EN G L I S H G R AMMAR
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H OW
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AC H
IT;
TEX T B OO K F O R C O MM ON S C H O O L S AN D
T H E P R I MAR Y I N T E R M E D IAT E AN D G R AMMAR
D E P ARTME N T S O F G RAD E D S C HO O L S
E S I GN ED
F OR
TO
AS A
-
,
,
,
.
B O LT W OO D ,
H E N RY
M AS TE R
.
.
.
O F P RI N C E T O N H I G H S C H O O L .
C H I C
GE O
AM
C
.
W
.
AG O
S H E RW O O D
1 869.
.
,
E n t er e d
ac co r di n g
BY
I n th e
Cl
’
er k s
Oni
c e of
to
GEO
i
th e D
Act
.
st r ict
of
C
C
CH URCH , G OODMAN Jr DONNE L LE Y ,
C
W
.
o u rt
P
on gr ess ,
.
in th e y e a r 1869,
S H E RWO OD
fo r th e
N
RI N TE RS AND
.
o rt h ern
S
Dist rict
TE RE OTY P E RS ,
of
Ill i
n ois .
C H I CAGO.
P RE F A C E
p rincip al
TH E
th e m a ny
for
r e a s on
alre ad y
in
.
Gr a m m ar to
a d d in g an oth e r
p r in t
,
is th e fa c t th a t
a n o th e r
is
b r a n c h o f C om m o n S c h ool st u d y d o e s
t h e l ab or exp en d e d a pp e a r t o p r o d u c e s o littl e in th e
I t h a s e v e n b e e n d is c u s s e d in S t a t e
w ay o f r e s ult
In
n ee d e d .
no
s.
Te a c h e r s
m a r is
pe
s s o c ia tion s ,
p ro d u c tive
i i g t o l an gu a ge
c o n c lu s io n
an
d
p up ils
T his
v ol u m e
whic h h a s
b ook
ua
e
.
g
wh ic h h a s y e t
p r e s e n ts
a
c an
m e tho d
b een
to b e
r e a d , o r u se d a s
r am
t h e fa c t s
d le s b v wh ic h t o g r as p
fi
rm l
y
,
t e a ch e r s
Gra m m ar
o th e r
Th e
i i g to l a n
r ta n n
l e a r n s th a t
one
c e r t a in o th e r s
a n d o th e r s u s e d a s
h old
in
t r ie d .
pe
t h e fa c t s
r e t a in e d
an d
p r e s e nte d
s c h o o l-r o o m .
in th e
ill us tr a tio n s ,
be
t e a c hing
of
I n t e a c hin g fo r m a n y y e a r s ,
are
s in c e
,
n e c e s s itie s o f
to t h e
b e en c ar e fully t e s te d
fa c t s
y
G
o r th k n o win g , t h e
w
y
s u ite d
any
of
a r e c e r ta in l
c o n t a in s a s el ec t io n o f
c e r t a in
be
th a n
s tu d
An d
oo
d
.
g
is , t h a t th e fa c t s
b e tte r
for m
s om e
wh e th er th e
o f an y
r ta n n
fa ir
g
A
’
fa c t s
.
G
to
han
ra m m a
p ting to m ak e th e i s c h o ol g a m m ar s c o m p le te
tr e a tis e s u p o n th e s tu d y o f l a g ua ge h a v e p ut s o m u c h
in th e m th a t the y h av e b e w ild e re d a n d d is g u s t d the
up il
r a m m a r sh o uld b e j u d ge d b y wh a t it le ave s
A
g
p
r ia n s a t te m
r
n
r
,
e
.
out as
m uc h
as
by wh at it
c o n ta in s .
P REFACE
4
I
n s te a d
w or d s , th e
w ith t h e
t io n
In
.
w ith l e tte r s ,
c o m m e n c in g
of
p u p il
in th is
,
s e n te n c e
th e
as
.
b o ok
b a s is
s
l
l
a ble s ,
y
c o m m en c e
is m a d e t o
,
of
g
ra m m a t ic a l
in s tru c
s h a ll
c hild
w o r d s , th e id e a is th a t th e
o th e r
an d
b e gin to Stu dy la n gu age j us t a s he r e c eiv e s a n d le ar n s it
I t is m or e im p o rta n t t h a t th e
e m b o d ie d in s e t e n c e s
,
n
.
c hil d
s h o ul d
s t an d
th e m w h e n
p
w or d s t og eth e r
ut
com
b in e d
,
c o rr e c tly ,
th a n th a t h e
u n d er
and
s h o uld
be
a
b le
p r o p e tie s an d attrib ute s b y for m al n a m e s o r
f
n
n e w h o h a s e v e r a tte m p t e d
A
i
o
o r m al d e fi n itio n s
v
e
g
y
t o m ak e p e rfe c t a n d c o n c is e d e fi itio n s o f gr a m m a tic a l
name
to
r
,
.
n
t e r m s , m u s t fe e l th a t
c h il d r e n
ou
h
t
g
n ot
t o b e d rille d
p on te r m s w hic h a r e b e yon d th eir c o m p reh e n s ion while
th e p o p e r u s e Of l a n gu a ge is n e gle c te d
S O fa r a s p o s s ib le t h o u gh o u t th e I n tro d uc to r y G r a m
m a r the fa c t h a s b e e n p e s e n t e d a n d r e cog iz e d b e for e
th e n a m e is giv e n W h e n e ve r a n e w fa c t is p r e s e n te d th e
p up il is e xp e c t e d to fix it in m e m o ry b y r e p e a te d w ritin g
a n d b y r e c o g iz i g it in s e n t e n c e s t a k e n fr o m r e a d e r s
o r o t h e r b o ok s fa m ilia r t o h im
I f th e s e e x e r c is e s a r e
fa ith fully p e r fo r m e d t h e gr o u n d p a s s e d o v e r w ill b e p e r
m a n e tl y h el d ; o th e wis e it w ill b e lo s t
B y r e p e a te d
w itin g a ft e r c o r e c t m o d els h a b it s Of a c c ur a t e c o m p o s i
t io n a r e fix e d
I t is a b s ur d t o s a y th a t gr a m m ar a s ge n e r ally t a ught
“
is
t h e a r t o f s p e a k in g a d w r itin g th e l a n gu a ge c or
r e c tl
on
f
r t h e h a b it s O f s p e e c h a r e in d e l ib l
L
a
t
e
y
g
y
fix e d a few m o n th s ar e ge n e r ally giv e n t o th e s tud y o f
u
,
r
.
r
,
r
,
n
.
,
,
n
n
.
,
n
r
r
.
,
r
,
.
,
,
n
’3
.
,
d r y d e t a ils , im p e rfe c tly
u n d e r s to o d ,
s e ld o m
or
n e ve r
PREFACE
.
plie d a n d s oon forg otte n S uc h s tud y m ak e s n o m or e
im p r e s s io n o n b a d h ab its o f s p e e c h th a t d e w d o e s o n a
ap
.
,
r ock.
p re p a ring
b e en kep t
In
h av e
lim ite d
h av e
b o ok
this
in m in d
th e
,
n ec e s s it ie s
M an y
.
a d v a n t a ge s , an d c a n n o t
qu e stion
t e a c h in g t h a n
of
o th e r w a y
qu e stion
te ac her s
wh o t e a c h h a v e h a d
b ec a u se
te a c h w ell
b e e n w ell ta ugh t the m s e lv e s
n eve r
of
S
.
om e
th e y
have
fo ll o w th e t e x t
no
b ook
t o h e lp
to
-
,
b ook is in te n d e d
tho s e wh o a r e willin g t o b e h e lp e d a n d t o p r e s e n t a
i
ll
e v e n wh e n fo llo w e d b lin dl
d
l
ss
l
o
e
w
a n whic h
y
p
by
Th e
.
,
,
,
an d
m is c hie f
m e t ho d s
W er e
.
it lik e ly th a t
t e a c h e r s w o ul d b e
h av e
b een
b o ok
of
te a ch e r s ,
A
y
oun
P r im a r y,
pr e s e
in cl u d e
a ll
C o urs e
Of
c alle d
s c h o o ls .
’
er s
is
uid e
g
n ot
uIre d
q
,
i
r nte n
n te r m e
S
c h o ol s
c an
S
t h is
d ia t e ,
d in t h is
rad e d
-
and
or
in t o th e
im p e r fe c tly
ed u c a te d
y
Co m m on
ra m m ar
a
p la n
-
fo r
S
G
c h o ol
ra m
I t is in t e n d e d t o
v o lum e .
xt b ook
or
u
t
p
H igh S ch o
t o t he
whic h
c o uld
in
g
as a
ra
-
Th e
fo r t e a c hin g l a n gu age to
d ed
t e ac h
Obj e c t le s s o n s
c h ild re n .
ol
p r o p e rly
n on-
is d e s ign e d
in d e v e l o p in g l a n g u a ge b y
te
b o ok
a
.
c h o o ls , a n d a ll
G
o n ly
b oo k e x a c tly
p r elim in ar y
The P r im a r y
m e d ia te d e v el o p s
it w ou ld
D ir e c t o r s ,
s a fe l
-
as a
,
t o m ak e
c h o ol
Com m on S ch oo l G r a m m a r
in t e n d e d
b o ok
b e en
S
d ents,
F ollo w
wh ic h is
G
b ut w e ll qu alifi e d
B ut k n o win g h o w m a n y w ill
r ad e d
n te
n on e
c om m o m
th e
t o u s e th is
i
n
i
n
e
xp
er
c
d
e
e
,
g,
I
th a n
th e d e s ign h a s
a n d s a y,
m a r is
be
G
of
”
S up e
C o u n ty
P r in c ip al s
han d s
re
s h o r ten e d .
fo llo w th e
whic h
m o r e g oo d
s e c ur e
,
I
an d
n te r
p up ils
E F ACE
6
PR
ab le
w ho a r e
S ch
Gr a m m a r
o ol
th e
p l an
b e c au se
a ll
s
g
p ellin g
p or ta t
S uffix e s
s
,
im p l e
x b o ok
t e t-
I
th e
b
w ith
e
g
p ac e
un ,
p u p il
a d d itio n a l
an d
Sp
g
a l s o r e fe rr e d
s ou n d s
b ut
a s c o m in g a fte r
d e v e lop s
th e
s t ud
x
,
Of
y
in
l e tt e r s ,
u s e c on
T he
en di
p r in
an d
of
e lle r s n o w
App
t o th e
fa c ts
n e e d s.
e n e r a lly
are
The C o m m o n
.
n te r m e dia te , a n d
is giv e n t o th e
Re a d e r s
ood
th a t t h e
a ll
n
e ss
a s
r e v ie w s
a lr e a d y
L
c ip l e s .
t ain
t o u se
.
Of
r ule s
n ot a s un
P re fix e s
im
an d
.
Th e
c o m m on
r e t a in e d a s
b o ok
g
ram
i
v
e
g
New
fa r
m a r ia n s
som e
p o s s ib le
s c h o ol
so
,
th e
Y e t it h a s
.
n a m es
n am es
e c ia l
as
of
u n d e rs t a nd
m ay
im p r e s s io n
Sp
ter m s
h av e
on l
y
to
th a t
been
tr a in e d in t his
no
us ed
an
of
m e n c l a tu r e
deem ed
c on d e m n
b e en
m a r s h av e
p up ils
c om m o n
b e en
n e ve r
g
ram
n e c e s s ar
j
d
re ect
Simp ly
to
y
to
th e m .
“
v
e
i
g
an
O f o r ig in a lit y.
a tt e n t io n
is in v ite d to th e fo llo w in g
p o ints
in
p r e s e t a tion Of t o p ic s
Th e p u p il c o m m e c e s with t h e s e n t e n c e
C o m p o itio p e c e d e s a a lys is
Th e s tu d y O f l a g u a g b e gin s w ith t h e p rim a r y s c h o o l
o r j u s t a s s o o n a s th e c hild c a n
i
u
d
rds
t
e
a
s
n
a
d
o
w
p
th e
n
n
s
n
.
r
n
n
.
e
,
t o ge th e r .
Atte tio
G d
th V b t
n
en
e
t e rm
n
o
e n d in
P a r tic ip l e ,
als o
be,
in v it e d t o th e fo ll o w in g t o p ic s
T r a n s itive V e r b s
Case,
e r,
er
is
us e of
w h a t, t he d is tin c t io n
i
n in
i
n to
g
g
j e c tio n
t he r e
C o nj u g a t io n ,
,
G
of
V
e r un d ,
Au x ili
ar
e r b al
of
A dj
rb s ,
e
V
y
th e
use O f
ver
e c t iv e ,
of
b al
a nd
th e P a s
E F AC E
PR
s iv e
Voic e
b se nc e
a
The
of
,
of
Mode
as a
fo r m a l Rul e s
s t ud y
of
Sy
n on
App
7
.
P r o p e rty of the Ve rb , an d the
of
m
s
,
y
Sy
n ta
and
x
.
th e
D er iva t io n
of
S ur
x a re a ls o c o m m e n d e d t o a t te n tio n
M a y b o ok s a n d a uth o r s h a ve b e en c o n sul te d i th e
r e p a r a tio n o f this b o o k
G
o o ld B r o wn F o wl e r B i g
p
n am e s
in th e
e ndi
.
n
n
n
-
.
,
,
M a r sh Ho wlan d G re e n Mullig a n a n d Ric h ar d
Gr an t W hite h a v e b e e n u s e d ; b e s id e s a la rge n um b er Of
D r S a m u e l Will a r d h a s r e n d e r e d s p ec ia l
o the r a u th o r s
ha m ,
,
.
.
a n d v a lu a
b le
Tho ugh
,
,
,
a s s is t a n c e .
o nl y a s in gle n a m e a
pp e a r s
on
p age
th e titl e -
,
r o m e All e n
J
e
gg
A M of M o n tic ell o I o wa wh o al s o sh a r e d in its p r e p a r a
H is o th e r e n ga ge
tio n thr o u gh the I n te r m e d ia t e p ar t
m e nt s p r e v e n tin g fur th e r c o o p er a tio n h e is in n o way
r e s p o n s ib le fo r t he thir d o r C o m m o n S c ho ol p a r t
the id e a
.
.
of
th e
b o ok
,
,
wa s
e s te d
su
by
,
,
.
-
,
.
P RI NCE T ON , ILL
,
J u n e, 1 8 6 9
.
PRIMA RY G RAMMAR
.
SU G GES T I ONS
IT
is
r a m m ar , e
xp e c ti
n
g
m ust l e a rn to
.
th e
t e ac h e r c o r re c t
y
th a t
a
x b
S in gl e
and
s uc h
S im pl e
fo r m s
of
fo r m s
an d
t e c h n ic al t e r m b e u s e d ,
by
s
p e e ch
o r al
fr o m
r e c e ive
I t is
alo n e .
The y
s t u d y.
b y it s
l a n gu a ge b y im it a t io n ,
un
up il S h o uld fi r s t
p
o
y
g
th e n b e tr a in e d t o
sa r
p rofit
h
m
e
o
t
t
g
.
t e t- ook o n
a
use
Th e
t e a c hin g
c hil d r e n
t o giv e y o u n g
u s e le s s
T EA CHE RS
TO
,
and
n ot n e c e s
n or
t h a t th e
in s t ru c t io n s giv e n b e c all e d less o n s i n gr a m m a r
Th e u s e o f l a n gu a g e Sh o u ld b e t a ugh t in e v e r y le s s o n
.
I t sh o uld b e th e d a ily s t u d y o f t h e
e v e r y c h ild
in
c o rr e c t s
p e ak in g
p r im a ry te ac h e r to tr a in
I t is
.
.
a c om m on
m is t a k e
pp o s e th a t a gr a m m ar c la s s is the only pl a c e whe r e
the p r o p e r u s e o f w o r d s c a n b e t a u gh t A t e a c h e r sh o ul d
n o m o r e p e r m it a p u p il t o sp ea k in c o r r e c tly
th a n t o
c o u n t o r t o Sp e ll in c o r r e c tly
Of c o u r s e t h e t e a c h e r s
o w n s p e ec h s h o ul d b e a m o d e l fo r his p u p ils
The
p r e s e n ta tion o f c o rr e c t m o d e l s ho we ve r w ill n ot b e
to
su
.
,
’
.
,
,
.
,
,
e n o ugh .
M o s t p up il s b rin g to the s c h o ol r oo m b a d h ab its
a c q u ir e d a t ho m e
T he s e the te ac h e r m u s t b r e ak u p
-
.
.
N
u t p a t ie n t e ffo rt w ill s e c u r e th is r e s ul t
b
g
e v il h a b its o f
r s , s tr e n th e n e d b
a il
h
m
e
a
d
o
e
y
g
y
y
o thin
l
e , w ill
p
n ot
e ld t o
i
y
o n e s u gge s t io n , n o r
The
.
e
xam
t o te n .
W e sle y s in a n s wer
to h e r h u s b a n d s im p a t ie n t r e m o n s tr a n c e
W hy will you
I t is
r el a t e d
th a t th e m o th e r
of
th e
,
’
,
1
i
10
SU
GG E S TI O N S
t e a c h th a t d ull b o y th e
q u ie tly
w ill
re
do
not
H a d s he
p
a in s
p lie d
”
,
pp e d
The l ittl e
.
B e c a u s e Mr W e sl e y
.
,
a t n in e t e e n , s he
c hil d ,
p a tie nc e
p up il wh o
t h a n t h e old e r
,
,
an d
is
n in e t e e n
,
fix e d
ar e
t im e s
fa c t fo re v e r
th e
m ight h a v e lo s t
w h o s e h a b it s
m o r e t im e , m or e
.
th in g t we n ty t im e s o v e r ?
s am e
The t we n tie th t im e
.
s to
“
T O TE AC H E RS
fo r m in g,
a ll
.
her
c l a im s
m o r e th o r ou gh te a c hin g
b e tte r q u alifi e d
to th ink fo r
h im s e lf
.
I n t e a c hin g l a n gu a g e , th e in s tr u c to r
c lo s e ly
th e o r d e r
t h e ir u s e s
Objec ts
.
ar e
p r op e rt ie s
t h e n t h e ir
p
in w hic h th e
fir s t
and
c hild ac
fo r
le s so n s
s h ould
p rim a ry
u s e s.
T he re for e
thing s
E x a m pl e s
wo r d s ,
th e
an d
n am e s,
n a m es ,
b es t l e s
s im p le o bj e c t
a re
of
follo w
th e
he r e giv e n , to S h o w ho w th e u s e o f l a n gu age
ta ugh t in c on n e c tio n with o the r t ea c hin g .
ar e
be
s c h ol a r s .
q uir e s
l e ar n e d , t h e n th e ir
r op er ties , a n d u s es of c o m m o n
s on s
s h o ul d
PRIMARY L E S S O NS I N LAN GUAGE
L ESS ON I
.
NAME S OF THING S
LE T the t ea c he r , s t a n d ing
T he s e
r oom .
or on
The
th e
s
p r op e
m ent
th e o
a ll
n am e
to
of
bj e c ts
b o ar d
th e
see
pri
d
w rit te n
n am e s ,
.
w hic h t h e y
l a t e , fur n is h th e
r
at
or
nte
b e st
ver
y
Of
r s , an d
w or d s , m u s t b e
c oll e c tin g a n d
a tt e n d e d
w r it in g t h e s e
in t h e
s c h o ol
boa
th e
on
p elli
n
th e
p up il s
th e
th e
rd ,
e s s on s
l
g
-
n e a t ar r an
t o b y th e t e a c h e r .
n am e s ,
em
t h e ir
,
p o wer s
a sk
c h ild r e n ar e
.
e
g
In
p
s t im a
ro
b s e r v a tion a e
l a te d a n d g e a t e m ula tion c a b e e x c it e d b y c o mm e n d
i g th o s e wh o m a k e the lo n ge s t l is t s a d Sh o w t h e b e s t
fi tably
pl o ye d
,
s
.
z e Of l e t t e
fo r m an d s i
.
r
,
of o
r
n
n
n
,
w o rk
F e w in
.
bj e c ts
t he
o
To
n am e
ou r
in th e
roo m
;
at
or
m o st
p up ils
of
a
.
ll
a
h
t
e
y
w in d o w, is
N
am es
t e a c h e r , u n til th e
p a rt s o f
b e yon d
sh o u ld
p up il s
n a m e a ll
le a s t , t o
c o rr ec tl
d o o r,
will b e l ik e ly t o
s c h o ol s
a
n am e
t h e ir
p o ck et k
-
p a rts
.
n i e , of a
f
a t t a in m e n t
th e
a ll
of
b e giv e n b y th e
r ed t o o b t a in
r e a ll
l
a
b
o
y
n eve r
h a ve
th e m fo r th e m s e l v e s
To illu s t r a te th is
e
x e r c is e
whic h m a y b e d e r iv e d fr o m
h a n dle ,
bl a d e
b a ck
Sp r in g
n o tc h ,
,
,
s t e el ,
The
an d
n a m es,
,
a
a
,
p oi
nt
Sh a n k
p l a te
b ra s s
S ho uld
ir o n
,
.
,
b tain e d
b y p o in tin g
o
,
r iv e t,
,
woo d ,
m a d e fa m ili a r
-
e d ge ,
c ap ,
wh e n
l is t is g iv e n o f th e n a m e s
c o m m o np o c k e t k n ife
,
o ut
he
o fte n r e
the
o
p e a te d
bj e c t
,
,
wh il e
E NG LI S H
12
.
p
be
fi ed
t ill th e
t o t he
e v e ry
ay s r e
q uir e
w o rd
S im il
c la s s
xe
i
e
s h o ul d
and
rc se ,
p
d to
i
r nc
th in g s w h ic h w e
am es of
th in gs m a d e o f
ir o n
am e s of
t h in g s m a d e
of
w ee d
am es of
th in g s m a d e
of
l e a th e r
a m e s Of
th in g s m a d e
of
iv o r y
a m e s of
t h in g s u s e d in a h o u s e .
a m e s Of
m a t e r ial s
am e s of
thin g s fo u n d in
a m e s of
bi
a m e s of
fo u r fo o te d
La t
N m
N m
Nam
N m
s
ds
-
,
on
.
.
.
.
in m ak in g
a
h ou s e
n a m e s o f a ll
t h e g irl s in th e
s c h o o l.
n a m e s Of a ll
t h e s c ho la r s in t h e
p e n te
e s of
fa r m in g t o o l s
e s of
flo wer s
e s of
tr e e s
rs
’
t o ol s
s c h o ol.
.
and
m a c hin e s
.
.
.
I f th e tea c h er h a ve
no
b la ck b oar d ,
on e, c om m on
se veral
.
a s t or e .
s c h o ol .
for
.
th e follo w in g
in th e
an
m is t a k e s
e a t.
b oys
a
c ra y on
*
th e
wa ll, will m a k e
o ok c l o s e l y
Sp e llin g o f
bla c kb o a r d
n a m e s o f a ll
fu r n ish
n am e s
a n im a l s .
e s Of c a r
n ot
not
.
a
a
the
Do
t o th e
c or r e c t
b e giv e n
a m e s of
r
.
is t h e
ip a lly t o d e v e lo p th e
t hin g s w h ic h g r o w.
u sed
L
.
x e r c is e s at th e
n ot c e , an
fa c ul tie s ,
T his
a ll
t h r o u gh
o
a m e s Of
F ir s t
F ir s t
will
g
i
to
.
t o b e w r itt e n
n am es
Re q u ir e d a ily
.
“
a n d c o rr e c tl y.
l e s s o n s , d e s ign e d
ar
p e r c e p tive
s u bj e c ts
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
th e
k n ife
”
t h r o u gh th e lis t
so
c an
n e a tn e s s o f e v e r
e
y
t r a in th e
an d
p u p ils
fl ue n tly
fo r th e m s el v e s ,
Al w
and
k n ife in h a n d , th e
th e
,
t o f th e k n ife
s a tis
.
T hu s t ak in g
T his is a
n am e
i
n
i
s
i
t
v
g
g
p u p il S hould s ay
o in
G RAMMAR
an d
th e sc h ool
a u th or itie s
gr een c ur ta in p a p er , p as ted on th e
ex c e ll en t s ub s titu te, wh ich will b ea r th e
week s
.
I MARY
PR
N
am e
th e p
C
O U RS E
th e fo ll o w in g t hin g s
a r ts o f
tre e ,
b ody
room ,
ho u s e ,
w in d o w,
p er
Ship
c h a ir ,
w atc h,
b o ok
,
c lo c k ,
han d ,
bi
he ad ,
s to v e ,
ho u s e ,
w a go n ,
n ot
d o o r,
,
rd ,
T he t e a c h e r
s h o ul d
m e n tio n e d
a
b o ve
y
add
CTIONS
The
c hild s
Ne xt
j
e c t s.
rc e
p tio n
wh a t
fi
d oes
a n im a ls
of
m ay
and
of
re
fa m ilia r.
to livin g
t h e thin g
d o es
.
T a k in g
t h in g s , th e t e a c h e r
Th e
.
and e n d
S h o uld b e gi
s e n te n c e
with
a
pe
i d
r o
w ith
n
,
c a t,
Or,
of
d o e s t he
s
b oy,
he n ,
do ?
s a w,
a n s we r s
ca
p u p ils
a c t io n s a s
are
.
p ital
I
i
n s st
l e tte r
a
b o u t th e
,
h or s e ,
p
W hat
s he e
a sk ,
.
e tc .
r a in ,
fir e ,
w in d ,
un ,
n,
i
p
k n ife
g
Le t th e
w hic h
qu irr e l
m ouse ,
s un ,
m any
a
thin g s with o u t life ; le t t h e t e a c h er
sun
a sks
.
I n lik e m a n n e r l et th e t e a c h e r in q u ir e
b ir d
th e
d o e s th e d o g
d o g r u ns , ba r ks ,
.
e v e ry
th e
Wh a t
,
a n s we r ,
oh
com es
All
bites , g r o w ls , ju mp s , p la y s , h u n ts , etc
T hu s : The d o g r u n s
s h o ul d b e w r itt e n in fu ll
tha t
th in gs
.
a t tr a c t e d
r st
qu e s t io n
To th e
.
p up ils a
THINGS
n
n am es
.
.
th a t w hic h th e t h in g
c h ild r e n
t he
OF
p e rc e p tio
t o th e
of
e ac h
do ?
tte n tio n is
fa m iliar
of
n a m es
a
b
t o th is l is t
,
,
t a le
with whic h the
,
A
’
re a
e ar ,
LESS ON II
pe
13
.
be
ur g e d
p o ss ible
r el a t e d
to
an d
e n c o u r a ge d
t o g ive
p
T he n
.
as
l e t t h e m g ro u a c tio n s
T hu s : The h or s e
e a c h o th e r
.
.
E N G LI S H G RAMMAR
14
.
w a lks , tr o ts , p a ces , ca n ters , g a llop s
th e d iffe r e n c e b e t we e n th e s e a c tio n s
Le t th e p u p il s te ll
.
N
a m in
h
e
t
g
c o m m o n a n im al s ,
.
p up ils
l e t th e
t e ll wha t
m a k e s ; th u s : Th e h o rs e n e igh s ;
h o wls ; th e c a t m e ws ; e t c
a m e t h e d iffe r e n t t r a d e s a n d o c c u p a t io ns
s ou n d
th e d o g
eac h
.
N
T hus :
b
e a ch
wh a t
a n d t e ll
.
t he
p
g
ro w ,
S
uch
x te
e
ded
n
e ith e r
In
w o rk ,
p la y
on
th is
p r e hen d
p e at
a l m o st
The
.
thin k
,
r
lo ok
the
at
it
cla s s
T he
l on g ,
a
,
k n ife ,
bb er
a r o se , a
to
OF
is l a rg e,
.
.
same
,
a
n
r e m o v in
b out
,
fa m ilia r
a s k in
i
f
ro m
t
g
it , t h u s
r o u n d , r ed , n ice.
b la c k , h a r d
in th e
is
.
T HINGS
n,
y
t e ll s o m e t hin g
pp le
s s k il l
d
,
p u p ils s o m e
c r a yo
a p e c il
T he n
c a r e full
r ou n d ,
T ake
ru
ppl e
n
fo r t h e m se l v e s
Le t th e t e a ch e r s h o w t h e
a
t e a c he r
’
Sp e
.
P RO PERTIES
an
of
p o fi t is s e c ur e d whe n th e p up ils
l ik e p a r o ts w or d s wh ic h th e y d o
LE SS ON III
as
in d e fi n it e ly
r
n or
re
d r ill
,
s wim .
is littl e d a n ge r
p u p ils
m a k in g t h e
t a ugh t t o
n ot c o m
T he r e
j um p
,
th e s e m a y b e
as
v a r ie d .
in te r e s t
p
sle e
x e r c is e s
and
x hib ite d
are
.
e a t;
in g t oo m u c h tim e
N
th e
w h a t t h in gs
run,
e
m en,
fa r m e r p lows; t he m er c ha n t tr a d es ;
la c k s m ith h a m m er s; t h e c a r e n t e r s a ws
T e ll
e
doe s
of
s m o o th .
w a y th e fo llo win g
s l a te ,
l
ss,
a
g
g
o
bj e c t
,
t h e m to
s igh t, a s k
The p en c il
is
I MARY
PR
F irs t write
c olu m n ,
th e
un d e r
a nd
s en t e n c e s
name
th e
pple
a
Th e
pe
The
ro se
nc
15
.
Obj e c t at th e h e a d Of a
it s p r o p e r tie s
T he n l e t
me
.
th e fo llo win g m od el s
is l a rge
il is
O U RS E
f th e
na
a fte r
b e wr itt e n
The
o
C
.
b la c k
.
p r e tt y
is
.
Th e t e a c he r h a d
a red a
Th e t e a c h e r h a d
a
pple
l a r g e b oo k
Th e t e ac h e r h a d
a
white
.
c r a yon .
bl a c k
Cle a r gla s s is b r it tle
s o ft r u bb e r is s q u a r e
Th e lo n g
The
r ul e r
is
.
.
.
The
.
pp le is r ou n d a n d rip e
The b la c k p e n c il is l o g a n d s m o o th
Th e whit e r o s e is s o ft a n d p r e tt y
Le t m a n y s e n te n c e s b e c o m p o s e d a n d wr itte n a ft e r
th e s e m o d e l s u n til th e Ob v io u s p r o p e r tie s Of c o m m o n
The
red a
.
n
.
.
,
thin gs
r
n d a r e th o r o u hl
f
ili
n
r
s
u
a
m
a
a
d
e
t
o
o
d
,
y
g y
th e n a m e s th a t d e n o t e c ol o r ; a s , r ed , blu e
ar e v e r
Re q uire
Re q uir e
.
.
th e
n am es
th a t
d en ot e
sha
pe ;
a s , s qu a r e,
r ou n d .
Re q uir e th e
Le t
I f yo u
r ed a s
e ve ry
a sk ,
n am e s
th a t d e n o t e
wo r d b e
Of w h a t
z
si e
use d
b y th e
c o lo r
is t h e
;
a s,
p up il
li ttle, la rg e
.
in
a s e n te n c e .
do
ros e
n ot a c c e
pt
qu ir e the s e te n c e Th e o s e is
red
I f yo u a sk th e s h a p e o f a n a pp le d o n o t a c c e p t
r ou n d a s a n a s we r b u t r e q u ir e th e s e n t e n c e Th e a pp le
an
a n s we r ,
b ut
re
.
r o un d .
r
,
,
n
is
n
I n s is t
,
on
,
th is i n every
schoo l ex er c is e.
ENGLISH G RAMMAR
16
.
LESS ON
IV
.
USES OF THINGS
T ak in g
a sk s
its
fa m iliar t hin g ,
som e
The
u s es .
v a r io u s
w r ite w i th , to m a k e letter s ,
te n c e s
a fte r
as
.
a
i
,
th e t e ac h er
i
e n , to m a r k , to
v
g
a u s we s
e tc . ,
p e n c il
m a y b e m a d e in t o
sen
th e fo llo win g m o d e l s
p e c il is u s e d for wr iti g
2 Th e p e c il is u s e d t o m a rk w ith
3 Th e p e c il is u s e ful fo r m a kin g
I n quire the u s e s Of the fo llo win g t hin gs
p ap er
wo o d
ink
1
.
The
n
n
.
n
.
n
.
.
r
.
,
,
w a te r,
k n ife ,
c l o th ,
fir e ,
ligh t,
b o ok
Le t
e a ch a n sw er
Re qu ir e
Re q uir e
Re qu ir e
Re q uir e
Re q uir e
Re q uir e
be
a com
p l e te
,
s e n te n c e .
th e
n a m e s of
thin g s g o o d t o e a t
th e
n a m e s Of
thin g s
th e
n a m e s Of
th in g s u s e d in
th e
n a m e s Of
thin g s u s e ful in t h e h o u s e .
th e
n a m e s Of
t hin g s u s e ful in th e
th e
n a m e s Of
t hin g s
M ak e a s e n te n c e with e a ch
W h e at is go o d to e at
u s e ful
u s e ful
of
.
t o w e ar .
b uild in g
.
s c h ool.
t o the fa r m e r
th e s e
n a m e s,
.
th u s
.
C lo th is
M or tar
This
u s e ful
is
e
u sed
to we a r.
in
x erc is e
b u ild in g
.
c a n , a n d s h o u ld
b e , m uc h
e x te n d e d.
E NG I H
An
re
G RAMMAR
LS
18
e
x erc ise
qu ire d
s im il a r
Of a ll
.
t o th e follo win g S h ould
p up ils
th e
IL LUS TRATI VE E X ERCIS E
What I s the n am e
W h at
Often b e
I t is
t his
Of
.
u
n
.
g
a
I t is m a d e of w oo d a n d iron ,
s o m e tim e s , in p a rt , Of b r a s s a n d S ilv er
Na m e it s p a rts ? I t s p a rts are th e s t oc k , loc k, b arr e l ,
is it m a d e
of?
.
h a m m er , tub e ,
S igh t m u zzle b r e ec h b ut t e tc
W h at is its c olor ? I t is b r ow n
Wha t is its s ur fa c e a n d Sha p e ? I t is s m o oth lon g
r a m rod ,
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
l
a n d s e n d er, an d
What
fir e
at a
After
use d
m a rk ,
an d
s uch
be
to d e sc ri
g
a
e s tio n s
b arr el is h ollo w
th e
is it
an
e
,
.
fo r ?
I t is
used
s h oo t
to
t o k ill m e n w ith in w a r
x er c is e
th e thin g
th e
,
in his
fr o m th e t e a c h e r
p up il
o wn
A
.
m
a
e
,
g
.
q uir e d
be
re
w or d s , w itho ut
an
c hild
to
s h o uld
y
su g
m ight thu s d e s c rib e
p e n c il
T his
is
c a ll e d a
b l a c k le a d
-
th e t ip
an
s m o o th .
u se d
.
pa
I ts
a
th e h e a d , th e
.
b ove
p o we r Of
d e s ir a bl e
r t s a re ,
I t is m a d e
.
e
on
x e r c is e
t ellin g
is
woo d
I ts
.
p a p er
Of
an d
wo o d , th e l e a d ,
d t he p o i I t
I ts c olo r is bl ac k
I t s Sh a p e i s r ou n d , lo n g a n d
fo r m a rk in g
The
le a d -p e n c il
s urfa c e
s l e n d e r.
is
I t is
.
p ar tic ul a
c o nn e c te d ly
wh a t
r
ly
v a l ua
b le
.
The
k n o w s is m o s t
o ne
.
ADDI TIONAL E X E RCI S E S
Aft e
s tan c e
r e v er
y
ih th e ir
les so n ,
o wn
re
quir e
wo r d s
.
AN D
th e
SUGGESTIONS
.
p up ils
Q ue s tio n
t o giv e its s ub
m in u te ly o n e ve ry
p a t an d se e th at e ve ry w o rd is u n d e s to o d a n d its
e e x e r c is e r e a d a s im p le
s p e llin
ar
t
h
l
r
n
d
T
O
v
e
a
e
g
y
sto
t
o y o ur c l as s
a n d r e q u ire t he m t o r e p e a t it in
y
r
r ,
.
r
,
,
,
I MARY
PR
th e ir
p u p il
own
wor d s
a nd
,
to b e
in te r e st s , it
n o tic e
q uire
it to b e writte n b y e ach
T his e x e r c i se I n v a r iab ly
p o we r
th e
19
Of e
xp re s sio n
it im p a r t s
,
d is c ip lin e s th e m e m o ry , le a d s th e
’
o m is s io n s
a n o th e r s
o ne
i
h
v
e
s
t
e
g
r e c tio n s
re
O URS E.
a lo u d .
re ad
c alls o ut
s e lf- c o n fid e n c e ,
to
T he n
.
C
te ac h e r
o
pp o
r tu n
ity t o
p up ils
and
m is t a k e s ,
m ake
e fi c ie n t
and
c or
.
The h a b itu a l
If
r a te d .
if it b e
s e lv e s .
e x re s s io n
The
.
b a n ish e d
s u c h e v il
Of
a
c om m o n
fr o m
o wn
b ov e
i
en
v
g
a re
m or e
s tu d
Th e t e a c h e r
.
in t e r e s t
l ut e ly
u s e d , a sk
th e
is
e rr o r s
Of s
s c h o ol
by
b e t ol e
th e
c la s s
a nd
y
r a p id t h e
n e c e s s ar
?
as
hin t s it
y
of
s
suc c e s s
p a tie
—
.
’
p e e ch m a y b e
p atie n t effor t
.
o fte n s u c c e s s ful
h a b its
t a k in g u p t h e
t hin gs
n ot
h
n
l
h
m
i
f
i
p
b
t
a
d
e
t
t
e
o
s
s
l
rr
e
c
o
e c t th e m
,
,
g ,
I f th e y fa il t o d o it, th e t e ac h e r mu s t give the
o od -h u m o r e d r id ic ul e
T he
is
m u st
ri
e n tir e ly
G
p e e ch
p
in c o rr e c t
an
fo r m
c o rr e c t
v ulg a r is m s O f s
re
g
ar d
t o th e m a n n er
i
h
t
o t he r
w
g
w ill d e p e n d u p o n h e r
F r e qu e n t
r e v ie w s a r e a
Th e m or e fr e q u e n t th e
p r o gr e s s
Su
.
o v e r c o m in g
al o n
l a n gu a g e
n ce.
in
ch
le s s on s
bso
r e v ie w,
th e
as
a
th e
b ov e
Sho uld b e giv e n for y e a r s b e fo r e the p u p il lo ok s in to
t e x t b o o k o gr a m m a r
C o r e c t h a b it s o f th i ki g a d
c o m p o s in g m a y b e a c q u ir e d u c o sc io u s l y a d w it h o u t
“
a
n
-
n
r
.
n
fo r m a l
s t ud
y
P un c tu a tio n
Wr itin g Of s e n te n c e s
.
b o ok s I t
ex a c t c o p ie s O f g iv e
in t h e ir
Th e
th e
c orre c t
l a r ge
n
m e an
.
no one
j
,
m u s t b e in s is t e d
on .
p it a ls a r e b e st t a ught t o yo u n g
t h e m Ob s e r v e th e s e te c e s fo u d
is a p r o fi ta b le e x e r c is e t o r e q uir e
s e te c e s o
p a ag a p h
i g Of w o r d s is a l s o b e s t t a u g h t b y
S uc h c o m m on e xp e s s io n s a s a wf u l
n
n
,
a d e c t iv e s
r
r
n
r
n
s.
n
h e r e giv e n
d r ea df u l p r e t ty, m o n s tr ou s
b e c a us e
n
n
.
p la n
n ic e ,
n
a n d u s e Of c a
b y m a k in g
c hild r e n
n
n
t ak e s
m e an
p ai
ns
.
r
s m a ll,
t o te a c h t h e
live
an d
c hild
t h riv e ,
wh a t th e s e
20
E
Ma n y e xp e die n t s
w or d s ,
e st
su
e n l a r gin g
fo r
th e c hild
’
s
s t o ck
w ill
c o r r e c t u se ,
Of
r e a d il
y
th e m s elv e s t o th e t e a c h er w h o d e s ir e s t o w a k e
wh o d a r e s t o d r o p t e x t
an d
c hild r e n O f
s to od
.
fo r te a chin g th e ir
an d
gg
u p m in d ,
to
NGLISH GRAMMAR
thin g s w h ic h in t e r e s t th e m ,
b y th e m
x b o ok for
s s ib l
b
e
o
p
y
t e t-
b o ok s
-
.
