Cites and Sources: Student Guide to APA Style
by Jane Haig and Vicki Sutherlan
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Cites & sources : student guide to APA style / Jane Haig, Georgian
College, Vicki Sutherland
Other titles: Cites and source
Names: Haig, Jane, author. | Sutherland, Vicki, author
Description: Sixth edition. | Includes index
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20200241915 | Canadiana (ebook)
2020023868X | ISBN 9780176921286 (softcover) | ISBN
9780176921293 (PDF
Subjects: LCSH: Bibliographical citations—Handbooks, manuals, etc. |
LCSH: Report writing—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | LCGFT: Style
manuals
Classification: LCC PN171.F56 H35 2020 | DDC 808.02/7—dc2
TEXT CREDIT
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Permission to use by Colleen O’Brien
Table of Content
INTRODUCTION
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Welcome
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What’s New in Cites & Sources, Sixth Editio
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1 GETTING STARTED WITH APA
DOCUMENTATIO
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What Is APA Documentation?
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Three Essential Elements of APA Documentation Style
2 FORMATTING YOUR PAPER
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Reference List
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Text (Body) of the Paper
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Student Cover Page
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Page Set-Up
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How to Format Your Paper
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Additional Materials
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Sample Student Cover Page
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Sample Student Paper
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Sample Reference List
3 IN-TEXT CITATION
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Citing Sources
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What Is an In-Text Citation?
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Two Ways to Cite
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In-Text Citation With Reference List Entry
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Building a Citation
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Using Direct Quotations
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Short Quotations
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Long (Block) Quotations
Paraphrasing
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Paraphrasing a Quotation
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Omitting or Adding Text: Using Ellipses and Square Brackets
How to Format Titles: In-Text Citation
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Capitalizatio
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Italic
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Double Quotation Mark
Plagiarism
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How to Avoid Plagiaris
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Avoiding Plagiarism: Scenario
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Examples of Plagiarized and Correctly Documented Text
4 IN-TEXT CITATION EXAMPLE
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Using In-Text Citations
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Sample In-Text Citations
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Author
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Parts of a Reference Entry
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Building a Reference List
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5 REFERENCE LIST
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Source
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
COMMON REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Introductio
WELCOM
We are happy to introduce you to the newest edition of our student guide
to APA Style
As the world of information systems for storage and retrieval shifts and
changes, students and faculty are challenged to keep up with ways to
cite these constantly changing sources. As of this printing, software apps
haven’t managed to bring together the art and science of APA Style, so
following the guidelines and applying them to individual sources remains
the most comprehensive method for accuracy
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We know it can be a difficult process to write a compelling paper with
current relevant resources, and to have to document every single idea,
image, and quotation may seem overwhelming. At one point, we wanted
to call this book the Saving You Time and Tears Edition because we
really think it will do just that. The charts and lists in this guide are
straightforward and easy to follow. Each section provides quick and easy
access to what you need to document your sources and to avoid
plagiarism. This guide is your passport to success, with a lot of relevant
Canadian examples. We’re excited to bring you our best edition yet and
hope you find it helps you do your best too
WHAT’S NEW IN CITES & SOURCES,
SIXTH EDITIO
This sixth edition of Cites & Sources (2021) follows the updated
requirements outlined in the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association (2020), which provides an
authoritative source for both professional and student scholarly writing.
Cites & Sources, Sixth Edition, includes the updated APA requirements
for all academic manuscripts, as well as APA’s newly simplified
requirements and guidance rules, which are specifically designed for
undergraduate student papers
Section 1: Getting Started With APA Documentatio
Section 1 provides a brief introduction to APA documentation style and an
overview of the three essential elements: (1) formatting and page set-up;
(2) in-text citations; and (3) the reference list
Section 2: Formatting Your Pape
Section 2 introduces students to APA Style page formatting and the
organizational elements of a student research paper
According to the changes and updates in the seventh edition of the APA
Publication Manual, Cites & Sources includes the following highlights
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APA Style cover page, text (body), and reference list format for
student paper
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revised Sample Student Cover Page, Sample Student Paper,
and Sample Reference List
Section 3: In-Text Citation
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Building a Citatio
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What Is an In-Text Citation
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Section 3 presents the basic elements and updated requirements of APA
Style for building and formatting an in-text citation, as outlined in the
APA Publication Manual (2020). This section includes the following
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Using Direct Quotation
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Plagiaris
Section 4: In-Text Citation Example
Section 4 presents examples of using in-text citations and includes
additional requirements for online and audiovisual sources, according to
the updates in the seventh edition of the APA Publication Manual.
Revised and additional categories include
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Three or more author
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No autho
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No page number
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Webpage from a websit
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Group or corporate autho
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Multiple work
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Translated/republished work
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Parts of classic work
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Plays/religious work
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Dictionary/encyclopedia entrie
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PowerPoint slides/lecture note
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Video/YouTube video/TV show/TED Tal
Section 5: Reference Lis
Section 5 demonstrates the parts of a reference entry, what to do when
elements are missing from an entry (e.g., author, date, page numbers),
and how to format your entries
New to this edition of Cites & Sources is a Sample Student Annotated
Bibliography on the research topic “Health and Well-Being Issues for
Canadian Post-Secondary Students.” This section provides APA Style
guidelines for creating an annotated bibliography as well as clear
examples
Section 6: Reference List Example
Section 6 includes new content and updates. Many of these revised and
additional reference entry formats respond to changes in technology and
how information is stored and accessed
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Section 6 is divided into three main sections
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Textual Works – periodicals, articles, blog posts, books,
government reports, and encyclopedia and dictionary entrie
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Audiovisual Materials – lms, videos, songs, podcasts,
photographs, and artwor
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Online Media – Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, webpages, and
website
Each type of source includes a template to follow in order to build a
reference entry
Frequently Asked Question
This new section addresses students’ frequent concerns, frustrations,
and questions about APA Style
Common Reference List Example
Cites & Sources now includes a list of commonly used entries for a
reference list. These examples can be used as a quick guide for
students
Acknowledgment
We are truly grateful to our students, whose many questions,
commitment to learning, and appreciation have been the real inspiration
behind this ongoing project. We understand the frustrations of navigating
APA documentation and have dedicated ourselves to making this guide
as easy to follow and intuitive as possible
A heartfelt thanks also to our colleagues, friends, and scholarly peer
reviewers for their continued encouragement and thoughtful suggestions
in the preparation of this new edition.
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Many thanks to Lenore Taylor-Atkins, Christine Gilbert, Natalia Denesiuk
Harris, Holly Dickinson, and Lisa Berland at Nelson Education Ltd. for
their steadfast enthusiasm and hard work on this publication. Thank you
also to the production staff at Nelson who diligently worked alongside us
to bring this to life
As always, our enduring gratitude goes to our retired co-author, Gail
Raikes, without whom Cites & Sources would still be a dream
Like a map to a journey, Cites & Sources is a guide to help you navigate
APA documentation and a path to excellent scholarly research and
writing
Happy travels
Looking for a speci ic section within the page?
Jump to speci ic sections using the Reading
Section 1: Getting
Started With APA
Documentatio
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What Is APA Documentation
The American Psychological Association (APA) developed a style of
documentation that is recognized worldwide as a standard
documentation style for colleges, universities, academic publications, and
businesses
A consistent style of APA documentation in research paper
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provides uniformity to the paper
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presents ideas in a standardized form and style accepted by and
familiar to readers; an
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allows students and writers to avoid plagiarism, a serious academic
and ethical offence (see Section 3: Plagiarism)
THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF APA
DOCUMENTATION STYL
APA documentation requires the use of specific rules regarding the
following three basic elements
1.Formatting and Page Set-Up. Correctly set up and format your
manuscript pages and reference list (see Section 2: Formatting
Your Paper)
2. In-Text Citations. Acknowledge within the text (body) of your paper
all ideas, facts, arguments, and words of others used to support,
develop, and substantiate your own discussion (see Section 3:
In-Text Citations, and Section 4: In-Text Citation Examples)
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3.Reference List. List all of the sources used in the text (body) of the
paper in a nal “References” list at the end of the discussion
(see Section 5: Reference List, and Section 6: Reference List
Examples)
Section 2: Formatting
Your Pape
How to Format Your Pape
Follow your instructor’s specific directions for formatting your paper.
This section includes how to follow APA Style to correctly format th
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Student cover pag
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Text (body) of the pape
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Reference lis
PAGE SET-U
See the Sample Student Paper
Materials and Font
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Use 8 ½” × 11” white paper
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Use a legible font consistently throughout the paper (e.g., 11-point
Calibri, 12-point Times New Roman)
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Indent the rst line of each paragraph one tab (0.5 in.)
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Double-space the entire paper
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Use 1-inch (2.54 cm) margins on all sides (top, bottom, right, and
left)
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Margins, Spaces, and Indentations
Start long (block) quotations of 40 words or more on a new line and
indent the entire quotation a half-inch (1.25 cm) from the left
margin; double-space the lines throughout the block quotation
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Page Numbers
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Number all pages beginning with the cover page and including the
reference list
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Place any tables, gures, and appendices included in your paper
on a separate page and number these pages; place these visuals
either after the reference list or within the body of the paper after
the page with the callout, whichever your instructor prefers
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Place each page number ush right, 1 inch (2.54 cm) from the top
of the page and 1 inch (2.54 cm) from the right edge of the page
STUDENT COVER PAG
See the Sample Student Cover Page
Title
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Use a simple, concise title that clearly identi es the main ideas of
your paper
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Capitalize all major words (title case) in your title
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Bold and centre your title in the upper half of the page
Author, Course Information, and Date
Leave one blank double space between the title and your name. Doublespace, capitalize, and centre the following on subsequent lines
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Your nam
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Department of study and school or institution (e.g., Psychology
Department, University of Calgary
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Course code and course nam
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Instructor’s nam
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Date (e.g., May 26, 2020
TEXT (BODY) OF THE PAPE
See the Sample Student Paper
Main Text
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Start the text (body) of your paper on the page immediately following the
cover page
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Write the title of the paper as the rst line in title case, in boldface,
and centred
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Begin your discussion immediately following the title (no extra
space)
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Indent the rst line of each new paragraph one tab (0.5 in.); do not
include extra spaces between paragraphs
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Left-align and double-space the body of your paper
Headings
Headings help organize the presentation of your research and are
required for most reports. Short papers may not need any headings. As
always, follow your instructor’s guidelines
Indent the new paragraph following a heading. APA Style requires the
following format for headings
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First level: Centre, Bold, Title Case
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Second level: Flush Left, Bold, Title Case
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Third level: Flush Left, Bold, Italics, Title Case
Note: Because it is assumed that your first paragraph is the introduction,
do not
use “Introduction” as a heading. For more
than three heading levels, refer to the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.)
