATION PROTECTION Uninterrupted power supply Automatic sensing and management Safety and fault protection Transformers SCADA Protection devices Switches Automated control devices Protection schemes Maintenance Smart grids FLISR This record has been prepared by and under the supervision of Toronto Hydro’s senior management team for the purposes of providing advice and recommendations to the institution. It contains sensitive commercial information, including material facts, material changes and/or pending policy decisions, regarding the institution that have not yet been put into operation or made public. Any unauthorized or premature disclosure of this information will prejudice Toronto Hydro’s economic interests, financial interests, legal interests and competitive position. In addition, any such disclosure could give rise to a breach of law, including applicable securities laws. Any unauthorized disclosure is strictly prohibited. REFERENCES • https://www.awesense.com/difference-between-grid-reliability-vs-resilience/ • https://www.energy.gov/oe/grid-modernization-and-smart-grid • https://www.onlogic.com/company/io-hub/what-is-a-scada-system-and-how-does-itwork/#:~:text=A%20SCADA%20system%20is%20a,an%20onsite%20or%20remote%20server. • https://www.allumiax.com/blog/scada-and-its-application-in-electrical-powersystems#:~:text=SCADA%20system%20gathers%20the%20data,tolerable%20range%20of%20power%20factor • https://www.nrel.gov/grid/distributed-energy-resource-management-systems.html • https://www.electroind.com/what-is-an-electrical-substation-the-main-types/ • https://www.cgi.com/us/en-us/article/derms-utilities • https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/19/7339 • https://www.researchgate.net/figure/SCADA-Smart-Grid-Integration-Source-http-www2alcatel-lucentcom_fig3_267156771 • Toronto Hydro 2025—2029 Rate Application; Exhibit 1B & 2B and 2025–2029 Investment Plan: Executive Summary • https://www.eleccommc.com/electric-and-communications-line-construction-blog/energized-power-line-repair-maintainstability-in-power-systems • https://youtu.be/X8l-4qCpXn4 • https://youtu.be/PtMFUgwsY8I