A le a f
th e
,
a
c hil d
flower
th an
,
a
,
an d
t o t a lk
a n d a r e u n d er
b ir d m ay b e a b e tte r
s p elle r o r r e a d e r c a n
a
,
.
Th e w e ll
c on d u c t e d
-
Of
w o r d s is
s o,
t e ac h er s
n eve r
d ry ,
s t u d y Of
n or
th e u s e s a n d m e a n in gs
d is ta s te ful
will fin d tha t the
r e a s on
.
If
p u p ils
fin d it
lie s in th e m s el ve s
.
IN T E RME DIA T E G RAMMAR
.
S U G GES T I ONS
TO TEA C HE RS
.
TH E titl e I n ter m ed ia te is giv e n t o this p a r t, b e c a u s e
th e in s tr uc tio n h e r e in d ic a t e d s h o ul d foll o w a th o r o ugh
d rill u p o n th e pl a n l a id d o w n in th e P r im ar y C our s e , a n d
p r e c e d e th e C o m m on S c hool C o ur s e H a vin g att ain e d to
a t o l e r a b l e r e a d in e s s in c o m b in i g w o r d s i t o s e n te c e s
t h e p u p il is n o w r e q uir e d t o s e p a r a te in t o p a r t s n a m e
p ar ts n otic e r el a tio n s a n d d ivid e w or d s in t o c la s s e s
I f p up ils h a v e n o t h a d th e p r e limin a r y d r ill r e q uir e d th e
t e a c he r Sh o u ld p r o c e e d slo wly givi g p r o m in e n c e t o th e
c o m p o s itio n Of S im p le s e n t e n c e s u n til th e p u p il fo rm s
-
.
n
n
n
,
,
.
,
,
,
n
,
,
the m wit h
e as e a n d acc ur a c .
y
I t is im p o s s ib le t o
be
Th e
c o m m e n c e d.
c a n e a s ily
le a rn
sa
an y
y
at
wh at
a v e r a ge
a ge
p u p il
Of
thin g giv e n h e r e
p u p ils at tha t a ge S hould giv e a s
a c q uis itio n o f t he ir o wn l a n gu a g e a s
c o ur s e
Should
t e n ye ar s
Of a g e
this
.
An d
,
c e r t a in l
y,
t he
m u c h tim e t o
t o an y
s tu d
y
of
th e
c o m m o n s c h o o l.
T his p a rt
c o n t a in s
s t r uc tio n s o f
th e c o m m o n fo r m s
th e l a n g u a ge .
The
Si m ple c on
O f th e s im p le
e n l a rg e u p o n
and
a n a ly s is
is giv e n , w ith o ut a n y a t te m p t t o
irr e gul a r , a n o m al o u s , o r in tric a te c o n s tr u c tio n s
s e n te n c e
t e c h n ic a l t e r m s
The
p r in c iple
p up il m a y b e
wo r d s
a re
of
Of
le d
r a m m ar a r e u s e d a s
g
in fl e c tio n is
on
c h a n ge d
to
n o t ic e
in fo r m
.
j u st
lit tle
as
.
The
p o s s ib le
.
m e n t io n e d , th a t the
fo r h im s e lf h ow
C a s e is
n ot
a nd
why
d e ve lop e d ,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
22
.
x c e p t b y n otic in g th e P o s s e s s ive Rule s o f S yn ta x ar e
n o t l a id d o w n b e c a u s e th e y a r e n o t n e e d e d b y th e c h il d
Th e d e fi it io n s giv e n a re n o t p r e s e n t e d a s c om p le t e a d
b eyon d c ritic is m b ut as s uc h a s a c hil d c a n c o m p r ehe n d
e
.
.
,
n
,
n
,
an d u se .
G
P r a c tic al
th e
u se
of a
c l a s s ifyin g
m ar
it
d e als
w o r d in
a s e n te n c e
th e
r e v er s e s
is t h e
Of n a t u r e .
ord er
s e n te n c e , a n d
m eans
o n ly
com m o n o r d e r o f to
T he
.
w ith th e
o n ly
ra m m a r
of
p ics
in gr a m
c h il d n a t ur a lly
The
b e gin s
w it h w o r d s in g ro u p s , o r s e n te n c e s , th e n g iv e s
a t t e n tio n t o s in gl e w o r d s , a n d l e arn s t h e e le m e n t s o f
On e w h o k n o ws
wor d s la st
n o t hin
p a r ts
of th e
of
g
s p e e c h , o r o f th e r ul e s o f
n
a
x
m
a
s e wo r d s
t
u
e
t
,
y
y y
r e is n o t hin
i
n a w o r d w h ic h in fallib l
a c c ur a t e l
h
e
T
g
y
y
in dic a t e s its p a r t o f s p e e c h
Th is m u s t b e d e te rm in ed
.
S
.
.
b y it s
t
in
use
a s en enc e .
W or d s a n d thin gs ar e s o fre q ue ntly c o n fo und e d th a t
s p e c ia l p a in s m u s t b e t a k e n t o m ak e th e ir d is t in c t io n
p l ain I n s te a d o f te a c hin g the p up il to s a y J o hn is a
”
n o un
t e a c h h im t o s a y
T he w o r d J o h n
r e c o n iz in
g
g
.
,
,
th a t t h e w o r d is
on l
t he
si
of
n
y
g
s e e m t r iv ia l , b u t it is im p o r t a n t
Th is m a y
.
.
p
a rt o f
r a m m a r w r it e
g
g
s e n t e n c e r e q u i e d u n d e r s t a d a n d s p e ll c o r e c tl
e ve r
y
y
e v e r y w o d e m p l o e d fix e v e r
fi
p
p
d
n
e
i
i
t
o
n
a
n
d
i
n
i
c
le
y
y
a n d r e v ie w f e q u e n tl
T e a c he r s w il l O b s e r ve t hat this
y
p la n r e q ui e s th e p u p il s to p re s e ve th e ir writte n w o rk
I n n o o th e r w
a
c a n t h e r e v ie w s w h ic h a r e a b s o lu te l
y
y
n ec essar
b
e
s
u
e
c
r
e
d
E ac h p up il s h o ul d h a ve a b la n k
y
b o ok c o t ain in g a t le a s t a q ui e O f le tte r p a p e r a n d the
t e a c h e s h o u ld t a k e g r e a t c a e t h a t t h e b o k b w itt e n
n e a tl
n d k e p t c le a n
a
y
Altho ugh th e b o ok is d ivid e d in to les s ons t h t e her
Le t
p up ils
th e t hin g
,
o n c o m m e n c in
r
r
th is
,
n
,
r
r
,
r
,
.
r
r
.
,
,
.
n
,
r
r
,
r
o
s
e
r
.
!
,
m u st
n ot
l e t th is div is ion
a ffe c t
th e
a ss i
g
n in
e
g
ac
O f c l ass
IN T ERME DIATE
w ork
A single p a
.
The te a ch er
ra
O URS E
23
.
p h m ay c on tain a week s work
j ud ge of th e p r op e r rate of
g
’
ra
b e st
c an
C
.
r e s s.
g
Te a c her s will d o th e ir p u p il s a l a s tin g s er v ic e , a n d
m uc h t o h elp th e m o n in t h e ir s tu d y Of l an g ua ge , b y
p
ro
Ob ta in
in d uc in g th e m t o
,
and
b y t e a c hin g th e m t o
b e st
d ic tio n ary w ithin th e ir me an s
e xp e c t t o b e c o me
v e ry a c c ur at e in the
the
withou t d aily s t ud y
of
ELE MENTS
TH E
l . Fire b ur n s
IS
at
of
s aid
A b o u t wh
bu r ns ?
Su b je c t
W e h a ve
on e
of
use
can
w or ds
the d ic tion ar y.
LE S S ON
§
Wh
No
.
use ,
I
OF T H E
.
SE N TE NCE
.
.
fi
W ha t
re ?
at ar e
W h at
d o e s fir e d o ?
we t al kin g ?
.
fi
re
is
s aid
bje c t
r ea d s
a su
John
s o m e th in g s a id
s a id o f
Pr e d i c a t e
j
cet,
is
2
A
tence
.
th e
a nd,
th er e for e ,
?
W h at
is th e
su
bj e c t ?
bj e c t ?
sa id o
f
t
the su b
c
e
i
s
j
ca lled
the
the
sub
.
su b ect,
j
su
with tha t which is
ca lled a
Se n t e n c e
We
oth er s o ur
tell
t hou ght p ut
.
b out fi r e ;
.
Tha t which is
The
g
a
.
Of wh o m is
W hat is
s om e thin
sa id
f
o
.
th ou ghts b y
in to words
W
b ecom es
or
a
d s.
sen
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
24
The wor ds which we
ua
e
g
g
They
,
“
y
hor se
ou ,
an d som e
y
m in d
ou
ture
a
ba r n
m ake
a
our
If on e
.
la n
s
sa
to
y
w or d s
hor se in m y ba rn, t he
m a ke y ou thin k of som e hors e
ev en
The wor ds m a k e you
.
d
”
if you do
i
t
ure
sort o f
c
p
b arn ,
call e
a re
id ea s
a r e sign s of
I hav e
an d
u se
.
th e m ,
n ot s e e
an
d
them in your
thin k of thi s p ic
of
.
Let th e tea ch er ill us tra te b y talkin g of som e th in g w h ich th e
p up ils h a ve n ever s ee n ; a s, for e a m p l e , a p al m tr ee , an d h a vin g
d e sc r ib ed it ca r e fully , a sk th em to t hin k e actly h OW it l oo k s ,
T h e n e p la in to
u r gin g t h e m t o for m a d efi n ite m en tal p ic t ur e
t h e m t h a t th e w o rd p a lm -tree m a k e s t h em th in k , n o t of th e r eal
tr ee , b u t o f th eir id e a or p ic tur e of th e tr ee
x
-
x
’
x
.
.
The win d b lo ws
I S this
a
s e nt e n c e
.
W hy ?
?
W h at
is
I ts
bj ec t ?
su
Wh a t is it s p re d ic a te
W rite t e n Sh or t s e n te n c e s Na m e th e s ubj e c t Of each
N a m e th e p re d ic ates Tell why e ac h is a s e n te n c e
.
.
3
.
.
S tu di es b oy goo d th e well
D O t h e s e w o r d s m ak e
th e
p er s on
W o ul d
s en se
w a s thin k in g
a
.
b ou t
wh o
u
o
y
use d
k n o w wh a t
wo r d s l ik e
P ut th e w o r d s t oge th e r S O t h a t th e y will m a ke
s e n te n c e
W h at is the s ubj e c t of the s en tenc e whic h
th e s e ?
a
.
u
o
y
.
h a ve m a d e
My r un s
h ors e
.
To rn y o ur is b ook
S c h ol a r s le s s on s th e ir
.
C ol t
s orr el
th e
r u n n in
Sho uld
s tu d y
s
a
w
g
P r a is e d goo d a r e b o y s
F in ish e d l ar ge is h o u s e
.
.
S q ui
rr el
tr e e s little th e
th e .
c lim
bs
.
.
ENGLISH GR AMMAR
26
.
Th e s e w or d s
th e r e fo r e ,
are,
Wa s
and,
is
s a id ,
b ou t
Th a t la rg e
s e n te n c e .
a
s o m e t h in g
w hic h
s o m e th in g s a id a
are
an d
s a id o f
th e r e fo r e , w a s blo w n d o wn is th e
m a de
u
p
bj ect
su
of sever a l
an
w o r ds
tr ee
bj e c t
p
re
t he
d ic a t e
d p r e di ca te
the s e
m a rk
at
th e
end
bj e c t
s u bj e c t
.
,
.
O ften
.
.
th e
of
su
are
C o p y fr o m y o u r Re a d e r t e n s h or t s e n te n c e s
t h a t e a c h s e n t e n c e b e gin s with a c a p it al le tt e r
a ls o
an d
,
th a t
18
is , th e r e fo r e , t he
blo w n d o w n is t h a t w hic h is
Notic e th a t t he
a su
of e a c h
s e n te n c e.
.
N o ti e
N tic e
A al y
c
o
n
ze
s e n t en c e s .
LE SS ON II
.
CLASSES OF WORD S
Wor d s
.
div id e d in t o d iffer en t
a s the
u il s in a s ch o ol a r e d iv id e d in t o cl asses
p p
S cholar s a r e cl a s sifie d by th eir s tu di e s
Words
t
T
h
a r e cl a s sifie d b
h
eir u s e
e cl a s s es of w or d s
y
a re call e d P a r t s o f Sp e e c h
T her e a r e eight
6
.
are
.
.
,
.
.
of
these
1.
cl a s se s
Su b s t a n t i v e s ,
2
.
V er b s.
3
.
Pr o n o u n s
4.
5
.
6
.
7.
or
.
A dje c t i v e s
Ad v e r b s
.
.
Pr e p o s i t i o n s
.
C o n ju n c t i o n s
8 . E xc l a m
.
a ti o n s.
Nou n
s.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE
§
An y
7.
word ,
s ub e ct of a
the
j
tiv e
or
r ou
g
se n t en c e ,
p
is
27
.
wor ds ,
of
c all e
d
u se
d
as
S u b sta n
a
.
Na m e s
of o
bj ects
n ou n s a r e s u
An y
b s ta n tiv es
wor d ,
is
r ou
g
or
le tt er
a
d
Noun
s , an
d
a
ll
.
of
p
word s, m a y b e
a
su b
.
This book is the
P o in t
ca lle
thus
sta n tiv e,
A
ar e
th e
ou t
su
bj ect
of
the
sen te n ce .
n ou n s , o r n a m e-w o r d s
in th e
s e n ten c e s ,
whic h y o u h a ve wr itt e n , th u s :
D og is th e n a m e o f s o m e thin g ; th e r e fo r e , th e w or d
d og is a n o u n
.
P oin t
is
e a ch
f
un s in your ge ogr a p h y
te n
s e n te n c e s ,
e ach
c o n ta in in g
two
n oun s .
e a ch s e n te n c e .
8.
Wor dswhich a r e used to asser t somethin g
a su b ect ar e ca l ed
l
j
o
Te ll w h y
.
z
e
y
n al
§
no
a n ou n .
Wr ite
A
t en
o ut
Asser t
m ea n s
V er b s.
n e a rl
y
the
sa m e
as
sa y
or
The p r edica t e of a s en ten ce al wa ys c on ta in s
The
v erb
Verb s gen era lly exp re ss a ction
tell
.
a
.
.
C hin ese
ca ll
w or d s
Un til
.
v er
wor d s , th ey d o
bs
live w ord s ,
an
d
n ou n s
dea d
is p u t in to a gr oup Of
i
n
t
no t a ss e rt a n
h
rs
c
h
o
l
a
S
y
g
ou n othin g a b o u t s ch ol a r s , or
y
a
v e rb
.
lesson s, tell s
le sson s , b u t if you p ut th e v er b stu dy b etwe en ,
o f s cho l
o u tell s o m eth in , o r a sser t s o m e thin
g
g
y
—
ar e.
ENGLISH G RAMMAR
28
.
a
fr eq u e n tl y t o th e fa ct th a t th e verb is n ot al way s
wo rd , b u t Often two or m or e ; as, was trotting, ha ve been
a tten tion
C a ll
sin gl e
N
am e
t ell w hy
th e v e r
bs
e ac h
a ve r
B u rns
is
fo r e , bu r n s is
a v er
b
b
,
wr itte n ,
and
s o m e thin
g
a
b ou t fi r e
,
an d ,
th e re
.
b
th e v e r s
o ut
a lr e a d y
thus
t e lls
a s s e r ts o r
’
P o in t
whic h y o u h a v e
why th e y a r e v e r b s
W r ite p r e d ic a t e s
r e a d in
in y ou r
s s on ,
l
e
g
an d
-
t e ll
.
wh a t
e a ch su
Wha t
bj e c t
th e follo win g
a ft e r
su
bj e c ts
,
t e ll in g
th u s
d o es
The h ors e d r a ws
d o e s t h e h or s e d o
a
wa g o n
.
S UB J E C T s :
th e
c at,
th e d oc to r ,
the
ra
bb it
s q u i r el
th e
ba be
th e
fa r m e r,
the
,
r
,
pa
O f w ha t
p
A
t io n
of s
rt
r
,
te n
,
t h e t a ilo r ,
p eech
is
s un ,
t h e win d ,
t he
t h e a s s er tin g
na
r a in .
wor d in th e
.
of
u
r own s ele c
o
y
.
D a r k w a s th e
B e a u tiful
W h e r e is
S om etim e s ,
su
th e
b la c k s m ith
t he
l yz e y o u r s e n t e n c e s
s e n t e n c e s , with s u bj e c t s
r e d ic a t e
W r ite
r
p
th e c o o e r ,
bj e c t
ni
h
t
g
t h e m o r n in g
wa s
th e
.
b o ok
in the
as
.
a
b ov e
s en ten c e s ,
b efor e the p re dica t e
s a id t o b e i n v e r t e d
c om e s
te n ce is the n
.
The
th e
s en
.
j
I f th e p up il s h a ve a n y d iffi c ul ty in fi n din g th e sub ect in a n
in ve r ted s en te n c e, it m a y b e d e v elo p ed b y a q u es tion
T h us, in
t h e a b ove s e n te n c e , D a r k wa s the n ight, as k wha t was d ark , a n d
s o in o th e r s en ten ce s
.
.
A
n al
z
e
y
th e foll o win g
How
G
sad
re at
w a s th e
w a s th e
F ie r c ely
ra
s e n te n c e s
s to r y
j
e
d
g
o y.
t he
b attle
.
I
NTE RMEDIAT E COURSE
W rit e s en te n c e s w ith
Sol d ie rs ,
s
pri g
W ite
n
,
a r e r u n n in
c om in g ,
A
n al
y
ze
th e
b ook s
m a rb l e s ,
m ou s e ,
k n o wl e d g e
p r e d ic ate s
j um p s
plan ts
fl
s win s
sh e s
a
g
to m
r o lls ,
,
,
falls ,
,
.
OR
.
LIMITING WORDS
.
Wor ds w hich in a n y wa y cha n ge
,
lete the m ea n ing
o di
fy
l i m i t the
or
Mr Ree d
Mr Reed
b ou ght
.
.
I n th e
.
s e n te n c e s .
MODI F IERS
or comp
,
th e follo win g
LESS ON III
9.
bj e c ts
e a gl e s ,
is goo d ,
a r e u s e ful,
g,
n o un s a s s u
ic e ,
s e n te n c es c o n t a in in g
r
is
th e follo win g
29
.
s ec o
,
the
nd
other
f
o
other
h ou se
a
ca rp en ter ,
w or ds
a r e sa id
.
.
b o ught
the h ou se
Mr Reed
th e wor d s
s e n te n c e ,
wor ds,
.
are
.
m odi
fi e d b y th e w o r d s th e ca rp en ter , w h ic h e xp l a in w hi ch Mr
Re e d is m e a n t B ou g h t is m o d ifi e d b y th e w o r d h o u se
w hic h comp letes t h e m e a n in g, t ellin g wh a t Mr Re e d
.
.
.
b o ugh t
S om etim es
whol e
a
is m odified
sen t en c e
H e h a s l ea rn e d his l esson
H e ha s n ot le ar n e d his less on
.
.
Th e w or d
te n c e ,
or
n ot ch an
m od ifies th e
Modify
B oys stu dy,
u
”
p,
t he
th e m e a n in g o f th e
wh ole
s en
s e n te n c e .
m ea n s to
m e a n s t o S hu t
“
g
es
.
or
v ar
to
y,
c o n fin e
a ss ert ion
to
or
.
cha n
When
is m a d e
i
l
m
i
t
;
g
e
on e sa
of all
y
s,
b oys
,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
30
.
is
an d
“
sa i
G oo d b oys
d
o
o
g
of
§
s tu
b oys ,
w or d s
But if
.
dy
”
,
i
th e
on e
is m a d e
a s s ert on
is li m ited
an d
1 0 . No un s
cla ss of
u n lim ited
t o be
d
.
m ost fre quently lim ite d
ar e
c a lle
d
ADJE C I I VE S .
'
‘
T ha t l a rge white h ous e is for
A
is
z
e
y
m o d ifi e d
n al
P oin t
.
th e
o ut
in th e
n o un
b y t h e w o r d s l a rg e
s al e .
su
bj e c t
H ou s e
.
w h ite, w hic h lim it it s
an d
m e a n in g b y n a m in g s o m e th in g b y w h ic h th e h o u s e c a n
T he y a r e s a id t o n a m e
b e k n o wn fr o m o th e r h ou s e s
.
it s p
o ut
r op er ties o r
w hich
on e
Th a t lim its h ou s e b y
u a l ities .
q
is m e a n t
p oin tin g
.
This b ook is m in e
Yon der tree is tall
.
This lim its bo o k b y
.
p o in ting
Y o n d er lim it s tr ee in th e
Five
re
b el s
F ive m o d ifi e s
e
xac t nu m be r
A few
b ut t o
§
n ot
ll
.
y,
or
m ea n t
.
b e ls
on e
is m ea n t
.
wa y
.
t
ure d
p
.
b y lim iting
a ssem b l e
lim it
a s m a ll n u m
o ur
b er
d
ou r
th ought s t o
an
.
th o u ghts t o
by
an
exa c t n u m
b er
,
.
An Ad je c t i v e is a
a s u b sta n tiv e
ert
re
ca
whic h
.
m en
F ew d o e s
were
same
o ut
n a m in
w ord which m od ifies
s om e
u a l it
g
q
y
p
b y p oin tin g ou t which, or how ma n y
or
p
ro
a re
INTERME D IATE COURSE
An
p
a
may
dj ectiv e
dica te, b ut
be
be
c a n n e v er
re
u se
d
31
.
as
a su
bj e ct
of
a rt
p
a
a
.
An a dj ectiv e ca n gen erally b e k n own b y its
m a kin g goo d sen se Wh en p la c ed dir ectly b efor e
the
§
n ou n .
12
wor d m ay b e s om etim es
The u s e
a n d s o m et im e s of a n o ther
The
.
o n e cla ss ,
a
sa m e
.
w or d in the
s en t en c e
is th e
w e t ell its p ar t of sp eech
The silver cor d is l o ose d
on l
of
of
f
act b
i
w
h
c
h
y
y
.
.
The sp oo n is m a de of s ihj er
Je welers silver th eir work
.
.
I n th e
p r op e
n ou n
rt
,
th in g ,
fir st
n a m in
an d
is
g
a
O f wh a t
s e n te n c e s
j
.
b ought
hi s m a n
p a rt
of s
s e c on d ,
a
a
a s s e r ts
s om e
s
k a te s
ser v a n t
p eech
of
a
.
.
.
is m a n in
s en t en ce s ,
the w or d s in ita lics
sa w I S
b rok en We
.
Cha lk is u seful
The fish s wims
Girl s
W r ite
i g
it is
n am n
e a ch
th e
b ov e
?
ee ch
p
The
my
-
I n the foll owin g
of s
l
I n th e th ir d , it
m e tal
by
co r d
I n t he
a d e c tiv e .
an
m a n the b oa t
s a ilor s
e sen t
m o d ifi e s
a ver b.
T hat m a n
H
is
and
y,
The
s e n t e n c e , s i lver
we ar
te n
r in
We
.
b elon g
.
sa w
woo d
cha lk
.
th e l in e
.
An glers fish
.
s
g
t ell t o wh a t p a rt
.
.
The
s e n t e n c e s , u s in g
o n e s e n t e n c e , a n d a s a ver b
se xt on r in
s
g
s om e
in the
ne
w ord
xt
.
the
b ell
a s a n ou n
.
in
ENGLISH G RAMMAR
32
LES S ON
NAMES
1
3
§
Q
OF
r
i
rt e s , or
w h e n th e y
n ot
a n d u se u
f
for e th e y
ca n
n am es
so
l
ar e
T h e y m ak e
se nse
b efo r e th e n o u n a n d t he y c a n
s ubj e c t o f a s e n t e n c e
T he re
,
.
j
t o ha ve
be
u se
d
f p rop ertie s
s ubj e cts of s en ten c es
The
as
n am es o
.
n ess , whiten ess, br ittlen ess ,
t
f
u se
d
for th e
m ak e
n ot
sa m e
q
u a litie s .
s en s e
u se u ln ess o f ch a l
The
.
n am e
c h a lk .
th e
l
ef
u
wo r d s w hic h
when p la c e d
the n ou n , a n d t hey c a n b e u s e d
o f s en te n c es , t hu s :
do
us
.
a d e c tiv e s .
are
which
a re
the
con v en ien t
I t is
of
dir e c t ly
u s e d al o n e a s
be
UALITIES OR P ROPERTIES
q u alitie s
s ta n d
.
so
S of t, w hite, br i ttle,
p op e
IV
i
t
b
t
w
h
e
r
i
t
t
l
e
,
,
f,
Chal k is
.
.
f
U s e ful n e s s is
k is
u se u ln ess
,
f
These w ord s
d irectly b efor e
t he
as
su
bj e cts
r ea t .
g
a n ou n .
A th i
i
s d es cr i bed b
y
g
n a m e s o r a d e c tiv e
n
j
i g its
n am n
p r o p ert ie s E ith er
.
I f yo u
k n o w th a t t h e r e is in th e d e s k s o m e th in g r ou n d , s m oo th ,
m ello w , r ed , s w eet, a n d r ip e, y o u h a v e a des cr ip tion o f it
n ou n
fr o m t h e s e
N
n a m e s of
a m e all
bb e r
p a p er
ru
th e
,
,
Urge p up ils
n am es
qu alitie s
qu alitie s
m ay b e
u sed .
.
of
iv or y,
ir on ,
w oo d ,
a
b all
l
ss,
a
g
lead ,
s n ow ,
a
k n ife
to m ak e th e
m in g
,
.
q ual ities c om p l ete a s p o ss i
b le
A q ual ity m a y b e n o ticed or s u gges ted fo r which th e p u p ils
h a ve n o n a m e
T h ey m ay ob s e r ve t ha t w o od a n d p a p e r b u r n ,
wh il e ir o n a n d l ea d d o n o t, b u t th ey d o n ot k n o w t h e w o r d co m
bu stible
D o n ot g ive o u t n a m e s h a s tily
Le t t h e p u p ils h un t for
th em
P a r ticul a rly en co ur age th em t o go h om e with q ues tion s
na
of
.
.
.
.
.
GRAMMAR
E NGLTS H
34
T ho s e which p oin t
T hese
o bj ect s a r e m ea n t
2
3
Thes e
.
su b ec t
j
c a s e,
the
o m itt e
d
,
of
an
.
a
to b e
thi s
IS
pp
When
a
e a rs
dj e ctiv e
t he
m od ifies is
thu s
The wise
is
i r on fr a m e
z
n a ly e
sa
y
.
T his m ea n s , b o th p er
.
.
T his m e an s, th e wise m en
.
o ft e n u s e d
n oun u s ed a s
A
dj ectiv e
which th e
n ou n
w er e m ista k en
n o un
a
s e n t en c e .
a
B oth wer e m ist a k e n
A
m ean t
.
S o m etim es
17 .
the
son s
d S p e c i fy
d e n ote how m a n y are
ca l le d N u m e r a l Adj e ctiv e s
are
wha t
or
T ho s e which
.
§
c a ll e
a re
.
Adj ectiv es
which
o ut
.
in g
.
as
j
a d e c tiv e
an
c a ll e d
I t m a y th e n b e
a n a dj e c tiv e
a s , s to n e
;
an
a
say .
w all ;
c tive
e
j
d
or a
,
.
j
n o u n s , a d e c t iv e s a n d v e r
j
e ac h a d e c tiv e
b e lo
n
g
bs
in
p o in t
and
th e fo llo win g s e n t e n c e s ,
T e ll t o
e ac h.
o ut
wh a t
th e
c la s s
s.
b lac k
T h a t s ilve y c l o u d is b e a u tiful
T ho s e la ge e d a pp le s a e th e b e s t
T he s e i d u s t io u s s c h ola s a e b usy
Th e p o o o l d m a n is l a m e
F e w r ic h m e a e h a pp y
S ev e l s e v e e b attle w e r e fo ught
T w e ty b a v e s old ie r s w e e k ille d
An y a tt e n tiv e p u p il w ill le a n
E v er y d a y b i gs e w d utie s
C o m p o s e a d w it e t e s e t e n c e s e a c h c o n t a in in g 3
e a c h c o tai i
D es cr ip tive a dj e c t iv e ; t e
a
S
ec
g
p ify
Th e
h o r s e is
o th e r
.
r
r
n
.
r
r
r
r
r
r
ra
r
.
r
s
.
r
r
.
r
r n
n
.
.
n
n
.
r
n
n
n,
.
.
n
,
n
n n
INTERME D IATE C OURSE
j
a d e c tive
in g
an d
;
i
e ach
te n ,
5
.
c o n t ai n n g
N u m er a l
a
j
a d ec tive .
A wo rd which m odifies the
be
p
a
bj ect
,
n ot
can
f the p r edica te , a n d a n y w ord which
r e d ica te , is n ot a m od ifier Of the
p
ar t o
is in the
su
su
bj ect
.
LESS ON
b ra v e
well in the war
p
.
CONTAINING MODIFIERS
E N TE N C E S
1
T
h
8
.
e
§
V
s ol
dier s
of
.
Un ion fought
the
.
p al wo r d in th e s ubje c t o f th is s e n te n c e is
s o ld ier s
The p in c ip a l t hi g s a id O f t h e m is f o u gh t
S o ldie s l s m o d ifi e d b y the a Sp e c ifyi g a dj e c tive a n d
br a ve a d e s c ip tiv e a dj c tiv e lim iti g t he s u bj e c t
The wo r d s of the U io n lim it t he s ubj e c t s till fur the r
Th e
,
ri n c i
r
.
n
r
.
n
,
r
,
e
,
n
,
.
n
I t is
n ot
th at th e
s a id
br a ve
th at
s o ld ier s
.
a ll
f
o
s o ld ie r s
fo u g ht w e ll , b u t
Un ion fo ught
th e
o n ly
F o ug h t is
.
m o d ifi e d b y br a vely , t e llin g h ow th e y fo ugh t,
the wa r , t e llin g wh e n o r w h e r e th e y fo ugh t
an d
b y in
.
My
dog
ra n
through the ga rd en
D og is m o d ifi e d b y th e w o r d m y ,
d og
b e l o n gs
,
and ra n
fie d
is m o d i
.
t e llin g t o wh o m th e
b y t h e w o r d s th r ou gh
sh o
w in g w her e t h e d o g r a n
ords are d ivid e d in t o ei ht cla s ses
g
the g a r d en ,
.
W
The
m ade
in to
su
bj e c t
Of a l l
,
w or d s , is
wo rd s
eig h t c la ss es ,
.
n ot
l im ite d , fo r th e
.
a s s e r tio n
is
Ar e d ivid ed
is m o d ifi e d b y th e wo r d s
s h o win g h o w w o r d s a r e d ivid e d
.
Th e p u p il s s uccess in gr a mm ar d ep en d s l arge l y u p on the
cle arn ess with wh ic h h e com p r e h en ds th e ej ect of m od ifie rs
Th e
’
‘
.
36
E
NGLISH GRAMMAR
.
a s im p l e s en ten ce a r e
ea s ily un d er stoo d ;
t h e m o difi e r s , n o t s o m u ch in
id eas in
th e
p
d ifficul ties a r e gen era ll y w ith
p er
Th e a b o ve
c eivi n g wh a t t h e y a r e , a s in tell in g wha t t ey mea n
e a m p l e s S h o w h o w th e efi ect Of m odifie rs sh o uld b e m ad e p l a in
to a class
r in c ip a l
h
x
.
‘
.
A
n al
z
e
y
t e ll
an d
E v ly
The
is
j
d
A
su
bj ect
Su
bj ect
a
m
G
o th a m
or
.
d to S t
.
we n t to
Re vie w th e
H
se a
p a r r o t fo r
h is
e le n a .
in
H
fr o m
c am e
A
a
b o wl
.
a va n a .
b r o th e r
.
ca lle
d
a
bj ect with lim iting words
s u bj ec t
The sim p le sub
su
.
b
a su sta n tive.
su
bj ects
,
s e nte n c e s
a
l
e
p
lwa ys
or
m odi
a v er b.
whic h y o u h a v e a lr e a d y w r itte n ,
a n d t e ll wh a t t h e m o d ifi e r s e x
p oin t out the m od ifiers
p re s s
W r ite t e n s e n te n c e s with m o d ifi e d
,
sim
ar e
The Sim p le p r e d icate is
.
m e a n in g ,
without m o difiers is
o difi e d
ays
al w
.
Pre dica tes , lik e
fied
th e
c h a n ge s
n is h e
b
c al le
is
Of
ba
l a r g e ye llo w o r a n ge s
ro u h t h o m e a
s a ilo r
g
p le
ect
N a p ol e o n w a s
w is e m e n
1
9
.
§
sim
m o d ifi e r
,
a s s e r tio n .
rst
T hr e e
T he s e
fi er s
th e m o d i
s e n te n c e s , n a m e
m a n w e n t to h is h o u s e
e
fi
each
ho w
lim its t h e
T he
th e foll o win g
.
su
bj ec ts
an d
p re di
c a te s .
Modifiers
Of n ou n s
fiers ; m od ifiers Of
ver ba l m o difier s
a re
c all e
d
a d ective
v erb s a r e ca ll e
j
d
m odi
a d ow bia l or
.
CL AUS E S .
§
a
2 0 . S om etim es
a
g
rou
m odifier , which, when
se n ten ce .
p
u se
of
d
wor d s is
u se
d
b y itself, forms
as
a
INTERME DIATE COURSE
1
.
7
.
Who is here ?
2 D O y o u kn o w who is her e ?
3 I d o n ot k n o w w ho is her e
.
.
.
4
.
Wh o
5
.
The m a n who is hone st is
I n th e
an d
is hon e st ?
b ov e
a
fou rth
d
p
which for m the fir st
the wor d s
,
e cte
res
s e n t en c es a r e u se
d
as
.
m o d ifiers in th e
oth er se n t en ce s .
§
p
re
2L
c on t a in in
A m o difier
dicate
sen t en c e ,
,
Wor ds
which, when
an d
is
“
p
call e
ro
p
d
e rl
y p
ut
bj ect
d al on e
can
g
u se
Cl a u s e
a
su
a
an
d
be
a
m akin g
a
,
.
t ogether ,
s en t en ce or a cla u s e , a r e ca ll e
d
a
n ot
Ph r a s e
.
My booh, is a
I n the hou se, is a p hr a se
i
i
h
om a s a n d
ll
a m , is a
r ase
T
h
W
h
rase
p
p
.
.
.
D o wn
P o in t
an d
m
i
l
l
t
h
e
by
p
o ut
on d ,
fie
th e m o d i
te ll wh a t the y
e
rs
is
h
r a se
p
a
in t h e fo llo win g
xp r e s s
Th e
snow
The
r a in
fa lls in t orr e n ts
The
c ar s
m ov e
fa lls
B o y s s k a te
T hre e
on
c h ild r e n
An a lyze ea ch
.
s te a d il
y
s wiftl
.
.
y
th e ic e
.
.
we re go in g t o
s en ten ce.
s c hool.
s e n te n c e s ,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
38
.
LE SS ON VI
A D VERBS
H e Sp e ak s s lo wly
§
Marth a
2 2
.
they
c omm on
b sta n tiv es
a dj ectiv e s b y
su
an
y
an
,
s in
.
.
a n e w cra ss .
to
d v e r b s , m ea n in g tha t
a
T he y
.
th e m
Of
id ly
a re
m o dify
n e v er
fo r m e d fro m
a
.
On e
fi
d v e rb
d in d istin ctly
ddin gly lg t o the a dj ectiv e
m od ify in g v erb s , a dv er b s O ften m od ify
a c ectives .
a
an
b el on g
v er bs
to
Most
.
B esid e s
is
n am e
a dde d
a re
.
nea tly a n d r ap
wr it es
These wor d s in ita lics
T hel r
.
d
a
so m etim es ,
l
W
or d ,
e
g
m a y m o d ify
dv erb
an
a
in st ea d
d v erb
Of
a n oth e r
m o d ifyin g
m odi fies
whole
a
s en t en c e
Most a d v erb s
wher e,
how
or
m o d ify in g
so m e t hin g
The work wa s
My br other
d on e
is
d on e
.
§
AD V E RB S
H is h o u s e is
pp le
( H ow )
v er y
a
O ur
s c h o o l- r o o m
The
c o lo n e l
is to o
was
la r ge
.
.
.
s o u r.
is
r ea
lly
o ver c o n
b e au tiful
.
fide
m ov e m e n t w a s m or e
Th e we a th e r is
.
MODI FYI N G AD J E OTI VE S
Th e
T h is
( Wh en )
h
e
e
r
W
)
(
liv es her e
.
.
.
t
e
r da .
s
e
y
y
Y o u hav e l e arn e d w ell
2 3
v erb s ex r ess
p
ex cess ively
n t.
s u c c e s s ful .
hot
.
.
when ,
INTERMEDIATE COURSE
ADVERBS MO D IF YING OTHER
H
AD VE RE s
.
r ite s ver
e ll
w
w
y
y
h o r s e s r a n too fa s t
enr
Th e
Y
39
.
.
.
ou
Y ou
S h o u ld
o u gh t
n ot re a d s o ra
s tu d
to
p idly
.
i
i
l
n tl
r
d
e
m
o
e
y
g
y
.
A D VERBS MO D I F YING WHOLE
S E N TE N C E S .
The b o y h a s n o t l e a r n e d h is l e s s o n
Cer ta in ly t h e m o n e y w a s s e n t
.
.
I n d eed y o u
§
Ver ily
I
P er hap
s
a re
sa
m is tak e n
u n to
y
s h a ll
I
P o in t
th e v e r
o ut
t e ll
t en o e s ,
and
p hr a s e s
us e d.
u.
o
y
see
2 4 . E X AMPLE S
He
c o m e s ev e ry
He
r e m a in e d
Th e w o o d w a s
Th e
p o or
M ar y
s in
b
g
e
xp r e s s e s
P o int
.
out
sen
th e
igh t la st e v e n in g
up o n th e S ho r e
r
.
.
.
d ay
.
Eu p
ro
c ut
b ec aus e
Of
Verb al m o difiers
th r e e ye a r s .
a n a x.
h u n ge r
S he
T h e h u n t e r k ill e d t wo
Th e t e a c he r lik e s
e
w it h
m a n d ie d
s,
.
fi e r c ely
s t o r m r a ge s
in
Y
AN AL S I S
e ac h
wh at
.
m o d ifi e r s in th e follo win g
The lightn in g w a s
Th e w a v e s d a s h e d
Th e
h im
F OR
b al
.
.
is h a pp y
.
bea
rs.
a tt e n tiv e
p up ils
.
w
h
n , wher e, wh ,
e
p
y
how, how h n g, who m , wha t, with wha t, by w ha t
ex
re ss
.
Comp ose
fie r s
Of a ll
m o d ifi e r
.
t w e n ty s e n t e n c e s ,
t he s e k in d s ,
and
c o n t a in in
g
v er
b al
i
e the m e a n in
v
g
g
m odi
Of e a c h
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
40
C LAU S E S
§
my
25
O
AS M D IF I E RS
Th e m a n who m you
.
.
.
w ith m e wa s
sa w
u n cl e .
Th e b oy who da r es to sp ea k the tr uth is
s e c t ed
p
H e t ol d m e w ha t he ha d seen
re
.
.
S a m u el
s ho we
exa mp le
m e ho w the
d
wa s
w or ked
.
m o difier s , m ay b e
v er ba l m o d ifie rs
C la u se s , like
m o d ifier s ,
or
o th er
su
b sta n tiv e
or
which t he y m od ify
Ver ba l m o difyin g
so m e
wher e ? how
E X
cla u s es
a n s w e r in
w or d
‘
w
i
w
h
o,
b
e in
t
h
y
g
tha t, a n d s ta n d d ire c tly
u s u a ll
cl a u s e s
w hose, w hom , w hich,
t he
?
or
g
why ?
AMP L E S
the
F OR
q
E
Y
YSIS
G
h a ve
T his
s ol d
a
h o rs e th a t I
t he
Th e
is t h e b o y wh ose
s t o r m w h ic h w a s
Th e
p u p il who
a rm
Ge
to d r ive
.
is d ilig en t w ill im p r o v e
Y
e l e n s a id
.
o v e r.