REFERENCE LIS
See the Sample Reference List
The reference list is a list of all the sources (e.g., books, articles,
webpages) you used for the information and ideas presented and cited in
your paper
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Format
Begin your reference list on a new page immediately following the body
of your paper and before any visuals (tables or figures) or appendices
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Label the list “References,” in boldface and centred at the top of
the page
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Begin each reference entry ush left and indent any subsequent
lines by a half-inch (1.25 cm) (hanging indent)
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Order the entries alphabetically by author’s name
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL
Visuals
Reports may include visuals to clarify and summarize research findings
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Tables present exact numerical data in columns and rows
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Figures include graphs, charts, maps, illustrations, drawings, and
photographs
Tables and figures allow readers to see the overall pattern of results,
eliminating the need for lengthy discussion. Do not include any visuals
that you do not clearly introduce and explain in your text. Ask your
instructor for specific assignment guidelines on placing, labelling, and
numbering the pages of any visuals
Appendix
An appendix contains additional information referred to in the paper (e.g.,
a questionnaire or interview questions)
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Label each appendix A, B, C, and so on in the order it is referred to
in the paper
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Place appendices at the end of the paper, following the reference
list
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Sample Student Cover Pag
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Insert page number at the right margi
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Sample Student Cover Pag
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Sample Student Pape
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Sample Reference Lis
Section 3: In-Text
Citation
Citing Source
You must acknowledge any ideas, facts, or direct quotations used to write
your paper by using in-text citations. In-text citations enclose in
parentheses the author and year of publication of any sources consulted
during your research and include page numbers, paragraph numbers, or
website section headings for any direct quotations
WHAT IS AN IN-TEXT CITATION
An in-text citatio
1.identi es your research source for an idea, a fact, a direct
quotation, or information presented in your paper or research
project
2.follows the APA Style author–date system; an
3.leads readers to the reference list at the end of your paper for
further information on the research source
TWO WAYS TO CIT
Parenthetical Citation
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A parenthetical citation encloses the author’s surname, year of
publication, and page number(s) in parentheses. This follows a direct
quotation, paraphrase, or discussion of another’s idea or information.
Note: Red font is used throughout the examples in this section to
highlight the specific citation element being shown:
Several recent studies found that high rates of food insecurity among
post-secondary students “were linked to a heightened risk of negative
health and academic outcomes” (Frank, 2018, p. 121)
Narrative Citation
A narrative citation introduces the author in the text of the paper before
the quotation, paraphrase, or discussion. In this case, the year of
publication is placed in parentheses following the author’s name; the
page number(s) follow the quotation, paraphrase, or discussion
In her study of the high rates of food insecurity in students attending
Acadia University in Nova Scotia, Frank (2018) found that a lack of food
accessibility and affordability meant low-income students were “faced
with unjust conditions of worry, stress, and hunger that [made] academic
success challenging” (p. 121)
IN-TEXT CITATION WITH REFERENCE LIST ENTR
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If a source is in your reference list, there must be an in-text citation for
that source in your paper and vice versa
Building a Citatio
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A citation acknowledges and documents the words and ideas of others
you used to emphasize, reinforce, or prove any point you made in your
research paper
Using Direct Quotation
In a student paper, generally avoid using long or block quotations (more
than 40 words). Instead, work short, direct quotations into the
grammatical structure and logic of your own sentences. Clearly indicate
the relevance of the quoted material to your discussion. Always provide
an introduction to a direct quotation. Provide the author’s name, the year
of publication, and the page number in an in-text citation
SHORT QUOTATION
Incorporate a short, direct quotation (fewer than 40 words) directly into
the text or discussion in your paper and enclose it in double quotation
marks
Parenthetical Citations
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Confederation is still a sore issue with many Newfoundlanders. The
campaign to join Canada was characterized as “the route a good
Newfoundlander would take to benefit his people” (Thompson, 1980, p.
23)
Narrative Citations
Confederation is still a sore issue with many Newfoundlanders. According
to
R. C. Thompson (1980), the campaign to join Canada was characterized
as “the route a good Newfoundlander would take to benefit his
people” (p. 23)
LONG (BLOCK) QUOTATION
Set off longer quotations (40 words or more) from the rest of your written
text by block-indenting the quotation a half-inch (1.25 cm) from the left
margin. Double-space the entire quotation and do not enclose it in
quotation marks. Place the period before the in-text citation
Note: Use double quotation marks to enclose text cited in quotation
marks in the original source
Paraphrasin
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Paraphrasing an idea means putting the author’s ideas into your own
words. When paraphrasing, you must include the author’s name and the
year of publication in parentheses following the paraphrased material
In most instances, page numbers are recommended to lead an interested
reader directly to the paraphrased passage. Consult your instructor or
professor
PARAPHRASING A QUOTATIO
Example 1
Original Source Quotation
“An environmental think tank in Madison, Wisconsin, has been working
with a 58-member committee to create a voluntary national standard for
sustainable agriculture” (Didier, n.d., para. 6)
Correctly Paraphrased
Although the term “sustainable agriculture” may be variously defined,
efforts are being made to create a national standard (Didier, n.d., para.
6)
Example 2
Original Source Quotation
“The dangerous inequities of a corporatized food system have generated
an astonishing level of ingenuity and resourcefulness in responses
around the world. The initiatives are often small-scale and personal,
community, or regional solutions to global problems. Many of them fit the
philosophy of relocalization” (Miller, 2008, p. 145)
Correctly Paraphrased (Parenthetical Citation)
The philosophy of “relocalization” has motivated worldwide local food
initiatives (Miller, 2008, p. 145) as well as government policy changes
Correctly Paraphrased (Narrative Citation)
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Despite the small-scale nature of many local food initiatives, Miller (2008)
argued that the impact on food production and distribution, policy
changes, consumer practice, and community health has been substantial
(p. 145)
OMITTING OR ADDING TEXT: USING ELLIPSES AND
SQUARE BRACKETS
Ellipsis: Omitting Text
Use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) to indicate any omitted material in a
direct quotation. Do not use an ellipsis at the beginning or end of a
quotation
A recent study showed that “particularly in resource extraction industries .
. . companies with more female board directors perform better on
environmental issues” (Stephenson, 2020, para. 6)
Square Brackets: Adding Text
Use square brackets to indicate any material you have added to a direct
quotation, for the following reasons
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to clarify a referenc
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to change the verb tens
As Wittman et al. (2010) explain, “the term ‘food sovereignty’ was
coined [in the 1960s] to recognize the political and economic power
dimension inherent in
the food and agriculture debate” (p. 2).
An increase in the number of women on the boards of oil and gas mining
companies tended to improve the environmental performance of those
companies since they “often [brought] diverse backgrounds
that [gave] them direct expertise on environmental issues” (Stephenson,
2020, para. 5)
Square Brackets: Emphasizing Text
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Use square brackets to enclose the words “emphasis added”
immediately following any words you have italicized in a quotation for
emphasis
The most recent research has shown that “suffering repeat concussions
might increase [emphasis added] the risk of post-concussion syndrome”
(Driscoll, 2019, para. 6)
How to Format Titles: In-Text Citation
The rules for formatting titles in the body of your paper (in-text citations)
are different from those you should follow for titles in your reference list
entry. For formatting rules for titles in your reference entries, see Section
5: Reference List.
CAPITALIZATIO
Capitalize every major word (title case) for all titles in the body of your
paper. This includes works that stand alone (e.g., books and websites),
as well as works that are part of a greater whole or specific sections of a
source (e.g., articles, chapters, and webpages)
The article
“Psychedelics: Can Getting High Improve Your Mental Health?” explores
the many ways researchers are currently re-examining the role of
hallucinogens in addressing “treatment-resistant depression, post
traumatic stress disorder, cancer-related anxiety, addictions, and even
anorexia”
(LaMotte, 2020, para. 5)
ITALIC
Stand-Alone Works
Italicize the titles of books, journals, films, and other works that stand
alone
The movement towards eating locally produced foods received even
greater attention and popularity with the publication of The Hundred-Mile
Diet: A Year of Local Eating (Smith & MacKinnon, 2007).