VE RBAL MOD IF ING CLAUSE S
H
S.
wa s br o ken
is
th a t
s he
w o u ld go
.
rm a n .
u s ed
r a g in g
w he
i
u est on s ,
A N AL
Th e m a n wh o m I m et w a s
.
b egin w ith
Often
ADJ CTI VE MOD IF IN CLAU SE
I
dj
ective
.
Adjective
a ft er
a
.
.
.
H e w e n t w her e h is c ou n tr y ca lled
T he o a k s t a n d s fi r m when temp es ts
.
ra
e
.
g
n
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
42
in th e
which foll o ws , he
sen t en ce
Of t he
er s o n s n a m e .
m u st
y
2
7
§
.
s tu
dy
are
In s tea d
y
ea
e,
k
y
onl
B ut,
.
“
n ot s a
y,
C harl es ,
.
u se
d
in stea d
Of n oun s a r e c all e
d
.
th e
Of
n a m es
ou r , ou r s , u s , ar e u s e
p
d oes
f thos e p er son s who
s e a k in , t he
ron o un s , I , m , m in e, m e, w e,
p
p
g
y
In stea d
s
”
in st e a d
u
o
y
”
Words
Pr o n o u n s
u s es
The t e a ch er
’
p
C ha rle s , C ha r l e s m u st s tu dy
ou
.
,
ou ,
y y
thee
we
u se
ur ,
o
y
ou ,
y
a re u s e
God
p
t o wh om w e
ers on s
the p r on ou n s , thou , thy , thine, thee,
owr s .
y
In
comm on s
p
e ech
we
u se
Thou , thy, thin e, a n d
o etr , an d in a dd r ess in
p
y
g
ou r s .
ou r ,
d
.
n a m es Of
t he
of
d
O
y
m ostly in
.
In ste a d
w hich we
the
Of
s
p
ea
k
,
n a m es
we
u se
Of
those
three
Obj ects
cl a s s e s
Of
of
p
ro
n ou n s .
1
.
In
s
p
ea
kin g
of a sin
l
e m al e
g
b ein g
we
u se
b ein g
we
,
the p r o n ou n s he, his , him
2 I n S p e ak in g Of a S in gl e fe m ale
.
.
u se
3
n or
the p r on o u n s ,
s he,
her , her s
,
.
I n sp ea kin g Of a s ihgle thin g, n e ither m ale
fem al e , or Of a thin g wh ose sex is u n im p or
.
t a n t , we
u se
the p r on o un s , it, its
I n sp eakin g
.
f thin gs m ore tha n
O
the p ron o un s, they, their , their
s,
them
on e ,
.
we
u se
I
A
an d
th e
na
NTERMEDIATE COURSE
lyz e th e follo win g
t e l l w h e th e r t h e y
pe
N
s e n t en c e s .
fo r th e
sta n d
43
.
ame
the
n a m e Of
p
the
r o n oun s ,
s
p ok e n t o o r s o m ethin g s p ok e n Of
I h a v e m y b o ok a d y our p e n c il
J a m e s h a s his b all a n d m y hat
Y o u p u p ils h a v e l e a r e d th e ir l e s s o n s
S h e h a s r e c e iv e d a p r e s e n t fr o m h im
I h av e m y b ook y o u h a v e y ou s sh e h a s h e
T his is m y b ook T his b o ok is m in e
rs o n s
p e ak e r
,
.
,
n
.
.
r
n
.
.
r
,
,
.
.
If
t h e m in t h e ir
oun d
Y
ou
p r a is e
g
ar d e n .
b e c ause
us ,
r s.
we d o
o ur
d u ty
.
H e fo u n d m y k n ife , a n d lo s t it a ga in
Th e b ir d fe e d s its y o u n g a n d c a r e s fo r th e m
.
Th e
c hild
ha s
2 8 . The
c ut
it s
fi n ge r
.
Of a
k
er
or a
§
sta n d in
f
or his n a m e is sa id t o b e Of
g
r son b eca u s e t he s ea k er is the fir st
e
p
p
n a me
.
sp ea
ron oun
p
the
,
,
t
S
fi
who has
,
i
n
T
h
e n ame
t
h
t
o d o with t he sen t en c e ,
y
g
Of a
er s on s oken t o , or a p r on o u n s t a n din
p
g
p
an
for his
n a m e , 1 s s ai
d
to be
of
secon d
th e
p
er son ,
the p er s o n sp ok en t o , is the n e xt in
who ha s a n y thin g t o d o with the sen ten c e
b ecau se
der
All other
or
.
n ou n s
the thi rd p
an
d p r on oun s
a re s a i
to b e
d
Of
er son .
T ha t for which
An t e c e d e n t
a
p
ron ou n stan
d s is
c al le
d its
.
i
n on e
§
y
m
I
r son a r e calle d P e r s o n a l
ron ou n s
e
,
p
y,
p
w e, ou r , u s , ar e u se d on ly in p l ac e Of the n a m e
2 9 . Pr on ou n s which
a re
u se
d
on l
.
Of the s
p
ea
k er ;
i
n
l
a ce
p
y
o
u
onl
y
Of
the
f
n am e O
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
44
rson s
e
p
s
n a m e s Of
i
v en
g
a
k en
to ;
Obj ects
S
o
p
b ove
ar e
p
p
on l
they
Of.
k en
o
.
n
i
l
a ce Of the
p
y
All th e p ron oun s
erso n a l.
RE LATI VE
PRO N O UN S
.
3 0 . The w ord s , w ho, whose, w hom , which,
an d
tha t,
st a n
din g
c la u ses
a re
t he b eginn in g Of a cfiective
ca ll e d R e l a t i v e Pr o n o u n s .
at
The An t e c e d e n t
y
direc tly b efor e it
p
te n
p
r on ou n
s a m e s en ten ce , a n d u su all
b e fou n d in the
W r ite
i
r ela t v e
Of a
st a n
ds
.
s e n te n c e s
c l au s e s
w ith
c o n t a inin g r ela t ive
r o n ou n s .
S
fr o m
e le c t
r el a tive
y
o ur
r on ou n s .
p
ced en ts Of t h e
p
re ad er
A
n al
z
e
y
ten
s e n te n ce s
the m ,
and
c on t a in in g
n am e
th e
ha v e
The
.
r on o u n
them
a n te
r on ou n s.
The p ro n ou n s , m y, thy, him , her , your
som etim es t h e w or d sel
a dd e d t o th e m
f
p
is to
a
dd s
selves,
in the
sam e
wa y
.
T hese p r on oun s with the wor d t hu s a dd e d
are
c all e d
C o m p o u n d p e r s o n a l p ron ou n s
T hey ar e u se d wh en the a n tece d en t Of the p ro
.
n ou n
is the
m odify
su
a n ou n ,
bj ect
th e
of
m a kin g it
s en t en c e, an d al so
emp
I hav e h urt m yself
Jam es ha s cut himself
ha tic
.
.
.
Is ab ell a m a d e her self sick
T hose b oys will
.
kill them sel ves
.
to
INTERMEDIATE COURSE
The kin g hi mself coul d d o
I m yself a m t o b lam e
45
.
m ore
no
.
.
A de scrip tiv e
a
m e a n s t he
n ou n often
Th e wis e m a n
Of
.
.
Th e
s hin in g s t a r .
a
the foll owin g
wh i ch
s ta r
s h in es
the
dj
ectiv e cl a u s e s a fte r
sen t en ces,
The t r a in which w a s d u e
su
bj ects
th u s
n o t a rr iv e
has
Th e tr a in
it
Th e m a n wh o is w is e
.
3 1 . I n sert
din g b efor e a
a dj ectiv e c la u se
st a n
sam e a s a n
a fter
which m ight s ta n d
Th e
dj ectiv e
d
at
.
eig h t
’
o c lo ck
ha s
n ot
a rr iv e d .
b o ok
The
My
is l o st
Th e fa r m
lo win g
j
s e n te n c e s ,
s old
F a th e r h a s
F a th e r
h as
b ou ght a h o u s e
is c a lle d a p a t rio t
c la u s es in th e p r e d ic a t e s
s ol d
th u s
th e
The
I
o u ld
l ik e t o
c o u n t ry
r e c e iv e d
fa r m
far m which h e bough t
t he
T h e y a r e c h a s in g a
W e fo u n d a gu id e
I Sh
.
.
a d ec tive
'
s ol d .
ha s
W a sh in gton
n s er t
b e en
has
Th e m e r c h a n t
I
c o m e.
ha s
fr ie n d
.
h or s e
re a d
th e
bo
o
k
h o n o r s th e m a n
t w o d olla r s fo r t h e wh e a t
I N TE RR G AT I VE
PRO N OUN S
O
.
IVho did it ?
W a t did
did yo u s e e ?
l Vhich wa y
/
Of
th e fol
46
E
I t h as
alr e a d y
NGLISH GRAMMAR
b een
t im e s in ver ted
p
re
d ic a t e ,
t h a t th e s e n t e n c e
n o tic e d
b e for e
th e
is
s om e
p e d ic a te o r p a r t Of the
s ubj e c t
T his is u s u ally the
wh e n t h e
c om e s
.
r
,
.
q ue stio n s I n th e s e n te c e H O W d o you d o
i
h
s u bj e c t d o d o h o w is t h e p r e d ic a te
o
u
s
e
t
y
A n alyz e t he qu e stion s giv e n a b ov e W ite a n d a n a
lyz e te n s e n te n c e s e a c h in t he fo r m Of a q u e s tion
in
c ase
n
.
.
,
r
.
.
A
c all e
s en t en ce
d
which
In
I n t e r r o ga ti v e
an
a
q
u esti on
k ed is
Is
as
s e n t en c e .
The p r on ou n s who, w hose, who m , which a n d
wha t, whe n u se d in askin g qu estion s, ar e c alle d
I n t e r r o g a tiv e p
r o n o un s.
The wor d for which
s tan
d s is
t hu s
fo un d in the
:
Who b roke the
Who s ta
W r it e
z
e
y
c o n t a in
‘
c o n ta in in g
s om e
one
Of
i n ter r og a tive p
y
b ook s
o ur
§
My
d og is
The
p
ro
b o ok
l ies
Fa th e r s to od
s e n t en c e s
.
.
the tab le
C h a rl es S its
t en
r o n ou n s .
PREPOSITIONS
.
in te r ro g a tiv e
the m .
LE SS ON VIII
33
.
.
s e n te n c e s
n al
J a m es b rok e it
win d o w ?
fo r J a m es
fr o m
e le c t
whic h
n ds
ten
A
n oun s .
S
in terr oga tive p ron oun
a n s wer Of the
u e s tion ,
q
an
.
the t ab le
.
the t a ble
t he t abl e
.
.
INTERMEDIATE COURSE
Put
wor d in to
a
th at will
l
e t e t he
p
s o m ethin
sh o w
wo r d s
l
a ce
p
co m
O
Un der ,
e a ch Of
f th e
su
bj ect
the
g
c om
b ou t
p
b ove
se n t e n c es
No tic e tha t thes e
s en s e .
a
a
.
ar e
d
t he p osition or
with the t a b le
.
by, sho w ho w the t a bl e is p la ced, or
in wha t wa y it is r ela ted t o e a ch subj ect
T her e a re a b ou t forty c o m m on wor d s which
a t, on ,
.
are u s e
d t o con n ect s ub sta n tiv es with other w ord s
a n d, a t
in g
su
wo r d
The
.
th e
tim e , t o
sa m e
b sta n tiv e
is
r el a t e
T hese word s
n a me p r ep osition
foll owin g s ub stan tiv e
is call e d t he
p
re
p
i
osit on
a dv er bia l
a s,
“
su
b
an
d its
d
calle
LI S T OF
som e
p
r e ce
din g
d Pr e p o s i t i o n s
.
.
the p r ep osition The
m
s u b s e u en t u s u a ll
a ke a n
q
y
t
Of
a n s we rin
The b ook is
to
ho w the follo w
m ea n s p la ced befor e
The
who s e rel a tion is ex p r es se d ,
seq u en
h
r a se,
p
A
are
S how
,
-
.
h
u estion wher e
t
e
,
q
g
wher e ?
The
b ook
C OMMON PRE P O S I TI ON S
.
is
on
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
48
.
Pr ep osition s a r e v er y cl osely r elate d to
an
d
a re
is th e
in
an
u se
m os tly in
d
on l
which is
o sit io n
y p p
h
r a se
a d ective
j
p
re
a dver bia l
a
d verb s,
h
ras es
p
Often
em
Of
.
l
o ed
p y
.
Whe n
the
su
b sequ en t
Of
the p r ep osition is
r
i
t
i
t
h
e
e
os
n
m
o
a
ll
d
b
e
ca
e
a
n
r
b
a
d
v
e
,
p p
y
Notice t ha t m a n y Of t hese p r ep osit ion s h a v e
om itte
d
.
ex a ct o
pp
in m ea n in g,
os ites
an d
m ay b e
a rr a n
e
g
d
in p a ir s, thu s :
b e fo r e
b ehin d ,
,
u n d er ,
o v er,
b ove
o th e r p r e p o s itio n s
a
N
am e
W rite
t ion s
A
s e n te n c e s
T
o
w
(
.
,
or
n
.
.
n
m o re
ll
d
e
a
t
e
z
;
y
s ub s e q u e n t S h o w
n al
b el o w
whic h h a v e o pp o site s
c o n t a in i g e a c h O f th e a b o v e p r e p o s i
c an
wh a t
be
u sed
r ela tio n
in th e
th e
s a m e s e n te n c e
p r e p osition
and
)
.
its
.
W O RD S TH AT C O N N E CT
§
35
they
.
In
m u st b e
w ord s ,
tha t wor d s m a y m ak e
j oin e d t ogether p rop erly
d er
.
.
s en s e,
The
with, boy, dog, the, stru ch, do n ot
b eca u se th ey a r e n ot in p r op er or d e r
se n s e
to
r e ss a n
p
The
AN D W O RD S
stich, a ,
m ake
ex
or
SE N T E N CE S
s am e
n
hi
t
y
g
.
w or d s
m ak e
s ense
wh en
l
a c ed
p
thu s
The b oy struck th e dog wi th a s tick
G en erally th e s en se is sh own b y th e
.
or der
in
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
50
W rite
fo ur
c om
fo ur w ith
W r ite
s e n te n c e s
fo u r
c om
w ith
.
p ou n d
p o u n d p r e d ic a te s
w ith b oth s ubj e c t s
su
bj e c ts Write
.
.
p r e d ic ate s
and
c om
thu s :
un d ,
o
p
W illia m
an d
C h ar l e s
S om etim e s
a s en t e n c e
o r a cl a u se
t e n ce ,
read an d s
to
is
p ell
.
j oin e d
by
a sen t en c e ,
her
to
a n ot
s en
i
j
a con u n ct on ,
thu s
Th e
H is
n ot
c om
p an y
c o u r a ge
w ill
wa s
t r u s tw o r t h y
n e v er
it d o e s
if
c om e ,
i
n ot r a n .
d o u b t e d , bu t his
j u d gm e n t wa s
.
W r it e tw o s e n te n c e s c o n n e c t e d b y a n d
W rite t w o s e n te n c e s c o n n e c te d b y bu t
W r it e tw o s e n te n c e s c on n e c te d b y or
W r ite two s e n te n c e s c o n n e c te d b y beca u s e
.
.
.
S om etim e s
n ou n st an
te n ce
an a
ds
a r el a t iv e or
in terro ga tiv e p ro
i g w or d b e t we en a sen
Of th e s e n t e n c e
S om et im e s
a s a c on n e ct n
a n d a cla u se
d v erb
an
.
.
c on n ects a s e n t en ce
w ith
Th e g e n e r a l a sk e d w h a t th e y s a w
T h e y w ill h e a r u s wh en we c a ll
a cla u s e .
.
.
W ho
k n o ws w hy t h e
EX
§
37
in g which the
s en t e n c e s
ex a m
l
es
p
l an gu a ge
.
.
.
s
ea
k er
p
P sha w
T her e
l
f
i
a
ed
y
C LAMATI ON S
C ert ain wor d s
.
arm
a re u se
can
They fo r m
no
p
d
to
ex
w ell
n ot
F u dge
a re n ot
.
ex
p
0h
B ah
m an y
Of
feel
r ess
by
are
the m in the
f t he
a rt O
p
r e ss
sen t e n c e .
INTERMEDIATE COURSE
LESS ON IX
CHANGES
TH E
IN
51
.
.
FORM OF WORDS
3 8 . The fa rm er bin ds the
.
Sheaf with a ba n d
.
T hey bou n d the thie f w ith bon d s
.
a ll
Not ic e that
the four w or d s in it alic s
ta m the id e a of tyin g, tho u gh they d o
e x a ctl
t
h
e
y
in
e a ch
The letter s b,
sa m e
wor d ,
an
d these l etters
n,
d,
c on
n ot
m ea n
a re
fo un d
i
the p ri n
r oot Of the
con t a n
ip a l m ea n in g
They a r e ca lle d t he
The cha n ges in m ea n in g a r e m a de b y
w or d
t
h
e o th er letter s Of the w or d
cha n in
g g
c
.
.
.
When
on e
wor d is for m e d from
an other
by
i
n
s om e Of it s l ette rs , or b y a ddin
l
e
t
t
e
r
s
g g
g
the b egi n n i n g, or t o the en d Of the w o r d , we
ch a n
to
th a t
s ay
3 9.
a n
w
or d is der iv ed from th e first
w
e
Word s
are
d er ive d
from
other
.
w or d s in
fo ur w a y s :
1 B y cha n gin g letter s within th e word ;
bin d, ba n d, bon d, bou n d
.
as ,
.
By p la cin g lett e r s b efore the wo r d ;
bin d, u n b in d ; u s e, m is u se , a b u se
2
.
-
-
3
.
By
a
dd in g
c a r e u l, c a r e less ,
f
4
.
By
fa c tory
.
l ette r s t o the w ord ;
c ar e) in g, c ar es
(
j oin in g o n e
as ,
a s,
ca r e,
.
wor d t o
a n ot h er
;
as,
wat ch
.
ha n ge s m odify the m ea n in g
fier s to
ro o t, b u t a s we h a ve u se d m o d i
T hes e
c
Of
ex
p
the
res s
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
52
wor ds which m od ify
c
ha n ges which
en
din g
-
§
40
.
ti o n
w or d s , t o
i
n m e a n in , th e
g
g
c ha n
g
e
g
a re
es
in its
or
m a d e in
d e n ote the s a m e
is ca lle d I u n e c
.
a
s
,
r o n o u n s, a
p
d ve r b s
ar e
4 L P en cil ,
in fl
d je c t i v e s ,
Notic e tha t
b o ok ,
un
h ou s e
e a ch
d er
th e fir st lin e , t her e
s ta n
Of
ds
.
th in g is
ca lle
d
T ha t for m
m o r e th a n
d enote s
Of a s u
T ha t form
th e
Of
'
on e
in t he
n oun
d eriv e d
m o r e t ha n
which
n um
b stan tiv e
t hin g is
i
v en in
g
n ou n d e riv e d
n ou n s
n o un
Si n gu l a r
su
.
t he
b stan tiv e
the
and
bs
.
an o th e r
E a ch
fr o m it b y a dd in g 8
lin e d en ot e s on e thin g the
it in the l ower lin e
ver
e c te d .
P en cils , b ook s , h ou se s
b er
th e se
.
ch a n
sa m e
e
few
§
the
l
Nou n
a
fo r m
of a c a ss Of
the for m
c ha n
When
c a ll
w o rd s , w e
m a d e in the wor d ,
a re
ge s i n
ch an
,
o th e r
.
c all e
d
on e
er
pp
fr Om
thin g
.
d en otes
b er
on e
.
which
t he
u
d en otes
Pl u r a l
n um
.
TO
a n nex,
in
s
p
ea
kin g
Of cha n
es
g
m e a n s to p la ce after
TO p r eyix m e a n s to p la ce befor e
Mos t n o un s , lik e those giv en a b ov e,
in form
,
.
.
from th e
s ingu la r
a n n exin g s
t o th e
ar e chan
d
g
e
form to the p lu r a l for m b y
s in u l a r
g
IN TE RME DIAT E CO URSE
When
is
a
dde d
b ox ,
3 an n exe
d
c an n ot
to for m the p lural ,
m
l
a ss,
a tch ,
g
8
.
e a sil
be
s oun
y
b u sh
b u shes
,
m an , m en ; mou s e , m ice ; foot,
o th er
y
§
42
sh o w
m a le,
.A
few
OF
chan
n ou n s
f
whether the p ers on s
or
em a le
f
of
ch ur ches .
ch an
i
n
g g
t o oth , teeth
eet;
w or d s
CH AN GE
,
c hur ch .
l
m
a tch es ,
a ss e s ,
,
g
A fe w n ou n s for m the p lur a l b y
lett er s within the wo rd ; a s,
an
es
as
b ox es ,
C an yo u giv e
c la ss e s ?
ded
.
e ith e r
Of
th e s e
SE X .
their
g
e
n am e
en
din gs
d b y th e m
to
a re
.
A ctor , a ctr ess ; coun t , co un tess ; h ero , heroin e;
wido wer , wido w ; Fra n cis , Fra n ces
.
PO S S E S S I ON
§
43
.
This is the
Th e hou s e
Of
th e p hr a s e
Which
Of
s ou n
m y m ot her ,
DO t h e
The
f
l
e
g
.
b e sh ort en e d ?
a ther
my f
the
.
b ett er
f
o
“
,
T his
Is
T his is m y m other
?
i
n
i
r
i
n
m
e
a
n
f
f
e
d
g
or
m y m other
who p
s a m e re la tion
is
What
Sh o w ?
or
s e n te n ces
The p hra se
b
el on s ;
rin
g
g
sen t e n c es
o
ds
”
n est Of a n e a
m y father is l ar ge
H o w c an these
d oes
.
sh o ws
d in
’
s
r in
g
”
r in
?
g
t o whom the
ossesses or owns
exp r es se
th e
the
the
r in
g
.
shor ter
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
54
.
i
h
n
t
e e n din g Of the n o u n
g g
m other , a n d b y b rin gin g the n o un in to a n other
l
a ce in th e s en t e nc e
p
ch a n
by
s en ten ce
.
Wh en
the p r ep osition
n ou n , t he s a m e
m o dify
a
ex
d
p
res s e
u en t
by
n ou n ,
q
m odified
f
o
,
an d
its
su bsequen t
is
som e tim e s
r ela t ion
n
i
t
h
e e n d in
Of th e
g g
g
i
l
a cin
t
efore t he
and
b
p
g
su b s e
ch a n
n o un
.
C h a n g e th e
p hr a s es
in it a lic s t o
fo r m s
s h o r te r
fl a s h of the l ig h tn ing w a s b ight
Th e p o e m s of M ilto n a r e a d m ir e d
Th e fl igh t of th e s w a llow is a p id
Th e
r
.
.
r
Of
an d
its
session , a n d
ex
p
r ess
n ou n s
e xp r ess
to
en
.
.
The
o s tr op h e .
Ma ry s
’
a
p
on ce
o s tr o
wr itten in t he
t ea ch e r
,
’
s,
om is sion
h
e sh o ws th e
p
en
din g
.
i
l
s,
p p
n
e n din
i
g
u
bir d s
’
’
N o un s in the p l u ral,
s,
o s s es siv e for m
a ostro h e t o m a k e the
p
p
p
T u rk e y s
W r ite
in g
p
os
din g is cha n ge d
c all e d P o s s e s s i v e s
wh os e
r e la tion a r e
p
Of i which wa s
a
fre qu en tly
b sequ en t
Nou n s in th e sin gula r exp r ess the r ela
o s s e ssio n b
r
Of
a ddin
e
c
d
d
s
e
e
b
a
n
p
y
g , p
y
44
t ion
this
su
.
’
,
ea
s e n te n c e s
l
es
g
dier s
th e p l u r a l s
s ol
’
,
c o n t a in in g
’
a
d d t he
.
b ab ies
,
Of
.
’
.
th e fo ll o w
n oun s :
m o n k e y,
W r ite
her o,
k in g,
s e n t e n c e s c o n t a in in
th e fo ll o w in g
s e rv a n t ,
h
e
t
g
p
que e n
,
fo x
.
ossess i ve s in u la r Of
g
n ouns :
s o ldier ,
t e a c h e r,
d oc tor
.
I
F in d
ten
m th e p
§
in y o u r
s e n te n c e s
The
r el a tion o f n u
2
.
The
r el a tion Of s e x.
3
.
The
r el ation Of
The
chan
denotes
t he
f
g
n u m ber
e
p
o
and
p
m b er
f
or m
f
4 6 . I wr ite to
-
is wr itten
ken
sp o
p
c a ll e
d
which
D eclen
day
t
rin ci a l
p
six
the
th e
I wr ote yester day
I
Joh n wr ites The letter
.
.
.
t he
s en t en ce s
a ctio n
Of
r oot Of
the
.
b
,
an
is
The l e tt er s
wr iting
v er
a ctio n
sam e
d
i
con ta n
th e
m ean in g
.
The
v er
By
cha n gin
b
wr it e , wrot e
By
.
.
of ;
ar e
.
.
Fa ther wa s wr itin g
.
I n thes e
r
n ou n
.
sha ll w r ite t o m orr o w
w
is
ossession
.
the
o
CONJ UGATION
-
t o de
.
o s se s sio n
LESS ON X
—J
f
or m
r ela tion s .
thr ee
.
§
c o n t a in in g n o u n s
r e a d er
No u n s , then , cha nge their
.
1
sio n
55
.
os s es s ive.
45
note
NTERMEDIATE COURSE
is
v a rie
d in
l
ett e r s
g
t he foll o w in g wa y s
within the wor d ;
as ,
.
a n n e x in
l
t
rs
e
t
e
g
a s,
wr ite , write s, wr it (e)
ing
.
By p refixin g other w ord s , which , altho ugh n o t
j oin ed to it, a r e call ed a p a rt Of the p r ed ica te
ver b
;
a s,
wr ite, sha ll write, m a y write
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
56
W r it e
s e n ten c e s c o
th e fo ll o w in g
47
i
Of
th e
a ct on
fi
i sh
ed
n
son
t he
of
su
k n o w,
S om e
.
s om e
;
h e ar ,
cha n
th e se
Of
is t he
whether the
su
d oer
bj e ct
Of
i
the
a ct on
is sin gul ar
.
e
i
is
a ct on
the p
sho w
s om e
bj ect
fe e l
the ti m
s o m e S ho w
ed
su
bj ect
es Sho w
g
S h o w wheth er th e
fi n ish
or u n
th e
s o m e v ar ia tio n Of e ac h Of
bs
t hr o w ,
i
e,
v
g
§
v er
nt a in in g
.
whether
s om e sho w
;
l
ur al
p
or
er
.
E X AMPLE S .
S ol dier s fight
Th e
I
t cr
Sh o w s
in t h e fo r m
c h a n ge
am
S ol diers fou ght
.
wr itin g
l ette r
a
.
a c h a n ge
in tim e
.
I ha v e writt en
.
a
l et
.
Th e
a c t io n
i n t he
n is h ed
i
f
s ec ond ,
Thou Go d
Go d
first
s e n te n c e
is
un
fi n ish e d
,
in th e
.
s e e st
me
thin gs
s e es a ll
.
.
h
o w s th a t th e
S
n
o
er
so
t
h
e
g
p
f
I
h
i
d
e fi r s t s e n t e n c e G o d is s p o k e n
s c ha
e
t
e
t
sub
c
j
g
to in t h e s e c o n d H e is s p o k e n of
The m a n p l o ws t he fiel d
The fiel d is p l o wed
I n th e fi s t s e t e n c e th e s u bj e c t d oes th e a c tio n w hic h
Th e
c h a n ge
e n d in
in
n
n
.
.
,
.
.
r
is
a ffir m e d
b ut t h e
n ot
su
n
; in th e
s e c on d ,
bje c t
n ot
is
t e ll w h o d id it
t he
th e
s am e
d oor ,
and
a c tio n
t he
is
s e n te n c e
.
The m an is here
.
The m en
ar e
affir m e d ,
here
.
d oe s
S
E NGLI H G
58
a ction , a n
a r e c a ll e
d whether it is
d
Ten
.
d e n ot es
the
p
r esen t
ten se
fin ished
Ten se
s.
,
co m e s
fr o m
a
b has the fo rm
a v er
sai
to b e in
d
w he n its for m
'
fin ished
un
or
tim e, it is
r esen t
p
.
Whe n
w or d m e a n in g tim e
which
m
s e -fo r
RAMMAR
tim e , it is in th e p a st ten se
The form s which sh o w t hat t he
d en otes p a st
.
d o er
a ction
t he
Of
Ac t i v e V o i c e
t he
ve r
The
f th e
O
he
,
r ea
fiv e
fi
b oys
W r ite
fi ve
;
Th e t im e h a s
W rit e
fiv e
t he
d,
V oic e.
Y o u go , She goes
Sh o w th a t th e s u bj ect is
.
.
s in
ula r n u m
g
b er
.
as,
g
s e n te n c e s
a c t io n
n is h e d
;
s k a t in
were
Of
in w hic h t h e r e is m e ntio n e d
s e n te n c e s ,
n is h ed a c ti o n
the
n o t u se
ar e
Pa s s i v e
IS
ds
din gs s a n d es
thir d p er s o n a n d
som e u n
fi
d
en
W r ite
Th e
re a
bj ect
the for m s
d
to b e in the
d
50. I
c a ll e
I f t hese for m s
.
sa i
b is
are
su
.
in
wh ich
t he
v er
bs
e
xp re s s
a s,
c om e .
s e n te n c e s
with
a v er
b
in th e p
r es en t
ten s e ;
7
M oth e r is m e n d in g m y k ite
W r it e fiv e s e n te n c e s w ith th e
.
fi
n is
I
h ed ,
s o ld
W r ite
e ith e r
fi
fi
or u n
n is
m y k n ife
fiv e
h ed ;
s e n te n c e s
n is h ed , o r u n
fi
The b o y will fall
.
n
b
in p a s t t im e ,
e ith er
a s,
S he w a s
.
v er
s in
i
n
g g
with th e
is h ed ;
a
ver
h vm n
b
In
f
.
u tu r e
t im e ,
as,
The m a il will h av e
b e en O p e n e d
.
IN TERMEDIATE C OURSE
P ARTI CI PLE
TH E
Verb s ha v e
5 1.
which
a re
ar e
u se
c o m m on
Adje c t i v e s
a
dj e ct iv e s
in g, th e
ly
j
e a ch
o th er e n
for m s
a re
v er
d s in
T his la bor ing m a n
b
or n
earn s
the se
s
his wa ges
v er
en
y
s ee in ,
g
a s,
H e wa s la bor ing with grea t
Ver ba l
or
a l wa
On e
.
d,
Of
t wo
for m s
or
T hes e for m s
n ou n s .
d Pa r t i c i p l e s ,
T here
.
for
c alle
.
a d ective
t o m odify
d
59
.
bal
d s in
seen .
.
e a rn e s tn ess .
fi s t s e te c e la bor in g a s s e ts o thing a d is a
I n th e s e c o d s e n te n c e it m a y st ill b e
v e b a l a dj c t iv e
a dj e c t iv e b u t a s it is a p a t o f th e p r e d ic a t e
c a l le d a
it is a s s e te d Of t he s ubj e c t d o e s o t m o d ify th e s ubj e c t
a d is g e n e r a lly c alle d a p a t O f t h e v e b
In
the
r
n
n
r
e
r
n
n
.
n
r
,
r
,
n
,
r
n
The
n
,
r
.
b
al a dj ec ti v e I n m y 1 s c a ll e d
§
the I m p e r fe c t (o r u nfin ished ) Pa r t i c i p l e ;
t he oth er en d in gs b elon g to t he Pe r fe c t (or
finished ) Pa r t i c i p l e
52
.
v er
.
The p rin cip al d iffe r e n c e b e twe e n the
a dj ec tiv e a n d oth er a dj e ctiv e s is , t ha t t h e
a
dj ectiv e
m a y ha v e
a ll
th e m o d ifie r s
Of
v er ba
v er
t he
l
b al
v erb
.
The p articip l e ha vi ng jom e d with t he p erfect
a rt ici le o f a v e r b , m a k es w ha t is c a lle d a
p
p
Co m p o u n d
A Cl a u s e
lea vin g
c ip l e
ex
p
ou t
.
t he su bject,
in stea d
r es ses
l
i
e
p
p
2 0) is
a rt c i
Of
i
s om e
a sser t on .
s o m e t im e s
an d
for m
by
Of
shor tened
u s in
t he
by
t
h
e
a rt i
p
g
v er
b
w hich
The p art icip le is then
s ai
d
“
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
60
to
to the word which wo ul d b e th e
r e fe r
j cet
th e
Of
When
left for
fi
r ea
i g w a s om itte d
m y l esson , I ha d a n hour
n ot h n
.
.
m y lesson , I h a d
fin ished
h o ur
an
d in g
.
c omp o u n d
n is h ed
if
su b
din g
H a ving
Th e
se n t e n c e ,
I ha d fin ishe d
r ea
left fo r
.
r e fe r s
ver ba l a
t o t he
su
(
dj
ec tive
bj e c t
I
or
p a rtic ipl e)
The
.
h a vin g
e n d in g
in g in
h a v in g s h o w s t h a t it is th e imp erf ec t p a r t ic ip le ; th e e n d
in g ed in fi n is h ed s h o ws th a t it is t h e p erfect p a rt ic ip l e
.
H a vin g fi n is h ed is m o d ifi e d b y m y less on , s h o w in g wh a t
is fi n is h e d , a n s we r in g t h e q u e s tio n w h a t
H ou r is m o d i
.
fie d b y lef t,
lea ve
ve r
a
b al
j
d er iv e d fr o m th e
a d e c t iv e ,
ver
b
.
§
a l so
53
T his
.
u se
d
m od ifiers
as
Of
v e rb al
a
a
n ou n ,
the
v er
b
dj e ctive for m in
still
while it
r
s e n te n c e
w r itin g is
n
r
n
t he
b e c a u s e it is
m o d ifi e d b y th e
.
.
.
th e
a n oun,
bj e c t o f the s e t e c e B ut it is
T h e r e fo r e it d iffe r s
v e b r ap i d ly
b e c a u s e it a d m it s a v e r b al m o d ifi e r
su
i
r et a n s
.
W iting rap idly is very tire som e
I n th is
ing is
,
fr o m
o th er
ad
n o un s ,
.
Ta k in g his g un , th e fa r m e r w e n t o ut
Th e fi n is h ed g a rm e n t l a y b e s id e h e r
.
.
,
H u n ti n g t ige r s is d a n ge r o u s
A
n e a tl
s
p ort
.
w
tt
e
n l e tt e r in d ic a t e s a c ar e ful s c h ol a r.
r
i
y
H a vin g r ea d the l e t t e r , he p u t it in h is o c k e t.
The
-
p
b a t tle
c o n tes ted
b el
o u t th e p a r t ic ipl e s
w o n b y th e
P o in t
,
h o t ly
re
in
pl a c e
at
la s t
s.
in th e
wh e th e r t he y d e n o t e fi n is hed
cl a us e s
fo r t hr e e h o ur s , wa s
Of
th e
a
fi
or u n
p ar tic ip le s
b o v e s e n te n c e s
d
n is h e
and
.
a c tio n .
T e ll
P ut
fi ers
th e ir m o di
.
INTERME D IATE COURSE
TH E
§
IN
Verb s ha v e
5 4.
b es id e s tha t
In
in
FI N I TI VE
.
sub s t a n tiv e
a n o t he r
g
an d
de d
fo r m
u s u a lly
T his for m is
.
b y the p r ep osition to,
I n fi n i t i v e of the v er b
ce
61
.
c a ll e
is
p
re
th e
d
.
S h e tr ie d to s in g t h e s o n g
To s in g w e ll is a v a l u a b le
.
To w r i te
n e a tl
We
re
y
p lis h m e nt
a ccom
q uir e s p ain s
.
h a v e l e a r n e d to sp ell c o rr e c tly
Th e s u b s t a n tiv e fo r m , o r ver ba l
.
o th e r n o u n s I n
fo r e the
v er
Verbs
b
h a v in g
is
so
a d ver bi a l
j
at e
d
g
an d N m
c on u
are
to
.
S om e
fe w Ad v e r b s ,
Co m p a r i s o n
When
is
sai
d
an a
Ten se,
.
.
.
d e scr ip tiv e Ad je c t i v e s ,
an
a dm it
c a lle
a
ch a n
e
g
Of
form
d
a
d
.
dj e ctiv e
to b e in the
br a ve, hin d
The to b e
.
exp r ess
n b er
COMP ARISON
,
d iffe r s fr o m
.
LE SS ON XI
55
n ou n
m o d ifi e r s
me tim e s O m itte d
Pe r s o n
V o ic e ,
§
.
s im
l
p y
n a m es a
q
P o s i t i v e d egr ee ;
i
t
y,
w ise,
u alit
as,
.
i g the q u ality , o n e
i
er s on o r thin
s
o m a re d w it h a n o th e r b y
c
p
p
g
th e a dj ec tiv e , the a dj ec tive is s a id t o b e in t he
But when , b e sid e s
n am n
C o m p a r a t i v e degr ee
.
The
comp a r a tive
for m
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
62
a n n ex es r
t o t he p
or e r
kin d e r
When b esid es
b ra v er ,
.
ositiv e
form ;
wis er ,
a s,
.
t
i
h
a
v
e
e
e
d
j
c
t
,
q
y,
g
e rson o r thin g w ith m o r e than
c o m a r es a n
y p
p
on e o t he r , t he a dj ec t iv e is s a id t o b e in t h e
n am in
S u p e r l a t i v e d egre e
st
a n n ex e s
or
wise s t , b r a v e s t ,
u alit
a
The
.
t o t he
e st
kin d e s t
erl a tiv e
su
for m
p
i
i
o
t
v
f
or m ;
s
e
p
as,
.
T his is a la rg e b oy
T h is b oy is la rger th a n his o lder b r oth er
T ho m a s is th e la rges t b oy in s c h o ol
.
.
.
Ne v e
u se
r
c om
p ar i
t wo
Y
n
.
b r oth er
th e
t
w
o
g
ou
DO
.
m ight
Of
tion
n
as
w it h
es t
a d e c t ive
an
,
,
.
D escrip tiv e
fe w
j
h
en
w
g
H
e IS t he O ld es t O f t h e
ot sa
y
we ll s a y H e is O ld es t th a n h is
e n d in
a
dj ectiv es
m or e t h a n
Of on e
ll
a bl e,
y
on e s
ll
a b le , a n d a
y
a d m it t he in fl e c
s
Of com a r ison .
p
D e a r , d e a r e r , d e a re st
.
T all
L
,
t alle r , t a lle s t .
o v e ly ,
l o v e l ie r , l o v e lie s t
.
C o m p ar e s m a ll, wis e,
o ld , n ea r ,
fi
D I MI N UT I V E S
56
n ou n s
kin d
.
Fro m
n o un s
w hich
d e n ote
S u ch
n ou n s
.
a s m a ll
a re
The w or d fro m which
c a ll e
d
a
Pr i m
ar e
.
s o m e tim es
t hin g
c a lle
a n o ther
i ti v e wor d
.
n e, s weet.
d
of
form e d
th e
B im in
u
sa m e
t iv e s .
w or d is for m e d is
INTERME D IATE C OURSE
Fr o m
F r om
F ro m
y
o un g
s tr e a m
w e fo r m
r iv e r
g
w e fo r m
o o se
m
n in
t
l
e
a
i
t
l
s
t
e
r
e
a
m
;
g
m e a n in g a li ttle r iver
s tr e a m let
r iv u let
;
fo r m go s lin g ;
we
.
m e a n in g
a
lit t le ,
or
w e fo r m l a m b kin ; m e a n in g a little l a m b
h ill w e fo r m h illo clc ; m e a n in g a little hill
la m
b
fl o we r
I s le
l e a f,
m e a n in g
w e fo r m k i t ;
c at
l an c e ,
,
fr o
mth
e
lit tl e
a
w av e ,
lak e ,
eye ,
bi r d
,
O
5 7 . In
su b ects ,
j
m od ifier s
1 3 w e ha v e
O f n ou n s
Q
The
.
.
n a m e s Of
which
an d n a m es
c a t.
fo llo win g
AB S T RACT N UNS
su
are
q
u a lities u s e
u se
They
ar e
d
on l
d
y
n a m es
b st a n tiv e
as
d Ab s t r a c t n o u n s
deriv ed from a dj ectiv e s b y a n n exin g
u a l itie s a re ca lle
it y, th
n e ss,
.
.
For m d i m i n u tiv e s
Of
.
o
o se.
g
Fro m
Fr o m
Fr o m
as
63
.
cc,
,
.
c y,
an
d
fe w ha v e
a
o th e r
T hus , fr om good we for m goo d n ess ;
fro m hin d, kin dn ess fr om a ble w e for m a bil ity ;
en
d in gs
from
.
wu e
’
,
tr u th
u en t, eloqu en ce
g
F or m
fr om lon g, len gth
fi
from
a bs tr a c t n o u n s
u en t,
y
el o
.
fr o m t h e fo llo w in g :
p
w id e ,
s tr o n g,
d ee
a c t iv e ,
a gile ,
a c id ,
n e at ,
u s e ful ,
id le ,
e l e g a n t,
fl ue n t
e lo
,
fi
u en c
from
,
qu e n t
h igh ,
b ro a d
pl u al
h pp y
,
d o c il e ,
,
w e a ry ,
r
a
,
d iffe re n t ,
,
t ru a n t
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
64
LESS ON X II
OF
KI N D S
SE N
.
.
TE N CE
DE C LARATIVE SENTENCES
§
5 8 . T he k in g h a s g ov e r n e d w e ll
Y o ur p la n
m ay
n o t s uc c e e d .
.
.
My
.
r e t ur n .
S
We
fa th e r w ill
s h o uld s t u d
y
d ilige n tly
.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
.
C a n yo u r s to r y b e t r u e ? D O y o u in te n d t o r e m a in
W hy d id yo u n o t l e arn this le s s o n ? W h a t d id you s ay ?
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES
Le t
r e t ur n
s ev e n
b e w r itte n
s e n te n c e s
’
im m e d ia te ly
Le
.
nd
me
a
.
G O ho m e
.
k n ife
.
DO
E X CLAMATORY SENTENCES
W ha t a b e a utiful
s tr a n
as
s to r
e
g
sun se t
Ho w
!
y
v e r y r id ic u l o u s
A D e c l a r a ti ve
f
The thin g
a ct.
tion
l
n
t e r r o ga tiv e
Im p
th e
s
The
su
all
Of
y
A ve
r
y
!
m ay
fact
se n te n c e
r ud e.
n ot
thin g
b e tru e ,
.
i
co n t a n s a
q
u es
.
An
of
as a
d
b ut
.
s en te n ce assert s a
a sser te
b u t the sp e a k er gives it
An
be
n ot
! H o w h e d oe s talk !
5 9.
a
n o w,
p
ea
e r a tiv e
k er
bj ect
t he
,
s en ten ce
ex
p
r es se s
the will
a s a com m a n d , en tr ea t , or r e uest.
y
q
Of a n
secon d
im p era tiv e
p
er son ,
is ge n e r
a n d is u su a ll
om itte d
y
s e n t en c e
.
66
NGLISH GRAMMAR
E
comp
A
cla u s es .
c om
p
lex
A
oun
d
se n ten c e
§
A
.
b y t he
s
m a y b e b oth
co m
s e v er a
l
ex
p
an
l
d
.
INC
61
c o n t a in
m ay
se n t en ce
.
OMPLE TE
s en t e n c e
ea
is
eith er
k er
S E N TE N C E S .
Often
to
left i n
com
w or d s ,
p l e te
b e ca u s e
,
p
his m e a n in g is p la in ly u n d ers too d with out wor d s
Le a vin g Ou t w ord s w hic h t he he ar er e a sily
sa v e
or
.
c a lle
l
i
es is
pp
d
su
w hich
th e p r edica te
G O h om e
su
How
bj e c t y ou
str a n
g
in full w o ul d b e
an
H o w s tr a n ge it is !
”
in I mp er a tive a n d
I t m a y b e us e d in
d m otio n s m ay m a k e his m ean
.
S pp ly th ellip i
G iv m e b k
e
e
“
c o m m on
se n t e n ce s .
loo ks
k er s
u
.
m u ch m or e tha n in w r itin g, b ec a u s e the
’
in g p la in
b oth
e
E xcla m a tor y
sp ea hing
s o m etim es
o m it te d .
is
E ll ip sis is m os t
p
fr o m
.
T his s e n t e n c e
ea
an d a s en t en c e
,
i
s o m itte d , is c a l le d a n elli tica l
g
p
S o m et im es t he s ubj ec t is o m itte d ;
s o m et im e s
s
sis
s o m e thin
s en t e n c e .
The
E l lip
a
s s
oo
in t h e fo llo win g
.
G O t o th a t c h a m b e r
W h ith e r a r e
W hy d id h e
s e n te n c e s
u
o
y
g
com e
.
o in
W hy
?
g
b a ck ?
B e c au se you
To th e c ity
.
F or his bo oles
.
a re
h id d e n
.
INT E RMEDIATE COURSE
§
62
p
ca ll his
no
Of
ar t
’
The
.
n a m e Of t he
t he
p
t o t he
ddr esse d for m s
u s e d s im l
t
o
p y
er s o n a
I t is
se n t e n c e .
a tt e n t ion
67
.
follo win g
se n t en c e
.
Ha rry , wha t ha v e y ou there ?
Ja n e , is this y ou r b ook ?
E xcla m a tion s
m o dify ,
n e ither
en er a
g
Of e
d
m odifie d
a re
n or
llip tica l
kin d
lly
st a n
.
l
a on e ,
an
The y
a re
d
a
s en t en ce .
ly an d so m e other w or d s u s ed
in a n s werin g q u e stio n s , do n ot m odify th e sen
T hey
te n c e w ith which t hey stan d con n ect e d
Yes,
n o, cer ta in
,
.
e
eith r
m o dify
i
c o n ta in n g
NO, yo u
an
om itt e
the qu est ion
a r e m istak e n
d
v er
b
,
or
the
sen ten ce
.
.
C ert ain ly , with p lea sur e
Y es , y ou m a y h a v e it
.
.
S u pp ly
s e n te n c e s
if th e r e is
an d
§
63
An
an
y
t O whic h th e
p s is
ell i
AN AL YSI S
.
su
,
a
b ove
m ay he
a n s wer s ,
pp ly it
.
S E N TE N C E S .
OF
is n o w p r esen ted, th a t a p l an fo r
o t S O im p o r ta n t t o n a m e
a
l
a
i
n
t
i
s
n
s
m
a
m
d
e
l
I
ra
u
e
b
e
e
e
n
p
y
g
t h e e a c t fo r m a s to n a m e t h e u s e O f th e w o r d in a se n te n c e
Th e a n a ly sis Offer e d is d e s ig n ed to S h o w wh a t a p u p il o ugh t to
k n o w Of a s en ten ce w h e n h e h a s fi n is h ed t h e b o ok up t o th is
p oin t
a n al y s is Of s ever al sen t en ces
.
x
.
.
1
On
.
t um n ,
v all e
y
T his
and
a
l
i
n the
a s a n t m orn in
e
p
g
tra v el er wa s
a
r
idin g l eis ur ely
e a rl
y
a l on
au
t
h
e
g
.
is
on e
a
s im
ple
p re d ic ate
.
u t o n e s ubj e c t
b
g
s o m e th in
as
a
f
n
a
c
t
a
d
,
g
s e n te n c e , c o n t a in in
It
a ss e r ts
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
8
A tr a veler
is th e r e for e d ec la r a tive
.
a s s e r t io n
r
and
is m a d e ,
is , th e r e fo r e , t h e
is t h e
ea r ly a u tu m n ,
i n th e
is th a t
wh ic h th e
of
su
Wa s
bj e c t
.
th e v a l ley , o n a p lea s a n t m or n i ng
a lo n g
id in g leis u r ely
.
p r e d ic ate
Tr a veler is th e
.
Obj e c t a n d is th e r e fo re a n o u n I t is m o di
fi e d b y th e Sp e c ifyin g a d je c tive a
Wa s r id in g is the ver b
I t s for m S h o w s th t th e a c tio n s p ok e n
O f t h e p r e d ic a t e
I t is m o d ifi e d b y leis u r ely a n
O f is p a s t a n d u nfi n is h ed
b y t he p h a s e a lo n g th e va lley te ll
a d v e b t e llin g h o w;
in g w h er e; a d b y t h e p h ra s e s on a p lea s a n t m or n in g
n a m e Of a n
,
.
,
,
.
a
.
.
,
r
r
,
n
an d
,
and
On , i n
ridin g.
e c t iv e
s u bse
u en ts
p r e p o s itio n s
a lon g a r e
m or n in g ,
ar e
wa s
t e llin g w h en t h e t r a v e l e r
ea r ly a u tu m n ,
in th e
T he ir
.
an d
a u t um n
re
va lley .
q
Mo r n in g is m o d ifi e d b y th e d e s c rip tiv e a dj e c tive p lea s
A
u tu m n is m o difi e d
a n t, a n d th e s p e c it in g a dj e c tiv e a
y
s
p
.
b y th e d e s c r ip tiv e
j
a dj e c t iv e
a d e c tive
§
the
.
th e
Sp e c ifying
Va lley is m o d ifi e d b y
th e
s
p
i
n
y g
e c if
.
The tr e e which
.
d
wa s
A
d e c l a r a tive
c o n t a in s
an d
ea r ly ,
th e
64. 2
si e
j
a d e c t iv e
s tr u c
b y light n in g la st
k
c om
s e n te n c e
j
a d e c tiv e
an
st oo
c l a us e .
d b y the
n
ight
roa
d
.
p le x b e c a u s e the s ubj e c t
Th e s ubj e c t is Th e tr ee
,
,
by the r oa d s id e ; th e r e s t o f th e s e n te n c e is
Th e n o u n tr ee is m o d ifi e d b y th e, a Sp e c i
t he p r e d ica t e
fyin g a dj e c tiv e , a n d b y th e cl a u s e w hi ch s to o d by the
w h i ch
s to o d
.
T his
r o a d s i d e.
j
a d ec tive,
c l a us e
b e c aus e
is
a sp ec
i
n
f
iy g
fies
su
it m o d i
a
j
a d ec tive c la u se
b s ta
i
n t ve ,
b e c a u s e it t e ll s whic h tr e e is m e a n t
el a t iv e p r o n o u n
I t s a t e c e d e n t is tr ee
I t is
n ,
i
fy g
a r
;
a n d sp ec i
Wh ich is
.
j
e c t Of
c at e
.
th e
of
cla us
the
e
.
c lau s e .
n
.
t h e s ub
pre di
S to o d by th e r oa d s ide is th e
S too d is a v e r b ; it a s s e rts
s om e
I t s fo r m s h o w s p a s t tim e, fi n is h ed
I t is
m o d ifi e d b y th e p hr a s e by the r oa ds id e, t ellin g wh er e
t h in g
Of
w h i ch
.
.
.
IN TERMEDIATE COURSE
Wa s
ve b
s tr u ck a s s e r t s s o m e thin
of
69
.
an d
tr ee,
is , t h e r e fo r e ,
a
g
I ts fo r m s h o w s p a s t tim e, fi n is h ed , a n d a l s o t h at
s ubj e c t is n o t t h e d o e r O f t h e a c t io n
I t is s a id t o
r
.
th e
.
b e in th e p a s s ive vo ice, p a s t ten s e
I t is m o d ifi e d b y th e
p hr a s e by ligh tn ing, t e llin g w h at d id the a ctio n ; a ls o b y
.
p h ra s e
th e
§
I
65
sa w
A
3
.
y
la s t
,
lex in ter r og a tive
Y o u is
ver
b
O
wa s d one
p
f th e
t he
re
bj e c t
p er s o n
su
”
d ic a te
g
.
p
a
fi
s ho ws
d
an a
ron oun
a d dre s s e d , a n d
Had
.
I t s fo r m
.
I t is
.
p e rso n
th e secon d
Of
c o n t a in in
s e n te n c e ,
n a m e Of s o m e
fo r th e
th e r e fo r e ,
a c t io n
Ha
d yo u fin ished yo ur wor k when
.
ver bi a l c la u s e.
s t a n d in g
ig h t, t ell in g wh en th e
walkin g in the ga r d en ?
ou
c o mp
n
is ,
n is h ed
is th e
th a t th e
a c t io n
is p a s t a n d c o mp lete
I t is m o d ifi e d b y y o u r wo r k , te ll
in g wh a t w a s fi n is h e d , a n d b y th e c l a u s e wh en I s a w
.
u, e
o
y
xp
p r o n ou n
fo r e
r e s s in
I ts fo r m
p
r es en
I
s a w.
.
s t a n d in
Of th e
fi
Th e
t
i
m
e
g
rst
f
o r th e
g
p ers o n
t fo r m is
bj e c t
n a m e Of
Of
the
S a w is th e
.
th e cl a u s e is
I,
a
Sp e ak e r a d th e r e
v e b Of t he c l a u s e
n
,
r
.
is p a s t a n d fi n is h ed
I ts
I t is m o d ifi e d b y y o u , t ell in g w h om
th a t t h e
s ho ws
su
s ee.
ac t io n
.
Y o u is m o d ifi e d b y w a lkin g , a v e rb a l a dj e c t iv e
Wa lkin g is m o d ifi e d b y in the g a r d en , a p hr a s e d e n o tin g
.
Wh en
ce
l
a
p
a n d a ls o
.
.
m od e r n
s im
pl a i
ju
n
All
.
ly
com
wis h e s
)
.
b ut
.
pa
11 s
re
b
Of
i
a n c e n t a rt
wa s
p
m o dify in g
p al
i
r n ci
h
e
T
(
s e n te n c e .
igiou s , b ut all
c o n s is t in g
s en ten ce,
su
bj e
T his c o nj u n c tio n
t o n o tic e a
w,
r el
c ts
a nd
Of
t wo
m o d ifie r s
a re
s e n te n c e s a r e c o n n e c t e d
d w it h
sa
.
d ec la r a tive
Th e
tim e ,
to t he
c l a us e
is p r ofa n e
a rt
seen
ad ve r
th e
s e n te n c e s .
n c t io n
a re
4
c omp o u n d
ple
an
c o n n e c t in g
66
A
is
e ac h
sh o ws t h a t
o t he r ,
d if er en ce
.
and
b y th e
th e
con
s e n te n c e s
t h a t th e
s
p e ak e r
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
70
§
a
67. 5
Of
tr e aty
kin gs ha d
T hr ee
.
p
s im
ple
is
m et is
d e c l a r a t iv e
ver
a
b
and
,
c om
sho w s
P ea c e is
a c t io n .
j
Sho ws
f
or m
th e
A
.
Tr ea ty is
b e t we e
r e l a tio n
Su b s e q u e n t
a n ou n ,
m o d ifyin g tr ea ty ,
6 8 . S E N TE N CE S
Of o
f
,
s h o win g
F OR
ad
an
d en o te s
o n e,
is
te n s e ,
in fi n itiv e
an
why th e y h a d m e t ,
ha d m et
.
On ce is
a d e c tiv e
Had
.
p a st
s e n te n c e ,
To
Ki n gs
.
th e s e n t e n c e
is
a s
p e c ifyi
n
Of is
.
an d
tr ea ty
n
w ith
an d
w h a t k in d
AN ALY S I S
g
or
ad
m o d ifi e s to
n ou n ,
a
w h a t th e y h a d m e t t o fo r m
,
§
p l e te
.
p u r p o s e th e y
m o d ifi e s tr ea ty
o s itio n ,
f th e
m o d ifi e s h a d m et
j
or m
S
h
s
o
w
f
Of
n um er al
fo r w h a t
e c tiv e ,
m o dify in g k in gs
bj e c t
o
m o d ifi e s ha d m et,
r ase ,
p hr a s e
su
,
d e r iv e d fr o m th e
,
t im e ,
ph
p l ur al
d e n o te s
.
s e n te n c e.
b p r e d ic a te
a c tiv e v o ic e ,
v er
W O RD S
BY
a n u m e r a l a d e c t iv e
in th e
a n ou n ,
YSI S
j
Th r ee is
m e t t o form
on ce
eace .
AN AL
A
.
a
p
p re p
ea c e.
f
fo r m s
of
t r e a ty
o
a
.
.
Th e follo w in g s en ten c es ar e s el ec ted fr om th e T h ir d Rea de r s of
s eve r a l c om m on s e r ie s , as p r es en tin g th e k in d Of sen ten ces with
w h ich c h ildr en , c on te m p l a ted b y t h e p l a n of t h is gra m m a r , a r e
T ea c h e r s m us t r em e m b e r t h a t p u p il s a t
e p ec te d t o b e fa m il ia r
t h is s ta ge a r e n ot e p ec te d to a n a ly e ve r y c o m p l e
s en ten c es
x
.
x
J u st
z
th e n h e r fa th e r
U n cle
W illia m
,
m ay
c am e
Ig
x
in fr o m the
o ov er
t o yo ur
fi eld
.
.
s to r e
th is m o r n
in g ?
One
c it y,
e v e n in g ,
E d wi
n
t o ok
a ft e r
s o on
his
s e at
his fa th e r
b e s id e
’
s
r et u r n
fr o m th e
h im
.
H O W l o n g ha v e yo u h a d th a t b o x
D u r in g t h e n igh t th e c a t tle g o t in to t h e ga r d e n ,
d e s tr o ye d
e ver
JVever g ive
y
up
t h in g in it
is
a
g
ood
.
m o t to
.
and
INTERME D I ATE COURSE
Out
71
.
th e littl e t wigs th e s e t a ll t r e e s w e r e
of
H is g a r m e n t s
T e ll m e
w ith th e
are r ed
if y o u k n o w , w h o h e is ,
,
The fr o s t l o ok e d fo r th
An d
wh isp e r e d ,
Ad
Ben
blo o d
I
s h all
.
pe
th e g r a
Of
.
n am e .
w h a t is h is
an d
c l e a r n igh t ,
o n e s t ill;
N OW
m ade
be
o u t Of s igh t.
”
.
had
am
l
d
n
o
e
g
a
c o in
W hic h he p ut a t in te r e s t w ith
”
W ill yo u give m y kite a lift ?
t o h is S is t e r
I thin k J oh n B r o wn h a s it for I
d ay
on e
J ew
a
.
s a id
m y little
s aw
h im
ne
p he w
.
,
A
th e fir e o n e w in t e r
r ou n d
Th e far m e r
’
m e t al
Th e
.
ni
h
t
g ,
s r o s y c h il d r e n s a t .
The t yp e s w ith whic h the l e tt e r s
Of
p ic k it up
ar e
p ri
n te
d
ar e
m ad e
.
s o u n d Of
As we w e r e
qu e er lo ok i
d r o pp in g
c o m in g
fa ir
af
g
m o n g th e m o s t
t r al ia n r o b in
n
-
A
is h e a r d in th e w o o d
n ut s
h o m e we
in t he
ro a
d
b e a utiful
a he a d
s a w,
Of
.
u s,
a
.
Of s m all
b ir d s is
th e
Au s
.
Th e C a d i
t er
’
s
ha n d
A pl
an d
y
i
n
li
d
e
e
d
r
!
e
p
e
d
h
l
t
e
s
l
o
a
w
w
,
p
d is t a n c e
s a id t h e p a c k h o r s e ,
ou r
.
hi
s h e e ls
p
h e a r d it r in gin g,
u
m o ssy
and saw
i
n
a
g
it gl a n c i n g d o wn th e
s to n e s .
.
LETTER WRITING
Of
a
.
LESS ON X IV
O ne
k is s e d his m a s
”
e a san t n a
th ro win g
Ol d
to th e gr o u n d ,
.
Ke e p
He
ed
bow
t h e m o s t im
is how to w r ite
a
letter
po
.
.
r ta n t
thin g s fo r
I t is
a n e c e s s it
a
p up il to
i
n
y
le a r n
e ve r y c om
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
72
le tte rs
a r e v e ry c o m m o n .
s c h o ol
in
M a s s a c h u s e tt s
S
ome
y
e ars a
a d v e r t is e d
j
r e e c te d
p unc t u a tio n
l e tt e r s
xp e ie n c e
a pp lic a n t s
Of a
m is tak e s in
of
It
.
p r o p e rl y m e a
le t te r
Of
C are
r ul e .
s h o ul d
t o th e l e ft t o
n a m e Of
th e
p
sam e
,
p o s t offi c e
on
c o u n ty a r e
l o n g , it is
P
The se
.
names
b e tte r
J
lin e ,
rs t
of
are
fa r
.
fir s t, th e n t h e
m o n th
an d
n am e
d ay
p o s t Offi
th e
Of
po
n
and
ce
t o m a k e t wo lin e s , th u s
.
,
EFFE RSON
,
I LL
,
.
J a n 3oth, 1 8 69
.
.
,
AS H TAB ULA C O O HIO
.
I n wr itin g fr o m la rg e to wn s ,
c a r r ie r s d e live r l e t t e r s , th e n a m e
n am e of
as a
c o m m en c e
,
S ep tember 2 9th, 18 68
t e d , b u t t he
s h o ul d
n e r a ll
nd u
e
s
t
a
g
y
RIN CE T N B UREAU CO
O
the
Of
n am e
fi
th e
wd in g
c om e s
w hic h
at
Th e d a t e
b e t ak e n t o
r eve n t c ro
lin e , b u t if th e
th e t im e
s e n t.
p a ge ;
th e
ns
in c lu d e s t h e
c o m m o n ly
t h e m o n th , t h e n t h e y e a r
house
p elling
s
d ir e c tin g th e ir
an d
t h e c o u n t y , t h e n th e s t a t e , t h e n t h e
the
H igh
s e ve n ty
,
in d a t in g , fo l d in g,
th e t o p
n ear
e n o u gh
Of
que n c e
fr o m whic h t he le tt e r is
n e r al
e
g
Th e
c o ns e
in
r
C ol
a
.
it is w r itt e n
s ta n d
an d
,
Th e da te
p la c e
in
t e a ch e r,
a
e
.
w e re
d ir e c tin g
im p o r t a n t
o , an
g
fo r
le ge gr a d ua te , a n d o n e w ho h a d h a d
c h o o ls
Of o n e hun d r e d a n d te n
S
and
Y e t m is t a k e s in d a tin g
e d uc a tio n .
m on
.
or
Of
c ities
the
.
w h e r e le tt e r
c o u n ty
th e s t r e e t , a n d t h e
,
n um
is
b er
o m it
Of
t he
i
n , th u s
v
e
g
3 1 0 E 55TE S T
.
Le t th e p up ils wr ite
c ar e fu l ly
o th er e
x
.
,
N E W Y ORK, J u ne l s t, 18 69
.
a m p l es.
N o tice th e p un ctu ation
.
N xt
e
th e
fo llo w s th e
sa m e
a
d d r ess
It
.
l in e w it h t h e d a t e
.
s h o uld
I ts
n e ve r
u su al
pla c e
s ta n d
is
on
on
th e
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
74
.
P IN GF LD SAN GAMON
S R
IE
LL OI
IN
I
F ebr u a r y 2 6th , 1 869
,
CO
.
,
}
S,
.
MR S AM U EL JONES
.
s a y , e tc .
NAL S T
244 C A
M ESSRS P S MI TH
W e e n cl o s e y ou
.
NE W Y
,
ORK
Aug
’
l s t, 69
.
.
,
CO ;
.
.
.
I
in quir y,
Of
t o y o u r l e tt e r
a n s w er
In
D ea r S ir ;
b e g l e a v e to
,
ou r
t ion s a n d c or r e c tio n s
p r ic e list
a d di
with th e l a t e s t
,
.
A OND ELET S T
RLE S
AN , LA ,
NE w O
N ovem ber 25th , 1 867
23 C R
.
,
.
.
B ROTHER W ILLIAM ;
D EAR
Y o ur
l e t ter
Of
r ec e iv e d s o m e
th e 1 5 th in s t w a s
.
d ays
s in c e .
I f t h e full
a
pp e a r
pe
th e
rson
b e gi i g O f th e
t h e b o tt o m O f t h e
th e
at
Of
nam e
l e tt e r , it is
nn n
does
a dd r e s s e d
n ot
c u s to m a ry
to
b elo w t he w it e r s
i
f
i
m
s i n a tu e
h
s is O fte
ort
T
p
a n d a t t h e l e ft h a n d
O
g
ie d a d a e o p e e d
a c e a s l e t t e s a e s o m e tim e s m is c a
b y th e w o g p e r s o n
Th e o e w h o o p e s t h e le tt e r
w r it e it
at
r
n
,
r
,
y
d oes
Ab
th e
G
,
m a r gin
b
F o r th e
Of
t o th e
the
ri
qu e
h
f
ul
t
g
en ,
to sen d
al wa
b u t if it is
C o u s in Ra lp h ,
or
”
he
it
.
b e l e ft
s
y
s h o ul d b e
A
.
o wn e r,
fi ll
on
t o the
e d o ut
blo t s
no
m is t a k e m a y
t h e le ft ‘Of
ri
h
t
g
.
o r er a s u r e s ,
s o m e t im e s
le a d t o
n c es .
e n d in
Of a
g
c o m m on
h
t
g
ri
”
n
r
n
b e t ak e n to h a ve
t o w r ite le g i ly
s e r io u s c o n s e
fe w
E ll
S h o ul d
b u t t h e lin e s
r e a t c a r e s h o uld
and
D e ar
k n o w t o wh o m
roa d
p a ge
n
it t o t h e
s en d
“
n
rr
.
a d d re s s e d
n ot
n
r
n
m a y w is h t o
nl
r
.
r
O
l e tte r ,
’
r a th e r
le tte r t h e r e
o n e s ar e
i
ve n
g
th a n t o th e l e ft
a re
.
Of
m a n y fo r m s
T he y
the
.
A
s h o ul d s t a n d
p a ge
.
INT ERME DIATE COURSE
75
.
B USINESS LETTER FORMS
H op in g
r e c e iv e
to
Y
M E SS RS J
.
.
H
.
we
r d er
u
o
r
o
,
y
o ur s r e s
WILDER
.
r e m a in ,
p e c tfully
H ARPER AND
,
CO
Y o ur s
B RO T HERS
.
tr ul y,
JAMES A L OC KW OOD
S AN D ERS
.
Ag
e nt
fo r
S
.
P
.
Y o ur s with
D ANIEL
ANDERSON
L e t te
t o fr ie n d s
rs
E SQ
,
.
I n d ia n ap
p ect
,
.
m or e
v a r ie ty .
a ffe c tio n ate s o n ,
H ENRY
.
,
Ind
o lis ,
r es
.
a d m it
MRS E LLEN G REEN
.
.
JOHN H OLMES
Y o ur
TO
.
.
C o rd ially y ours ,
J
.
R C LARK,
.
D erry , N I I
.
.
Yo ur s
Y
fo r m s
b le
it
.
w ith
s
p ec ial
The
.
Y o u r s in l ov e ,
’
d ir e c tio n s
s im
pap e
o th in g
a
fo ld e r
ev e r ,
as
One
.
N
Afl e c t io n a tely
’
.
u
rs,
o
y
a re
o t he r
.
NO
si
l
in t h e go o d c a u s e , Y o ur s in C hr is t,
w h ic h m a y b e m e n t io n e d
o ur s
le tt e r
JAMES B OWEN
l a r ge
p le
r ul e
r sh oul
is t o
d fill t h e
l o o k s m o re
She e t
s h o u ld
be
e n v e lo
pe
,
b ut
n ot c ro
c l u m s y t h a n a s m a ll
pape
u s e d to p
of
b e give n fo r fo ldin g a
h a v e a s fe w fo ld s a s p o s
n e ed
r
c ro wd e d
re s s
in t o it
.
d o w n t he fo ld s ,
wd
e n v e lo
Ap p
a
a nd
pe
er
m ake
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
76
s m o o th , a n d
th e m lie
fi r s t p a ge
Th e
ri
h
t
g ,
Of
pp e r
p es
is t o
b e gin
c ro wd e d a n d
Sh o uld s ta n d a b ou t in the
Th e p la c e fo r t h e s t a m p is o n
The d ir e c tio n
o n e - s id e d .
m id dle
e n v elo
wr itin g is
th a t t h e
so
The
.
.
fa u lt in d ir e c tin g
c o m m on
p ap e r
th e
s o ilin g
b e fo ld e d in s id e
s h o uld
t oo fa r t o t h e
a v o id
to
.
e n v e lo
th e
pe
.
in te r fe r e
h
uld n o t
h
h
n d c o r n e r , a n d t h e w ri tin
s
t
a
o
g
g
Th e g r e a t e s t p a in s s h o uld b e
w ith th e s t a m p
t ak e n
h a v e t he d ir e c tio n
the u
los t
ri
-
.
to
lo s t b y
ar e
F OR
Ni
n e - t e n th s o f
.
d ir e c tio n
c a r el e s s
FORM
p la in
l e tt e r s
.
DIRECTION
.
S
am p
t
!
[
D a n ie l
A
n
d e rs o n , E s q
.
,
Br o a d
288
St
.
,
N e w Y o rk
C a re
Of
Rip le y
M or s e
.
.
Th e g u m m e d p ar t Of th e e n v e lo p e , th a t is , th e m o v a
b le fl a p , i s a l w a y s t h e t o p O f t h e l e t t e r
Th e p o s t O ffi c e
.
S h o ul d
a n d s t a te
t ho s e w ho
be
to
are
very
d is t in c t , fo r th e
d e live r it
t o k n o w t o w h om
T he y
.
t h a t t he s ta t e s h o u ld a lwa y s
l ik e
the
E x p t th
ce
at
y
N e w Yo rk , P hil a d e l hia ,
.
p
c ity a lo n e
is
A
e n o u gh
b e g iv e n , a n d g e n e
t h e c a se Of la r g e c itie s
in
B o s to n
FORMAL B USINESS LET T ER
,
y
I
o u rs o f
,
e tc . ,
h a v e th e h o n or t o
t his d a te , in
t he
n am e
of
.
WAS H IN GTON
SI R ;
m uc h
S
n a m e,
c oun t
SO
.
p o s t O ffi c e s
h
t
e
y
n ot c a re
it is t o g o , a s w h er e it is t o g o
SO
in th e U n it e d
t a t e s h a v e th e s a m e
m an y
r a ll
do
c o n v e n ie n c e O f
a n s we r
D C
.
.
,
a c k n o wl e d
t o m in e
.
Ap r il
e
th e
g
o f th e
1 9th, 183 1.
p t Of
r e c ei
sa m e.
IN TERME D IATE COURSE
In
p ly t o
re
y
o ur r e m a rk
xp r e s sio n
e x c e p t I w o uld r e s p e c t
th at t h e r e is
in m y l e t t e r t o wh ic h yo u m u s t
fully a n s we r th a t
e wh a t
v
a
g
su
b s ta
q uo t e
of
ur
o
y
I hav
e
y
I
u n d e r s t oo d
I
c o n v e r s a t io n .
o ur
la ngu a ge
on e
d id
t o b e th e
p r e te n d
n ot
to
.
t h e h o n or t o b e , w ith th e gr e a t e s t
Y
e
,
I
nce
77
.
ou r o
b e die n t
re s
p ect
,
s e r v a n t,
JOHN B RAN CH
H is
E xc
e ll e n c y ,
P r es id en t
O
AN D REW JA C K SON
f
.
G
C
.
The d e s k s
r e c e iv e d
y
RINCETON
W S HERW O OD ;
.
I LL
,
,
Augu s t l st
,
b y m e in
o rd ere d
1 869
.
Jun e
w ere
I
in go o d c o n d itio n
fin d , b y m e a s
of o u r r o o m s , th a t it will a c c o m m o d a t e
e s te r d a y ,
fe w m o r e
.
.
.
a n d s e tt e e s
ur e m e n t Of o n e
a
.
RDINARY B USINESS LETTERS
P
MESSRS
,
Un i ted S ta tes
th e
o
.
p up ils
,
.
an d
u
o
y
will
o
b lige
m e b y for w a r d in g
im m e d ia te ly
T w elv e ( 1 2 )
I w ill
r e m it
the
d
s.
o
o
g
l
d
e s k s , fol d in g s e a t , S iz e B
e
g
a m o u n t o f y o u r b ill o n r e c e ip t
s in
Y o urs tr uly,
W ILLIAM A
Ch a ir m a n
f
o
B oa r d
OVE R B U RE AU CO
M ESSRS HURD AND H O U GHTON
D
.
,
.
,
I LL
.
,
.
of
th e
D IC KINSON ,
E d u c a tion
f
o
J uly l oth, 1869
.
.
P le a s e c h a n g e th e
z in e ,
I owa ,
sent
an d o
me
at
b lige
a d d r e s s O f th e
t his
p la c e
,
Riv er s id e
t o S a bu la ,
M a ga
J a cks on
,
p e c tfully
W ILLIAM
MESSRS H URD AN D H O U GHTON
Y o u rs
.
45 9 B r oome S t
res
,
,
,
l Véw Y or k
.
H F RENCH
.
.
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
.
FAMILI AR LETTERS
.
ALPINE H OUS E GORHAM N H
,
,
J u ty 20th , 1869
.
D EAR
A
M O T HER ;
p r o m is e
we w r ite y ou im m e d i
W e a re
a t el y a ft e r o u r a rr iv a l a m o n g th e m o u n t a in s
s o t ir e d with o u r lo n g j o u r n e y , a n d s o m u c h c o n fu s e d
c c o r d in g
to
our
.
w ith t h e h u n d r e d s
h av e
see n ,
th a t
Of n e w
an d
s tr a n
w e h a v e d e c id e d t o
e
g
w a it
t hin gs t h a t w e
u n til
we
are a
b e fo re w r iting y o u a full his t o ry o f o u r
j ou r n e y W e c an o n ly t e ll y o u th a t w e a e t oo h app y
t o t hin k o f b e in g s ic k a n d h a v e a l re a d y s e e n m o r e
w o n d e rs t ha n w e s u pp o s e d w e r e in t h e w h ol e wo r ld
W ith ou r b e s t lov e to yo u a n d a ll the fa m ily
littl e
r e s te d
r
.
,
.
.
Y our
MRS
fe c tio n at e s o n s ,
af
G EORG E
E LLEN
.
M AR C Y
AN D
HE NRY
.
.
MARIETTA
,
OH
IO
,
J u ne 18th, 1869
.
D EAR J OE ;
Y
b ut
k n o w t h a t y o u o w e m e tw o l e tte r s a lr e ad y,
h av e s o m e g o o d n e w s t o t e ll y o u , a n d s o
w r ite
I
ou
A c tiv e B
am e a d I
g
O ur
,
p ap er
g
,
am e
n
a se -
wh ic h w ill
h a n d s o m e ly
.
Cl u b h a v e
.
j u s t play e d a m a tc h
o u e n c lo s e d a Slip f o m o u r n e w s
y
t e ll y o u all a b o u t it
W e w o n t he
I p la ye d s e c o n d b a s e a n d d id s o m e
B a ll
s en d
I
r
.
,
p r etty go o d b a ttin g I m a d e a c le a n s c o r e I wi h yo u
h a d b e e n h e r e t o c h e e r fo r u s
T his is all th at I c a n
.
.
s
.
af
for d
to wr it e you
u n t il
Y
JOSE P H MARTIN
u
o
y
o ur
u
y p
o ld fr ie n d ,
a
p
.
HARRY
.
MC KEE
.
INTERME D IATE COURSE
§
7 0 . C OMMO N
O
E RR RS
A
79
.
C O RRE CTE D
.
fe w c om m on err o r s a r e n o ted
Th eir in fi n ite n u m b er p r e
ve n ts a full l is t
Let e ver y t ea ch e r fi r m l y r es ol ve to b a n ish e very
o n e o f th em fr om h is o w n S p e ec h , a n d fr om th a t o f hi s p u p il s
Wh en ev e r an d w h er e ver th ey o ccur , in th e sch ool r oom or o u t o f
it, m a k e wa r u p on th em
Keep th e m os t c om m on a n d m os t
o fien sive p osted o n th e b la ck b oar d u n til th ey a r e o ver c om e
.
.
.
-
.
‘
.
WRONG E X PRESSION
W hen
do
s c h oo l
d on e
s een
Th e re
i
t
t
o
o
g
g
o ur w o r k
He
.
I
Ha d
ou
th em
or
s a t.
ou
I t w a s he
.
W ho
Me
.
h
t
o go ;
t
g
I
h
o
t
t
o
g
g
ha d
ou
y
G iv e m e th em
Y
th in k
.
H e thr o wed
a
h
t
t
o
o
g
g
O u gh t
to go ?
o u ou g h t
y
m e th os e
e
H e th r ew
i m er a
He
l
.
I gu es I w ill go
I ck o I w i l l g
La s t
.
T ue s d ay
a
I we
re
th e r e .
or,
o.
a
week
.
f
a
he
.
fu n e r a l
s e r v ic e .
o.
a
Y
ou
I wa
e
a
la s t
a go
w er e t h e re
s
u n er a l
c o n d ue
I thi k I s h a ll g
L s t T u s d y week;
w eek
.
thin k
a sto n e .
n
w as
Y o u w a s th e r e
I
b o ok s
p re ache d
te d
n
.
.
I
s er m on
;
s
I
Th a t m o l a s s e s
.
f
.
w a n t s th is ?
o u ou
G iv
.
a s to n e .
H e p r ea ch ed
th ey
or
.
b o ok s
Th em m ol a s s e s
re
.
.
w a n t s th is
ha d
.
I t w a s s he
.
I t w a s him
ou
o.
I t was I
.
Y
?
wo rk
our
he
or
o.
h im
saw
There
s o t.
I t w a s h er
d id
.
begin
ou
no
We
I t wa s m e
W ho
y
o
n
c
.
.
him
he
do
Im a tt g
I o ul d t g
e
n ot
We
W he n
com m en ce s c h o ol
t o go .
o
co
up
?
I a ll wed
I ul d
He
ta ke
u
o
y
C ORRE C T E XPRESSION
.
the r e
.
.
or, a
T ue s d a y
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
80
Eve
r
m an
y
h ous e
m
a n w e n t t o h is
y
k n ow ed it
b ed
d id y o u g iv e it to
m a n wh o c a m e
Th e
c am e.
q u ie t
be
an d
.
Whom
i
e it t o
v
g
u
o
y
S et d o w n
a
r
hous e
Th e m a n w hi ch
l a id
E ve
.
Wh o d id
I
I
th eir
w e n t to
.
.
S i t d o wn
.
I k ew it
I la y b e d
n
.
d ay
a ll
and
q uie t
.
.
a ll
a
.
be
d ay
.
J u s t a s li ves a s n o t
B e p r e s en t in o u r m i ds t
Ju s t a s lief a s n o t
B e p r e s e t in the m ids t of
A sp e ie f Sh ll
I h v e g o t m y le
A Sp e c i s o f shell
I h v e m y le s o
.
.
n
.
c
e
o
a
Th is h er e k n ife
T h at
Y our
’
a re
b o ok
e
av e
k n ife
b o ok
Y o u r b o ok
o u t.
an e
x e r c is e ?
n.
.
H e d r ew
.
.
.
Tha t
.
wr o te
u
o
y
s
T his
.
k n ife
a
a
s s on .
b o o k is w or e
H e d r a wed
H
s.
is w or n
k n ife
a
o ut.
.
H a v e y o u w r i tten
ex
an
e r c is e
I
h ea r n tell
of
it
I h av
.
H e h a s d on e g o n e
I
I
m e a n t to h a ve
ho
We
p ed
to h a ve vis i ted y ou
s a id a s
ou
h ow h e
b ough t it
w e n t f or t o fin d h im
an d
.
m y fa th e r
D o l ik e
I
A
of
h eap
do
Ag
oo d
u i te
.
We
p e ople
.
.
.
o f c o rn .
m an y
wa r m
.
.
He
ed
to
s ee
.
ne.
o
g
him
.
to v is it y o u
in te n d e d to wr ite
.
.
s a id
They
th a t h e
b ou ght it
w e n t t o fin d h im
He
My
.
.
m igh t h av e g o n e
ta u gh t m e gr a m m ar
ou
DO
.
R ig h t s m a r t
Q
.
Y
m ig h t h a v e w en t
H e lea r n ed m e gr a m m a r
I
Im
I h op
a lr ea dy
e an t
.
it
of
.
The y
Y
h im
in t e n d e d to h a ve wr i t
ten
He
H e ha s
.
s een
h e ar d
e
.
fa th e r
a nd
I do
as
I
.