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Canadian Geographic reproduces numerous photographs that
showcase the natural beauty of Canada
Note: You do not need to include general mentions of periodicals or
common software or apps in the reference list
If a website is referred to generally, without mentioning any particular
information or section, you also do not need to include it in the reference
list. Only the name of the website and the URL in parentheses are
required in the text (body of your paper)
Families and friends of people living with Alzheimer’s can consult The
Alzheimer Society of Canada website (https://alzheimer.ca) for
informative links to sites that define Alzheimer’s disease and examine its
impact on caregivers
DOUBLE QUOTATION MARKS
Parts of a Greater Whole
Place the titles of articles and works that are part of a greater whole (e.g.,
an article in a journal, a chapter in a book, a television episode) in double
quotation marks and capitalize each word (do not italicize)
In his report “Thinking Local, Acting Loco?,” Andrew Potter (2011)
claimed that the reopening of the Hamilton Farmers’ Market was the
result of the Market’s “rebranding [and] pitching itself at the yuppie
constituency” (p. 65)
Article in a Newspaper (No Author)
For articles with no author, enclose the title in double quotation marks
and place it in the author position
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Recent figures published by the Canada Mortgage and Housing
Corporation (CMHC) on the rental-vacancy markets in Toronto and
Vancouver show the urgent need for new policies to increase the
availability of rental housing (“How Vancouver Turned Condos Into
Rentals,” 2020, p. O10)
Article (Webpage) on a Website (No Page Numbers)
To indicate a section of a website (webpage) with no page numbers with
a title that is too long to cite in full, use an abbreviated title in quotation
marks
Toronto’s non-profit FoodShare organization aims to “inspire long-term
solutions for a food system where everyone has access to affordable,
fresh, and nutritious food” and claims to reach “over 260,000 people each
year” (FoodShare, 2020, “About” section)
Plagiaris
Plagiarism is the presentation of someone else’s words, facts, or ideas
as your own—and is a serious academic offence. Whether you are
quoting or putting someone else’s idea or fact into your own words,
you must cite your source.
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARIS
You can avoid plagiarism and its serious penalties by following these
guidelines for your paper
1.Include an in-text citation for all quotations and paraphrased ideas,
information, and facts
2.Include a full bibliographic entry in your reference list for each
in-text citation
3.Never submit any part of someone else’s work or anyone’s ideas or
facts as your own
4.Do not submit your own work for more than one assignment
(self-plagiarism)
The following scenarios illustrate situations students may encounter
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: SCENARIO
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The Internet makes available a full range of research material. Copying
and pasting material from online sources directly into your paper is
plagiarism and is easily detectable with the plagiarism software used by
many colleges and universities. A defence that you didn’t intend to
plagiarize or that you forgot to document sources does not excuse the
offence. Whether plagiarism is intentional or unintentional, students are
subject to their college’s or university’s penalties for plagiarism
If you are having difficulty with a paper, access the writing, tutoring, or
counselling services available at your college. Some colleges also have
“buddies” or mentors for new students. The following scenarios illustrate
situations students may encounter
SCENARIO 1
“A” has been working on her paper for her biology class for several
weeks; she’s gathered lots of material, mostly from online resources, that
she’s copied and pasted into a file. It will be easy, she thinks, to find the
material again and make notes of
the information required for in-text citations and reference entries. She
finds, however, in writing her paper that she can’t find the information for
an online source from which she wants to quote several lines. The
quotation is just perfect for her paper. What to do? Use the material
without quotation marks and risk plagiarism? A “few” lines shouldn’t
matter, should it? If only she had taken the time to copy the link to the
source when she was doing her research! She submits her paper without
the in-text citation or reference entry. Her biology professor, very familiar
with this topic and source, recognizes the quotation immediately. “A” is
charged with plagiarism and subject to the penalties of her college.
SCENARIO 2
:
For “B,” English is a second language, and he has been struggling not
only with the language but also with the cultural differences in his new
surroundings, trying to adapt to this country’s ways and to make new
friends at his college. Exhausted from his long overseas trip to his new
country, he did not attend his college’s orientation and workshops on
documentation and plagiarism and is not aware that his college has a
writing service he can access for help with papers. However, his
electronic translator has been a big help as he struggles to understand
the complexity of the language in his textbooks. When he is assigned a
paper in his economics class, he despairs and texts his brother, who is
studying economics at university back home, and asks for help. His
brother emails him a copy of one of his papers on the topic assigned, and
“B” downloads it to his electronic translator for an English translation.
Trying to fit the requirements of his own assignment, “B” makes a few
changes to the paper, unaware that he has committed plagiarism. As
soon as his economics professor starts to grade “B’s” paper, she spots
inconsistencies in language, in both level and usage; research at a higher
level than required for the topic; off-topic information and conclusions;
and a different system of documentation than required. “B” is called in to
meet with his professor. Subsequently, he fails the assignment, is put
on academic probation, and is in danger of failing his course.
EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARIZED AND CORRECTLY
DOCUMENTED TEXT
The original text was taken from the February 2012 article “In the
Company of Strangers” in Report on Business magazine. The article is a
research source in a student paper on changes in the workplace
ORIGINAL TEXT
“With fewer traditional openings on the market, and job security scarce,
more people are willing to strike out on their own with a business idea or
accept project work, especially if they can share the costs of office
resources. Ever-improving mobile and cloud computing technology
continues to make fixed addresses less relevant” (MacLellan, 2012, p.
16)
PLAGIARIZED: SLIGHT CHANGES IN WORDING
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.
Co-working, the concept of sharing workspace with compatible people,
either self-employed or with an employer, is a growing practice in the
workplace. With not many traditional openings on the market, and
little job security, people are willing to strike out on their own with a
business idea. Improved mobile and cloud computing technology
makes fixed addresses not as important. Co-working is also very
much understood by businesses who have both full- and part-time
employees working off-site. Not only does co-working provide a
business environment, it also can spark creativity among . .
CORRECTLY DOCUMENT: DIRECT QUOTATION
An article in Report on Business noted some of the reasons for the
growth in co-working, such as “ever-improving mobile and cloud
computing technology” (MacLellan,
2012, p. 16)
CORRECTLY DOCUMENTED: PARAPHRASE
According to an article in Report on Business (MacLellan, 2012, p. 16),
more self-employed and distance workers have contributed to the
popularity of shared space
for work
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Jump to speci ic sections using the Reading View.
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Section 4: In-Text Citation
Example
Using In-Text Citation
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APA Style uses the author–date method of citing sources in the text of
your research paper. Periods, commas, and semicolons are
placed after the citation, with the exception of long (block) quotations of
40 words or more. Some guidelines and examples of using in-text
citations for different kinds of source materials follow
Caution! Automatically generated APA citations (online tools) are often
incorrect
SAMPLE IN-TEXT CITATIONS
1.Single Author (Parenthetical Citation
2.Single Author (Narrative Citation
3.Two Author
4.Three or More Author
5.No Autho
6.No Author – Webpage from a Websit
7.No Page Numbers – Webpage from a Websit
8.Group or Corporate Author (and Abbreviations
9.Two or More Works by Different Author
10.Multiple Works by One Autho
11.Multiple Works by One Author With the Same Year of Publicatio
12.Work Discussed in a Secondary Sourc
13.Citation Within a Quotatio
14.Quotation Within a Quotatio
15.No Dat
16.Republished Work
17.Parts of Classic Work
18.Play
19.Dictionary/Encyclopedia Entry (Individual Author
20.Dictionary/Encyclopedia Entry (Group Author/No Date
21.Video/YouTube Video/TV Show/TED Talk (No Page Numbers
22.PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes
(No Page Numbers
23.Personal Communication
1 Single Author (Parenthetical Citation
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Cite the author’s surname, the year of publication, and the page
number(s) if you’re citing or referring to a particular part of the source
Note: Red font is used throughout the examples in this section to
highlight the specific citation element being shown:
Several recent studies found that high rates of food insecurity among
post-secondary students “were linked to a heightened risk of negative
health and academic outcomes” (Frank, 2018, p. 121)
2 Single Author (Narrative Citation
If you indicate the author’s name in the body of your sentence, cite the
year of publication following the name. Place the page number following
a direct quotation or paraphrase if you are using one
In her study of the high rates of food insecurity in students attending
Acadia University in Nova Scotia, Frank (2018) found that a lack of food
accessibility and affordability meant low-income students were “faced
with unjust conditions of worry, stress, and hunger that [made] academic
success challenging” (p. 121)
Note: Enclose any text added to a direct quotation in square brackets (as
above)
3 Two Author
Cite both authors’ surnames joined by an ampersand (“&”)
A study of post-secondary student’s food choices (Mascioli & Davis,
2019) found that early educational interventions may significantly lower
the risks of chronic illnesses
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Note: Do not use an ampersand (“&”) in the text of your paper; instead,
use “and” (e.g., “Mascioli and Davis found that . . .”)
4 Three or More Author
Include only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” (for “and
others”) and the year
The idea of “local” is socially constructed, complicated by issues related
to specific geographical locations, socioeconomic factors, retail marketing
strategies, and consumer awareness and practices (Blake et al., 2010,
p. 409)
5 No Autho
If no individual author is listed, place the title of the work (shortened, if
lengthy) in double quotation marks (in title case) in the author position.