.
A g e t m a y p e p le
A g e t de l f c o
A gr ea t m a y
r
a
r
a
n
a
comp
m e an s
letely
.
o
o
n
u it e
Q
(
.
.
rn .
.
ex a c tly ,
or
rm
r
a
w
e
V
)
y
.
L SH GRAM MAR
ENG I
82
s e n te n c e
?
:
W her e
W h a t ar e t h e in te rr og a t iv e p r on o un s
p
is th e a n t e c e d e n t Of a n in t e r r o g a tiv e r o n o u n fo u n d
a m e th e c o m m o n
F o r w ha t a r e r e o s it io n s u s e d
r e o s itio n s w hic h h a v e o
o
a m e th e
r e o s it io n s ?
pp
W h a t is t h e s u s e u e n t o f a r e o s itio n ? W h a t
s i tes
r e o s it io n
a n d it s s u s e u e n t u s u a l ly m o d ify ?
do a
W h a t r e o s itio n with it s s u s e u e n t u s u a lly m o d i e s a
n oun
W h a t a r e c o n u n c tio n s ? W h a t a r e t he c o m m o n
W h at o t h e r w or d s a r e u s e d t o c o n n e c t
c o n u n c tio n s ?
iv e
W h a t a r e e c lam a tio n s ?
c la u s e s t o s e n t e n c e s ?
e a m le s
W h e n is a w o r d s a id
W h a t is th e r o ot of a w o r d
H O W a r e w o r d s d e r iv e d
t o b e d e r iv e d fr o m a n o t h e r ?
fr o m o t h e r w o r d s ? W h a t is in e c t io n ? W h a t c l a s s e s
W h a t is t h e s i n g u l a r n u m e r ?
o f w o r d s a r e in e c t e d
W h a t is t h e l u r a l n u m e r ? H o w is th e lur a l fo r m e d
fr o m th e s in g ul a r ? W h e n is a n o u n c a lle d a
os s e s
s iv e ?
H o w is t h e o s s e s s iv e fo r m e d in t he s in gu la r ?
H o w in t h e l u r al ? W h a t r e o s itio n a n d s u s e u e n t
o s s e s s iv e ?
o ft e n m e a n t h e s a m e a s t h e
W h a t t hr e e
r e l a t io n s o f n o u n s a r e e
re s s ed b
h
n e o f e n d in
c
a
?
y
g
g
D e n e D e c le n s io n
H o w m a y v e r s b e v a r ie d in fo r m ? W h a t is e x
h
re s s e d b
h
e s e v a r ia t io n s ?
W
a
i
n se ?
t
t
s
t
e
W hat
y
a r e th e d iv is io n s o f t im e
W h a t is c o n ug a t io n W h a t
d o t h e a c tiv e v o ic e fo r m s h o w
W h a t is in d ic a te d b y
a s s iv e v o ic e fo r m s ?
th e
W h a t a r e a rtic i le s ? H o w
m a n y h a s a v e r ? I n w h a t d o e s th e im e r fe c t
a r ti
c i le e n d ?
H
h
r fe c t
e
o
d
e
s
i
n
t
w
o
e
i
l
e
d ? Wh at
r
c
e
a
t
p
is t h e d iffe r e n c e
e t w e e n a v e r b a l a d e c tiv e a n d
an
y
o t h e r a d e c t iv e ?
W ha t is a c o m o u n d a r t ic i le ? H o w
is a c l a u s e s o m e t im e s s h o r t e n e d b y t h e u s e o f a a r ti
c ip l e ?
W h a t o th e r u s e h a s th e v e r b al a d e c tive in ing 9
?
W h a t is t h e in n it ive
W h a t is c o m a r is o n ? W h a t a r ts o f s e e c h a r e
c om a re d ?
D e n e the
o s it iv e
d e gr e e
D e n e t he
c om
a r a tiv e , t h e s u e r la t iv e
H o w is t h e c o m a r a t ive
fo r m e d ?
H o w t h e s u p e r l a t iv e ?
Ar e a ll a d e c tive s
c o m are d ?
iv e e a m l e s o f a d e c t iv e s w h ic h c a n n o t
b e c o m ar e d
W h a t is a d im in u tiv e ? I n w h a t d o
d im in u tiv e s e n d ?
iv e e a m le s
W h a t a r e a s tr a c t
p p
N
p p
b q
.
p p
p p
x
p p
b q
b q
fi
G
x
p
.
fl
fl
p
b
xp
fi
b
p
p
p
p
p p
p
b q
.
b
p
j
S
p
b
fi
p
p
p
G
p
p
b
j
p
p p
j
j
N
p
p
j
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
j
p
fi
p
p
x
p
p
.
.
p
j
.
fi
p
j
.
G
x
p
.
b
IN TERME D IATE CO U RSE
n ou n s
th e y
?
Fr o m wh a t
th e y d e r iv e d ,
are
83
.
and
in
Wh a t
do
en d
?
W ha t is a d e c l ar a tiv e s e n te n c e ? W h a t is a n in te r
r o a t ive se n t e n c e ?
h
W
a t is a n e x c l a m a t o r y s e n t e n c e ?
g
D efi ne a s im p le , a c o m p o u n d , a n d a c o m p le x s e n t e n c e
iv e e x a m p le s
D e fi n e e llip s is I n wh a t s e n te n c e s is it m o s t c o m m on
iv e e x a m p le s
W ha t is in c lu d e d in th e d ate o f a le tter ? W he re
s h o u ld t h e d a t e b e p l a c e d ?
W h e n m a y t h e s ta t e , o r
c o u n t , b e le ft o u t o f t h e d a t e
I
n w r it in
f
r o m c itie s
y
g
o r l a r e t o w n s , w h a t is in c l u d e d in t h e d a t e ?
i
e
v
g
h
e x a m le s o f d a t e s p r o p e rly w r itt e n
e r e d o e s th e
W
p
a d d r e s s sta n d ?
H o w is t h e d a t e p u n c t u a t e d ? H o w is
t h e a d d r e s s p u n c t ua t e d ? W h e r e is a m a r gin l e ft b l a n k ?
ive e x a m p le s o f t h e a d d re s s o f a l e tt e r
iv e e x a m p le s
i
r e c t a n e n v e lo p e p r op e r l
o f t h e s i n a t u r e o f l e tt e r s
D
g
y
t o th e p u b lis he r s o f t his b ook
.
G
.
.
G
‘
.
‘
G
.
G
.
.
.
G
C O MMO N S C H O O L G RA MMA R
.
S U GGES T I ONS
.
p u p ils wh o c o m m e c e this p a r t s h o ul d b e
th e I t e r m e dia te p a rt o r it s e q u iv a l e t
TH E
w ith
T EA C HE RS
TO
n
n
s h o u ld
n
,
e le m e n ts o f
k n o w t he
th e s e n te n c e
and
fa m ilia r
T he y
.
p a r ts
t he
p e e c h a d S h o uld h a v e th e id e a o f in fl e c tio n a n d
Th e t e a c h e r sh o ul d c o n tin u e t o r e q u ir e
m o d ifi c a t io n
c o n s t a n t w it te n p r a c t ic e a d fr e
a b u n d a t illu s t r a t io
q ue t r e vie ws a n d r e qui e e x a m p l e s to b e t ak e n f o m
b ook s in c o m m o u se w hic h will ill u str a te e v e ry p oin t
C o r e c ting p r in t e r s p r o o f sh e e ts is a v e y v a lu a b le
The fi r s t p r o o fs a b o un d in m is Sp ell e d w o r d s
e x e r c is e
i n v e t e d l e tt e r s fa u lty p u n c tu a tio n im p r o p e r u s e o f
c a p it a l s d iffe r e n t k in d s o f ty p e m ix e d a n d in o m is s io n s
of s
n
,
.
n,
n
n
r
n
,
r
,
r
n
.
’
r
-
r
-
.
,
r
,
,
,
,
w h ic h m a t e r ially
th e
t he
l e a rn s
p
In
s ense.
c o r r e c t in
h
ese
t
g
l g r a m m a r , a n d fix e s t h e
er
a ll im p o r t a n t h a b it o f c los e, p a tien t a tten tion
y
l ik e ly t h e p up il s w ill n o t o b s e r v e e v e r y e r r or , b u t th e y
e rr o r s ,
p up il
a ffe c t
r a c tic a
-
will im p r o ve
.
ra
p id ly b y p r a c tic e
LE SS ON
V
.
XV
.
1
L
a n g u a g e is th a t b y which thou ght
7
.
§
I t in clu d es signs ,
a n d feelin g a r e e x p r e s s e d
.
f
t
r
n
o
i
a
e
s
u
r
s
e
es
s
o
s
e
,
g
p
other symbols,
cou n ten a nce,
i na rticu la te
t
u r es
i
c
p
s ou n ds, a n d
w or ds
.
or
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
85
.
G en er ally wh en l an gua ge is Sp ok en of, th e l a n guage of wor ds
is m e a n t
B r u tes h a v e a k in d of l a n gu a ge , e p r ess ed b y m o t ion s
a n d in a r tic ul a te so un ds
Th e d eaf an d d um b h a ve a l a n g uage
of s ign s
x
.
.
.
.
AW
an
idea
An
d is the wr itten
or
is
I dea
im a ge
of
a
p ic tur e
m e n ta l
a re
ac
r
,
The w o r d is t h e
la n g u age s
em
p loy
or o
Sig
d iffe r e n t
7 2 .G r a m m
ar
f la n gu a ge
er al
a re c o m m on
Gram m
to
a ll
s am e
g
fo r th e
ns
of
a n d r u les Of
n e ver
id e a
.
th e fa c t s , l a w
s
,
.
ar
tr ea ts
la n gu a ges
G r am m
rs o n
D iffe r e n t
sam e
ar
fa cts which
of
.
n in
Th e fac ts in rega r d to th e sen ten ce give
in al l l a n gu ages , an d b el on g to gen er al gra m m ar
E n gl i s h
h ave
.
si
pe
i
n m in d a k in d
p
w a y w e pi c t u r e t o
bj e c ts whic h w e
o f t his p ic t u r e
tr e a t s
an d r u l e s o
G en
n
n a m e of a
c a lls u
,
I n th e
n.
The
.
q u a in t e d
p e so
e a l o bj e c t s
th e
o ur s e lv e s u n r
s ee n.
p
sy m b ol o f
.
with wh o m w e
of
oken
or s
1,
th e
sa m e
.
i
v es the
g
the E n gl ish l a n guage
ar e
f
a cts ,
la ws
.
A
a
La w is a fac t wh ic h ap p lies to a wh ol e cl a ss of w or d s
Ru le is a g u ide in th e u se of l a n g uage I t is a la w o f t he l a n
ns
a r e d e r ived fr om a d ec tiv es ; it
t
a
s
t
ra
t
n
o
u
7
e
t
h
b
c
5
u
a
a
)
g g
is a r ul e t h a t th e r el a tive p r on o u n s ta n d s a fter its an teced e n t
.
j
.
i
d
vid e d in t o O r a l an d
y
lan gua ge is sp o k e n a n d is
Lan gua ge is
u s uall
O ral
W r itte n
a dd r esse d t o the e a r ;
d resse d on ly to the eye
.
73
written
la n gua ge is
o gr a p
E tym
h y , which t r e a ts
o l o gy,
a
.
Gra m m a r is d iv id e d in to fou r p a rts
.
O r th
,
which trea ts
of
of
W
L e tte r s
o r d s.
.
.
d
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
86
.
S yn t a x, which tr eats Of S e n t e n c e s
P r o s o d y , which tr ea ts of Ac c e n t ,
.
tu a t i o n
,
an
d V e r s i fi c a ti o n
§
74
ds
so u n
of s y l l a
Th e
o ft e n
.
.
O r t h o g r a p h y tr e a t s
.
an
of e l e m e n
d the l e tt e r s w hic h
b l e s,
an
of s p e l l i n
t h e la n g u a ge
s oun d s o f
tr e at e d
d
under
se
a
pa
re
p
r e s en t
ta r y
t hem ,
g.
and
it s
head
p r o n u n c ia tio n
c a ll e d
are
Or th o ep y
m o s t o f Or th o g r a p hy fr o m
r a te
P up ils a r e e xp e c te d t o l e a r n
Re a d e r s a n d S p e lle r s , a n d
c
.
LESS ON X VI
ORTHOGRAPHY
Pun
to l e ar n
.
s oun d s
th e
th o r
o ughly.
The E n glish lan gu age ha s forty three el em e n
T he se s o u n d s a r e e xp r e s s e d to th e
t ar y so un d s
-
.
e
y
e
t e rs
b y t we n ty S ix
The l ett er s
-
.
Al p h a b e t
S
Of a
in c e fo r ty th r e e
-
sent
p
m o r e th a n
l an gua ge
s o un d s
a re
re
§
t ers
75
prese
e ith e r s o m e
on e s o un d , or
d b y t w o o r m o r e le t t e r s
n a m e o f t h e l e t t e r is n o t t h e
.
are
T h er e
are
d b y t w e n ty
l e t t e rs m u s t r e p r e
n te
t ha t s o m e
r e s e n te
t h a t th e
d le t
ca ll e d it s
cha r a c ter s , ca lle
.
l e tte r s , it fo ll o w s t h a t
s ix
re
d iffere n t
sounds
com
b in e d
s ou n d o f
fo ur p rin cip al
m ust b e
.
o t ic e
t h e l e t t e r.
l
s
e
y
st
N
of
let
.
RO MAN , A ,
I ta lic,
A
,
a
a
°
,
B
b
C
;
;
,
,
B , b;
c
D
d
E
e
F
f
;
;
,
,
;
,
D, d ; E , e; F
.
.
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
Qt ugl is b, Q ,
(IBIS
a sy
E h l tt
c an
e
z
si e ,
te n
see
g
,
.
a e?
.
,
er
is
re
r e s en te
.
or
r ule s
5
d b y t w o c h a r a c t e r s , d iffe r in g
Th e g re a t b o d y o f w r it
a n d g e n e r a lly in fo r m
p r in t e d m a tt e r is m a d e u p o f s m a ll le tt e r s F o r
e
ac
in
B, b;
c;
Ea x, u
,
p
13 , h ; QI ,
a;
87
.
.
fo r t h e
App
th e
x
e n di
la rger l e t te r s ,
of the
use
c a lle d
C a p it a l s ,
.
p h a s is E m p h a tic w o d s
F ull
a e s o m e tim e s c o m m e c e d w ith a c a p ita l l t t
fa c e d t y p e is e m p l o y e d i
s c h o o l b o k s t o a tt a t t h e
a t t e n t io n t o im p o r t a t w o d s
I s c ip t th e u n d er s cor e
is e m p lo y e d t o d e o t e e m p h a s is
S oun ds a r e div id e d in t o t wo cl a sses
76
I ta lics
are u se d
to
e
xp
r
ress e m
r
.
n
e
n
n
r
e r.
r
o
n
.
n
r
c
,
.
.
,
So u n d s ,
Vow el
Le tt er s
so n a n
A
ts
an d
is
u t te r e
which
d
d
is
Con
with t he
re
or
p
i g
r e sen t n
g
an s o
c an n ot
the
or
be
u tt e r e
d
a n s of s p e e ch
g
The
.
a
s ou n
d
f sp ee c h Op en ,
.
are a , e
,
o th e r
i,
l e tt er s
o
p
withou t
in
,
re
n
r e sen ts
a
br in gin g
co n t a ct .
,
W
,
an
d
so m e
Y
a r e con s on a n ts .
b egin n in g of a sylla ble
A D i p h t l no n g is a c om bin a t ion of t wo v owels
a c o n son a n t a t
and
In
is
a
u tt er e
p
ro
in bo i l ; in
as
l etter
b e p rolon ged
s o n a n t is a l et t er which
The V o w e l s
tim es y
a
ca n
th a t
s om e of
an d
.
.
A Co n
s ou n
C o n s o n a n t S e n n el s
in to V o w e l s
divid e d
a re
Vow el
which is
an d
in bea t,
p
er
an
d
t he
a t a sin
d ip h th o n g
i mp
r op er
r eceive.
.
l
e im ul s e
g
p
of
the
,
v oice .
b o th v o w e ls a r e s o u d e d ; a s
d ip h th on g o n e v o w e l is s o u n d e d ;
n
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
88
§
7 7 . C on so n a n ts
Mu te s
Th e l iq u id s
and
p
r o lo n
b e c a us e
e l s,
g
l, m
a re
M
1
2
3
.
S,
(
L a b ia l s ,
G
.
R, q
n ,
,
the y
r
re
T he y
.
p resent
a ls o
ar e
s ou n d s
c a lle d
wh ic h
can
u tt u r a
or
divid e d into
lip
-
c o n s o n a n ts
(
l s,
)
b
f, p
,
h ar d , g , h
)
0
j,
t,
th r oa t- c o n s o n a n t s
or
v.
,
,
.
L in g u a l s ,
2
,
H is
(
to ng u e
-
c a lle d a n a s
S i b il a
pi
r a n t, o r
d ip h th o n g
th e
re
c o n so n a n ts
a n d c s o ft a r e c a ll e d
th a t is , h a s its his s in g
b e fo
L i q ui d s
e d.
u te s a r e s ub -
.
d ivid ed in to
are
.
S e m i -v o w
be
.
b
in
as
n
ts,
s, z
r
l
e
e
t
t
g
b e fo r e e, i ,
C is
.
and
L
is h a r d ; a s in g o , ba g
l e tt e r is s i l e n t , o r m
a t in a n d
G r e ek
.
s o ft ,
an
d
y
Caes a r
,
c en t, c ity , cy c le,
O t h e r wis e it is h a r d ; t h a t is , it h a s th e s o u n d
G is s o ft , o r is s o u n d e d lik e j , b e fo r e e, i
w o r d s d e r iv e d fr o m th e
.
his s in g le tt e r s
or
r e a thin
s ou n d ,
oe
)
(l ,
of
k
.
.
i
n
y,
O th e r wis e it
.
and
.
A
k
and
§
w in k n o w , t i n
7 S.
b el o w
The
o ft e n , n
so un
c l a ss
as
wh e n it h a s
u te ,
of
ds
in h ym n
G
a s,
i
v en
g
u tt u r a ls , a n d
g
l s.
u tt u r a
;
.
the l a n gu a ge
ifie d in t o l ab ia ls ,
L a b ia l s .
n o s ou n d
are
L in g u a l s .
SONANT N ON ONAN T SONAN T N ON S ONANT SONAN T NON SONANT
k
b
p
q
d
t
g
-
,
.
V
.
S
-
.
,
.
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
ch
h ard
.
.
‘
f ph
.
,
.
s.
j
c h.
.
s h.
zh , a s
in
c s o ft .
z.
a
z ur e
th,
th ,
as
in th is
.
.
as
in thin
.
MO L O G Y
E TY
LESS ON XVII
§
8 0 . E tym
D e r i v a ti o n
H i sto r y
The m
u se ,
of
o l o gy
tre a ts
‘
o
.
Cl a s s i fi c a t i o n ,
,
w ord s
Me a n i n g ,
f th e
Infl
e c tio n
an d
.
w or d is l e a rn e d b y it s
d e r i v a t i o n , or fr om a d i c t i o n
ean
b y its
of
in g
a
a r y.
N e ith er tea ch er
a ry
n or
p up il can a ffor d
to b e with o u t
of
n
d ic tion
!
.
D e r i v a t i o n tr e a ts
m
a
in g,
ean
Th e
E
d fo r m
an
the O r i gi
a ti o n
of
,
p
wo r d s
r im a r
y
.
h
li
e An g l o
sh l a n g u a e o r igin a t e d fr o m
t
g
g
I t c o n t a in s m a ny
a n d th e N o r m a n -F r e n c h
S a xo n
n
.
w o r d s fr o m th e
L
a tin a n d
From
th e
A
o s it io n s
a nd
c o n u n c tio n s ,
n
l
o
g
-
S x
a
on
j
fr o m th e
c om e
and
G
r e ek .
a ll o u r
a ll
v er
p
bs
r o n ou n s
of
,
th e
p rep
s tr o n g
j
c o n ug a t io n .
§
8 L In
in t o
Pr i m
r es
i ti v e ,
Co m p o u n d
A Pr i m
othe r
A
oth er
p
e ct
to
igin , w or d s
or
D e r i v a tiv e ,
are cl a s sifie d
Si m
/
p le
an
d
fr om
an
y
.
i t i v e w or d is
n ot
d eriv ed
w or d in the l a n gu a ge ; a s m a n, boy, S h ike
B e r i v a t i v e w o r d is form e d fr om som e
r
.
wor d in the la n gu a ge b y p r efiwin g or
fi
su
az
C OMMON SCHO OL COURSE
ll
a b l es , or b y cha n gi n g le tt er s
y
wor d ; a s, b oy is h, m a n lg, u n m an ,
i n g l etters ,
or
wit hin th e
s
-
ke
A p im itiv e
s tr o
.
-
.
Fr o m
c a ll e d a s tem .
is
r iv e d
man
s te m
th e
w or d s
o th e r
w o r d , fr o m w hic h
r
are
de
a re
fo r m e d
t h e d e r iv a t iv e w or d s , m a n ly , m a nf u l, u n m a n , m a n n is h ,
men
.
Th e
roo
p
su
of
m ay b e
sem
bl e
c h a n ge
c om m on
to
Th e
p rim itiv e
in m e a n in g
twelve, twin e,
two , twa in ,
is g e n e r a lly m a d e
o f a w o rd
ar e
m ore
c o n s o n a n ts .
s ev er al
r e m a in s n u
whic h
r o ot
v o we l s
th a n th e
o th e r
e ac h
The
.
Th e
c o n s o n a n ts
bj e c t t o
p a rt
w o r d is th at
a
ih its d e riv a tive s
c h a n ge d
u
t of
T hu s
.
sam e
w o r d s whic h
,
tw is th e
S tr is th e
tw is t
.
root
re
r o ot o f
of
r oo t
s tr in g , s tr o n g , s tr ew , s tr a ig h t.
A
wor d
S im p l e
m or e w o r d s ;
A
Com p
n ot
be
se
p a r ate d
in t o t wo
or
d oor , wi n d o w, m a chin e
as,
oun
c an
.
d w o r d is m a d e
u
p
of
t wo
m or e
or
s im
l
r d s ; a s , d o or m a t, win d ow s a s h , s ew in
e
o
m
h
w
a
c
i
n
e
p
g
I n c o m p o u n d w o r d s t h e a c c e n t is up o n t h e fir s t p a r t ;
-
-
a s , s tedm - bo a
-
.
t, r éw bo a t
-
.
Le t th e p up il s th in k o u t t h e r e a so n of th is
cl ea r id ea o f e m p h asis , i t w ill n ot b e d ifli c u l t
If th ey h ave
F o r th e u se o f th e h y p h en b e t ween t h e p a r ts
word , see th e s ub ect of P un c tua tio n
of a com p o un d
.
a
.
j
W or d s
m e a n in g ,
s o m e tim e s
a re
and
F o r in s t a n c e ,
.
w r itt e n
pa
p o un d e d
a
Th e teach er is
e
ec te d
p re s s
ex
on e
ly t o e xp r e s s a n o th e r
a h ou s e m a d e o f
l
a
s
s
;
g
h o u s e w h e r e gl a s s
xp
to
r a te
s
u
i
s
l
a
s
h
o
se
g
a
is
s
s
h ou s e
a g la
se
c om
req u ire o f
.
is
m ade
.
c l a ss
ill us tra tion s
e n o ugh to fi x e ve r y fac t cl ear l y in m in d
Wh en th e p up il is
a b le t o b r in g to th e c l a ss a c o n s id e rab l e n u m b er o f ill us t r a t io n s
o f h is o w n s e lec tion , i t is tol era b ly c e r ta in t h a t h e u n d e r s ta n d s
ti e p r in cip le
R
eq uir e wr it ten ill us tra tion s, an d a gr ea t m a n
y
r
0 t th em
to
th e
.
.
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
92
§
82
By the
.
m ea n t their
their
Sp e e c h
e m en t I n cla s s es
cl a s s es
ei
h
t
g
a re
the N o u n
,
j
A N o u n is the
i
t
on
p
er c e
be
I ts
office
u se
d
is
being, sta te
xc l a
E
the
a tio n
a
d
the
.
a r e som e tim e s call ed
sep a r a te
p
ar t
.
Of a n ob ect , either of
j
an d
ca n
its elf b e the
a
wor d which , in
so m e o f
its form s,
th e sim p l e p r e d ic ate of a s e n t en c e
to a s s e r t .
I t u s u ally a sser ts the
as
.
or a ction of
a
the
su
w or d
bj e ct
u se
d
.
to
su
l
t
h
e
pp y
o f a n ou n .
s ub sta n tiv e
n a m in
by
a
word which m o d ifies
q u a l ity
g
b y p oin tin g ou t w h i c h ,
m ea n t
a
or
or a
a
tt r i b u t e ,
h ow m
an
y
are
.
An Ad v e r b is a wor d
m o dify a v erb a s en t e n ce or
,
is
m
is al so m a d e a
ca ll ed a P a r ticip le
th ou ght,
An Adje c t i v e is
or
of
w or d s in E n glish ,
P r o n o u n , t he
t he Pr o p o s i t i o n ,
n am e
A Pr o n o u n is
l
a ce
p
d Pa r t s
to
s en t en ce .
V e r b is
ca n
of
or
of a
of
or a an d
j
.
A
d in g
t h e V e r b , th e
Th e sp ecify in g a d ec tives, a n
Ar ticles Th e v e rb al a d ec tive
o f sp ee c h b y s om e a uth or s , a n d
bj ec t
c a lle
a re
cl a sse s
j e c t i v e , the Ad v e r b ,
C o n j u n c t i o n , a n d the
su
a cc or
g
The
w or d s is
.
T her e
p
of
Cl a s s i fi c a t i o n
a rr a n
u se .
.
n ot a s u
b sta n tiv e
,
wh os e
som e
office
is to
w or d which
.
A Pr e p o s i t i o n is
a
word which
con n ects a
C
b st an tiv e
su
OMMON SCHOOL COURSE
wor d which is m odi fied b y
an d it s s ub s e u e n t
q
s om e
to
the p rep osit ion
.
A C o n ju n c t i o n is
ten
p
t he
E x c l a m a t i o n is
re ss em o tion or
d
t he
as
oin t
p
we
a
e
p
s
n am e o
Of
se n
d b y itself to
no
p
of
a rt
83
the p r on ou n
n
i
If
m e a n in g
.
e c te d
,
w is es t
.
d erive d
T hu s
.
is m ean t tha t
a
cha n
dergo
o th e r
to
ex
is
r ess c
wo r d s ,
g
p
ch a n e d is m
g
e
p
ex
r e s se
chan
e
g
ha n ge
in t heir
or
d
by
o
d ifi
a
ed
se
a
p
,
n ot
.
t ak e n
E
are
the s ta r tin g
.
un
to
w or d , t he wo r d
Wi s e
for m s
ll e c t i o n
r ela t on s
in their
or , a s
t he p r on o u n W h o , thou gh it ha s
W h o s e a n d W h o m . W h o is the
By l
.
wor d is tha t for m whic h is
o t h er
for m which w or ds
infl
u se
form in g
—
f the w o r d ;
f
r ate
is to
Of
k
e m e Of
§
an d
c la u s e s
w or d
a
feelin g,
of a
fr om which
the form s
th
ofli c e
s en t en c e .
The T h e m e
u se
wor d Whos e
ces.
An
ex
a
w or d s, p h r a se s,
con n ect
93
.
as a
3 an d
th e m e ,
h im
are
infl e c tio n s
8 4 . The H i s t o r y
its p rim ary m e a n in g,
ha s u n de r gon e
h a s t he in fl e c te d fo r m s w is er ,
of a
an
of
th e t h e m e h e
w or d t ells its
d t he
ch a n
es
g
.
or i
i
n,
g
whic h it
.
T hu s
An
kn a ve
Ob
fi
rs t
s o l e te
m e a n t boy , th e n
word is
one
s er va n t, n o w r a s c a
which wa s
o n ce
l
.
in
EN G LI S H G RA MMA R
94
d
g
w or d
oo
b ut is
u se ,
is goin g
An
n o w.
n ot
obsolete;
p ate for h ead, is obsoles ce n t
.
LESS ON XVIII
NOUN
TH E
§
t he
A N o u n is
of
n am e
of a ll
e x is tin
an
o
bj ect
thin gs which
su
a
.
.
n a m e, or
b s t a n ti v e
I t in clu d es th e
.
e xis t ,
or
ar e
s
n a m es
k
en of
p
o
as
g
.
A S u b s t a n t i v e is
wor d s which is
bject
an o
tio n
O b so le sc e n t
o u t of u se.
Leas ing, m ean in g lyin g, is
S5 .
.
u se
d
f
or
f
a s u bse u en t o
q
f
as
a v erb, or
o
w
or d
y
a su b ect
j
an
o
r ou
g
of
p
a sen ten ce,
a
p
r e osi
p
.
I n gr amm a tical
m an y
for m ed wh ose
T h ese
s ub ec ts a r e p hr a ses , or w o r ds u se d ou t of th e ir c om m on u se
s ub e c ts s h o uld b e c a l l ed s u bsta n tives o r s ubs ta n tive p hr ases
In
”
a n a ly in g th e s e n t en ce,
Will go is th e p r ed ic ate, ca ll will go a
s ubs ta n tive p hra se
j
j
an al y sis
sen ten ces
ar e
.
.
z
.
No u n s
ar e
A Pr o p e r
divid ed in
n ou n
is the
t in guishin g it fr om
P e or ia , I llin ois ,
A Co m
m
n am e of
a ll
Willia m
on
e r and
P r op
n oun
oth er s
Co m m o n
o n e obj e c t di s
.
,
of
its
cl a ss
;
a s,
.
is th e
wh ich m ay in cl u d e a gre at
u al s ; a s , c it , st a t e , b o
y
y
n am e
of
b er
of
num
c la ss
a
in d ivid
.
Th e
n am e
in th e
clas s.
kn own , we
Of
th e c l a s s
m ay b e
I f th e p r op er
a d d r e s s him b y a
n am e
a
pp lie d to a
o f a p e rs o
c om m o n n a m e
n
;
y
n
a s,
Obj e c t
is
f
n ot
r ien d ,
CO MMON SCHOOL C OURSE
L
H is p
str a n ger , s ir .
b e lo n g s t o h im
Ap
to
ro
p
is his
n am e
o
wn
n am e
'
It
a lo n e .
b e c om e s
er n o u n
C l a ss ;
a
r op er
95
.
c om m on
a
wh e n m a d e t o
com m on
b e c o m e s p r op e r
n ou n
a
ppl y
w he n
pplie d e x c lu s iv el y t o a n i d iv id ual
E x T here a r e S I X Willia m s i t he s ch o ol IVi llia m s
is a c o m m o n n o u n b e c au s e ap plie d t o a cl a s s
M F ie ld b ou ght t h e fi el d The s ubj e c t f i eld is a
r
r n o u n b e c au s e m a d e t he
o
e
p
f
r
r
t
o
e
m
n
o
e
o
a
p
p p
y
a
n
*
.
.
-
n
.
‘
.
,
r.
.
n
,
8 6 . C om m on
C o l l e c ti v e , V e r b a l
s tr a c t
,
An Ab s t r a c t
a
q
u alit
tiv e
a
n ou n s a r e su
y
A b stra c t
.
b divided in t o Ab
in kin dn ess ;
su
from
d e scrip
a
en e r a ll
g
y
in Wuth ,
as
.
bsta n tiv e n a m e of
n ou n s
th
D i m i n u tiv e
an d
d eriv e d
13 ;
dj ective
n c s s as
is the
n ou n
.
’
en d
in
c c or c y
in p r u den ce, clem en cy
in fl y a s in a bility
T hey d o n ot a dm it the p l ur a l n or the p o sse ssiv e
as
.
for m
.
A C o l l e c tiv e
is
a
i
l
ed t o
pp
arm
a n um
b er
ha s
of
a Si n
ul ar
g
in divid ua ls ;
for m , b u t
as ,
ock,
l
f
h
t
o
s
y,
.
A
v er
n ou n
Verb al
b
ple
.
a
d m it s
t he m o d ifiers
of a
I n fo rm it m a y b e either t he P a r t i c i
or t he I n fi n i t i v e
.
Ex
n ou n
—
P la y ing fo o t
La tin is
“
n ot
e a s y.
-
b all is
v iol e n t e
To h ea r
and
x e r c is e
to
.
L ea r n in g
s ee a r e v e r
i
f
f
d
er
y
e n t.
A D im
a s m all
in
u ti ve
thin g
o
is
f th e
d e riv a tiv e n ou n d e n otin g
k in d exp resse d b y its p rim
a
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
96
The
itiv e
k in
lo ck
,
l in g ,
,
.
dim in utive
cl,
dings
en
e t,
ar e
ie .
(
F lo w e r e t m a n n ikin , h illo c k , d u c k lin g p e t r el
is little P e t e r b e c a u s e it w a lk s o n th e wa t e r )
w ifi e ,
M a ttie
Ex
.
th a t
—
,
,
,
l o r d lin g
,
,
s o m e t im e s
L in g
.
d e n o te s
D im in u tiv e s fr e qu e n tly
.
A Co m p l e x
is
n ou n
e
c o n te m
xp r e s s
pt
as
,
en d ea r m en t.
of n a m e s
r ou
in
n ot
g
p
i
c om o u n d a
l
e d t o a S in le
rs on ; a s , Pr esi
e
p
pp
g p
d en t William Henry H arrison
Ma rcus Tul
liu s C icer o
a
.
.
LESS ON X IX
IN F LECTION OF
§
87 .
'
N
o un s
in fl
are
fr o m
a r e als o
fe w
n o un s
T his
S e x.
is
a re
c all e d
Th e I n fl e c t i o n
N u m b er ,
Numb
fl e c te d
T his
s e s si o n
A
in
of
is
G en d er ,
c a ll e
ib ute
b y in fl ection
T he
p
i
r nc
o
bj e c t
T h is
.
is
r el a t io n o f
fl e c tio n
is
of
Ca
en
d
c a ll e d
D
ec
l e n sio n
Ca s e
Pe r s o n
Of n o u n s ,
b ut is
.
_
G
d
se
os
d iffe r e n c e in
a
of
an
P
er
.
a re
.
c a ll e
2 8 ) is
n ot
d
a l so
in d ica te d
.
p al
i
th e i n
fl e c tio n
of a n o un .
a n a ttr
on e
in fl e c t e d t o d e n o t e
Of a n o u n
th e ir
c h a n ge
er
c alle d
t h e in
.
or
to d e n ot e t h e
Att r i b u t e s
d
OUN
d
wh ic h d e n o t e s
in fl e c tio n
c a ll e d th e
T he y
n am e
a
N
w hic h d e n o te s m or e th a n
a n am e
fo r m s , t o d is tin guis h
on e
e cte
TH E
.
u se of a
k n o wle d ge
of
th e s e
a
ttr ibu tes
i s t o d e t e r m in e t h e p r o n o u n , w hic h s h o ul d b e u s e d in
pl a c e o f th e n o u n , a n d th e f or m Of th e v e r b t o whic h
,
the
n o un
is
bj e c t
su
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
98
P e n n y,
p e a s (in d ivid u al s )
p e n n ie s (c o in s)
C o w,
c o ws ,
P ea,
Ge
p e a s e ( d iffe r e n t kin d s)
p e n c e (v alu e )
k in e ( o n ly in p o e tr y)
e n ii (s p ir it s )
g
.
g
.
.
,
n iu s ,
.
.
of
m
en
(
e n iu s e s
g
e
.
)
n iu s ,
pl ur al ; a s
N
n er a
o r u l e s c a n b e g iv e n fo r th e i in fl e c tio n
e
n
u
s
e
g
g
S om e for e ign w o r d s h a v e a n E n glis h p lur al a n d a ls o
M an y for e ign
th e ir
r e t a in
w or d s
o r ig in al
,
r
.
,
.
,
o r ig in al
th e ir
r e t a in
;
c h er u bs ,
c h er u b,
a s,
c h er u bim
or
i
m
s
b
(
)
L e tte r s a d fi gu e s for m th e ir p lur al b y a dd in g 3 p r e
c e d e d b y a n a p o s tr o p h e ; a s C r o s s y o ur t s a n d d o t y o ur
n ever cher u
.
r
n
,
’
,
,
i
’
Make
s.
N ou
th e t o p
s c lo s e d a t
d e n o tin g t hin g s w e igh e d
ns
h av e
no
p lu
.
m e a su re d ,
or
ra
l id e a ,
p lur a l
no
u sed
.
u s ed
in th e
a s,
w in es ,
'
l,
t h in g s m a d e Of th e m a t e r ia l ;
or ,
a m e s o f c h e m ic a l e l e m e n t s
h ave
no
in
a n d , of c ou r s e ,
If
fo r m ; a s , w h e a t , g o ld , s u g a r
t h e y e ith e r d e n o t e d ifi er en t k i n ds ;
ra
tea s ;
N
9
ur
o
y
c o m m on s e n s e ,
th e ir
p lu
’
as
,
ir o n s , br a s ses
p l ur a l ;
.
as , o xyg en ,
io d in e
.
Ab
st r a c t
s o m e tim e s e
S
S
be
j
m ade
dr a wer s ,
u
x ed
ma n
-
r
n
r
I n t his
of
p
.
tr ap
pa
are
po
i
G
v
(
e o th e r e
rt
seem
n
e o th e r
o u nd
w h ic h is
s
f
fo r m
.
b o th
e x am ple s
)
e
d in
.
l fo r m ; a s , vi ctu a ls ,
s ev e r a l n a me s o f o h
din g
p a rts ;
x a m p le s )
t o h a ve p l u
n ou n s
n o un s
ra
a s,
to n gs ,
.
m o la ss es , m e a s les ,
a s,
m a n tr ap
-
,
;
p lu
c o rr e s
In Co m p
t o th a t
i
G
v
(
t wo
w hic h
n ouns
c la s s
r
,
.
s c iss o r s .
om e
C o l l e c t iv e
p l ur a lity with o u t th e p lu a l
h a v e o p lu a l fo r m b u t a e u s
al wa ys s in g ul a r
he
r a l.
re s s
a s h es .
90
pl u
a s,
om e
e c ts
no
d
ee
r
s
h
ee
t
t
r
o
u
;
,
p ,
n o u n s h a ve o n l
h
t
e
y
rs
em ber s
S
xp
om e n oun s
num
h ave
n ou n s
th e
r e a ll
a th er - i n -
ra
m ade
f
a re
n ews .
p l ur al
y
la w,
l fo r m s
a
e n d in
p
i
s
g
lu r al ;
th er s - in -la w.
an
a s,
COMMON SCHO OL COURSE
W he n
whic h
e r al
yi n g
a Sp e c if
W h e n e ve r
m o r e C hr is tia n
s am e
th e
Mis s
sam e
t he
d e d b y a titl e b e fo r e
n u m e r a l a dj e c t iv e s ta n d s t h e
,
Ch ap in s
su r n a
Miss es M ar y
;
G
e and
J a m e s H a rp e r ;
g
B utle r
In
-
na
ul a rl
-
and
E ll
t h e t i t l e is
en
.
as,
th e
th e ti tle m ay b e
Th o mp s o n ; o r , the
iss
M
t o th e l a tt e r fo r m
s u b st a n
wh y s
is
s
n a m e or
Af
e w n oun s
t o th e d iffe r e n t
o t, a
bb ess
fl e c tio n is
a dded
be
a s,
sex
h a ve
of
th e
an
G
en
d
er
.
.
in fl e c tio n
b e in gs
Lu
c o rr e s
p o n d ing
b y the m ; a s ,
u c ia
T h is in
n am e d
c 1u s ,
L
.
.
i
s t o d e te r m in e w h a t p r o n o u n
g
u s e d in s t e a d o f a n o u n in t h e th ir d p er s o n
of
a n d s in g u l a r
th e m e a n in g
th e fo r m t o
N ou n s
In
.
t o th e l a s t w or d ;
CASE
AND
h e r o , h e r o in e ;
c a ll e d
us e
th e w h er ef o r es
an d
.
GEND ER
91.
wh e n
t i v e l y t h e y fo r m th e
LESS ON XX
s h o u ld
,
wh e n e v e r
8.
a re u s e d
w or ds
re
in
no t en d
me d oes
-
T he
or
.