Use italics (in title case) for the titles of books, films, brochures, reports,
and other works that stand alone
Recent figures published by the Canada Mortgage and Housing
Corporation (CMHC) on the rental-vacancy markets in Toronto and
Vancouver show the urgent need for new policies to increase the
availability of rental housing (“How Vancouver Turned Condos Into
Rentals,” 2020)
6 No Author – Webpage from a Websit
If no individual author of an online or webpage article is indicated, use the
name of the organization, group, or website producer responsible for the
content
The Toronto Humane Society now provides free access to its Trap Neuter
Return (TNR) program as “an effective long term strategy to stabilize or
modestly reduce the size of feral cat colonies as well as improve the
health of these cats” (Toronto Humane Society, 2020, Education and
Advocacy section)
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7 No Page Numbers – Webpage from a Websit
For webpage articles that do not provide page numbers, use one of the
following four approaches to help readers locate your source. If you use
paragraph numbers, count the paragraphs manually
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, paragraph #)
(Powderley, 2019, para. 1
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, Webpage Heading or
Section Title)
(Toronto Humane Society, 2020, Education and Advocacy section
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, “Shortened Section
Title” [if lengthy])
(FoodShare, 2020, “Vision” section
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, Title section,
paragraph #)
(Porter, 2019, Discussion section, para. 2
8 Group or Corporate Author (and Abbreviations
Groups as authors include government agencies, corporations, non-profit
organizations, businesses, and associations. Cite the full name of the
group (as author) in the first and following citations. If the group name is
lengthy and well known, add the abbreviation in square brackets
following the full name in the first citation and use only the abbreviation
for subsequent citations
Parenthetical Citation
According to their website (Ontario Public Service Employees
Union [OPSEU], 2020a), this Ontario union advocates on behalf of
healthcare professionals to address issues such as “systemic
underfunding, privatization, increased workloads, inappropriate staffing to
patient ratios, and health and safety” (para. 3)
Narrative Citation
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In a narrative citation, cite the group abbreviation before the year in
parentheses, separated with a comma
In an effort to show solidarity with Ontario’s public school teachers during
their province-wide one-day strike, members of the Ontario Public
Service Employees Union (OPSEU, 2020b) “joined the Educational
Resource Facilitators of Peel (ERFP) on the picket line” (para. 1)
Note: In your reference list, differentiate multiple works by one author
published in the same year by adding suffixes to the year (a, b, c, and so
on) according to the alphabetical order of the titles and use these suffixes
in the in-text citations
9 Two or More Works by Different Author
To cite several studies by different authors, cite the authors’ names in
alphabetical order inside one set of parentheses. Separate the citations
with semicolons
Several studies show strong links between Canadian students’ food
choices and dietary habits and their academic outcomes and long-term
physical health (Frank, 2018; Mascioli & Davis, 2019)
10 Multiple Works by One Autho
List multiple works by one author within a single set of parentheses in
chronological order
Northrop Frye’s numerous publications on education reflect his lifelong
commitment to the value of teaching literature
(Frye, 1963, 1967, 1988, 1990)
11 Multiple Works by One Author With the Same Year
of Publicatio
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In the reference list, differentiate multiple works by one author published
in the same year by adding suffixes to the year (a, b, c, and so on) and
use these suffixes in the in-text citations. Order the works in
chronological order by earliest date first or, if the references have
identical dates, alphabetically by title
Reference Entry
In-Text Citation
Despite challenges in the overall economy, the figures indicate less than
a 5% change for late 2019 (Statistics Canada, 2020a, 2020b)
12 Work Discussed in a Secondary Sourc
Cite the source from which you are quoting (the secondary source) rather
than the original source it references (the primary source). In the body of
your paper, clearly state the author and date of the primary source that
your secondary source text references and then cite your secondary
source in parentheses as usual. For example, if you want to include a
quotation by Lu and Herremans found in an article by Stephenson, cite
Stephenson as your source in the parenthetical citation, not Lu and
Herremans
A study co-authored by Irene Herremans (Lu & Herremans, 2019), a
researcher at the University of Calgary, found that female board
members tend to improve the environmental performance of oil and gas
mining companies since “women bring different skills to the board” and
“environmental performance . . . tends to be a more complex problem
and it requires diversity of opinion in order to solve these problems” (as
cited in Stephenson, 2020)
Use “as cited in” sparingly, for example, with an out-of-print work or
a work difficult to find for use as a primary reference, unless your
instructor asks you to do otherwise.
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13 Citation Within a Quotatio
When using a direct quotation, include citations made within the original
material
In their study of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) programs in
Canadian universities, Keefe and Shi (2017) found that Canadian
content-based language programs compared favourably with similar EAP
programs in other countries: “Positive effects have also been reported in
a content-linked tutorial program for a first-year architecture course at the
University of Melbourne (Baik & Greig, 2009) and an EAP course for
first-year engineering students at a Canadian university (James, 2006)”
(p. 4)
Note: Do not include a citation within a quotation in your reference list
unless you also use it as a primary source in your paper.
14 Quotation Within a Quotatio
For a short quotation (fewer than 40 words), use single quotation marks
to indicate a quotation within a source you are quoting
Palmater’s new radio program will “delve into ‘the human experience’ in
all its complexities” (Vincent, 2016, p. IN6)
15 No Dat
Use “n.d.” (for “no date”) if no date of publication is available
A very helpful brochure provides a range of information about health
services in Ontario communities (Ontario Ministry of Health, n.d.)
16 Republished Work
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When citing older works, cite both the original publication date and the
date of the version you used. For example, to cite the
novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, originally published in 1818 and
republished in 2000, cite (Shelley, 1818/2000)
The original opening of Frankenstein sets the stage for the telling of a
classic ghost story: “It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld
the accomplishment of my toils” (Shelley, 1818/2000, p. 60)
17 Parts of Classic Work
Cite parts of major classic works (e.g., Greek and Roman works, the
Bible, and so on) in the text of your paper by part (e.g., books, chapters,
verses, lines, cantos) instead of page numbers. Cite the original
publication date as well as the publication date of the source you used,
separated by a slash
The biblical passage often read at weddings speaks of the power of love:
“And now abideth faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these
is love” (King James Bible, 1769/1982, Corinthians 13:13
Note: For ancient Greek or Roman works, cite the year of the version
you used and the date of the original (ancient) publication separated by a
slash. If the date of the original is approximate, use the abbreviation “ca.”
(for “circa”). For example, to cite a modern translation of
Plato’s Republic, cite (Plato, ca. 360 B.C.E./1994)
18 Play
For a direct quotation of a part of a play, cite the act, scene, and line(s)
instead of page numbers. Cite the original publication date as well as the
publication date of the source you used, separated by a slash
Shakespeare’s Hamlet opens with Bernardo’s classic question of being
and identity that animates the entire play: “Who’s there?”
(Shakespeare, 1603/1993, 1.1.1)
19 Dictionary/Encyclopedia Entry (Individual Author
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Include the author’s surname, year of publication, and page or paragraph
number
Stan Rogers, the Canadian singer and songwriter known for his
traditional Celtic style and celebration of Canadian experience, became a
kind of folk legend only after his tragic death at the age of 33 (Gudgeon,
2019, para. 1)
20 Dictionary/Encyclopedia Entry (Group Author/No
Date
Use the group author name (e.g., “Merriam-Webster”) as author
For an online reference work (such as a dictionary or an encyclopedia)
that is continuously updated, use “n.d.” (no date) for the year of
publication. Include a retrieval date in the reference entry (see “Retrieval
Date,” Section 5: Reference List)
The term “greenwashing” is currently used as a marketing strategy to
convince buyers that a business is environmentally responsible or that a
product, policy, or activity is eco-friendly (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
21 Video/YouTube Video/TV Show/TED Talk (No Page
Numbers
For audiovisual material, use a time stamp in place of a page number to
indicate where the quotation or paraphrase may be found
The Native women’s art included in the Hearts of Our People exhibit is
from both Canada and the United States (Brown & Wakeam, 2018, 4:23)
22 PowerPoint Slides or Lecture Notes (No Page
Numbers
If the work can be retrieved by your readers (e.g., fellow students or
employees) from a classroom or company website, cite the author, date,
and specific part of the source. If the work cannot be accessed
by readers, cite it as a personal communication
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Stan Rogers’ a cappella “Northwest Passage” is widely considered one of
the most quintessentially Canadian songs ever written and is often
celebrated as the unofficial national anthem (Booth, 2020, Slide 5)
23 Personal Communication
Personal communications include interviews, unpublished lectures,
telephone conversations, letters, and emails. Personal communications
are cited only in the text. Do not include them in the reference list unless
the item is a recoverable electronic communication (e.g., published
lecture notes or PowerPoint slides that can be accessed by your
readers)
In the citation, include the initials and the surname of the communicator,
as well as a full date
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As a registered massage therapist explained, “Therapeutic massage is
an important part of our health care and is playing an ever-increasing role
in the improvement of people’s health” (K. Mackay, personal
communication, March 1, 2020)
Section 5: Reference Lis
Building a Reference Lis
APA Style divides reference resources into different categories: textual
works; data sets, software, and tests; audiovisual media; and online
media. Specific guidelines apply to each type of resource. See Section
6: Reference List Examples, to find the resource type and the example
you need to correctly format your reference entries
List all the sources cited within the text of your paper on the “References”
page. Do not include materials consulted in your research that were not
directly cited in your paper
Caution! Automatically generated APA citations (online tools) are often
incorrect
Parts of a Reference Entr
Think of each part of a reference entry as a unit. Each unit is separated
by a period or a comma
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The source could be the title of the periodical or website where an
article is published; the name of the publisher; or the URL or DOI
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The title of the work is what the work is called
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The date could be the year; the year and month; the year, month,
and day; or a range of dates
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The author is responsible for creating the work. This may be an
individual, such as a writer, a host, or an editor; a group of
individuals; or an organization
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A reference entry includes four parts/elements
where the work can be retrieved. The source is how a work can
be found
Punctuate with a period at the end of each entry element except after a
URL
AUTHO
Use the surname first, followed by a comma and then the author’s
initial(s)
Jones, D.
For two authors, separate the names with a comma and an ampersand
Jones, D., & Smith, B.
For 3 to 20 authors, separate each name with a comma and place a
comma and an ampersand before the last author
Jones, D., Smith, B., Lee, F., & Black, J.
For 21 authors or more, provide the first 19 authors’ names, insert an
ellipsis, and then add the final author’s name without an ampersand
When an author has only one name (such as Drake), or a multipart name
(Queen Elizabeth II), or a username (e.g., “Capukat”), cite the author
without abbreviating the name
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When a username is known, provide the real name in standard format,
with the username immediately following in square brackets. Include any
symbol that is part of the username
Sidey-Gibbons, J. [@Astro_Jenni].
Group Authors (Organizations, Government Agencies, Websites)
When no individual authors are indicated, use the name of the
organization, group, or website producer responsible for the content
Authors’ Specialized Roles
For an editor or editors as authors, include the abbreviations (Ed.) or
(Eds.) immediately following the name
Identify specialized roles of creators in parentheses as needed, including
the following
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(Writer
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(Director
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(Artist
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(Producer
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(Host
For example, the writer and director are cited as authors for a TV series
episode. (For more audiovisual examples, see pp. 80–84.