U s a ge in c lin e s
g
y;
lo n g c o m p o u n d s t he
’will O the wis ps
Abb
t itle ,
mm or
,
M sscs
th e
a s,
sons .
W he n
p l u r al
a
to
B r o wn ; Mes s r s
Gen er a ls M e a d e B a n k s a n d
th e
e ith e r
c a se s,
plu ral ;
Th omp
th e
G en
.
o th er
made
a s,
a nn e xe d
p er s o n s
in c lu d e s d ifl e re n t
pl u
e or
by
'
m ad e
a s , o ur s ix
.
m e is
p rec e d e d
n am es,
t itle
r al
rec e
t h e title ;
a n d n ot
r al
th e t wo
S m i ths;
p
ar e
or a
plu
is m a d e
name
n ou ns
rop er
p
99
.
e n d er
of
th e
.
xp s th e
d e n o tin g
e
re s
p
p
N a t u r a l ge n d e r d e e n d s u o n
w o r d ; G r a m m a t i c a l g e n d e r v a rie s
n u m ber
m e a n in g
m
a
le
.
b e in gs
a re
of
the
ENGLISH G RAMMAR
1 00
M a s c u l i n e gen d er ;
b ein gs
Na m es
u n im p or ta n t , a r e o f
Na m es
a
d
a s , chil
N
d
ouns
,
i
the
—
.
il
p p
u
d
er ;
g
S
.
t o t h e m a s c ulin e fo r m
E
li
s
h
g
o m e tim e s
u n t e r , h un t r e s s
h
u
n
c
o
t,
;
;
J o s e p hin e ; W ilh elm , W ilh e l m in e ;
s eph
J
o
;
h e r o i e ; e x e c uto r
,
n
n
.
a c tr e s s
c to r ,
e ss
are
en
o n ly
.
r
A
s ex
.
p o n d in g f em in in e E ss is the
t h e o th e s b el o n g t o fo r e ign w o r d s
e n d in g s a r e a d d e d
Ex
Co m m o n
is
.
eith er
of
sex
ar e
c o rr e s
e n d in g ,
wh o se
in fl e c te d t o d e n o t e ge n d e r , c h a n ge
e n d in g in t o e s s , i n e , o r r i x , t o d e n o t e
whic h
t h e m a s cu lin e
th e
th e
of
a r en t , c o u s n ,
p
s ea , or
b ein gs
to b e
ale
.
t he N e u t e r ge n d er
l
i
e d to
pp
s om etim e s s a i
e
w ithou t
Obj ect s
of
fe m
d en otin g
e n d er
g
n oun s
th e F e m i n i n
a r e of
.
c ou n t
’
x e c ut ix ;
e
,
a d m in is t r a t o r ,
r
he r o ,
a d m in is
t r a t r ix .
S m e fo
Su h w
c
h av e
re i
g
ord s
o
n at ur a l
wo r d s h a v e
n
as
u n c le ,
n d e r,
e
g
o th e r en d in
b u t th e
p
q u e e n b e a u b e lle
kin g ,
a u n t,
g
s.
,
,
,
t o b e u s e d fo r t h e m
ron ou n
is k n o wn b y th e ir m e a n i n g , n o t b y t h e ir e n d i n g
S e x is o ft e n a s c r ib e d t o t hin g s w ith o u t life b y
.
ure
c a ll e d
P
e r so n
ifi c a t i o n
O bj e c t s
.
z
s t r e n gt h, v io l e n c e , o r s i e , a r e
th o s e
r e m a rk a
b le
m a d e fe m in in e
t h e fr o s t ,
.
u s u a ll
r e m a rk a
a
ble
fig
fo r
m
d
a
e
m
s
i
l
a
u
n
c
e ;
y
fo r g r a c e , d e lic a c y , o r b e a u ty, a r e
T h u s , t he s u n , the w in d , th e w in t e r ,
m a s c u l in e ; th e m o o n , t h e r o s e , th e l il ,
y
t h e S p r in g , a r e fe m in in e
I n o r din a r y s p e e c h a n im a l s a r e m a s c ulin e o r fe m in in e ,
a re
.
a c c o r d in
e le
pha
h
i
r l e a d in
t
o
t
e
g
g
nt
fe m in in e
are
g
b u t e s T hu s
a tt r i
.
e n e r a ll
m
li
a
s
u
ne
c
h
t
e
y
;
c at
th e lio n
an d
is ge n e r a lly
.
T h e m a s c u lin e g e n d e r is
us ed
fo r
a ll
n er al
e
g
s ta t e
P
GRAMMAR
L
1 02
E N G I SH
o s s e ss iv e ,
m a tic al
Ab s o l u t e ; th a t is , with out gr am
as
or
.
r e l a t io n .
The P o s s e s s i v e
g u l a r is form ed b y
sin
an
i g to the th em e the en din g s , p recede d by
’
’
a p o s t r o p h e ; a s , ship , s hip s ; riv er , r iv er s
n ex n
an
.
Th e a p os tr op h e s h o w s th e om ission o f a
in old E n gl ish fo r m ed a p ar t o f th is e n din g
vowel
(e or i ) w hi ch
.
Pl u r a l
n ou n s
din g in
en
form b y a ddin g the
’
wi v es ; e a gle s win gs
s iv e
a
p
m a k e their Po s s es
s
h
e ;
p
o stro
fa rm ers
as ,
’
.
P l ural
n o u n s n ot
trop he
es
l
l
abl e ,
y
tr op h e o n ly,
s
a v o id
Mo s e s
p
s
m ak e their Po s
s
r ece
b y th e
de d
a
p
os
.
S o m etim
to
d in g in
fo rm b y a dd in g
’
a s , wo men s
s e ss iv e
on e
en
too
wh e n
ends
es
a n oun i n
in
th e
hiss in g
a
p e c ially b e fo
m a n y h is s in g
s in g ul a r , o f
s ou n
w or d
re a
s o un d s
p
d it
d is c i le s ; c o n s c ie n c e s a k e
C o m p l e x a n d C o m p o u n d n ou n s ,
’
ph
m o d ifyin g
adds
th e a
p os
b e gin n i
i
h
t
w
s
,
g
’
c h ill e s s hi el d
n
A
a s,
;
m o r e th a n
’
.
ra ses r e
to t h e l a s t w o r d ;
rd e d a s o n e
a
g
Gen er a l s c o m m is s io n ; t h e I fin g
’
S m i th th e boo ks eller s s to r e
’
n oun s
w ith
t it le , a dd th e e n d in g
J o h n P a u l J o n es
a s,
an d
f
o
’
p;
s hi
E n g la n d
a
’
Maj or
s c r o wn
;
.
93
in flec t
A w or d given
.
her w or d s is
c all e
ot
F ULL
IN
m o d el b y which t o
a Pa r a di gm .
as a
d
FLE CTI ON OF
S in g u l a r .
Mascul ine
.
G e n e r a l fo r m
P
o ss e ss i v e ,
,
O
A N UN
.
P l ur a l .
F emin ine
.
Mas cul ine
.
F emi n ine .
h e ro ,
h e r o in e ,
h e r o e s,
h e r oin e s ,
her o
h er oin e
h er o es
he r o in e s
’
s,
’
s,
’
,
’
.
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
IN
FLE CTI ON
l fo r m
G
en era
P
o s se ss i v e ,
A N O UN W I TH O U T
OF
VER B
TH E
§
A
V e r b is
an d
which
.
a s se r t,
p
art
of
Sp e e ch
as
.
u su a ll
Sp e e c h
th e
O th e r w o r d s
s en te n c e .
m e a n in g , b u t
As
ver
a c tio n s
bs
.
ar e
a d m it
h a s m or e
Sp e e c h
n o o th e r
by
l
d
n
a
d
,
B e s id e s
p r e p o sitio n
is
c a ll e d
to
th e I
of
al o n e
e
p a rts
c o m p le t e
n a m e s o f o ur
as
qual
a
im p o r t a n c e in
c an a sse r t .
bj
fo r m t h a n
a ss e r t i n
na
me
T he s e
n o u n s.
Th e t h e m e
L
i
n e ve r
s e n te n c e ,
and
s
a
y
y
v a r ia tio n s th a n o
e c t s , th e v e r
of
v a r ia tio n s
d e s ir a b le
u se d
ar e
w or d
m or e
of
a d m ittin g v e r b a
ve r y
j
s u b ec t
n e c e s s ar
h a v e fo r m s w hic h
verb a
e xi s t
.
it w a s fre q u e n tly
,
th e
is t o
w a s giv e n t o th is
m o s t im p o r t a n t
a t in
I n th e
or
l a n gu age , fr o m w h ic h w e d e r iv e t h e
of
offic e
a s s er ts
y
of its
m e an s w
ve r b
.
wor d who se
a
e n c e , a c tio n
or s t a t e
,
Th e w o r d
GE N DE R.
,
LE SS ON XX I
94
1 03
.
l m
g
a c tio n
a c tio n s ,
n ou n s
o
o th e r
any
or
e
an d
b
x is t e n c e
of
rt
ver
,
bs
t h e r e fo r e ,
a re ,
d iffe r fr o m
d ifi e r s ;
pa
o t he r
n o un s
To sp ea k w e ll is
as,
.
of
th e v e r
b e for e
nfin
Verb s h a v e
Pa r t i c i p l e s
it ;
it iv e ,
a l so
a s,
a
b
is th a t for m wh ic h
as
to h a ve, t o
o r u n lim i ted
see.
fo r m
Ad j e c t i v e
a d m it s
Th is
th e
fo r m
.
ca lle
fo r m s ,
la boring m a n ;
a
p
d
r in ted
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
104
e
p g
a
distin gu ished fr om other
their form th eir d eriv a tion , a n d
Pa r ticip l e s
.
dj ectiv es b y
their m o d ifie rs
a
Fr om the
form s ,
,
.
them e , th en , w e ha v e
v er
or
bs
p
ro
.
a ss ertion
95
b ut d o
The I n fl
.
C o n ju g a t i o n
V er b s
an d
t wo
th e
ac t
m ake
n ot
imp ly
it dir ectly
som etim es
.
of a v erb
e c tio n
is
c a lle
.
in fl e ct e d t o giv e a S ub stan tiv e form ,
Adj e ct iv e for m s ; t o sho w th e t i m e of
or
a s s er te
sta te
an d
N um b e r
d t o in d ica te the
d;
an
of
th e
bj ect
su
.
h a v e t wo A d j e c t i v e fo r m s ; th e I m p
i n comp lete, a n d th e P e r fe c t o r co mp lete for m
er
d its
a re
Pe r s o n
V b
p
a sser
Su b s t a n t i v e
er ,
d Ad je c t i v e form s
In fin itiv e a n d Pa rticip le
an
The
§
are
sam e
form s ,
ti v e
.
s
e r fe c t or
.
( Th e I m p er fect
is
th e P as t p a r ticip l e
Im p
Th e
a d d in g
.
as,
pa
do
This form is
fia n n in g is
call e
d
an d
th e P erfec t
ple
is fo r m e d fr o m th e th e m e b y
i n g , b e i n g , c h a n g ( e ) in g .
i
rt ci
-
-
-
a l so u s e
d
as a
v iol e n t e xer cise .
G er un d ,
a
th e P r esen t,
)
e r fe c t
i ng;
s om e tim es cal l ed
or a
Su b s t a n ti v e ;
When
s o u se
Ver b al N ou n
as ,
d it is
.
Th e P e rfe c t P a r tic ipl e is fo r m e d fr o m t h e th e m e b y
E d s o m e tim e s b e c o m e s d o r
th e e n d in g s e d , a n d e n .
t,
an d e n
L v d
Writte n
o
e
b ec om e s
,
,
11 .
E x a m p le
s av e d ,
p aid
thr o wn ,
i
n,
v
e
g
,
s :
GRAM MAR
LS
ENG I H
1 06
§
e xp r e s s
9 7 . To
a b ov e
.
d iffe r e n t m e a n in gs
th e fo u r te e n
i
n
s
e
c
t
o
fl
;
i
en
v
g
h
e
i
e
v
t
f
a
l
c
v
n
a
e
o
p
b
I
d
l
e
k
i
n
a
k
w
l
k
s
a
w
w al
y g
g
r
m
l
f
s
o
r
e
a
h
v
o
t
e
d
b
r
e
s
e
q
xp
b
i
e
u
i
s
e
d
r
e
i
h
d
e
a
t e
y
s t a n d i g b e t w e e n th e s u bj e c t a n d t h e s t e m w a lk
A L a ti v e b c o m p le t e h a d o v e r a h u n d e d d ifl er e n t
n u m b er of i fl ec
e d i g s ; n o t c o u ti g t h e s till g e a t e
T h e s e e d i g s w e r e a ll
t io s o f it s a dj e c tiv e fo m s
th e th e m e w a lk h a s b u t t h r e e in
,
,
,
r
n
r
.
r
s
r
,
n
.
'
r
r
n
r
n
n
r
r
n
n
n
n
n
n
.
ign ific a n t T hu s s e r v a b u n t u r m ea n t , T h ey w i ll be p r e
l u r al n um e r ;
B d e n o t e d fu tu r e t im e ; 11 , t h e
ser ved
a s s i v e v o ic e ; u w a s u s e d
e r s o n ; r , th e
t , th e th ir d
.
p
.
p
s im
ply t o
b
p
i
h
v
e
t
e
g
s
b
a v o we l s o u n d .
ll
a le s
y
The E n gl ish v e rb ha s p rop erly t w o t en s es ;
c a l le d the Pr e s e n t a n d t he P a s t
.
Th e P r e s e n t t e n s e is
used
m ay b e
The
s u n r is es
r is e n
has
fu tu r e
t im e
t he
.
.
e ith e r
fo r
in the E
th in g in
fut u r e t im e
or
,
.
m e a n s th a t it d o e s g e n e r a lly ;
p a s t, a n d will r is e th e r e in th e
-
.
A
p ast
r e s e n t,
I g o to S t L ou is to m o r r ow , im p lie s fu tu r e
his t o r ia n d e s c r ib in g a b a tt le , s p e a k s t h u s o f
“
c om m a n d e r
a c tio n s
p
a s s e r t ion s , a n d
a s t,
in th e
th e r e
fo r g e n e r al
used
He
He
c o n fu s io n .
w
m e n t io n e d
er e
9 8 . Pa r a digm
Pr e s en t t e n s e
in
c o m es
uses
i
n
o
g
of
the
g
on
a ll
h a ste,
the
in
v erb s
p
re se n t
p e r s on
S e c o n d p e s on
Thir d p e r s o n
,
r
,
,
as
o ur
S ight
go
an
d
e v e ry
if t h e
.
ch an
ge .
.
S in g u l a r .
F ir s t
n ds
i
f
P lura l.
g
o,
ch an
g
oe st ,
c h a n g es t .
h
n
o
a
c
e
.
g ,
g
c h a n ge s .
g
e s,
o
g
(
o l d e n d in
h
n
o
c
a
g ,
.
e
g
o, c
g
e.
h an ge
.
g
)
o tic e th a t th e e n d in
s t m a r k s t h e s e c o n d S in ul a r
g
,
g
hi
h
w
c
i
s
u
s
d
nl
h
e
i
h
t
r o n ou n t h o u
p
o
t
e
w
n
a
d
8
m
r
k
a
s
(
y
),
N
e
th
.
COMMON S C HOOL COURSE
s in gu la r .
the th ir d
in
s tyle a n d
is
E th
p oe tr y
Th e
S is t h e
o n ly
t h e th e m e .
.
o
b s ol e t e
o th e r
p
e
,
fo r m s
1 07
.
x c ept
s o le m n
th e s a m e
are
e n d in g
er s o n a l
in
in
as
c om m on
use.
Pa st t en se
of
m
v erb s
the
o v e an d
w r it e
S in g u l a r .
F irs t
S
pe
ec o n d
m o ve d ,
pe
m o v e d s t , wr o t e s t .
m ove d , wrote
m o ve d ,
m o v e d , wr o t e
rson,
and
s e ld o m
§
,
th a t t h e
o t ic e
in g ,
th a t
P a st
w r o te
te n s e h a s b ut
s in
se c on d
g
u la r
.
.
en d
wh ic h is
,
an
s im ila r v er
d
p
S u ch
on
din g
v er
j u gation
l)
.
bs
is
v er
n o n -s on a n t
Most
.
bs
form t he Pa st
is the
bs
illu s
dy
ch a n
The
.
sa m e a s
t he
d in t o
it s
e
g
t.
the w
v er
bs
a lrea
d t o th e them e
e
s o m etim es
ar e o f
for m in g the
of
Pa st Pa r ticip l e ,
an d
Move
.
Pa st T e n se
are
ula r
(
g
c o nj u a te d
g
eak
or re
)
con
in t his
.
S om e
of
p e r s o n al
on e
t w o m eth o d s
a re
T en s e b y a ddin g ( 1 or
Pa s t Particip le of su ch
wa y
.
.
u se d .
Pa st T e n s e
corr es
m o ve d , w rot e
.
wro te
in th e
o c c urs
9 9 . T h e re
tr a t ed
P lura l.
r son ,
T hird p e r s o n
N
.
bs
v er
—
A n gl o S a xon
-
m o stly
or i
i
n
g
vow el
—
l
l
a bl e , a n d a ll
y
form their p a st t en s e
of on e
s
s o u n d o f t he them e ,
by c h a n g i n g t h e
an d for m the ir P a st Pa r tici le b
a ddin g 11 or
p
y
en
to th e t hem e ,
S uch
v er
bs
con uga tion .
j
or
a re
t o the Pas t T en se
of
the
.
S t r o n g (or irregul ar)
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 08
F or
in g
the wea k ,
f
o
f
a r t i ci p
of a v er
b
le,
a st
ca ll e
a re
j
a n d s tr on g,
in s tead
of say
s tr ong c on uga tio n.
t he p
e,
wea k
c al l v e rb s
the
or o
The t h e m
p
we
c on ven ien ce ,
.
te n
the
d
se
an
,
d the p
a st
Pr i n c i p a l Pa r t s
.
PRINCI PAL P ART S OF VERB S
.
W
ea
C o nj u g a t i o n
k
PAS T TEN E
S
.
PAS T PARTICIPLE
.
ch a n g e d ,
c h a n ge d .
p aid
p a id
,
.
.
h a (v e) (I ,
had
a sk e d ,
a sk e d .
.
i l t.
i
l
t
g ,
g
S t r o n g C o nj u g a t i o n
.
k n e w,
r o se ,
s a w,
LESS ON XXII
§
.
1 0 0 . T RAN SI TI VE AN D IN T RAN S I T I V E
B efor e tak in g u p
t o d is c u s s a r ela tion
t h an to E ty m ol ogy
VE RB S
.
p o un d verb al for m s , i t seem s n ecessa r y
r a th e r
o f th e ve r b wh ich b el on gs to S y n ta
c om
x
.
In
su ch e
xp r e s s ion s
H e wa s infor m ed;
c a l led ;
v er
is
b
,
H is
Th e m er ch a n t
th e
or
n ot c o
m or e is
as
It
s eem s ;
I m a y; Tha t lo o ks ;
I g a ve; f ra n k lin is
n ame
is ;
s o ld ;
th e r e is
e lem en ts o f a s e n t e n c e , a n d
mp le te
n eed ed
An
.
to
a fli r m a t io n
c om
p l e te
th e
a
su
e
t
y
bj e c t
t he
is m a d e , b ut
s en se.
a nd
a
s ente n c e
s o m e t hin g
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 10
in t r a n s itive
m a rk
v er
b
v er
a
a c t iv e
B u t th e
S tr ik e
fi
our
y
b y th e
bs
xp r e s s e s
”
.
s en
a c t io n
St
s e n te n c e
bj
e ct
whom
or
Th e
q ue s tio n
t r a n s itiv e v a
v. n
the
v ig o r o u s
in th e
as
!
o
of a
wh a t
ect
Obj
(
Go ver n o r
th e
sa w
;
u s u a lly
th e ver b i n
Th e d ic tio n a r ie s
N e u te r .
a n d o th e r v e r
f
re s
c al l e d
is
w hic h is
u se o
e
b
b
—
t r a n s itiv e ,
I
v er
.
.
i
s
h
a
t
t
,
;
b
th a t is , v e r
.
a
n e ute r .
ten c e m u s t d e t e r m in e .
,
s o m e t im e s
is
b ut
in
o
k e fo r y o ur a lt a r s a n d
ver
m a y b e d e v elo e d
ri
b
W ho m
9
.
)
of s a w
p
d id y o u
?
see
.
h e a r d t h a t y o u w e r e g o in g
W h a t d id y o u he a r
T
h
e c t of
e c l a u s e is t h e o
Th a t y o u wer e g o in g
(
We
.
bj
.
h ea r d
.
The
t ir e
)
j
o ft e n
is
ob e c t
s en ten ce;
as,
infi n i tive,
an
S h e h e a r d wh a t h e
a c la u se, o r a n e n
s a id
‘
.
He
I
s a id
”
w ill g o
Cu s to m a r y
.
A
o
bj e c t is
o ft e n o m it t e d
p lo w s (the g o u n d ) a n d
b uys a d s ells (go o d s)
r
,
n
s o ws
(
;
a s,
seed
th e
m it s
t he
.
.
Obj e c t
fr o m
b
I f t he v e r
fo r m in g p a r t of th e p r ed ica te
a n a d e c tiv e c o m l e m e n t , it is n o t t r a n s it iv e
.
j
p
s en te n c e ,
W hat
is
j
a g a in u n d e r
T he
o
b ut it is
H e is
he ? b
a d e c t iv e c o m
a s a ilo r , s a ilo r a n s w e r s
it is
ut
pl e m e
n t.
P r o n ou n s
bj e c t is
n ot an
n ot
T his
a n d un d er
,
.
a
ad
In
q u e s tio n
,
an
to
S yn ta
o ft e n c a ll e d a n e l e m e n t o f
th e
s e n te n c e ,
e
ess n ti a l e le m e n t.
I RREGULAR
10 2
t he
.
Obj e c t for is a d m its
s u bj e c t w ill b e r e fe r r e d
an
LE SS ON XX III
§
Th e tr a d e r
)
C a r e m u s t b e t a k e n t o d is tin gu ish t h e
n o un
Th e fa r m e r
AN D
.
D E F E C TIVE VERBS
Verb s whic h d o
n ot
.
form the p ri n cip al
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
ar ts
p
ce
accor
din g
ch a
din g
t o t he m od els give n
a re c alle d I r r e g u l a r
t
er
p
d
n ot
a re
D e fe c t i v e
Th e m o s t ir r e gu l a r
j
P r in c ip a l
p
re
u se
d
in
a ll
t he ir p a rts
.
ver
b
in the l a n gu a ge is be, wh o s e
b e lo w :
is g iv e n
c o n u g a tio n
the
In
.
Ve rb s which
a r e ca ll e
1 11
.
p a rts b e w a s b e e n
P re s e n t t e s e S i gul ar n u m b e
am
a rt
is
P e e n t t e n s e P lu a l u m b er
a re
in a ll p e s o s
P a s t t e n s e s in gul a r n um b e r
was
w a st
was
P a t t e n s e pl u al n u m b e r
w e r e i a ll p e s o s
H a v e is i r e g ul a r b y d r o pp in g th e v b e fo e th e e n d
in g s e x c e p t b e fo r e i n g
n
.
,
n
,
s
r
,
,
r
r
,
n
r
,
,
,
n
,
r
r
h as
0
bo
rr o
P ast
.
IW
en
the p a r ticip l es ,
t en s e :
m ay ,
Th em
e,
Pa s t ,
m ight ,
Re tu r n in g
l
i
sh
g
s ix in
n
fo r
v er
an d
an d
n it iv e
n
(
ve
v er
b
v er
an
d
n
.
,
coul
d
th e
L
,
a
d st ,
pp lie s
w ith t h e
ver
By
pl a c e
e tc .
of o ne
e tc .
S ha ll,
d
,
will ,
*
an d
h
t
g
o u ht
g ,
ou
w ou l d ,
b
n o t ic e
t e n s e s to c orre s
.
t h a t t he
po
nd
t o th e
fo u r t e e n m e a n in g s g iv e n
e xp r e s s e d b y c o m b in in
h
t
e
g
bs
e run d
s u ch
th e
th e
,
th e
ver
G
had
.
sh o u l
m u st ,
of
)
irr egula r in t heir p a st
m u s t,
a t in
d e fe c tiv e
Will h a s som e times
su
(
h e h a (v e )s .
v e st ,
w a n t the in fin itiv e
bs
fo r m s w e r e
.
h
wen d
a re
can ,
T wel ve
w a lk
d
)
a
t , tho u w e n t e st ,
h a s b u t t wo
n.
a
a
o th e r,
n
b
L ti
t h e L ti
ir re g u l a r
I fi
to
a
th o u h
ten se, b ut
win g fr o m th e
te n se ,
a ve ,
h
p a st
no
Ih
,
The foll o win g
E
.
.
P r e s e n t t e n s e , s in g
P a s t te n s e ,
by
.
r
,
G
n
’
r
,
.
,
,
,
s
,
,
i
n
e
v
g
b o ve
w a lk in g ,
c om
r eg ul a r
a
b in a tio
w ith
w ith th e
and
ns
one an
v a r ie ty
a
w eak p as t, willed
.
of
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 12
m e a n in g s is
ver
b
r
g
ie s ,
ro u
or
p
and
p
,
a re
l
e m e n ts
p
p
d in g
fi rs t in t h e
fo r m s ,
g
Th e
ro u
p
a re
s ta n d s
b whic h s t a d s fi t
p r in c ip al v e b th e
n
rs
r
a fte r
it s m o d ifi e r s ,
are
o n ly
l a s t in
Au xi l i a
t h e fo r m s s t a n d in g
and
r ie s .
te n s e s
c a lle d
a re
.
xilia
a t in
w h ic h
y
v e r b a l fo r m s is t he
a s s e r t iv e
L
t he v e r
r e a ll
—
o
r
d
w
n ot
b
verb s
th e v e r
w o r d whic h
it ,
com
v a r ie s
T h is a d m it s p e rs on al
.
1 0 4 . Th e follo win g gr o u p s
on d
t o th e t e n s e s
P re s e n t
I
P a st
pe
I
c om
p le t e
hav e ,
We
its
end
c o rr e
-
b
,
he h as
h a v e , yo u h a v e ,
w a lk
t he y h a v e
ed
.
lk ed
.
f
h a d s t,
th o u
'
ha d ,
y
ou
he h a d
w
th e y h a d
h ad ,
a
p
t h o u w ilt ,
a ll ,
W e S h all
u
o
y
,
pe
r fe c t
s h a ll ,
We
p e rfe c t
or
b form s
i n c o m le t e ,
I Sh
F u tur e
a tin v e r
th o u ha s t ,
had,
F u tu r e
L
th e
of
o f ve r
r e c t,
We
I
rec e
B ut
.
g
of
a tin
s.
§
s
r
or a u
fo r m is th e
g
th e
pe s
o up o f
a s s e r t in
whic h
ln
g
c o r r e s p o n d in g t o t h e
te n s e s
L
th a n in th e
r e a te r
e ven
,
c a lle d
hel
in t h e gr
true
xp r e s s e d
The fo r m s
.
n e r a ll
e
g
y
the
e
.
w ill ,
.
w
ed
,
th o u w ilt ,
s h all ,
w a lk
u
o
y
w ill,
h e w ill
h
th e y w ill
a ve
a
lk
.
I n t his w a y a r e m a d e u p th e fo r m s fo r c o m p l e te d
a c tio n in p r e s e n t o r p a s t t im e , a n d fo r fut ur e tim e
om
, c
l
e
e
t
p
and
10 5
en t
in c o m p le t e
.
T o d e n o t e th a t
t im e , t h e
t h e m th e
.
p
re s e n t
D e r fe c t
ten se
p artic iple
.
a n a c tio n
fo r m s
is
of
fi
i h e d in
n s
h a ve t ak e
p re s
a fte r
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
114
.
LESS ON XX IV
.
P ROGRESSIVE
AN D
P r o gr e s s i v e
1 0 7 . The
§
is m a d e
u
b y th e ger u n d
a s in p ro gr e s s ,
.
m e a n in gs
o
f
sis o
pe
of
s is
r s o n , s in
v e rb
VERB
t he
.
v e rb
be, follo we d
T his for m p r ese n ts a n a ction
a n d c orr esp o n d s t o t he o r d in a iy
a v er
l
ers o n al for m in
e
g p
no
t he
TH E
of
fo r m
f the La tin t e n se fo rm s
A Syn a p
Sy p
of
the for m s
of
p
EMPHATI C F ORMS OF
th e v e r
b
se n
d
o f a s in
is the givin g
b
eac h
.
t en s e
.
.
P r o gr e s s iv e fo r m , thir d
u l a r.
g
P r e s e n t is s e n d in g P r e s e n t P e rfe c t , h a ve been s e n d
P a s t, w a s s e n d in g P a s t P e r fe c t h a d been s e n d
in g
F u t ur e wi ll be s e n din g F utu r e P e r fe c t w i l l h a ve
ing
.
,
.
.
.
s e n d in
is t h e t r u e
of
is
as
.
,
b een
com
,
p le m e
be,
a
g
we
g
In
of
w il l ;
fi
onc e
p
D o t a k es
w il l
pl e tio ; s en d in g
t h e p e p o s itio n a
c om
re c e d e
s hin g , a n d
s en d in g ,
for m ; h a ve is a n in fi n itiv e
been is t h e p a s t p a r t ic ip l e
w ith h a ve im p lie s
; it w a s
s t ill s a y , a
fo r m w i ll h a ve been
r a s s e r t iv e
,
t ak e n
eru n d
the
b o
o bj e c t
v er
n t,
and
.
,
is
n
d by
a n a dj u n c t
in fin itiv e
r
,
of
been
.
its p res e n t
o rm
a st te n s e , a n d m ak es t he E m p h a t i c f
an d
p
o f th e v erb ; as , I do l e a rn , I d id tr
y
10 8
.
an
aft er
.
I t is
a ls o
use d
in
q u e s tio n s b e fo r e
th e
su
bj e c t ;
as,
D id yo u g o ? D o y o u k n o w ? I n n e g a tiv e s e n te n c e s
d o m a y s t a n d b e fo re n o t fo llo w e d b y a n in fi n itiv e ; a s ,
H e d o es n o t kn ow , in s te a d o f h e k n o ws n o t
.
§
10 9 .
th e m t h e in
Ma y
,
fi n itiv e
ca n ,
a s,
m u s t,
s h a ll
and
w i l l t ak e
m a y le ar n , m igh t h e a r,
ca n
a fte r
t a lk ,
COMMO N S CH OOL C OURSE
m u s t st ay
T he y often s ta n d
p r e s e nt a n d p a s t for m s of o th e r
c ou ld s e e ,
l
ete
p
.
h a ve w r i tten , m ig h t h a ve been
T h e s e ve r b s a r e o fte n tr e a te d
1 15
.
b efor e th e
ve b s ; as
r
c om
m ay
,
.
m e a n in g
fr o
m
B ut if the
.
p up il
p e culia r
v e ry
e
xact
m e a n in g
d iffi c ul t y in t h e ir
no
in
u se ,
xp la in ing h ow th e ir p a s t fo m s c a n b e u s e d
T hu s o n e s a y s I
w h e n t h e s e n s e is p l a i ly f u tu r e
”
m igh t d o t h a t fo r y o u t o m o o w
W e cou ld e a s ily
”
9
n
s to
h
h
i
a
t
W
a
i
s
li
d
I
m
p
t
t
s
t
N
o
h
a
i
s
e
a
t
t
e
c
t
o
p
p
e
xc ept
if
le a rn s th e ir
d ic tio n a r y, h e w ill fi n d
a
as
in
e
r
n
.
,
,
.
-
rr
.
do
.
n
.
m ay b e
u se d
p re s e n t o r futu r e Th e s p e a k e r im plie s
s o m e th in g is p a s t in h is o wn m in d whic h h e is t h i
th a t
a n d s top
th e s e
are
p
r es en t
fo r th e
fo r m s ,
and
.
n k in
s o m e c o n d it io n ,
of
ou
t o -m o rr o w ,
y
t io n a l
c la us e
if
fo r in s ta n c e
u
o
y
h a v in g it s
I
.
m igh t d o t h a t for
wis hed m e to d o i t
”
Th e
.
ve r
b
in
g
p a s t tim e
,
th e
c on d i
o th e r v e r
b
I
m a y d o it, if y o u w is h
is p a s t a l s o
C o m p ar e
”
“
Th e fir s t s e n t e n c e
m ig h t d o it , if y o u wis h ed
w ith
im p lie s th at th e s p e ak e r is in d o u b t w h e th e r t h e p e r s o n
.
I
s
p ok e n
.
t o w ish e s i t d o n e ; th e
b
t h e d o u t is
p as t
d
The form s
com
l
e te
p
V o ic e ;
ta ken
p
of
the
verb
Ac t i v e V o i c e
th e
of
t he
a r ticip l e ,
am
as,
fo r m im plie s th a t
.
11
T
h
0
e for m s
.
§
are c alle
s e c on d
l
a r ea
dy
i
v en
g
.
be, foll o we d b y t he
m a k e u p the P a s s i v e
v er
b
loved, w er e
s eized ,
ha ve been
.
Th is fo r m d o e s
p a s s iv e
n ot
in it s e lf im p ly th a t th e
bj e c t is
s im p l y t h a t
d
o
n
i
u
e
t
o
t
b
t
,
;
B y c o m m o n u s a ge th is fo r m is u s e d
th e a c t is fin ish e d
C o m p are
w h e n t h e a c t is n o t fin is h e d b y t h e s u bj e c t
or
ha s
s o m e th in g
su
.
.
I h a ve fi
n is h e d
th e l e tt e r
w ith
Th e l e tte r is
fi n ish ed
”
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
116
first
Th e
a c t io n ,
of
th e
as
th e im
p r om in en c e
i
s
v
e
g
po
r ta n t
I f t h e d o or
fa c t
of
su
bj e c t I
i
e s th e fa c t
v
g
s e c on d
th e
to the
.
th e d e er
as
o f co mp
leti o n
.
th e
is
a c t io n
e
xp r e s s e d
P a s s ive
in th e
fo r m , it is d o n e b y a n a dj u n c t wh ic h fo l lo ws th e p r e di
a s , Th e
c a t e v e r b , in tr o d u c e d b y t h e p r e p o s itio n by ;
b a ttle w a s w o n by th e E n g lish Th e s a m e id e a m a y b e
.
a c t iv e ly e
§
xp r e s s e d
th u s
:
Th e
E
form
for m
of a
An y idea
.
tr a n sitiv e
ex
v erb ,
p
b a ttle
i
l
sh w o n t h e
g
v e rb s a
1 1 1 . O n ly t r a n s i t i v e
siv e
n
r esse
d m it the
be
ex
as
p
a ctiv e
the
d by
al s o
m ay
.
p
r ess e
d
b y the p a ssiv e form , b y m ak in g th e dir ect o bj e ct
O
f the a ctiv e form the subj ect of the p a ssiv e
for m ;
as,
ACTIVE
Ib
r ok e
th e
P ASSIVE
.
Th e
.
d iffe r e n c e in m ea n in g ,
a n al
b r ok e n
c a p tu r e d
Th e s tic k w a s
s tic k .
T he y c a p tur e d th e c ity
T his d is tin c tio n o f the
b e giv e n in
a c tiv e
r a th e r
i
n
z
g
y
th e
c ity
an d
wa s
p a s si v e
th a n in fo r m ,
s en te n c e.
.
to
I t is
o n ly
.
p
the
im p lie d in th e
p re d ic a te
11 2
.
.
Of l ate ,
a
p
r og r es s i ve
.
th e g r o u
is giv e n
p
use ,
as
an d
m uch
a
p a rt
of
.
p
a ss ive
m ak in g it s w a y in t o n e w s p a p e r s ,
sp e e ch
I t in s e r ts bein g b e fo r e th e
of
i
n
v
e
g
Th e b o y is s ick , a s in
I n e ith e r c a s e , t h e l a s t
The b o y is s tr u c k
s e n t e n c e is a n a dj e c tiv e , fo r min
g
s en te n c e ,
w o r d in th e
the
s e n te n c e ,
a
a n d n e e d n ot
w ill fin d th e t er m in g e n e r a l
k n o w w h a t it m e a n s
T he r e is j u st
a s s ivi ty
.
fo r m s is
b e c a u s e p up ils
o u gh t
.
.
b el o w
.
A
s yn o
p s is
of
an d
c om
fo r m h a s
in t o
been
c om m o n
p l e te p a r tic ipl e
this fo r m , third
s in g ul a r ,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 18
I f th o u wer t wise , th o u w o ul d e s t
T h o u gh
Th e
t hir d
e n d in g s
Th e
th e
su
bj u
of
bj u n c tiv e
te n se
of
le t t e r
a
an d
fo rm s
e
.
p
as,
ver
bs
o m it s
If h e wr ite
a
t he
l e tt e r ,
.
s e c on d
ha s t
o th e r
fo r m ;
n c t iv e
in th e
used
in s t e a d
,
p a st
su
at o n c e e s c a
a m n o t a fr a id .
of
s in g ul a r
rs on
I f h e wr i tes
H a ve is
j un c tive
pe
in t h e
o f,
in st e a d
I
m y fo e s be m a n y ,
.
an d
ha s
S in gular
th ir d
s ub
.
a r e a ll o b so
l e sc e n t , e
x c ep t in
be
.
a r tic ip l e h a vin g p r e fix e d t o a p e r fe c t
p
§
p ar tic ip le e xp r e s s e s c o m p l e tion in p a s t tim e ; a s h a vin g
o mp o u n d p a rt ic ip l e
wr i tten f T his is c a ll e d t h e c
In
t h e s a m e w a y to h a ve t a k e s th e p a s t p a r tic ip l e a ft e r it
a n d fo r m s a co mp o u n d o r p erf ec t in fi n it iv e ; a s to h a ve
T his i fi n it iv e is n o t t he e q uiva
seen to h a ve k n o wn
I
le n t o f th e G e u n d a s th e p e s e n t in fi itiv e is
1 1 4 . Th e
,
,
,
.
,
,
r
in te n d e d to
I
,
u
o
y
s ee
;
c om
p le te
;
or ,
fo r m is
us e d
1 1 5 . B ewa r e,
s e n s e o f s eem a r e
B ew a r e is
Ii
n te n d e d
e ith e r
p ast
as
ten s e
Thi n k is
in s t e a d
d e fe c t iv e
s eein g
is
u,
o
y
s een
o ug h t,
use d on l
y
n
of a
u
t
h
o
,
q
g
ul a r ,
e n e r al
s eem s .
ver
b
c or
for
a
.
th in k in th e
.
in t h e in fi n itiv e ,
and
in im p e r a tiv e
p a s t in fo r m (fr o m o we) b ut is
p r e s e n t or p a s t Qu oth i u s e d o n ly in
ly in t h e i fi n it iv e
Wit is u s e d
o ly i
t h e p e s e n t t e s e th i d p e r s o n
s
.
on
n
n
r
n
n
I
s eem s
s e nte n c e
T hi s
ver
it
b
to m e th a t I
stan d s
th in k is
s ee
fo r t h e
n ot
see
h im
n o w.
s e n te n c e.
h im
n o w.
s e n te n c e
fr o m t h e
.
r
,
pre c e d ed
t hin k
fo r m
and
w i t,
.
u sed
m e a n in g i s I t
la t t e r
u , a re
o
y
n o t c o r re c t
,
b
m
e
a
s
M
e
h
i
n
k
s
t
,
y
g
;
Th e s u bj e c t o f th in ks is t h e fo ll o w in g
n
.
Ou g h t is
s e n te n c e s.
u sed
r
in t e n d e d to h a ve
re c t
Si
n
.
,
th e
,
I n this
fo llo wing
s a m e r o ot as
wh ic h m e a n s to h a ve th ou gh ts
.
Th e
th e
COMMON S CHOOL COURS E
LESS ON
11 6 . Th e
in t h e
St
ron
X XV
.
p r in c ip al p a rt s
fo r m e d fr o m t h e t h e m e
V
b
g
er
ren
Th e
.
d e r s it
119
.
of
w e ak
ver
bs
a r e e a s ily
v ar ie t y o f v o we l c h a n g e s
n ec e s s a r
i
e
t
v
o
g
y
a
lis t
of
them .