No Author
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When the author is unknown, use the title of the work in the author
position
DAT
Include the date in parentheses immediately after the author, followed by
a period. The date you use can include any one of the following,
depending on the type of resource
•
Year (2020)
•
Year, month (2020, February)
•
Year, month, day (2020, February 4)
•
Year, season (2020, Winter)
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Range of dates (2008–2018). or (2008–Present)
See Section 6: Reference List Examples for specific entries
For a webpage article with no discernible date, use the “last updated”
date when available. If no date is provided for the webpage you are
citing, use the format for no date, below
No Date
Include “n.d.” (for “no date”) in the entry place of a date
Retrieval Date
Provide a retrieval date only for online sources that are not archived, are
unstable, or are designed to change (such as online dictionaries, Twitter,
and Google Maps). Since Wikipedia provides archived links on its “View
History” page, no retrieval date is required
TITL
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Place the title of the work after the date
For audiovisual titles, include a description of the work in square brackets
with no italics and before the period
Title Variations
The title may be the title of works such as an article, a webpage, a book,
a video, a painting, or a song. If the resource is part of something larger,
such as a webpage on a website, a song on an album, or a TV episode,
use the title of the webpage, song, or episode as the title (e.g.,
“Concussion in children,” below). Use the website, album, or TV series as
the source
Book
Image
Journal Article
Podcast
Social Media
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For audiovisual titles in social media, such as Instagram, include the first
20 words of the post and describe any emojis according to the Unicode
website (https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-list.html). Each emoji
counts as one word
Song
•
Website
Capitalization (Reference Entry Titles)
The rules for capitalizing titles in your reference entries are different from
those used for in-text citations
Stand-Alone Works and Articles
Capitalize the first word only (sentence case) of all titles (books and
articles). Capitalize any proper nouns and/or a word following a colon
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Note: Do not capitalize each letter or major word in a reference entry title
even if that is the format used in the original source text. For example,
the title “LOVE LIVES HERE” should be formatted in a reference entry as
in the example above even if it is written all in capital letters in the source
text
Journals, Newspapers, and Websites
Capitalize every major word (title case) for the titles of journals,
newspapers, and websites in a reference entry
Italics (Reference Entry Titles)
The rules for italicizing titles in your reference entries are different from
those used for in-text citations
Stand-Alone Works
Italicize the titles of books, journals, newspapers, films/videos/DVDs,
television series, music recordings/CDs, works of art, photographs,
brochures, and other works that stand alone
Italicize the title and volume number of a journal
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Webpages and Articles From a News Website
Italicize the title of a webpage or an article from a news website
Note: Do not italicize the names of websites (e.g., “Mayo Clinic”) or news
websites (e.g., “CNN”). See examples above
SOURC
The source is where a reader can locate the referenced material. Articles
can be found in periodicals such as magazines, journals, and
newspapers, as well as in edited books. A URL is the source (or link) that
leads a reader to a webpage. A URL that includes a DOI (digital object
identifier) provides a direct link to a reference
Source Variation Examples
Book
Journal Article
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Podcast
Song
Online Assignment Submission
For an online assignment or paper submission, provide a live hyperlink
DOI or URL to allow a reader to connect directly to your source. To avoid
errors, copy and paste the DOI or URL directly into your reference list
without making any changes, including line breaks
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What to Do When Parts Are Missing for
an Entr
Setting Up a Reference Lis
•
Only include works in the reference list that you have used within
your paper with an in-text citation
•
Begin the reference list on a new page at the end of your paper
•
Put the heading References in the centre of the page at the top, in
boldface
•
List entries alphabetically
•
Double-space both within and between each entry
•
Use a hanging indent format with the rst line ush left and any
following lines indented 0.5 inches. You can apply the hanging
indent format by using the paragraph formatting tool in your wordprocessing program
See also Section 2: Sample Reference List for an example of a
reference list of a student paper
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Sample Reference Lis
Annotated Bibliographie
An annotated bibliography is a list of references followed by a short
paragraph that describes the content of the resource. The paragraph may
provide a general overview of the material in the work or may focus on
information specific to your research topic
fi
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the rst part of a larger research project as a way of re ning or
focusing your topic or research materials; o
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an assignment that requires you to research various types of
materials (newspaper articles, books, websites, social media) on a
particular research topic
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An annotated bibliography may be
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part of your own research practice to keep track of your research
and the information gathered to be used in your paper
Follow your instructor’s guidelines for any specific requirements
APA STYL
Use the following format for an APA Style annotated bibliography
•
Order the references alphabetically by author (same as in the
reference list)
•
Double-space all text, with no extra space between the references
or the annotations
•
Indent each annotation directly below the reference in the same
way as a long (block) quotation; if the annotation is more than one
paragraph, indent the rst line of the second and subsequent
paragraphs
•
Cite the speci c pages or parts of the source referenced; you do
not need to cite the author(s) since this information is clear from
the context
The following student annotated bibliography is based on APA Style
guidelines and demonstrates different types of materials gathered on a
topic
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Sample Student Annotated Bibliograph
Looking for a speci ic sectio
Section 6: Reference
List Example
Reference Entry Categorie
Reference list examples have been divided into the following categories
and include templates to outline basic format
•
Textual Works: periodical articles, books, chapters in books, and
report
•
Audiovisual Materials: lms, videos, podcasts, images, and
PowerPoint slide
•
Online Media: social media, webpages, and website
Use the templates provided for each reference type
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TEXTUAL WORK
Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Article With DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Article With No DOI, With URL
Article With No DOI, in Print or From Academic (Library) Database
Article From Cochrane Database
Magazine Article
Newspaper Article
Blog Post
Editorial
Editorial (No Author
Books (Print and Online)
10
11
12
13
14
Book With DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Book With No DOI, in Print or From Academic (Library) Database
Audiobook/eBook
Book in Translation
Reprinted Boo
Edited Books
15 Edited Book (Author and Editor)
16 Edited Book With DOI
17 Edited Book With No DOI, in Print or From Academic (Library)
Databas
Parts of a Book or Reference Work
18 Chapter or Article From an Edited Book With DOI
19 Chapter or Article From an Edited Book or Anthology, With No DOI, in
Print or From Academic (Library) Database
20 Entry From Dictionary/Thesaurus/Encyclopedia (Group Author)
21 Entry From Dictionary/Thesaurus/Encyclopedia (Individual Author)
22 Ancient Greek or Roman Work
23 Religious Work
24 Shakespeare
25 Wikipedia Entr
)
k
y
e
Reports by Government and Other Organizations
26 Government or Organization Document/Report (Group Author)
27 Government or Organization Document/Report (Individual Author)
28 Press Releas
Reviews
29
30
31
32
Film Review
Book Review
Television Series Episode Review From Website/Blog
Album/Music Revie
AUDIOVISUAL MATERIAL
Audiovisual Works
33
34
35
36
37
Film or Video
Foreign Language Film
Television Series
TED Talk
YouTube Vide
Parts of Audiovisual Works
38 Television Series Episod
Audio Works
39
40
41
42
Audio Album
Single Song or Track
Podcast
Podcast Episod
Visual Works
43 Artwork in a Museum, Gallery,
or Website
44 Clip Art or Stock Image
45 Infographic
46 Map
47 Photograph
48 PowerPoint Slides, Lecture Notes, Intranet Postin
ONLINE MEDI
g
S
e
w
e
A
o
e
Social Media
49
50
51
52
Tweet
Twitter Profile
Facebook Post or Page
Instagram Photo/Video/Highlight
Webpages and Websites
53 Webpage on a Group Website
54 Webpage on a News Websit
Textual Work
PERIODICALS (JOURNALS, MAGAZINES,
NEWSPAPERS
1 Article With DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Gunawan, E., Giordano, N., Jensson, P., Newson, J., & Raymond, J.
(2020, March). Alternative heating systems for northern remote
communities: Techno-economic analysis of ground-coupled heat pumps
in Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Canada. Renewable Energy, 147(1), 1540–1553.
https://10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.03
Mascioli, B. A., & Davis, R. (2019). Health-protective eating style among
students at a Canadian university. Canadian Journal of Behavioural
Science, 51(4), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1037
/cbs000014
2 Article With No DOI, With URL
s
9
e
s
)
4
5
MacDonald, K. (2019, May 14). Time for more hands-on management of
massage therapy benefits? Benefits Canada. https://
www.benefitscanada.com/benefits/health-benefits/is-it
-time-for-more-hands-on-management-of-massage-therapy
-benefits-12962
Porter, S. (2019). A descriptive study of post-secondary student mental
health crises. College Quarterly, 22(1). http://collegequarterly.ca/2019vol22-num01-winter/descriptive-study
-of-post-secondary-student-mental-health-crises.htm
3 Article With No DOI, in Print or From Academic (Library) Database
Campbell, G., & Flanagan, T. (2019). Louis Riel’s romantic
interests. Manitoba History, (90), 2–12
Van Viegen, S., & Russell, B. (2019). More than language: Evaluating a
Canadian university EAP bridging program. TESL Canada Journal, 36(1),
97–120
4 Article From Cochrane Database
Van Nispen, R. M., Virgili, G., Hoeben, M., Langelaan, M., Klevering, J.,
Keunen, J. E., & Van Rens, G. H. (2020). Low vision rehabilitation for
better quality of life in visually impaired adults. The Cochrane Database
of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org
/10.1002/14651858.CD006543.pub
Articles in the Cochrane database are only available through that
database; therefore, the database name is included in the entry.