R e g u l a r S t r o n g C o nju g a t i o n
PAS T TE NSE
.
PAST PARTIC IPLE
.
a r os e ,
a r is e n .
a s, )
w
(
b e en
b id d e n
b ade
.
,
c hid
(
ob s . c h o d e
)
,
or
,
b id
com e
d r e w,
d r a wn
.
d rove ,
d riv e n
.
at e , o r e a t ,
e a t e n , o r e a t.
fe ll,
falle n
fo r s o ok ,
fo r s a k e n
g
e n t) ,
w
(
re w,
.
c hid d e n , o r c h id .
c am e ,
a ve ,
(
o b s . c om e n
.
i
en
v
g
.
.
n e.
o
g
ro
wn
g
hid ,
g
h id d e n ,
or
h eld ,
h eld ,
h o ld e n
.
k n e w,
k n o wn
rode,
r id d e n , o r r o
de
.
r ose,
.
.
or
h id
.
.
r is e n .
s a w,
s een .
s l e w,
s l a in .
s m o te ,
s m it te n .
s tr o d e ,
s tr idd e n .
t o ok ,
t ak e n
w r o te ,
w r itt e n
.
.
)
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 20
11 7 .
th e
r
Tense
Pa st
B e ar
B in d
B e at
B le e d
B re a k
B reed
Ve
,
b s wh os e P a s t P a r tic ip l e is fo r m e d fr o m
by
a dd in g n
,
is th e
or
b or e or b a re
b ou nd
b eat
b le d
b r ok e
b re d
,
,
,
n
,
Fee d,
F ight,
F in d ,
F o rb e ar ,
fe d ,
.
,
.
.
.
,
c l u n g,
c l u n g.
fo ugh t,
fo ught (fo ughte n )
fo u n d ,
fo u n d
fo r b o r e ,
fo r b o rn e
G e t,
o
t
g ,
r
o
t
o
g ,
Le a d ,
le d ,
led
Lie ,
Ia y,
l a in
Me et
m e t,
m et
re ad,
r e ad.
,
Re a d ,
Ring,
Ru n ,
r un
g
.
.
,
r un
o r r a n g,
g
.
Sh ot (sho tte n )
,
s h r un k
S it,
s a t,
s at
S li g
S li k
Sp k
Spi
Sp i g
St d
St l
S ti k
S ti g
S ti k
slu n
slun
n
,
n
,
ea
c
n
n
n
p ok e n
sp u n
s p r un
g
n
g
,
s t oo d .
,
s t ol e ,
s to le n.
,
s tu c k ,
s tu c k .
,
s t u n g,
s tun
,
s tu n k
,
(
)
s ta n k ,
.
.
,
,
.
sto od ,
an
ea
,
r
n
.
s
,
n
n,
r n
p o k e (s p a ke )
sp a
spu
(
)
sp a
r s ru
o
g
p
s
,
(
(
g
s tu n k
.
.
.
s h r u nk e n
s itt e n
g
s lu n k
g,
s lu n k ,
,
o
t
en
t
.
g
.
shr a nk ,
r n
.
r un .
Sh o t
,
.
.
ra n,
S hoot
Sh i k
.
.
,
C l in g,
P a st
,
,
,
th e
,
,
,
same as
b o r n e o r b Orn
b o u d o r b o u n d en
b e a t e n or b e a t
b le d
b r ok e n
bred
,
,
.
.
)
.
)
.
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
122
.
M an y
v er
bs
n ot
i
e n in th is lis t
v
g
d in t
c on tr a c t e
as,
b l e s s e d b u ild e d gild e d p a s s e d
c h a g e t h e v o we l
V
c o j ug a t io n
th e p a s t te s e :
B i g b r o ugh t ;
or t i
a nd ad d d
s ee k
b u y b o u gh t ; d o d id ( s t o n g p a r tic ip le d o n e
b les t, bu i lt, g ilt. p a s t, fo r
e r b s o f t h e m ix ed
n
n
n
n
s ou
h
t
;
g
s e ll, s o ld
r n
,
r
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
i
k
h
n
h
u
h
h
u
h
a
t
a
t
t
o
t
e
c
t
t
,
,
;
;
g
g
.
RE D UN D ANT V E RB S
1
2
0
A
v e r b is r e d u n d a n t w h e n it h a s d o u b l e
§
S o m e e x a m p le s h a v e a lr e a d y
fo r m s fo a y o f it s p a r t s
b e e giv e n M a n y v e r b s o n c e s tr o n g a r e wea k in c o m
m o n u s e b ut r e t a in th e ir s tr o n g fo r m s in p o e tr y
Th e
e du da nt verbs
fo ll o w i g a r e a m o g t h e m o r e c o m m o
.
.
r
n
n
.
.
.
,
n
n
Aw
n r
n
a w o k e , o r a w ak e d ,
a w ak e d , o r a wok e .
c l e av e d , o r c l a v e ,
c le a v e d .
c l ov e , o r c le ft ,
c le ft , o r c l o v e n
,
C l o th e ,
c l o th e d , o r c l a d ,
c lo th e d , o r c l a d ,
D ar e ,
d are d ,
d ur s t ,
d are d ,
H
h u n g,
h a n ge d ,
h u n g,
ak e ,
C le a v e ,
( to
ad h e r e
to) ,
Cle av e ,
( to
s p l it
)
,
a n g,
or
or
or
or
d urs t
.
h a n ge d ,
H e av e ,
h e av e d ,
or
hove ,
he av e d ,
or
ho v e n ,
L ight
l igh t e d ,
or
l it ,
l igh t e d ,
or
l it,
,
S aw,
sa wed ,
s awe d, or s awn ,
s e e th e d , o r s o d ,
s e e the d , o r s o d d e n
,
s h o n e , o r s h in e d ,
s h o n e , o r s hin e d
,
,
w in d e d ,
or
woun d,
w in d e d ,
or
,
w o rk e d ,
or
w r o u gh t , w or k e d ,
or
S th e
S hi
ee
,
ne,
W in d
W o rk
.
D ERIVATION O F V RBS
E
§
12 L
by
ad
or
to
V b
er
d in g th e
s a re
e n d in
d e r iv e d fr o m
g
S
en .
uch
x
a m p l es.
.
j
b
ve r
si
s
wid en m e a n s t o m a k e w id e ; l e n gth en ,
e
w r o u gh t ,
a d e c t iv e s a n d n o u n s
d o th a t w hic h is im p lie d in t h e
Let th e p up il give fur th er
wo u n d ,
p
f
i
t
m
o
a ke
g
y
T hu s
r im it iv e
n
t o m ak e
.
lo n g
.
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
Ve b s a
r
The
d e r i v e d fr o m
re
N o u n s,
Ve r b
b j ect
o bj e c t
’
o
s,
er
bs
add
No u n .
life ,
Ve r b
l iv e ,
s
r
s ign ifyin g
a mp
ta in
wh ic h
to th is l is t,
in t o t h e
b r e a th
b r e ath e
c o rr e s
n
g
c l o th e ,
,
L
a mp
,
r ie
g
a t in
1 50 wor d s
c h a n g in g a
d in g
c l o th ,
T hu s
.
po
c o n s or t
,
con ta in s
so n a n
f,
.
t.
m e an s
l ify
’
n o n -s o
u se.
u s e.
a d d in g
by
.
.
l
a ss ,
g
l
az
e
,
g
r ie v e,
r o ots
l
l
a b le
y
c o n s o r t.
'
,
t.
’
,
’
a ccen
s
’
by
n o un s
d e r iv e d fr o m
t o m a ke
y
f
o
fi n al
tr a n s p or t
t r a n s p or t
to
fy ,
m ak e
k
m
a
t
o
e
r
c
e
f
iy
k
r
m
e
l
r
s
l
o
t
o
a
o
i
o
u
g
g
ify
le
cer t
.
Th e
e n d in
i
z e w it h
g
s am e
A
to m ak e
ze
l
i
i
c
g
,
G
E
n
L a ti
re e k a n d
m e a n in g ;
t im e s t h e
n
s ur v e
ge
th e
on
s ur v e ,
y
,
ar e
a ch a n
'
c e m e n t,
,
by
com e s
c e m e nt
,
n a n t c o n s on an t
Ve b
b
d e r iv e d fr o m
ar e
.
ver
'
’
Le t th e p u p il
V
the
of
a c c en t
n o un s
12 3
.
z
r e a li e ,
as,
i
l
sh,
g
or
has
n r o ot s
t o giv e
m ak e
to
E
an
s om e
n
r e al
;
i
s h fo r m
l
g
or a c c e nt.
A fe w
Wa n sitive
s
Won g in tran sitiv e
v er
bs
la y ; fall , fell ;
by
c ha n
a
rise , r a is e
O
§
the w
the
p
.
eak
OF
TH E
The Ver b ha s two
an
r e se n
d th e
t
an
form w ea k
of v o w el
g
r
i
n
d
k,
;
RE C API T UL AT I N
12 2
e
v erb s
d r e n ch
V E RB
con
;
as,
lie ,
.
.
ju g a t i o n s ,
o
t
w
s im le t e n s e s
g ;
p
,
two s u b s t a n
p a st ;
str o n
d the
d the g e r u n d ; t wo
a dje c t i v e for m s , the i m p e r fe c t a n d the p e r
re c t p a r t i c i p l e s ; t wo v o i c e s , t he a c t i v e
t i v e s , th e i n fi n i t i v e
and
th e p
I t ha s
gr e s s i v e
an
a s si ve .
a lso
an
for m ,
E m p h a t i c form ,
an
an
d
a
Pro
d fo rm s wh ic h d e n o te the
P er
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 24
4
an d
s on
num
v er
bs
ar e
r e gul a r
d e fe c t i v e ,
th e
of
su
bj ect
an
e
,
h a ve , d o , m
or
are
ay
m ade
can ,
,
l
e m en t s
p
P RONOUN
TH E
§
of
12 3
a
su
.
which
an
d
,
which
s ta n
ca n
a n o un c a n s t a n
Adj ec tive s
a dm i t
A Pr o n o u n is
b sta n tiv e
m od ifier s ,
a r e s om e tim es
th e m od ifi e r s
The
m
u
p
of
t he
u st , sh a l l
an d
a
dj ective
.
LE SS ON XXVI
is
i n tr a n si ti v e .
d w i l l , with their in finitiv e
c om
I n fo rm
od e.
.
The C o m p ou n d for m s
b
al so a n
ir r e gu l a r ; c o m p l e te ,
dan t
I n r e sp ect t o c om
t r a n s i ti v e
a re
I t has
.
or
or r e d u n
l
e m e n t , t he
y
p
v erb s
m
S u bj u n c t i v e
ob solesc e n t
‘
ber
.
d
a
.
wor d
d mits
d in
an
d in p lac e
on l
a dj e ctiv e
y
u se
y
r el a t ion
in
.
u s ed
o f n o un s
a
.
in p la ce
o f n ou n s ,
b ut do
n ot
.
b sta n tive fo r which th e p r on o un s t a n d s
the a n t e c e d e n t o f the p ron ou n
It
su
c a lle
d
m ay b e
,
.
a n ou n , a
h
r a se,
p
l
a c a u se, o r a s en ten ce.
An teceden t
p
r on o un
a sk
“
m ea n s going befor e, b ut th e s ub s tan tive fo r w h ich a
s ta n d s o ften com es after i t, o r is u n k n o w n
W h e n we
.
Wh o
d id it ?
Pr on o un s
so n a l
,
we
a re
u se a
p r o n o u n fo r
d iv id e d in to
R e l a tiv e
an
a n u n k n o wn n oun .
thr ee
cla s se s ,
d I n t e r r o ga t i v e
P er son a l p r on o un s
a re
thos e which
P er
.
in d icate
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
126
.
s ec on d
Th e
d e n o tin g th e
n am e
b e tt e r
is
u rs
o
y
m e r ly
use d
vo we l
as,
In
;
such a
us e d
p o s s e s sive a r e u s e d wh e n
t hin g p o s s e s s e d is O m itt e d
of
for m s
fo r
eu
m in e
p hr a s e
of
in s t e a d
H is w a s
A b r o th e r
as,
em
w or d
re a
of
a s,
thin e w e r e fo r
and
C o m p ar e the
e ye s
b egin n in g
of a n
u se
m in e, m in e
with
and
see m s
a
a.
to b e
me
.
in t r o d u c tion
v e r s io n
th e c o m m o n
Mi n e
.
p h o n y b e fo
of r e c e n t
I ts is
m in e
th a n
th e
th e
p l o ye d
of
I t does
.
a
pp e ar
B ibl e p ub lish e d
the
p la c e ;
in it s
n ot
th e
a s,
in
in 1 6 1 1
a l ta r
and
.
h is
ve s s e l s .
It
su
st a n d s
b s ta n tive
su
o ft e n
bj e c t
th e
is
v er
th e
b
su
bj e c t
o f e ith e r
s ta n d s
I t is t h e n
c o n s tr u c t io n ,
a nd
b be follo we d b y a
n um ber
a
s
I
i
s
t
h
t
ey ;
;
th e v e r
or
,
she .
the
as
a s e n te n c e , a n
.
of
e nder
g
It was
Fr e n ch
I t is th e
It
as
su
bj e c t
of a
in fi n it iv e ,
b
wh o s e
or a claus e
r ed u n d a n t, o r
m a y be
ver
re al
fo llo win g
unn ec e ss ar
o th e
t
y
b y t r a n s p o s in g th e
o m itt e d
s e n te n c e .
l ight th in g to
I t is
no
I t is
n o t s tr an
e
g
th a t
’
vi o la te o n e s c ons c ien ce.
he is
a s h a m ed o
f
I t is d iffi c u lt to h ea r h im d is tin c tly
B y t r a n s p o s in g t h e s e
a s,
to
s e nten c e s,
h ea r h im d is tin c tly is d iflic ult
I t is
s o m e t im e s
th u n d e r s
u sed
his
co n d u c t.
.
it m ay b e
;
.
in d e fi n ite ly ;
as ,
It
r a in s
;
it
.
C O MP OUN D PE RS ON AL P RON O UN S
§
o m itt e d
12 6
.
Myself
,
o urs elf, oursel v e s ,
s el v e s , a r e
n ou n s.
.
thys elf, him s elf; hers elf, itself,
y
o u rs elf,
o u r se l v es , a n d
y
call e
d C o m p o u n d Pe r s o n a l
They a r e u s ed in t wo s en ses
.
th e m
Pro
COMMON SCHOOL C OURSE
127
.
To m ak e emp ha tic a p r e c edin g sub stan t iv e
which they m o dify ; a s , The kin g hi m self ; I m y
1
.
2
.
After
i
a
tr a n s itive
t er m in at e s
a ct on
u
p
v er b
on
d e n o te
to
t he
su
bj ect ;
th a t th e
a s,
hurt m yself
T ha t chil d will kill itself
ar e then s a id t o b e u se d r e lea iv el
y
f
I ha v e
They
.
.
Reflect m ean s
th e
tu r n ba ck ; th e p r on o un tu rn s b ack
j
o ur
th ough t to
s u b ect.
Rar ely
th e
su
a c om
bj e ct
p ou
n
d p e r s o n al
of a s e n te n c e
;
a s,
p r o n o un
Thy s elf
LESS ON X XVII
RELATIVE
u s e d al on e a s
is
s h all s e e
the
a c t.
.
P RONOUN S
AN D I N TE RRO G ATI VE
.
T
h
ron ou n s , w h o
h
i
h
h
e
w
c
w
a
t
§
p
,
,
,
t h a t , a n d a s , b esid e s s up p lying the p lac e of a
12 7
.
b sta ntive p erfo rm the office of a
a n d j oin a n a dj e c tiv e cl a u se t o t he
su
,
which it
ca
m o difie s
,
which,
an d
u estio n , a r e ca lle
Th e
p o s itio
n oun
ro
When
.
lle d R e l a t i v e P r o n
Who
q
co n n ectiv e ,
g
has
c hie f
n
in
a tiv e
of
ou n s
c a se
wha t, wh en
in th e
th e
b e t we e n
r e l a t iv e ,
a n s we r
d efin i te
i n d efi n i te
t he y
d
ar e
u se
d in
as
king a
I n t e r r o g a t i v e Pr on oun s
d iffe r e n c e
of
b st a n tiv e
.
th e
p
of
th e
an d
c a se
q u e s tio n
a n te c e d e n t
a n t e c e d e n t.
in
b e fo
.
re
of
.
is in th e
ro n oun s
t h e a n t e c e d e n t, w h ic h s t a n d s
u s u a lly a
o ft e n a n
d
u se
so
su
th e p r o
th e in t e r
Th e
r e la t iv e
i
n
r r o a tive h as
h
e
e
t
t
;
g
128
a
E NG
Who is
p ron oun
th e
It
.
s o n ifie d
W h ic h
th in g s
a s,
;
,
a
w or d
pplie s
onl
t
o
y
p rop e
p ers on s
r
ly
a s
whic h is
or
,
al way s
t o thin gs p e r
.
u s e d Of e r s o n s ,
p
fo r m e r l y
.
Of e ith e r c la s s
Th e m a n wh o
I t is
.
o n ly
LI S H GRAMMAR
p e c ifyi
n
f
n o w u se d onl
O
y
is
j
an d
a d e ct iv e ,
g
O fte n
is fo llo w e d b y a n o u n
I n th e e xp r e s sm n
O u r F a th e r
”
wh ic h a r t in h e a v e n
w e h a v e t h e Ol d u s e Of th e p r o
.
quir e s w h o a r t
W he n e v e r in
u s e d Of p e r s o n s a n o u n is a l wa s im
y
M o d e rn
n oun .
u se
”
“
re
.
q u e stio s which is
p lie d a fte r it ; a s wh ic h (m a n ) w a s it ?
T ha t al s o a s p e c ifyin g a dj e c tiv e m ay
p e r s on s o r th ings ; a s Th e m e n tha t
n
,
,
,
,
,
r e fe r
e ith e r
to
Th e w o r d s
o r,
th a t
.
Wh a t a s a r elative is n e ver us e d wh e n the
a n t e c e d e n t is e xp r e s s e d b e fo r e it
I t is O ft e n in d e fi n it e
It
I t c a a l w a y s b e tr e a t e d a s a s p e c ify in g a dj c tive
O fte n s ta n d s a t the b e gi n n i n g o f a q u e s tio n whic h is the
Obj e c t Of a v e r b a n d s h o ul d th e n b e c all e d a n in terr oga
12 8.
,
,
.
.
n
e
.
,
t iv e
.
Ex
s
.
H e g a v e m e w h a t m on e y h e b a d
—
p e c ifyi
j
Wha t
.
is
a
a d e c tiv e .
g
T e ll m e wh a t y o u s a w
in d e fi n it e
I t m ay m e a n
n
W ha t
.
is in t e rr oga tiv e
an d
wh a t p er son s , wh a t s ig h ts ,
Th e n o u n thin gs m a y b e
w h a t g ood s , o r a n y t hin g el s e
u s e d a ft e r it
The c l a u s e w ha t y ou s a w is t he Obj e c t o f
.
.
.
te l l,
an d
This
t he
is
c all e d a n
is wh a t
c om
I
p le m e n t
in d ir ec t
w a n te d
Of
is
.
.
qu e s tio n
The
.
c l a u se
wh a t I w a n ted is
Th e in d e fi n ite
of
a n t ec e d e n t
Wh a t is th e Obj e c t Of wa n ted ; o r if
it b e c alle d a s p ec ifyin g a dj ec tiv e it m o d ifi e s a n o m it t e d
n ou
If a
a n t e c e d e n t is e xp e s s e d w h a t is c h a n e d
g
t o w h i ch
th e in d e fi n it e fo r m to th e d e fi n ite
S om e tim e s th e a n te c e d en t wha t is e xp r e s s ed in the
w h a t is
o m it t e d .
,
'
,
n.
n
r
,
.
IS H GRAM MA R
ENGL
130
w o uld b e in d e fi n ite ,
u se d
An y
a s,
Wha t is
r eat
an d
wh o
d e fi n ite
a
b
in th e
s e n s e Of
1 3 1 . C e r ta in
with o u t
a n ou n
a r tly
.
P RONOMINAL AD J ECTI VE S
§
w oul d b e
p
;
a n d w h a t w ith s h o u tin g , m
y
r u n n in g,
Sp e n t
h was
r el a t iv e
com es , e t c .
s o m e tim e s a n a d v e r
wh a t w ith
as,
b
on e
.
s
.
p e c ifyin g a dj e ct iv e s ar e s o O fte n u s e d
a r e s o m e tim e s
foll o w in g t h e m , t h a t th e y
Wh a t w hich a d th a t a e e x a m p le s
T h e y a e n ot s tr ic tly p r o n o u s b u t m ay b e c a lle d P r o
T h e ir u m b e r is n o t fix e d b e
n o m i n a l a d j e c t iv e s
p in c ip ally u p o n the
c a u s e t h e c l a s s ifi c a tio n d e p e n d s
This a n d th a t ( pl ur a l; th es e
f e qu e n c y O f t h e ir u s e
p
c a lle d
ro n ou n s.
n
,
n
r
r
.
,
n
.
,
r
r
.
an d
th os e
sam e
r oo t
to th e
E
)
th e, b u t a r e m o r e
as
h
re
t
e
m
o
h
t
a
t
t
o
;
n e are r
They
D e m o n s t r a t iv e s .
a r e c a lle d
em
p h a tic
h a v e th e
This
.
r e fe r s
r e m o te .
a ch , ever y , ei th er , n ei th er a n d o ther
ar e
c alle d
D is
tr ib u t i v e s .
E
E
is
a ch
ac h o f
E
num
u s h a ll
o
y
ver y
be
r
is m o r e
have
em
is
c om
n o n e,
s a y,
An y
o n e,
cl a s s e d
§
p
as
ow n ,
.
I
.
by
B o th
a ch
;
a s,
an
y
,
the y
s ho uld
be
n ot
Th e
.
E ith er
Of s a yin g ,
d
t wo
use d
Of
the
th e th r ee
.
,
n al
E
an d
n s te a
s a m e,
an d
on e
.
,
p r o n om i
ron oun .
13 2
on e
th a n e a c h , a n d is u s e d Of
f
bo th f ew f o r m er
l
e d e c le n s io n ,
t
e
p
so n al
p ha tic
on e o
a n o th er ,
,
t a ke n
a S h are .
p a r a tiv e
m o r e th a n t wo
Al l
b er
n ei th er a n d o th er a r e u s e d Of o n e o f
e n d in g e r
th r e e ,
n um
y
m o r e th a n t w o
E i th er ,
Of
Of a n
u se d
s ever a
l,
an d
j
a d e c tiv e s .
m ig h t b e
a
pp lie s
o th er
an d
,
la tter , m a n y , m u ch ,
s u ch
On e
c a lle d
an
ar e
g
a d m it s
in d e
fi
e n e r a ll
y
c om
a
n it e
r
e
p
t o t w o t a k e n t o g e th e r .
on e
a n o th er
are
c a ll e d
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
Recip r oca ls
E
.
o n e a n o ther
of ;
The y
a d m it
Of
a ch
is
o th er
use d
d e c le n s io n ,
on e
we r e
e c h ild r e n ,
lo v e
lo ve
,
m e a n s , Th e y
o n e a n o th er
a n o ther , a n y o th er , o r ,
end
ea ch
(
Of
d o y ou
th a t is ,
;
a ll th e
ea ch
o ther s .
.
AD J E C TI V E
The Ad je c t i v e is a wor d which m odi
lim it s a sub s tan tiv e b y n am in g so m e qu ality
13 3
Or
.
.
TH E
fies
th a n t wo
t h e d ec le n s io n
LESS ON XXVIII
§
p ok e n
.
n
L ittl
ar e s
b e r l a r ge r
and ad d
b e atin g e a c h oth e r
t w o ) w e r e b e a ti g th e o th er
T he y
w h e n t wo
u s e d Of a n
n um
y
in g s t o th e l a s t w or d
th e
is
13 1
.
.
i
oi
n
t
n
o
u
t
hi
h
h
w
w
b
c
or
o
;
,
y p
g
m a n y ar e m e a n t
I t c an form a p art Of the
r e dic a te , b u t ca n n e v er b e a su bj ect
p
or att ri u te
b
or
.
.
kin d s Of a dj ectiv es
D e s c r i p t i v e A dj ect iv e s or Nam es
T h er e
1
.
are
thre e
.
Of
,
u alitie s .
Q
2
Sp e c ify i n g A dj ectives , which p oin t
p
which
3
.
ar e
mea n t
Num
.
o ut
.
er al
A dj ectiv es , which d en ote N u m
b er .
D e s c r ip tiv e
I n v a r ia b l e .
va r y
a
b le
j
a d e c tiv e s a r e
Va
r ia
b le
in d e gr e e ; a s ,
a dj e c tiv e s n a m e
d iv id e d in t o V a r i a b l e
j
a d e c tiv e s n a m e
s o u r , c os tly ,
q u a litie s
l a rge ,
w hic h
q u al itie s
sma
c an
ll
n ot
in d e gr e e ; a s , g o ld en , s q u a r e, tr ia n g u la r
P r op er a dj e c t ive s a r e d e rive d fr o m p rop e r
.
be
and
w hic h
I uv
a ri
v a rie d
.
n ou n s , a n d
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
13 2
ar e
with
c om m e n c e d
a
ca
in t e ll e c t, S o c r a tic m e t h o d
j
tor ia n
fi
j
a d e c tiv e s
thin g is m a d e ;
T he y
A
.
l e tte r ; a s
ebs teria n
fte r lon g a n d fr e q u e n t u s e
c om m on
;
m a r tia l,
as
s te n
.
Ma t e r ia l
any
W
p ital
b ecom e
m ay
s u c h a d e c tiv e s
.
l ea d en , br a z en ,
a a en ,
s on a n t
s o m e tim e s
d e r ive d fr o m
are
c h a n ge .
A
)
j
a d e c tiv e
m a t e r ial
d e n o te the m a t erial
n oun s
;
by
is
whic h it
N
.
O ft e n
th e
.
c on
in s t e a d
b o lt s
s tee l
b le s
n,
o
ld
e
g
as
o tic e
use d
c h a in s ,
ir on
resem
a ddin g e n
f
r o m br a s s
(
n o un
as
th a t
whic h
Of
Of a
s il ver
,
c or d .
§
13 4 .
dj ect iv es in clude
r on omin al a dj e c tiv e s, a n d
p
S p e c i f yi n g
the, the
and
a , a n,
a
fe w
a
others .
Num
1
er a
dj ectives
are Of
which
the q u estion
twen ty
a n s w er
tweh
e,
.
a
C a r di n a l s ,
.
an d
2
l
a re
.
three
u se
kin d s
d in
.
c ou n tin
H o w m an y ?
g,
as , on e,
.
O r d i n a l s , whi ch
or der , e ith er
in time
or
which
d en ote
in p la ce ;
as
fi
one
st,
in
fifth
,
n in th.
M u l t i p l i c a t i v e s , which den ote the n um
b er t a ken together or t he n um b er of p a rt s whic h
m ake up the whol e ; a s , twofold, fow fold, single,
3
.
,
On e b y
n u m e r al s
t wo b y t wo ,
o ne ,
e tc . , ar e
c all e d
d is tr ibu ti ve
.
A
ver
b al
in fl e c tio n ,
j
a d ec t iv e
95 ) is d e r iv e d fr o m
a n d a d m its v e r
b al m odifiers
.
a ver
b
by
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
134
D IMINUTION
BY
le ss
IRREGULAR
G ood
b e tte r
ra
p id
.
.
le as t
,
ra
i
d
p
.
C OMP ARI S ON .
,
B ad,
E
w or s e ,
w or s t
m or e ,
m o st
e ar,
n e are r ,
n e a r e s t, o r n e
a te ,
lat er ,
v il ,
.
I ll ,
M uch
M an y
.
,
N
L
l atte r ,
l a te s t ,
o r e l d e r,
O ld e s t
or
Old ,
Old e r
Far,
fa r th e r ,
L ittle
le s s ,
,
,
le a st
Mu ch d e n o te s qu an tity
b er
num
,
an d Is
t im e ; la tter
Of
p lu r al
and
,
.
.
o r e ld e s t.
fa r t h e s t,
furth e r ,
or
la s t
or
xt
or
fur th e s t
.
.
is S in gu l a r ; m a n y d e n ot e s
L a ter a n d la tes t ar e us e d o nly
.
,
a nd
o f e ith e r
la s t
t im e ,
or
p la c e
E ld er
.
p e r s on s
S p e c ifyi g n u m e r a l a d m a t e ial a dj e c tiv e s a re in v a
All n o un s u s e d a s a dj e c t iv e s a e in v a ia b le
r ia b l e
t h o u gh s o m e m a y b e m o difi e d b y a d v e b s
Th e a dj e c tiv e s j u ior s e n io r m aj o m in o r in t e rior
e x t e io r p r io r p o s t e r io r a n t e r io r a d s u p e r io r a r e L a tin
c o m p a a t iv e s
S o m a dj e c tiv e s t ak e m os t a s a s up e lativ e e n d ing
in s t e a d Of p r e fix in g it a s a n a d v e r b ; a s f o r em os t hin d
a n d e ld es t a r e n o w u s e d o n ly O f
n
,
.
n
,
r
r
.
r
n
r
,
,
r
r
,
,
,
,
r
,
.
,
,
,
n
.
e
r
,
,
,
m os t
.
§
13 7 . In
a n al
j
a d e c tiv e n e e d n o t
b y the
d iffe r
i
n
z
g
y
a
s e n te n c e
b e m e n tio n e d ,
u n le s s
T
h
e m o d ifi c a t io n b
g
y
fr o m a n y o th e r m o d ifi c a tio n
e n d in
the
.
.
d e gr e e
it is
a d ve r
bs
e
Of
an
xp r e s s e d
d o es
n ot
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
j
a d e c t iv e o f
Th e
it s
E x c ep t
n oun.
fo llo win g ;
m ann e r
S
a s,
w h at e v e r
135
.
b e fo
c l a s s u s u a lly s t a n d s
re
w h e n it is m o d ifi e d b y a n a dju n c t
a g r e e a b l e m a n ; a m a n a r e e a ble in
g
an
.
m o s tly
j
p ou n d s Of a c a n b e u s e d
O n ly i th e p r ed ic a te ; a s a sle e p alive a w a k e
S m e a dj e c tiv e s wh ic h a e r e a lly in v a ia b le a r e c o m
p a e d b y w a y Of e m p h a s i s o b e c a u s e w e d o o t u e
W e s a y t he h o u e is
w o d s in th e ir ewa c t m e a i g
o m e a d e c t iv e s ,
n
c om
,
,
r
u sua l
th a n
O f c o ur s e ,
S O we
.
sa
§
ar e
An
ph on y
a n o un
an d
,
h
n
m
i
n
t
e
a
m
or
e
,
g
g
to
n e ar er
s
s
p e c ifyi
n
c o ul d n o t
n ea r l
y
f
ll
u
.
b e m o r e th a n
b a ll is r o u n d er th a n
a gl o b ul ar s h a p e
a n o th e r
;
.
g
j
a d e c tiv e s
an
or a , a n d
th e
c a lle d a r t ic le s .
is t h e
m e a n in g
.
ni
th a t o n e
y
I 3 S . Th e
O fte n
to
-
s
n
if it w e r e full it
t h a t is , it c o m e s
eu
r
n n
ful le r
full
r
,
r
.
,
r
o
B u t,
,
.
.
as
B e for e
AS
in t h e
th a t.
s am e
s in
S in gul a
I t is
an d
a c on s on an t
is
an
o n e,
u
l
a r , it
g
w ith
is
sou n d
c l o s e l y allie d
n
c a n o n ly
Th e h a s
r.
u se d
a ny
th e
in
is d r o pp e d fo r
be
b e fo
u se d
s am e
r o ot a s
n o u n s Of e ith e r n u m
b er
re
th is
.
in ge n e r al s t a t e m e n t s , in d e fi n it ely ; th e O f
s a w a m a n in d e fi n it e )
s o m e thin g d e fi n it e l y k n o wn ; a s ,
(
p a s s in g I n a m om e n t s a w th e m a n ( d e fi n ite ) t u r n
An
is
u se d
I
I
.
b a ck
,
etc.
p rin c ip ally in e m p h a s is
An h o n e s t m a n s t h e o b l e s t w o rk o f G o d
Th e h o n e s t m a n s t h e n o b l e s t w o r k Of G o d
I n th e e xp r e s s io n s th e m o r e th e b e tte r th e
a d v e rb
O fte n
a n an d
th e d iffe r
’
.
n
.
’
.
,
,
is
an
.
C e r t a in
c olle c t iv e
;
In
an
a s, a
h u n d r ed , th ou s a n d ,
n u m e r a ls , a s
n o un s
in t h e
tho u s a n d
such e
(
of
xp re s s io n s
)
as
s in g u l a r , a n d
m en
a re
a d m it
u se d
th e
as
a r tic le
.
m a ny
a
tim e, th e
p hr a s e m a n y
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
36
a
has
d is trib u tiv e for c e ,
a
.
with
a n d c a n a r ee
g
S in gul ar
a
n o un .
LE SS ON XX IX
A D VERB
TH E
§
13 9
The Ad v e r b is
.
t o m o d ify
It
ver
bs
a
,
a
dj e c tiv es
.
.
wor d whos e
an
d
o d ifies
r e o s itio n s
m
,
y
p p
a s a c on n e c tiv e
r a r el
se r v e s
I ts
oth er
an
is
offic e
a
d v e rb s
.
d fr e q uen tly
.
n am e
m eans
a
d d ed to
a v er b, a n d
it
s ta n d s
in t h e
b th a t th e a dj e c tiv e d o e s t o t h e
s o t h a t a ll m o d ifi e r s o f t h e v e r b a r e s o m e t im e s
n o un ;
c a lle d c o lle c t iv e ly a d v e b ia l m o d ifi e r s
A fe w a d ve b s a d m it th e i fl e c tio n Of c o m p a r i s o n
a dj e c tiv e s ;
s o on
s oo e r
a n d a e c o m p a r e d lik e
as
t o t he
r e la t io n
sam e
ver
r
,
,
.
r
n
,
r
n
,
,
,
s o o n e s t.
Th e fo llo w in g
a d ver
W e ll b e t te r b e s t ;
fo r m s
a re
ir re gul a r in
a re
ill, m u c h
,
,
bs
an d
litt l e , w h o s e
j
th e s a m e a s t h e
a d e c t iv e
fo r m s
p ar is o n
a d v e b ia l
c om
r
i
en
v
g
a lr e a d y
f
a r , fa r th e r , fa r t h e s t ; fo r th , fur th e r , fu r th e s t
)
d v e r s a r e d e r iv e d fr o m n o u n s , a d e c tiv e s , p r o
136
A
.
b
n o uns a n d
Ma ny
in g t o
p o et
r
y
j
p e p o s itio n s
r
wo r d s
,
e ith e r
fo r
D E CTIV
Mu ch
g
a d e c t iv e s
m
e
y
or
Sid e
by
O ft e n
fo r m e t e r
,
bs
ly ;
are
as,
a c c ord
in te r c h a n g e d in
.
H e fa r e d
a dve r
a dd in g
bs
.
Mu ch w o r s e ,
T he y w e n t f a r ther
h o ur ,
Many
are
a d ve r
or
AD VE RBS
o ld ,
s ti l l
14 0 .
rh
T he y
E S.
Th e f a r th er
Th e
j
a d e c t iv e s
a r e e it h e r
t h e c o n n e c t io n .
A J
j
.
s til l
.
b e tte r
.
d e r iv e d fr o m d e s c r ip t iv e
b r a v e ly
,
e a rn e s t ly ,
k n ow
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
13 8
p o u n d a p r on o u
p o s s e s s iv e O f i t
of
Wh er eof w a s
Th er eof w a s fo r m e rly
n.
Th e
f
o
use d
j
s u b s e q ue
it s
.
d v er b s
tio n
n t, c a l
lin g
t h er e
m
are
i
a sser t on
Ad v b
er
;
an
Of
s
1
.
2
.
3
.
o
2
.
3
.
4
.
5
.
d
a
a
M ann er
p
which m od ify the
c o n n e c ti v e s .
an sw e r
q u e s tio n
th e
H ow ?
a s,
.
re su
b d iv id e d in t o t h o s e
of
-
.
,
.
,
s Of
T im e
.
in c l u d e t h o s e w h ic h d e n o t e
T im e p re s e n t ; a s n o w to d a y y et n o w a
T im e p a s t ; a s a lr ea dy y es ter d a y f o r m er ly
T im e fu t ur e ; a s to m o r r ow her eafter h en cefo r th
T im e in ge n e r a l ; a s a lwa y s f o r ever a y e
T im e r e p e a t e d ; a s of ten o n ce thr ice u s u a lly
-
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
-
,
,
,
s O
er
f
u ll
y
e
s
,
Adv b
er
A
a r tl
y
.
s
a
Of
e
bs
,
.
,
or
e
xc es s ;
as,
r
l
t
ea
g
y,
to
.
q u a lity
or
s ufli c ie n c
y;
a s,
e n o ug h ,
u i te.
q
o f d e fi c ie n c
y;
,
.
,
,
.
d iv id e d in t o
n d a nc e
l tog e th er
s o , a s , even
y
d ver
,
a
o
re e ar e
,
,
,
r ecis el
.
d
‘
,
ta lly ,
3
n an
B e sid e s t he s e
b er .
,
.
p
r
dv er bs
,
er
.
n um
d v er b ia l
Adv b f D g
1 Ad v b
f bu
2
n
P l a c e in w hic h ; a s h er e y o n d er , h er ea bo u ts
P l a c e f r om w h ic h ; a s then ce a w a y , f o r th
P l a c e to wh ic h ; a s h o m ew a r d , a s h or e, th ither
er
.
f
.
dal
,
Ad v b
1
w h ic h ;
or o
p a r a t e d i t o th e p e p o s itio
the fi r st p ar t a p r o n o u n
and
b ly s killfu lly
A d v e r b s Of P l a c e a
no
t he v illa g e s t h e r e
wha t
f
th e
The p r m crp al r ela tion s d en ote d b y
a re , m a n n e r
i
m
l
t
e
ce
d
i
rec
a
p
,
,
,
d e gr e e ,
,
W e ll ,
Of o
a d e c tiv e s , o r s e
1
4
2
§
a
in s t e a d
a and
as
.
j
c alle d
a
used
wh e r e o f y e s p ak e
Th er eof a n d wh er e
m o d ifier s O f s u b s t a n t iv e s , a n d m a y b e
co u n tr y
a d ec ti ve
ar e
G z
as,
.
a s,
.
a s,
less , h a r d ly ,
s c a r cely ,
COMMON SCHOOL C OURSE
Ad v b
er
and
P la ce in
M o d al
1
.
2
.
a d ve r
bs
a
r
p
N
.
e
b er m ay b e
t o Tim e
r e fe rr e d
r ep ea ted
o r d er .
E m p h atic ;
Affi m tiv
e ith e r a
3
s of nu m
139
.
a s,
;
e
s
y ,
i
r e c e d ng v e r
b
a
e
y
(
)
.
w h ic h m o difi e s
,
fo llo w in g
o r a s e n te n c e
,
u se d
a s, n o
;
s o le t e
Ob
(
m ay b e
i n d eed
a s , v er i ly , cer ta in ly ,
e
i
a
t
v
e
g
a s s e rt io n , a n d
m o d ify t h e
.
in m o d ifyin g lik e ye s ) ,
n o t,
n ow i s e, n a .
y
D o ub tful ;
4
.
Adv bi
c la u s e
to
s e n te n c e .
a
pro
v e rb
r e la t iv e
the
m o d ify th e
p
n o un
;
Of th e
a n a n t e c e d e n t a d ve r
Sh all
T h en
th e
§
14 3
y
.
.
an
I t is t he
is
a
dv e r b s
w h ic h
c o n n ect
a
T h e y a r e ge n e r a lly d e r iv e d
fr o m
why , w h er efor e , w h en
T he y
as,
c la u s e .
in th e
.
O c c a s io n a l ly t h e y h a v e
p rin c ip a l
a s , at
a n ou n
Th e
a d v er
b
an d
p r e p os itio n
a d ve r b
c l au s e
a s,
Oft e n
s h a ll c o m e .