5 Magazine Article
Farrow, R. (2018, August 6). Trouble at the top. The New Yorker, 94(23),
46
Hart Macneill, K. (2019, October 3). How Cape Breton University solved
two problems with four minivans. Maclean’s. https://www
.macleans.ca/education/how-cape-breton-university-solved-two
-problems-with-four-minivans
6 Newspaper Article
Exploring the waterways and islands along B.C.’s wild coastline. (2020,
January 25). The Globe and Mail, P12
l
.
.
2
/
.
.
Jermyn, D. (2019, June 30). Mindfulness is a learned behaviour
that is finally being taught to the next generation. The Globe
and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/careers
/business-education/article-mindfulness-is-a-learned-behaviour
-that-is-finally-being-taught-to-the
Stephenson, A. (2020, January 22). Companies with more women on
their boards of directors have better environmental performance,
according to new research from the University of Calgary. Calgary
Herald. https://calgaryherald.com/business
/local-business/gender-diversity-on-corporate-boards-boosts
-environmental-performance-u-of-c-stud
7 Blog Post
Geist, M. (2019, December 18). Netflix data suggests streaming giant
spending one-third of Canadian revenues on film and TV production in
Canada. Michael Geist. http://www.michaelgeist.ca/blog
Robertson, B. (2020, January 6). Toronto is getting a giant rainbow
noodle on the beach. blogTO. https://www.blogto.com/arts
/2020/01/toronto-getting-giant-mirror-beach
8 Editorial
Corcoran, T. (2020, January 29). What is banking’s purpose?
[Editorial]. Financial Post. https://business.financialpost.com
/opinion/terence-corcoran-what-is-bankings-purpos
9 Editorial (No Author)
How Vancouver turned condos into rentals [Editorial]. (2020, January
25). The Globe and Mail, O10
BOOKS (PRINT AND ONLINE
/
e
/
y
)
/
.
10 Book With DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Szapocznik, J., & Hervis, O. E. (2020). Brief strategic family
therapy. American Psychological Association. https://doi
.org/10.1037/0000169-00
11 Book With No DOI, in Print or From Academic
(Library) Database
Atwood, M. (2019). The testaments. McClelland & Stewart
Harrison, T. (2020). Not one of these poems is about you. Anansi Press
Levine-Rasky, C., & Kowalchuk, L. (2020). We resist: Defending the
common good in hostile times. McGill-Queen’s University Press
12 Audiobook/eBook
Austen, J. (2005). Pride and prejudice (E. Fox, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Naxos
AudioBooks. https://naxosaudiobooks.com/pride-and
-prejudice-unabridged/ (Original work published 1813
Iftene, A. (2019). Punished for aging: Vulnerability, rights, and access to
justice in Canadian penitentiaries. University of Toronto Press
Use “[Audiobook]” after the title only for an abridged or republished
audiobook. Also include the original date of publication for a republished
audiobook
13 Book in Translation
Mazzi, M. S. (2020). A life of ill repute: Public prostitution in the Middle
Ages (J. Myerson, Trans.). McGill-Queen’s University Press
14 Reprinted Book
Moodie, S. (2018). Roughing it in the bush, or, life in Canada. Franklin
Classics Trade Press. (Original work published 1852
EDITED BOOK
15 Edited Book (Author and Editor)
Shelley, M. (2000). Frankenstein (J. M. Smith, Ed.; 2nd ed.). Bedford-St.
Martin’s. (Original work published 1818
.
.
.
.
.
)
)
)
0
S
.
16 Edited Book With DOI
Fiese, B. H., Celano, M., Deater-Deckard, K., Jouriles, E. N., & Whisman,
M. A. (Eds.). (2019). APA handbook of contemporary family psychology:
Applications and broad impact of family psychology. American
Psychological Association. https://doi
.org/10.1037/0000100-00
17 Edited Book With No DOI, in Print or From
Academic (Library) Database
DesRoches, C. T., Jankunis, F., & Williston, B. (Eds.). (2019). Canadian
environmental philosophy. McGill-Queen’s University Press
Diverlus, R., Hudson, S., & Ware, S. M. (Eds.). (2020). Until we are free:
Reflections on Black Lives Matter in Canada. University of Regina Press
Matuk, N. (Ed.). (2019). Resisting Canada: An anthology of new poetry.
Vehicule Press
Note: Do not list database information for something that can be found in
print on library shelves
PARTS OF A BOOK OR REFERENCE WOR
18 Chapter or Article From an Edited Book With DOI
.
.
K
0
.
.
Wehby, J. H., & Lane, K. L. (2019). Classroom management. In
S. G. Little & A. Akin-Little (Eds.), Behavioral interventions in schools:
Evidence-based positive strategies (pp. 61–76). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000126-00
19 Chapter or Article From an Edited Book or
Anthology With No DOI, in Print or From
Academic (Library) Database
Mann, G. (2019). About time. In M. O’Regan & P. Kane
(Eds.), Wonderland: An anthology of works inspired by Alice’s adventures
in Wonderland (pp. 143–160). Titan
Moss, J. (2019). Memorializing an imagined past: Evangeline and the
Acadian deportation. In M. Conrick, M. Eagles, J. Koustas, & C. Ní
Chasaide (Eds.), Landscapes and landmarks of Canada: Real, imagined,
(re)viewed (pp. 91–108). Wilfrid Laurier University Press
Mozes, M. (2019). Hoping in isolation. In F. Laczo (Ed.), Confronting
devastation: Memoirs of Holocaust survivors from Hungary
(pp. 47–52). Second Story Press
Note: Use standard (non-italic) type when the title of a work contains the
title of another work (as in the “Mann” example above)
20 Entry From Dictionary/Thesaurus/Encyclopedia (Group Author)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Greenwashing. In Merriam-Webster
.com dictionary. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from https://www
.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/greenwashin
21 Entry From Dictionary/Thesaurus/Encyclopedia (Individual
Author)
Gudgeon, C. (2019, January 21). Stanley Allison Rogers. In The
Canadian encyclopedia. Historica Canada. https://
thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stan-roger
.
.
s
0
g
.
.
22 Ancient Greek or Roman Work
Plato. (1994). The Republic (B. Jowett, Trans.). The Internet Classics
Archive. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/republic.2.i.html (Original work
published ca. 360 B.C.E.
23 Religious Work
King James Bible. (2020). King James Bible Online. https://
www.kingjamesbibleonline.org (Original work published
1769
24 Shakespeare
Shakespeare, W. (1993). Hamlet. The Complete Works of William
Shakespeare. http://shakespeare.mit.edu/hamlet/index.html (Original
work published 1603
25 Wikipedia Entry
North-West Rebellion. (2020, February 18). In Wikipedia. https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Rebellio
Note: Select "View History" for archived versions by date.
REPORTS BY GOVERNMENT AND OTHER
ORGANIZATION
26 Government or Organization Document/Report (Group Author)
Best Practices in Canadian Higher Education. (2019, June). An
environmental scan of Canadian campus mental health
strategies. https://bp-net.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09
/Canadian-Campus-Mental-Health-Strategies_2019.pd
f
f
n
)
S
)
)
Canadian Museum of Nature. (2019). 2018–2019 Annual report. https://
nature.ca/sites/default/files/docs/ann18-19nature_e.pd
Statistics Canada. (2020a, February 18). Traveller accommodation
services price index, monthly (Table 18-10-0249-01). https://doi
.org/10.25318/1810024901-en
Statistics Canada. (2020b, February 28). Gross domestic product,
income and expenditure, fourth quarter 2019. The Daily. https://
www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/200228/dq200228a-eng.ht
Note: In the reference list, differentiate multiple works by one author
published in the same year by adding suffixes to the year (a, b, c, and so
on) and use these suffixes in the in-text citations. Order the works in
chronological order by earliest date first or, if the references have
identical dates, alphabetically by title
27 Government or Organization Document/Report (Individual
Author)
Anderson, T. (2019, December 10). Results from the 2016 Census:
Housing, income and residential dissimilarity among Indigenous people in
Canadian cities. Statistics Canada. https://www150
.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/75-006-x/2019001/article/00018-eng.ht
Although the above title is part of the Insights on Canadian Society
Series, the series title is not included in the reference entry.
28 Press Release
Powderley, K. (2019, April 8). One in three Canadians is living with
diabetes or prediabetes, yet knowledge of risk and complications of
disease remains low [Press release]. Diabetes Canada. https://
www.diabetes.ca/media-room/press-releases/one
-in-three-canadians-is-living-with-diabetes-or-prediabetes,-yet
-knowledge-of-risk-and-complicatio
m
m
.
n
g
S
REVIEW
29 Film Review
Dargis, M. (2020, October 19). Parasite review: The lower depths rise
with a vengeance [Review of the film Parasite, by Bong Joon
Ho, Dir.]. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com
/2019/10/10/movies/parasite-review.htm
Feldman, S. (2019). Battle of the Somme: What the audience saw
[Review of the film Battle of the Somme, by C. Urban &
G. Malins, Eds.]. Canadian Journal of Film Studies, 27(2), 1–22. https://
doi.org/10.3138/cjfs.27.2.2018-001
30 Book Review
Beattie, S. W. (n.d.). Reviews: The testaments [Review of the book The
testaments, by M. Atwood]. Quill and Quire. https://quillandquire.com/
review/the-testaments
Bosky, T. (2019). The Simpsons at 30 [Review of the book The
Simpsons: A cultural history, by F. Moritz]. Library Journal, 144(5), 124
31 Television Series Episode Review From
Website/Blog
.
l
5
/
r
Chandler, A. (2019, August 25). The handmaid’s tale recap: Season 3,
episode 12 – has June gone too far? [Review of the TV series episode
“Sacrifice,” by L. R. Maxcy, Writer]. The Guardian. https://
www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019
/aug/25/the-handmaids-tale-recap-season-3-episode-12-has
-june-gone-too-fa
32 Album/Music Review
Mullin, K. (2017, September 13). Elliott Brood: Ghost gardens [Review of
the album Ghost gardens, by Elliott Brood]. Exclaim! http://exclaim.ca/
music/article/elliot_brood-ghost
_garden
Audiovisual Material
AUDIOVISUAL WORK
33 Film or Video
Chan, B. (Director). (2017). In the studio with Kent Monkman [Video].
Canadianart. https://canadianart.ca/videos/video-in-the
-studio-with-kent-monkman
34 Foreign Language Film
Dupuis, S. (Director). (2018). Chien de garde [Family first] [Film]. Bravo
Charlie Films
35 Television Series
Barnsley, A., Feignin, B., Levy, D., Levy, E., Levy, F., White, K., & Read,
D. W. (Executive Producers). (2015–2020). Schitt’s creek [TV series]. Not
a Real Company; CBC
Fawcett, J., Fortier, D., Manson, G., & Schneeberg, I. (Executive
Producers). (2013–2017). Orphan black [TV series]. Temple Street
Productions
36 TED Talk
Packnett, B. (2019, April). How to build your confidence – and spark it in
others [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted
.com/talks/brittany_packnett_how_to_build_your_confidence
_and_spark_it_in_other
37 YouTube Video
Y
s
S
/
s
.
.
.
s
CBC Short Docs. (2018, September 18). What secrets lie beneath North
Bay, Canada? A nuclear bunker for one [Video]. YouTube. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4QMb-_JtI
PARTS OF AUDIOVISUAL WORK
38 Television Series Episode
Maxcy, L. R. (Writer), & Erguven, D. G. (Director). (2019, August 11).
Sacrifice (Season 3, Episode 12) [TV series episode]. In M. Barker, S.
Hockin, B. Miller, E. Moss, & E. Tuchman (Executive Producers), The
handmaid’s tale. Daniel Wilson Productions; The Littlefield Company;
White Oak Pictures; MGM Television
AUDIO WORK
39 Audio Album
Elliott Brood. (2017). Ghost gardens [Album]. Paper Bag Records
Handel, G. F. (2012). The Messiah [Album recorded by Tafelmusik
Baroque Orchestra and Chamber Choir]. Tafelmusik. (Original work
published 1741
40 Single Song or Track
The Beatles. (1965). In my life [Song]. On Rubber soul. Capitol
.
.
S
)
.
S
)
Locke, M. (2001). Suite No. 1 in G minor-major [Song recorded by
T. Haig, E. Soderstrom, & O. Fortin]. On Matthew Locke: Consorts in two
parts. Dorian Recordings. (Original work published 1672
41 Podcast
McDonald, B. (Host). (1992–Present). Quirks and quarks [Audio
podcast]. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/radio/quirk
42 Podcast Episode
Arden, J., & Dickinson, A. (Hosts). (2019, August 3). Mental health
matters [Audio podcast episode]. In The business of life. Radio Canada
Online. http://www.radio-canada-online.com/podcasts
/the-business-of-lif
VISUAL WORK
43 Artwork in a Museum, Gallery, or Website
Carr, E. (1938–1939). Light swooping through [Painting]. Art Gallery of
Greater Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. https://aggv.ca/emuseum
/objects/3000/light-swooping-through?ctx=7204cc2b-93eb-42d8
-944b-a78a5948ddba&idx=
Odjig, D. (1979). Chatting [Serigraph]. Art Gallery of Windsor, Windsor,
ON, Canada
44 Clip Art or Stock Image
Capukat. (n.d.). Daily travels [Clip art]. Creative Commons. https://
ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/b1d33b50-830b-4885
-abd1-105f302af1f
45 Infographic
s
4
S
e
9
.
f
Burns, J. (2020). Advances in nutrition: From daily living to high
performance [Infographic]. Canadian Nutrition Society. https://cns-scn.ca/
sites/default/uploads/files/conference-archives
/Thematic2018/DailyLivingtoHighPerformanceInfographic
-FINAL.pd
Georgian College. (2020). What’s mindfulness? [Infographic]. https://
www.georgiancollege.ca/wp-content/uploads/mindfulness
-infographic-georgian-college-2020.pd
Statistics Canada. (2019, November 28). Which came first: The chicken
or the egg? Poultry and eggs in Canada [Infographic]. https://
www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627
-m2019076-eng.ht
46 Map
Department of National Defence, Historical Section. (n.d.). Map of Vimy
Ridge showing Canadian operations from 9–12 April 1917 [Map].
Canadian War Museum. https://www.warmuseum.ca/the
-battle-of-vimy-ridge/vimy-ridge-maps/#tab
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Thunder Bay,
ON, to Le Pas, MB]. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from https://goo.gl/maps/
LnDTf2ipJ6tZJ2Vp
Simcoe County Farm Fresh Marketing Association. (2010). Buy fresh,
buy local: Your year-round guide to buying local food [Map]
47 Photograph
Dyck, D. (2020, January 25). Ride-hailing [Photograph]. The Globe and
Mail, B22
Hogge, J. (2018, April 17). Author Miriam
Toews [Photograph]. Maclean’s. https://www.macleans.ca/culture/books/
miriam-toews
-takes-on-the-dark-side-of-mennonite-communities
Hristova, M. [@mirelaofearth]. (n.d). Atlantic puffins, Witless Bay
Ecological Reserve, N.L. [Photograph]. Canadian Geographic. https://
www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/10-best-wildlife
-photos-can-geos-instagram-communit
.
/
s
y
f
m
9
d
.
Map My Run. (2019, November 25). [Photograph of a woman running].
https://blog.mapmyrun.com/is-there-a-way-to-make
-running-feel-easier/?utm_source=mmf&utm_medium=blog&utm
_campaign=relate
For an untitled photograph, use a description of the image in square
brackets in place of the title (e.g., “[Photograph of a woman
running]” example above).
48 PowerPoint Slides, Lecture Notes, Intranet
Posting
Booth, G. (2020). Stan Rogers and Canadian East Coast folk art
traditions [PowerPoint slides]. Blackboard. https://gc.blackboard
.co
In an in-text citation, cite the author, date, and specific part of the
source quoted or paraphrased (e.g., “Slide 5”) if the work can be
retrieved by your readers (e.g., fellow students or employees) from
a classroom or company website: (Booth, 2020, Slide 5). If your
readers will have access to
a website where the resource is available, such as a class website
or Blackboard, enter the URL of the login page to complete the
entry.
Note: If the work cannot be accessed by readers, cite it as a personal
communication (see p. 45) and do not include this as a reference entry
Online Medi
SOCIAL MEDI
49 Tweet
Canadian Space Agency [@csa_asc]. (2020, January 10). News release:
Canada’s astronauts @Astro_Jenni and @Astro_Kutryk complete basic
training [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.co
50 Twitter Profile
.
m
n
a
A
m
Hadfield, C. [@Cmdr_Hadfield]. (2020, February 20). Tweets [Twitter
profile]. Twitter. Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://twitter.com/
cmdr_hadfield?lang=e
51 Facebook Post or Page
Canadian Red Cross. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook.
Retrieved May 4, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/
canadianredcros
Nunavut Arts and Crafts Association. (2018, April 11). Pangnirtung’s
master
carver: Jago Ishulutaq [Video]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com
/NunavutArtsandCraftsAssociation/videos/pangnirtungs-master-carverjaco
-ishulutaq/2101043333246304
52 Instagram Photo/Video/Highlights
Biskaborn, K. [@kevinbiskaborn]. (2019, November 27). Sometimes you
find yourself waiting in the perfect spot at just the right time: The light, the
framing, and the [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/
B5X7HKugSBi
On Ice Perspectives [@oniceperspectives]. (2020, January 16). Bowie on
ice!!! [woman rock star emoji] [man rock star
emoji] @emmy_bronsard2004 and @aissabouaraguia being the
rockstars they are! Congrats on [sports medal emoji] in Junior at
Canadian [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com
/p/B7YA-DLJWvO
Note: Use the emoji descriptions from the Unicode website: https://
unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-list.htm
WEBPAGES AND WEBSITE
53 Webpage on a Group Website
l
S
/
/
s
/
2
Driscoll, S. W. (2019, April 20). Concussion in children: What are the
effects? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases
-conditions/concussion/expert-answers/concussion-in-children
/faq-2005828
Ontario Public Service Employees Union. (2020a, February 13). Year of
the nurse and midwife – a message from OPSEU. https://opseu.org/
multimedia/year-of-the-nurse-and-midwife-a-message
-from-opseu
Ontario Public Service Employees Union. (2020b, February 21). Standing
with education workers. https://opseu.org/news
/standing-with-education-workers/102611
Toronto Humane Society. (2020). Toronto feral cats. https://www
.torontohumanesociety.com/education-and-advocacy/toronto
-feral-cat
Note: In the reference list, differentiate multiple works by one author
published in the same year by adding suffixes to the year (a, b, c, and so
on) and use these suffixes in the in-text citations. Order the works in
chronological order by earliest date first or, if the references have
identical dates, alphabetically by title
54 Webpage on a News Website
LaMotte, S. (2020, January 24). Psychedelics: Can getting high improve
your mental health? CNN. https://www.cnn.com
/2020/01/24/health/goop-psychedelics-wellness/index.htm
Terrell, I. (2020, January 24). Microgrids: An idea whose time has
come? CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/what-on-earth
-newsletter-microgrids-green-energy-1.543756
.
l
8
/
.
/
s
Note: Do not italicize the name of a news website (e.g., “CNN”)
Looking for a speci ic section within the page?
Jump to speci ic sections using the Reading View.
Try it o
f
f
n within the page
Frequently Asked
Question
Q. What is a periodical?
A. Periodicals are journals, magazines, and newspapers published
regularly (periodically). Some journal articles are peer-reviewed by other
scholars and are, therefore, most appropriate for academic research
papers
Q. Do I need a running head for my paper?
A. No. APA Style no longer requires running heads for student papers.
See Section 2: Sample Student Cover Page (p. 10) and Sample Student
Paper (pp. 11–21)
Q. Do I need to include a place of publication for a reference entry?
A. No. APA Style no longer requires a place of publication
Q. Do I need to include a retrieval statement in my reference
entries?
A. No. APA Style no longer requires retrieval statements. Use a DOI, if
listed, or a URL as the source retrieval code
Note: Use a retrieval statement only for online sources that are not
archived, are unstable, or are designed to change over time (such as
online dictionaries, Twitter, and Google Maps)
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Greenwashing. In Merriam-Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved February 20, 2020, from https://www.merriam
-webster.com/dictionary/greenwashin
.
.
:
.
g
s
.
.
Q. What if my instructor wants us to change some of the APA rules
for documenting sources and formatting our papers?
A. Follow your instructor’s guidelines. There may be reasons for style
adjustments specific to your learning environment and assignment
Q. Do I need to list more than two authors in an in-text citation?
A. No. List one to two authors for an in-text citation. Separate two
authors with an ampersand (“&”). For three or more authors, list only the
first author’s surname and “et al.” (for “and others”):
(Iftene, 2019, p. 42)
(Van Viegen & Russell, 2019, p. 102)
(Gunawan et al., 2020, p. 1548
Note: Do not use an ampersand (“&”) in the text of your paper; instead,
use “and” (e.g., “Mascioli and Davis found that . . .”)
Q. How many authors should I include in a reference entry?
A. List all authors (up to and including 20 authors). Separate each
author’s surname and initials with a comma and use a comma followed
by an ampersand (“&”) before the last author’s surname
Gunawan, E., Giordano, N., Jensson, P., Newson, J., & Raymond, J.
(2020, March). Alternative heating systems for northern remote
communities: Techno-economic analysis of ground-coupled heat pumps
in Kuujjuaq, Nunavik, Canada. Renewable Energy, 147(1), 1540–1553.
https://10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.03
.
:
.
9
)
For 21 authors or more, provide the first 19 authors’ names, insert an
ellipsis, and then add the final author’s name without an ampersand
Gordon, D. E., Jang, G. M., Bouhaddou, M., Xu, J., Obernier, K.,
O’Meara, M. J., Guo, J. Z., Swaney, D. L., Tummino, T. A., Huettenhain,
R., Kaake, R. M., Richards, A. L., Tutuncuoglu, B., Foussard, H., Bater,
J., Haas, K., Modak, M., Minkyu, K., Haas, P., . . . Krogan, N. J
Q. How do I cite an article with no author?
A. If there is no individual author(s) listed for a journal, magazine, or
newspaper article, place the title of the work (shortened if lengthy) in the
author position. Use double quotation marks and title case
(“How Vancouver Turned Condos Into Rentals,” 2020, p. O10
Q. How do I cite a webpage article with no author?
A. If no individual author of an online or webpage article is indicated, use
the name of the organization, group, or website producer responsible for
the content as author
(Toronto Humane Society, 2020, Education and Advocacy section
Q. How do I cite a source with no date?
A. Use “n.d.” (for “no date”) if no date of publication is available
Q. How do I cite a direct quotation or paraphrase of a webpage
article with no page numbers?
A. Use one of the following four approaches to help readers locate the
source of your quotation or paraphrased idea. If you use paragraph
numbers, count the paragraphs manually
)
)
:
.
:
:
:
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, paragraph #)
(Powderley, 2019, para. 1)
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, Webpage Heading or
Title of section)
(Toronto Humane Society, 2020, Education and Advocacy section)
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, “Shortened Section
Title”
[if lengthy])
(FoodShare, 2020, “What” section)
(Author or Group Author, Year of Publication, Title of section,
paragraph #)
(Porter, 2019, Discussion section, para. 2
Q. How do I cite a direct quotation or paraphrase of an audiovisual
work?
A. For audiovisual works (e.g., video, YouTube video, TED Talk, TV
show), use a time stamp to indicate where the quotation or paraphrased
idea can be found
(Writer/Speaker/Director/Producer, Year of Publication, time stamp)
(Kenner & Pearlstein, 2008, 1:30:26
Q. How do I cite a direct reference to a visual work (e.g., table,
figure, PowerPoint slide, or photograph)?
A. Cite the part instead of a page number. If part of a source has no title,
enclose a description of the visual in square brackets (as in the “Map My
Run” example below)
(Author, Year of Publication, Part)
(Booth, 2020, Slide 5)
(Ling & Norman, 2011, Figure 1)
(Map My Run, 2019, [Photograph of a woman running]
Q. What should I use as the date of publication?
A. In an in-text citation, use the year only, immediately following the
author’s name: (Smith, 2020, p. 36)
:
)
)
)
.
:
:
Most reference entries include only the year of publication. Alternatively,
use one of the following formats according to your source
•
year only (most materials
•
year, month and day (newspaper articles, blog posts, or podcast
episodes
•
year and month (magazine published monthly
•
year and season (journal published bi-annually
•
range of dates (TV or podcast series
Examples:
Q. How do I cite a source with no title (such as an untitled
photograph)?
A. Write a description of the document in square brackets in place of the
title
Q. When do I use square brackets?
A. Use square brackets for the following
•
to enclose additions to direct quotations in your paper; see Section
3: Omitting or Adding Text: Using Ellipses and Square
Brackets for requirements and examples
•
to include additional information about a source in a reference
entry (e.g., “[Video]”)
)
)
.
:
)
)
.
)
:
Q. When do I use a long (block) quotation?
A. Preferably, use short quotations in a student paper or short essay and
avoid using long quotations (more than 40 words). If you do need to
include a quotation of more than 40 words, set off this quotation from the
rest of your written text by block-indenting the quotation. See Section
3: Using Direct Quotations for requirements and examples
Q. When do I use “p.” or “pp.” for page numbers?
A. Use “p.” (page) and “pp.” (pages) in all in-text citations. In reference
entries, use “p.” or “pp.” for chapters in an edited book or entries in
reference works. Do not use “p.” or “pp.” for articles in magazines,
newspapers, or journals
Examples:
Q. How do I refer to several items by the same author and published
the same year?
A. In your reference list, differentiate multiple works by one author
published in the same year by adding suffixes to the year (a, b, c, and so
on) and use these suffixes in the in-text citations. Order the works by
earliest date first or (if the references have identical dates) alphabetically
by title
Reference entry examples:
.
.
.
In-text citation example:
Q. Should I include a series title in my reference entry?
A. Do not include the series information
Q. Do I ignore emojis in an Instagram reference entry?
A. Include a description of the emoji(s) using the Unicore website (https://
unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-list.html). Each emoji counts as one work
in the entry. See Section 6, number 52, for an example
Common Reference List
Example
Journal Articl
Mascioli, B. A., & Davis, R. (2019). Health-protective eating style among
students at a Canadian university. Canadian Journal of Behavioural
Science, 51(4), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs000014
Newspaper Articl
Knight, D. (2020, April 23). Life imitates art in First Nation director’s
zombie apocalypse film. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/
entertainment/movies/life-imitates-art-in-first-nation-directors-zombieapocalypse-fil
White, P. (2020, April 25). Bringing fitness to the streets, step by step.
The Globe and Mail, A22
Boo
Iftene, A. (2019). Punished for aging: Vulnerability, rights, and access to
justice in Canadian penitentiaries. University of Toronto Press
Szapocznik, J., & Hervis, O. E. (2020). Brief strategic family therapy.
American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/
10.1037/0000169-00
.
5
.
.
s
.
e
0
e
k
m
k
Edited Boo
Matuk, N. (Ed.). (2019). Resisting Canada: An anthology of new poetry.
Vehicule Press
Chapter in an Edited Boo
Moss, J. (2019). Memorializing an imagined past: Evangeline and the
Acadian deportation. In M. Conrick, M. Eagles, J. Koustas, & C. Ní
Chasaide (Eds.), Landscapes and landmarks of Canada: Real, imagined,
(re)viewed (pp. 91–108). Wilfrid Laurier University Press
Wehby, J. H., & Lane, K. L. (2019). Classroom management. In S. G.
Little & A. Akin-Little (Eds.), Behavioral interventions in schools:
Evidence-based positive strategies (pp. 61–76). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000126-00
Webpage on a Websit
Driscoll, S. W. (2019, April 20). Concussion in children: What are the
effects? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/
concussion/expert-answers/concussion-in-children/faq-2005828
Webpage on a News Websit
LaMotte, S. (2020, January 24). Psychedelics: Can getting high improve
your mental health? CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/24/health/gooppsychedelics-wellness/index.htm
Government Webpage on a Websit
Statistics Canada. (2020, February 28). Gross domestic product, income
and expenditure, fourth quarter 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/
daily-quotidien/200228/dq200228a-eng.ht
Dictionary Entr
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Greenwashing. In Merriam-Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved February 4, 2020, from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/greenwashin
YouTube Vide
CBC Short Docs. (2018, September 18). What secrets lie beneath North
Bay, Canada? A nuclear bunker for one [Video]. YouTube. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4QMb-_JtI
2
.
0
e
m
Y
e
g
k
l
e
e
y
o
.
Photograph/Imag
Dyck, D. (2020, January 25). Ride-hailing [Photograph]. The Globe and
Mail, B22
Hristova, M. [@mirelaofearth]. (n.d.). Atlantic puffins, Witless Bay
Ecological Reserve, N.L. [Photograph]. Canadian Geographic. https://
www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/10-best-wildlife-photos-can-geosinstagram-communit
d
y
.
Map My Run. (2019, November 25). [Photograph of a woman running].
https://blog.mapmyrun.com/is-there-a-way-to-make-running-feel-easier/?
utm_source=mmf&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=relate