(
th e tim e wh e n
at
wh ic h)
a
p r e p o s ition ar e c lo s e ly
W ith o u t a s u b s e q u e n t is
th e
.
usa
b e fo r e
s ta n d
a re
p
er c h a n ce.
t o wa r.
a nd
r el a t e d ,
u s u all
o ut
b
p
oss ibly ,
w e k n o w , when C hr is t
a n te c e d e n t
k in g s g o
er h ap s ,
c o n n e c t iv e s
al
er
as ,
of
e
g
p
the
bj e c t shoul d
th e l a n gu a ge th at th e s u
re
We
s ubj e c t
d ic a t e
.
n o t ic e d
in
§
1 2 5 th a t
O fte n p r e c e d e s the
o t s t a n d w it h o u t a
a pp a e t s u b
v e b SO t h a t it m a y
h
b
T
e a d v e b th er e is u s e d in t h e s a m e w a
c
t
f
e
re
e
o
j
y
Th er e is n o d o u b t
t h e v e r b be ; a s Th er e w e r e m a n y
T his s o un d s le s s a b r up t tha n
Ther e will b e a S h o we r
A Sh o we r w ill b e N O d o ub t is
w he n
r
is th e
s e n te n c e
a
it
,
n
,
n
r
n
r
.
.
,
.
.
W o rd s
c a ll e d
am
ple
E
.
.
,
used
fo r
s o u n d , a n d n o t a ffe c t in
xp l e t i v e s .
I t is
m o d ifyin g
s a id
p o we r
.
,
T h er e
a s u se d
a
h
e
t
g
b o ve
is
t o b e u s e d exp letively ,
a
s e ns e are
o
o
d
g
a nd
h as
ex
no
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 40
LESS ON XXX
PREPOSITION
TH E
§
A Pr ep o sitio n i s
14 4 .
is to
.
.
wor d whose
with
i
c o n n e c t a s ub s t a n t v e
'
a
.
Office
wor d w hic h is
a
m od ifie d b y t he p r ep osition a n d th e foll o win g
re
s ub s ta n tiv e in a m a n n er d en ot e d b y t he
p p
osit ion
.
The wo r d p r ep os ition m e a n s p l a ced befor e, b e c a u s e
The s ub
t h e p r e p o s itio n s t a n d s b e fo r e th e s u b s t a n t ive
.
s t a n t iv e
p r e p o s itio n
p r ep o s itio n
Th e
.
t o g e t he r
c a ll e d
an
t he b
Of
ad u
a se
Ap
th e
t he
j
To t he lis t
a
b o a rd
p re p o s ition s
p r e p o s itio n
i
e n in
v
g
h as
3 4, th e follo wing
b e s id e s
b e twix t
th e a b o ve
Of
er e ,
t h r o u gh o u t,
o ut ,
u n d e rn e a t h ,
r ou nd ,
u n to ,
are
i
n b efor e
v
e
g
within
.
onl
if
f
e r e n t for m s O f t h e
d
y
All p r e p o s itio n s a r e Of a x on
S
.
p r e p os ition s le s s fre
ita lic s a re b o rr o we d fr o m fo r
n o t full
r e c o n iz e d a s
o
o
d
y
g
g
1 4 5 . The follo win g
ei
n
E
sh
l
i
g
n
c a lle d
is
.
q ue n tly
g
are
.
,
p r e p o sition s
§
b s e q ue n t
p r e p osition
'
,
a m o n g s t,
i
n
g
The
su
.
a th wa r t,
a m id s t ,
o ri
ct.
its
and
t Of t h e
a dd e d
,
S om e
Of
d ju n
su b se q u e n
a s a s ub s e q ue n t Of a
d
fo r m
o b ec tive
a
j nc t
r on o u n u s e
m ay b e
c all e d t h e
wh ic h fo ll o w s is
use d.
l a n g u ag e s ,
A (a s
T ho s e
an d
)
a -fish in g
,
a
in
are
b a ft
,
are
a d o wn ,
d e s p it e , in s id e , m a ug r e , m in u s ,
ve rs u s , via .
a fo r e , a sl a n t , a s tr id e ,
o ut s id e ,
p
er ,
s,
l
u
p
sa ns,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 42
S
v er
o m e t im e s
b
p r e p o sitio n
th e
in m ea n in g , b u t
B y is
th e h o us e.
j oi
ne
C om p ar e ,
n o un.
p r e p o s it io n
o s itio n
d to th e
The y
with th e
T he y wen t by
a s,
in
v er b
p o r a te d
se nse
t o th e
n ot
;
w e n t by w a ter , wh e r e by is
a
.
H e br o u g h t
up
a
H e is w e ll sp o k en
fa m ily ;
s it u a tio n , a r e ot h e r e
h is
u
a
v
e
p
g
is in c o r
by p
n ot
.
x a m ple s
Of a
He
f;
o
p rep o s i
p o u n d e d with a v e rb
T wo p r e p o s it io n s a r e s o m e t im e s u s e d w ith o n e su b
s e qu e t ;
as
O ur a c q u a i t a c e w i th a n d m a s t e y of
E glis h B e tte O ur a c qu a in t an c e with E nglis h a n d
c om
t io n
.
n
n
,
n
m a s t e ry
Th e
cla u s e
su
;
r
r,
.
o ur
n
Of
it
.
b s e q ue n t
Of
a
p r e p o s ition
m ay b e
as,
b lu e
E r e the
he ave n s we re
fi nishe d
Till th e w o rk wa s
s tr e tc h e d a
CONJ U N C TION
TH E
s
p
1 4 8 . The
ee ch
p h r a se s,
c la u se s
,
an
d
sen
The C o nj u n c tion fo r m s
t e n ce in whic h it
o we r .
p
which
.
.
is that p a rt Of
co n n e c t
w o r d s,
ten
no
p
c e s.
a rt
of
th e
sen
d s a n d ha s n o m o d ifyin g
I t s m e a n in g d e ter min es t he r e la tion in
th e t er m s c o n n e c te d s ta n d t o e a c h o t her
b a d e la tiv e p o o u s m a y c o n e c t c l a u s s
Ad ve r
to
.
E X C LAMATION
AN D T H E
C o n ju n c t i o n
Offic e is t o
wh os e
b roa d
.
LESS ON XXX I
§
e n tir e
an
s ta n
,
.
s
n
s e n te n c e s ,
r
but d o
r
n ot
n
n
c on nec t
n
wo rd s ,
nor
e
in d e p e n d
e n t s e n te n c e s .
W or d s
c on n ected
by
j
c o n u n c t io n s a r e u s u a ll
y
Of
th e
C OMMON SCHOOL COURSE
p a rt
sam e
te n c e ;
Of s
S
a s,
p e e ch
,
Ro b er t will
a m u el o r
1 4 9 . Th e fo ll o win g lis t s
1
P ur e
.
Alth
o u gh
j
c o n un c tio n s , o r
,
t h a n , t h o u gh ,
2
.
3
.
4
b e c a us e
a nd,
C o nj un c tio n s ,
.
w o rd s
u s e d o nl
y
if, l e s t ,
,
th e c o m m o n
e
.
,
B o th
j
o r a d e c t iv e s .
s en
.
c on
c o n n e c t.
n or ,
or,
.
.
r
to
n e v e r th el e s s ,
p r p o s itio n s B ut
or a d ve b s
Als o a s
or
C o nj u n c tio n s ,
c o n t a in
in th e
h e lp y o u
come a n d
wh e r e a s , wh e th e r
u n le s s ,
C o nj u n c tio n s
s a m e r e l a tio n
in th e
an d
1 43
.
S in c e
,
fo r ,
,
e ve n ,
,
e it h e , n e it h e r ,
.
t h e n , y e t.
r
th a t x
C o nj u n c tio n s
1
fied
a re cla s si
w hic h
C o -o r d i n a t e ,
.
r e l a t io n , o r s e n t e n c e s
Ar t is
2
Su b
.
al
l o n g,
-o r d
s e n te n c e ,
in a t e ,
§
e
xp
1
by
l a t ive
2
y
.
ou
.
p
th e
.
p al
i
r nci
m e a n in gs
a s,
to
be
b li
The
nd
c o n n e c tin g
c o n s id e r e d
d u m b bo th
Sp a ke
t e r m s in t h e
sam e
and
'
t oget he r,
.
Cop u
a r e c a ll e d
Sep
a re
a ra
t io n ;
m is t a k e n ,
b e t we e n
Op p
or
t wo ,
o s i t io n ,
T ak e
a s,
or
I
a
m
.
one
the
or
j
T he s e
c o n u n c t io n s
a n d a r e c a lle d
Co
n
tr a
st
;
E ith er
o t h e r.
D isj u n c t iv e
as,
H e is
H
f
s
r
e
a
d
e
e
d
t
h
e
e
r
s
e
a
w
e
t
e
e
e
d
v
,
;
y
p
C a u s e ; a s , Th e w a ll fe ll, beca u s e t h e s t r e a m
m in e d it
c la us e .
.
p
i m ly
.
r ic h ,
e c o n o m ic a l
4
T his
as,
.
a c h o ic e
3
p art
will d o yo ur
are
p le x ;
p r in c i
a
j
C o nj u n c t io n s
r e la t io n , a n d
com
to
c o n u n c tio n s
Ad d i t i o n ;
a n d s a w.
.
s e n te n c e
u
o
y
sa m e
as,
c o n n e c t a c la u se
1 5 0 . Th e fo llo win g
r es s ed
.
wh ic h
if
m e fo r m ;
is fl e e t in g
sa
tim e
m a k in g t h e
p
w o rk will b e d o n e ,
w o r d s in t h e
c on n e ct
in t he
and
in t o
but
.
T his
d e pe nd e n t
c la u s e
is
c a lle
d
a
und er
Ca u s a l
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 44
5 . C o n c l u sio n ;
fide
c on
6
.
P
u r p o se
I
c o m m is s io n .
is
O fte n
;
used
as,
7
.
C o n d it io n
8
.
C o n c e ss i o n
t ru s t in h im
9
.
Co mp
He
He
c am e
to
Of
t he r e fo r e
th a t h e m ig h t
wit h th a t,
.
r e c e ive
his
I n fi n itive
an
r e c e iv e .
If y o u wis h, y o u c a n h a v e it
s
a
Th o ug h h e sl a y m e , y et Will I
,
;
a s,
a r iso n
lio n
C o m p a r is o n
.
;
H e le a rn s fa ster tha n
as,
I
H e is
.
.
d iffe r e n c e is d e n ote d b y tha n ; c om
Of e qu alit y b y a s
As O fte n c o n n e c ts a n o un t o
p ar is o n
of
.
a n o th e r
wh ic h m o d ifi e s it ;
n o un
a s,
He
sent
h im as
b a s s a d or
§
.
1 5 L C o nj u n c tio n s
j
t wo
p rin c ip al
Th e
e ith e r
or ,
fir s t
m e m b e r, it s
c or r el a tively
;
Of
in th e
n e ith e r
or ,
n or ,
if
r s till.
e
t
o
,
y
of o n e
on e
use d
,
Of
th e s e
or
p a irs
m u st b e
c o r r ela tive
l Veith er th e
u sed
is
w h e th e r
t h e n , th o u gh
I f th e
O fte n
fi rs t m e m b e r
t he o th e r is e m p l o y e d in t h e
c o rr e l a t ive s a r e b o th
an d
c o n n e c te d ,
te rm s
s e c on d .
are
o n e c o n u n c tio n
th a t is , if
“
came
in s t e a d
ther efo r e h e is
.
a s s tr o n g a s a
am
o ft e n u s e d
n s te a d O f a c l a u s e
as,
;
H e i s in n o c e n t ,
a s,
Th en is
n t.
.
th e
o th e r
”
is
is
used
use d
in
in th e
fi rs t
t he s e c o n d
n o t c o rr e c t ,
.
b e c a us e
q u ir e s th e c o r ela t ive n or Th e fi rs t Of th e
e l a t iv e s is O ft e n o m it te d
co
W h e t wo c o n n e c tiv e s c o m e t oge th e r th e re is u s u ally
s p o s it io n o r a n e llip s is o f s o m e c l a u s e
a t
n eith er
r
re
.
rr
.
n
,
ra n
.
,
An d if it
An d wh y
I n the
fi
b e t r u e , wh y d o y o u fe a r
d o yo u fe a r , if it b e tr u e
come
and
if
th ey
a re se
pa
c o nn e c tin g
Of
rs t
th e a
t o g e th e r
,
th e t wo
j
c o n un c tio n s a n d
B y t r a n s p o s in g th e
.
senten c e,
b o ught in th e ir p r o p e r o r d e r a n d
c o m p l e x s e n t n c e to So m e p ec e d i g s e n
rate
th e
b ov e
d
and
r
,
e
r
n
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 46
a
A S e n t e n c e is
t he
th ou ght b y m e a n s
Of
The
ex
p
r e s s ion Of a
thr ee thin gs
su
1
.
2
.
S om e
3
of
.
su
bj ect
Of
a n d s e con
the fir st
if
of
b
r
it tle
se con
t r ees gr ow
l east ,
c o n n ecte
with the
d
d id e a s
of
.
a n d c on n e c ts
l
a
s
s
,
g
b r ittl e n e s s
Of
con n ection
th e
by
a
,
he
e
xp
w ith
r es ses
w o r d whic h
th e
a s s e r ts
;
.
d id ea
m ay ta k e
ex
p
r ess e
a n a sser tive
d in
for m ,
w or d
on e
a s,
.
Th e fir s t id e a is t h a t
Of
s e c o n d , Of
tr ees , th e
w o r d g r o w a s s e r ts th e s e c o n d id e a
s e n t e n c e m u s t c o n t a in t w o w o r d s
Of
th e
w
t
r
o
h
,
g
th e
fi
r s t.
.
§
15 4
which
The Su b je c t
.
s o m et hin
i
s
g
a sser t e
d
Of
The E l e m
t he
en
the p r e d ic a te
The s ubj ect of
and
e ith e r
Of a
su
ts
o
f
a s s ert e
The Pr e d i c a t e
is
at
.
exp r ess es
Id e as
th e t w o
t wo id ea s m a y b e
and
Of
.
th ou ght
h a s t he id e a
On e
l
a s s is
g
Th e
is
p
i
r e ss on
.
c o n n e c tio n
A
ex
th ou ght in v ol ves ,
which is
it in h is m in d t h e id e a
or
w or d s
S om e w or d which
T hu s
as,
c om p l e te
.
S o m e ide a
bj e ct
.
bj ect
d
a
sen t e n ce
is tha t
Of
.
se n te n c e
is t hat w hich
.
Of a s e n te n c e
a re
th e
su
bj ect
.
with
a v er
b
or
a
se n t e n c e
w ithou t m od ifie rs
e ithe r
m o d ifie d
or
is
a
su
b sta n tiv e
,
The p r e d icate
u n m o d ifie d
.
.
C O MM ON S C HO OL COURSE
A thou ght m ay b e
of
t he
belief
u estio n , as
q
The w or d
a
p
r es s e
the p urp ose
or
,
ex
d
u se d
c om m a n
is
a sser t
d
1 47
.
d ecla ra tion
s ea k er a s a
p
as a
of
t he
or
as
an
to
ex
r es s
,
,
ex cla m a t io n .
on e of
p
y
these for m s of com m un ica tin g th ou ght
There a r e fou r kin d s of se n t en c e s ; D e c l a r a
an
.
tiv e , I n t e r r o ga t i v e , I m p
c la
m
a tor
y
ee
S
(
.
§
e r a tiv e
,
and
Ex
58 ,
A d ecla r a tive s en t en ce i s call e d a Pr o p o s i
A g e n e r a l p r op o sition ha s n o lim it,
tio n
.
or
m odifica t ion ; a s , Fire b urn s
Iron is he a vy
A l i m i t e d p r op osition is r estricte d t o bou n d s
d efin e d by
Th e
on e s
of
.
.
lim itin g wor d s ;
affir m at io n
p e c ifi ed
m a n ner
15 5
.
th e l a s t
s e n te n c e
is
b u rn s
r e s tr ic t e d
to
a d ver
an
b
.
An y
wor d w hich lim it s t he
w o rd , is
s ai
d
or c om
to m
My N e wfo u n dla n d
T h is
This fir e
bu r ns is m o d ifi e d b y
an d
th e m ea n in g,
ex p l a i n s
a n ot h e r
fir e ,
of
a s,
od
a
li
ca tion ,
pp
l
et es the
p
s e n s e of
if y tha t wor d
d o g l ik e s t o
.
s w im .
lim it e d ; it is m a d e o f b u t o n e d o g ,
a n d t h e w o r d d og h a s t wo m o d i e rs , o n e t ell in g w h a t
k in d O f d o g , a n d t he o th e r t o wh o m t he d o g e lo n g s
a s s e r tio n
is
fi
b
L ik es h a s
a
m o d ifi e r
W h a t t h e d o g lik e s
com
p le ti
n
.
i
s m e a n in , t e l lin
t
g
g
g
.
The S i m p l e s u bj e c t is t he s ub sta n tiv e with
o u t m o d ifie rs ; t he S im p le p r e d ica te is t he v e rb
witho u t m od ifiers
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 48
.
The L o gi c a l subj ect a n d p r ed ica t e
s im l e s ubj ect a n d p r e d ica te with t heir
p
iv e m od ifiers
the
a re
r es
p
ect
.
The ho n est m a n who fou n d the p ur se
it with ou t d ela y t o the own er
r e s t or e
d
.
Th e
p
s im
p le
su
bj e c t
of
th e
a
b o ve
is m a n , t he
s im
p le
The l o g ic a l s ubj e c t is the h o n es t
th e l o g ic a l p r e d ic a t e is
m a n w h o f o u n d the p u r s e
r es to r ed i t w i th o u t d e la y to th e o w n er
re
d ic a t e is
r es tor ed .
.
§
15 6 .
A Si m p l e
ha s
s en t en ce
on e
sub ect
j
i
ca te
d
p
A co m p ou n d s en t en ce is m a de u p of sim p le
I t c a n b e s ep a ra t e d in t o
s e n t en ces com bin e d
a n d on e
re
.
.
s im p l e s e n t en c e s
E ither th e
su
m ay b e m a de
r ea
d
an d
wr it e
.
bj ect
com
p
ou n
d;
J o hn
a s,
or
an d
b oth,
J a m es
.
co n t a in s
A Cl a u s e
the p r ed ic a t e ,
or
d o es n o t m a ke
u s ed a s a m o d ifie r
b ut
elem en ts Of a s en t en ce ,
t he
co m
l
ete
p
I t is
se n s e .
a l wa
y
s
.
A Co m p l e x
m od ifier ;
a n d wa it
T he y
a s,
c on ta in s
sen t e n c e
a ls o
s er v e
cla u s e a s a
a
who
on ly
sta n d
.
A
c om
th e
s e n te n c e
p le x s e
su bj e c t
An
its elf ;
m ay b e
n te n c e
or
a
m ay
in t h e
I n d ep
d ep
en
en
b o th
p
c om
c o n t a in
pou
n
d
a n d c om
p le x
A
.
s e v e r a l c l a u s e s , e ith e r
in
r e d ic a t e .
d en t
d en t
sen t en c e
se n t e n ce
m a k es
is t he
sen se
by
s a m e as a
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 50
‘
.
The
a
pp o sitive
m o difi e s ,
s a m e ca s e
is in t h e
an d
O fte n e qu iv a le n t i
h
e fi rst
N
a p ol e o
t
c la u s e
as
;
wh o w a s fi s t e m p e o r
w or d
I t is
.
th e w o r d wh ic h it
u s u a ll y s t a n d s a ft e r
n
r
r
fie d
th e m o di
as
m e a n in g t o
em
n,
,
92 )
pe
ro r
N p ol
or,
;
dj ec tive
an a
a
e on
.
Th e d iffe r e n t w o r d s wh ic h m a k e
u
C o m p le x
a
n oun
p
a n d w h e n th e
pp o s itiv e s
p os se s
s iv e r el a tio n is t o b e e xp e s s e d b y a n o u n m o d ifi e d b y
e x e d t o t he l a s t w o rd ; a s
s is a
a n a pp o s it iv e th e
Ki g Ric h a r d s c r o w n ; A lle n th e b o o k s e lle s s t o e
T he a pp o s it iv e is s o m e t im e s c o n n e c t e d with th e n o u n
by th e c o j u n c tio n a s ; a s I g a v e h im a b all a s h is
m ay b e
re
rd e d
a
g
as
a
,
r
’
nn
,
,
’
n
r
n
’
r
.
,
bir th d a y p r es en t
n s t e a d O f a n o u n in
.
I
p r e p o s itio n
B o s to n
,
be
B o s to n
c ity o f
the
pp o s itio n
s o m e tim e s
c an
or,
a
an
,
em
j
ad unc t
p l o ye d ;
as,
th e
c ity
.
O ft e n
m o d ifi e d b y it s p a r ts in
w ith it ; a s , T h e y w e n t in h a s te ; s om e to t h e
t o th e g a r d e n , s o m e t o th e fo r e s t
Th e wh o le is
w ith th e
a
pp o s itio n
fi e ld
,
s om e
.
A
n o un
s o m e t im e s
is
p
pp o s itio n
w ith
a s e n te n c e or
p
.
is
equ a l
p
Th e
s e lf- e vid e n t .
r on ou n
s e n te n c e , o r
su
a
i
m
l
i
e d in it ; a s , I m u s t t ell t h e wh o l e t r u th
g
Th e t r u th th a t a ll m en a r e cr ea ted
a in ful d u ty
s o m e th in
a
in
ph
rase
bj e c t
A
su
pp o s itio n w ith a c l a u s e
fo ll o win g th e v e b o f whic h i t is th e
I t is
b s ta n tive
in the
s a m e s c h o ol .
.
A
n ou n
C a s e lim its the
s ess e
d ; as,
ood
a
g
u s e d in
m u s t b e in th e
l58
in
a
,
r
n o un s
§
O fte n
i t is
a
p l ur a l ;
p
or
n o un
his b ook
th in g to g i ve th a n ks
pp o s ition
a s,
H
e le n a n d
r on ou n
Ma ry s
or
M a ry
,
m o re
p p i ls
u
in the Pos ses s iv e
d en otin g
’
.
t wo
to
.
the thin g p o s
’
sla t e
Achill es
.
C O MMO N S C HOOL COURSE
Adj ectiv es
p
An
a
b
an d
v er
,
d oes
,
dj e ctiv es
is then
m odify
sa i
d
Th e gr a s s is gr e e n
r e en
r e e n , beco m es
g
g
e cif
i
n ,
y g
l
em en t
p
t o the
r e er
lim it it
or
p
c om
f
to
,
s
an d
n o un s .
m a y b e th e
dj ectiv e
n ot
m o dify
,
i
a rt cl e s ,
,
b al d escrip tiv e
r on om in a l , v er
n um er a l a
kin d s in cl u din g
all
Of
151
.
su
Of a
bj e ct
,
b ut
.
Th e gr a s s g r ows gre e n , looks
.
.
Gr een , in th e
b ut in
e ach c ase
is
m o d ifi e d
n ot
Ap
§
i ip le
su
bj e c t
A dj
ea ch , ei th er ,
u la r
n um
.
th e
l
ra
Th e
num
be
b e fo
re
r e er
c la u s e ,
it
b
ri
d ge d
t o th e
p
n ou n
if it w e r e
ro p os
it io n
52,
w hic h w o ul d b e
p tic al
n o t e lli
.
p
r
ch
i
h
h
s
h
c
o
e
t
w
;
Sh o ul d
be
ar e
pl ur al
u s e d o n ly
o n e,
i
s n
in m e a n in g , lik e
w ith
n o un s
in th e
r.
p r op e ly st a d s b e fo r e th e n ou n whic h
Th e p r o o u n d o e s n ot a d m it t h e a dj e c t iv e
a d e c tiv e
it m o d ifi e s
an a
f
to
i
be
j
n
i
g
i m ly th e s in g u la r id e a , l ik e a n ,
sh o u l d b e u s e d o n ly w ith n o u n s in th e
wh
g
bo th , th es e, m a n y ,
p lu
,
,
s a id
of
e c tiv e s
,
s t a n d in
art c
1 75 ) m a y b e
the
b ov e is a qu ality or attr ib u t e of gr a s s
th e q u ality is a ss er ted a n d th e s u bj e c t
a
r
n
n
.
.
p e c ify in g a dj e c tiv e the s ta d s b efor e d e s c ip tiv e
as
a n d n u m e a l a dj e c tiv e s m o d ify i g th e n o u n ;
th e
B ut a ll a n d bo th t a k e
w h it e h o u s e ; t h e t w o S c ip io s
th e a ft e r th e m ; a s a ll th e g old ; b o t h t h e m e n
Th e
s
n
r
n
r
,
.
.
,
§
l59
The
on l
dj un c t
which
en e ra ll
y
g
y
m od ifie s th e n o un is that which is in tr od u ce d b y
the p rep o sition of; a s , t he r o of of the hou s e
.
a
.
Th e
‘
j
a d un c t
p os s e s s ive
c a se ,
w ith
an d
f
o
is
is ge n e r a lly e q uiv a le n t t o th e
i
s p lac in
r a d u all
d
h
sses
p
o
e
t
g
y
g
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
52
W ith
s iv e .
fe w
e
x c e p tio n s
lim ite d t o p r on ou ns , t o p
l iv in g th in g s
p o s s e s s iv e
th e
,
.
a nd
n a m es ,
r op er
for m
is
of
n am e s
.
B y th e
s ta n d s
a
bb
s uc h
in
i
i
re v a t on o
ju
in t h e
,
n ot
s tr ic tl y
p hr a s e
i n th e m o on is
th a t is i n th e m oon ,
s p e ak i
c au s e
§
g
it is
a
n o un ,
it m o d ifi e s
,
r e all
an a
th a t it is
a n o m itte d
bb r e via tio n
y
a n d m o d ifi e s t h e
O fte n
Of
”
w o rd
.
ad
th e
c la u s e
th e
o m itte d v e r
s a id
b
.
B ut
i
m
if
i
m
b
e
s
a
d
t
o
o
d
m
n
b
a
t
a
e
,
,
y
y
y
p a r t o f a c la u s e wh ic h m o d ifi e s m a n
-
.
1 6 0 . C la u se s m o d ifyin g
in tr o d u ce d b y a
r el a tiv e
Cl a u s es
e
to a
j
a n a d un c t
,
Th e m a n in th e m o o n ,
c o n c is e l
n
p rep o sition s
r e l a t io n
c lo s e
t o m o d ify it , w h e n
T hu s
f
u iv a l en t
to
q
r ela tiv e
p
n ou n s a r e
T hey
a
g
y
r on ou n , a n d a r e ca ll e
.
an
en er a ll
dj ective
eith er
,
d
o ft en
are
d escrip tiv e
or
h
u s,
T
i
n
on der m a n , m ea n s , t he m an
y
y g
who sta n ds yon der ; th e honest m a n , m ea n s, t he
m a n w ho is honest
sp e cif
.
.
Rel a tiv e
c l au s e s
t o m o d ify b y w a y
th e y
s en s e
s e c on d
by
an
are
is t o
in d e
Th e
J a ck s o n
ra
,
e
q uiv ale n ts
s om e
p en d ent
cl a u s e
O f r e s t ric tio n , o r
th e
a dd
Th e y wh o
h av e t w o d is t in c t
Th e firs t is
u s e s.
d e s c r ip tio n
of
I n t his
.
j
a d e c t iv e s .
fa c t w h ic h m ight b e
e
The
xp r e s s e d
s e n te n c e .
a re
tr u ly wis e
lim it s th e
wh o w a s
a
su
bj e c t
b egin
h e av e n h e r e
.
.
lw a y s i mp etu ou s ,
Sp r an g
up
in
a
e
.
g
Th e
c l au s e
r e fe r s
d oe s
n ot
l im it , b u t
t o J a cks o n , it
adds a
fa c t
.
Altho ugh
i
e s a r e a s o n wh
v
y g
y he
sp r a n
u
k
ran
a
s
n
S
u
J
c
o
p
i
n a ra e,
o
h
r
e
wa s
g p
g p
g
f
a l w a s im p e t u o u s , w o u l d e xp r e s s n e a rl
h
s
m
t
e
a
id
e
ea
y
y
An a pp o s it iv e O fte n e xp r e s s e s the id e a of s uc h a c la us e.
it
r e a ll
.
.
GLISH GRAMMAR
EN
154
.
LE SS ON XXX IV
MODIFIERS O F
.
PRONO U N AD J ECTIVE A D VERB
PREPOSITION
TH E
,
,
AN D
.
1 6 1 . The
Pr o n o u n
m o d ifiers , the Ap p
th e
Cl a u s e
Th e
th e
We
fi
a
and
Con s u ls
Th e
n o thin
Y
.
,
c a ss es o f
l
thr e e
Ad j u n c t ,
t he
p e rs o n ;
Y
wh o
f
fi c a tio
r o m th e
f
g
I Y
ou
of
n
Paul
an d
idle
p r o n o un s
b e s e e ch
kn o w
m en
of
u.
o
y
n o th in g
f
e llo w
p r o n oun ;
w ith t h e
o
u
a
y
o
I
r ic h
used
m od i
cla u s al
a s,
ou
o u r og u e
y
th e c ity
w ith th e
v er y c o m m on
r a re l
is
n
T he y of
o s itiv e
a r e r e m is s .
n
Th e
is
s e c on d
b ur d e s
a dj u c t
o f our
d m its
.
pp o s itiv e
r st
a
ll 9
.
p r o n o un
the
d iffe r s in
fi c a tio n
m odi
n oun
T
h
e A d je c t i v e m a
e m o d ifie d b
b
y
y
§
a n A d v e r b , a n d b y a n Ad ju n c t , in cl ud in g th e
16 2
.
in fin itiv e ,
an d
by
n oun
a
u se
d in
an
a
d ve rb ial
r el a tio n .
Adv b
er
o r Of em
p
b al
s
m o dify in g
h a s is ;
j
a d e c t iv e s
j
a d e c t iv e s a r e
a s , s o m ewh a t, r a
a re
fied
m od i
by
g
th er ,
a d ve r
e n e r all
Of
y
ex cess ively
bs
d eg r ee,
Ve r
.
o f n e a rly e v e r y
c la s s .
Th e
v a r ie t y
j
Of a d u n c t s
b y th e
j
a d e c t iv e
is
j
m
m
d
i
b
a
b
d
o
fi
e
d
g
y
y
a y p r e p o s it io
w ith it s s u b s e q u e t
D es c r ip t iv e a d
u
l
f
e
c
i
s
e
m
o
s
m
i
v
q
d
fi
j
t
e
a
t
e
e
t
o
d
u
n c ts w h o s e
b
e
a
d
j
y
y
b a s e s a e of in to a d f o r a s e a g e r f o p r a is e ; d e
i
s ir o s o
u
s
f
u
h
l
u
e
n
o
l
t
e
fi
e
d
s
s
p
p
s
e
o
t
t
o
i
n
o
f g g;
g
v e ry
Th e
r e a t.
n
ver
b
a d m itt e d
al
a d e c tiv e
n
n
r
r
,
n
§
r
,
n
n
.
r
,
n
16 3
.
Th e in fi n itive m o d ifyin g
r
r
an
a d e c tiv e
j
.
is
a
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
a d u n c t,
i
tr u e
th e
e
q uiv ale
of
nt
Ge
t he
b e lo w :
G o o d to
p re p o s itio n
w ith th e
ea t, o r ,
g
ood
f
to
o r ea ti n g
of
,
,
o r, an
C o m p e te n t to in s tr u c t,
T his
m ay b e
s ee n
.
to lea r n ,
ous
n
I t is
.
.
,
,
A xi
b ase
its
as
Ap t to tea ch o r a p t i n tea c hin g
F a ir to see o r , fa ir to the s eein g o r
,
as
run d
15 5
.
c o n s t r u c t io n
x io u s f or
o r,
f
e
to the
s ig h t.
lea r n in g
in s tr u c tin g
or
is fu r th e r
‘
xpl a in e d
.
.
u n d er
th e h e a d
t he I n fi n i t iv e ,
p e p ositio n p o p e r
to
be
as,
The
r
s h o uld
d ifie r e n t fr o m
16 4 .
d i sta n
u se
c ar e fu ll y n o t e d
'
w ith
§
r
;
lik e to
a ft e r
u se
a
g
re e a
an
d
va lu e
a d ec t iv e
to
d e lighte d
.
Adj ectiv es d en otin g
ce
b le
j
th e
ar e
ti m
e
m
,
e a su r e ,
m odifie d b y
n ou n
a
d a d ver b ia lly ; a s
l
u
V
Th e b o ok is w o r th a d o l la r
a
e )
(
i
m
H e is s ix t e e n y ea r s ol d
T
e
(
)
.
.
The w all is fo u r
Ha
N
i
rr s
o tic in g
o th e r
j
j
a d e c tiv e
tim e ,
s
re
M
e
a
u
(
)
.
a w a y.
D
i
s tan c e
(
l a n gu a ge s whic h d e n o te
n o un s
B ut in
pa
us e d
a d ve r
r e l a t io n
b ia lly
by
h a v e th e
.
rs n
e tc .
Th e
j
a d e c t ive s
like,
n ea r , a n d
op
p
os i te a d m it
n e a r th e w a ll
m o d ifi e r ; a s , l ik e m e
This m o d ifi c a tio n is a n a bb r ev iate d
h ou s e
s t a n t iv e
th e
)
i g , it is e n o ugh t o s a y th a t
is m o d ifi e d b y t h e n o u n e xp r e s s in g v a lu e ,
fo r m
o b ective
thic k
fiv e m i les
w e fi n d th a t
e n d in g ,
th e
b u rg is
f
eet
.
.
a
s ub
pp o s ite
a dj u n c t
o
.
p re p o s itio n to is O ft e n e xp e s s e d b e fo e the n ou n
Th e a dj e c tiv e m a y b e s a id t o b e m o d ifi e d b y th e n o u n
u s e d a d ve b ia ll y o r b y a n a dj un c t w ith t h e p re p o s itio n
T he
r
r
o m itte d .
,
r
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
156
.
The Ad v e r b
m
a
e m o d ified b y
b
y
§
m
h
h
t
os e d e n otin
e
a
b
o ther a d v er b s , ch iefl
p
g
y y
sis a n d degr ee ; a n d b y a dj u n cts ; a s , v er y wisely ,
16 5
.
kin dly
m ost
wher e in the w or ld,
,
The P r e p
is
o s iti o n
in m y
n ev er
ly r ela te d t o th e
s o m e tim e s
a d m its
an
n ea r
d verb a n d th erefo r e
u st a b ou t
a d v er b a s a m o d ifier ; a s
oin
j
g
g
b e sid e him
a
,
,
close
,
.
The
n either
the E xc l a m
C o n ju n c t i o n
an d
m odify ,
m o difie d
n or a r e
.
LESS ON X XXV
MO D IFIERS OF
h
1
6
6
T
e Verb
.
§
a
TH E
a ti o n
.
VERB
.
d m its four cla sses Of m odi
fie r s ; the O b je c t , th e Ad ju n
a n d th e C l a u s e
t , t he
c
Ad v e r b ,
.
The O bj ect is t he
a v e rb
which
l
e m en t
p
d oe s
n ot
b sta n tive
a
dm it
an
d the
D i r e c t O b je c t ,
an
c om
com
an
S u ch
1 00 ,
.
Wa n si tive,
su
a
l
e m en t
p
dj ectiv e
v er b s a r e
l
e m en t is
p
d li m its the
c alle
v erb
to
Of
co m
ca
lle d
d
t he
i gle
a s n
thin g
.
The d ir e c t
q u e s tio n
Obj e c t
whom
,
9
.
if
if th e
a
p e rs o n al
n am e
Of a
n am e
,
an swe rs
thin g , th e
the
q ue s tio n
wh a t ?
A
n oun
u se d
as
Obj e c t
h a s the gen e r al for m
.
The
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
158
C ar e m u s t b e tak e n
to
or
s on a
f
s o ld
§
Obj c t
In
,
S
.
om e
a d m it
,
of
nam e
v er
bs
n ot a n
er
ca s h
in d i
b y to
T h is
a s,
the d ir e c t
a d m it
n ot
It
is f o r m e
seem s
p ou
t he c o m
Obj e ct
,
n
an d
d s m eth in ks
and
th e
su
m es eem s , t h e m e is
bj e c t Of
is
t he v e r b
a
an
fo ll o w
s e n te n c e o r c l a u s e .
It
seem s
Th e
re
fa ir
se e a
t o m e th a t I
se c on d
wr o te ,
“
a
b ov e a
re e
it th i n ks
x a m pl
e s of
best u
Whe
r
r
c la us e
W he n
w as
n to
is m e
t he
,
a s e nte n c e
see
S h ak
u s e.
s
r r o a l s e l f.
u
o
y
y
”
”
s eem s
.
.
sen s e of
be
in d ir e c t
o
Y o u is
.
w r itt e n , I f it y o u p l e a s e
c o n t a in in g a d ir e c t a n d
on c e
i t,
.
in d ir
n
u s e of
be st
I f y o u p le a s e
e c t o bj e c t
Wo r th
it
n
b s ole t e d e fe c tiv e v e b i t h e
t h e s u bj e c t o f t h e v e b b u t t h e
an o
pr os e
c om m on
,
Th e
c h il d .
F
o r t he
(
s ee, e t c .
fo r m is th e
W he n
l o v e ly
and
A m o d e rn wr it e r w o uld s a y
W o e w or th th e d a y
W oe
the
is
yp
b uye r p re c e d e d
th e
w h ic h d o
t h e in d ir e c t ;
M e thin k s I
n ot
u s u a ll
.
in d ir e c t
is
is
to m e
s tr a n g e
pea
with
.
16 8
e
b u t t he
F or
c a sh.
his w h e a t f o r
Obj e c t
w o u ld b e
in g
T his Obj e c t
.
j
a d u n c ts
a ll
c o n s id e r
l
He
rec t
to
Obj e c t s
in d ir e c t
or a s
n ot
.
bj e c t ;
and
.
an
in d ire c t
Obj e c t is p u t i t o the p a s s iv e fo m t he d i e c t Obj e c t
b e c o m e s t h e s ubj e c t a d t he i d i e c t Obj e c t is r e t a in e d ;
as
T he y g a v e m e a book ( a c tiv e for m ) ; A b o ok w as
i
m
e
a s s iv e fo m
p
v
e
g
(
)
n
r
n
,
n
r
,
r
,
n
r
.
1 6 9 . Th e in fi n itiv e ,
p o s itio
can
e
I
xp
n,
is
.
o
g
ect
d ar e
to
use d a s
e ith e r
th e d ir e c t
w ith
Obj e c t
or
w itho u t
o f a ver
b;
as,
a
re
p
T hey
H e m igh t lea r n
Le t u s t ry to lea r n
B oys
bec om e m en
W h e n d o yo u b e gin to p la n t ?
n ot
.
.
go
.
.
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
V bs
if
i
n
t
o
a
o
i
n
t
l
t
o
c
a
l
t
h
t
o
c
o
o
se
o
,
,
,
y
p
g
g
p
a n d to m a ke, a d m it t w o o bj e c t s , o n e o f w h ic h is
er
n a m e,
si
and
d ir e c t,
p r e s se d
n
th e
b y the
The y
T he y
fi
Th e
is
rst
x e rte d ;
e
W he n
fi
-
is
o th e r
v er
b
c a lle d
the
an d
th e
Clevela n d
th e
t h at u
re s se s
s e c on d e
xp
re ss e s
p on
the
p o wer ;
as,
th e
re
su
w h ic h th e
,
an d
Ric h a r d w a s m a d e lea d er
ex
!
.
r es u l t o f
bj e c t
d ic a t e ,
id e a
as,
this k in d a s s u m e t h e
s e n te n c e s of
th e
.
m a d e Ric h a r d th e ir l ea d er
Obj e c t e xp
Of
n
r
c it y
r e m a in s
rst
p le m e t
fi s t Obj e c t
c om
a
Obj e c t b e c o m e s
a s a p a r t o f th e p
th e
15 9
.
pa
and
ha s
th e ac t io n .
s s iv e
th e
no
a c tio n
fo r m ,
s e c on d
m o d ify in g
.
b s a s k a d tea ch t ak e p r o p e rly a d ir e c t a d
is s e l d o m e x
an in d i e c t Obj e c t b ut a s th e p e p o s i tio
p r e s s e d b e fo r e th e i d i e c t Obj e c t o f th e s e v e b s it is
t wo
d i e c t Obj e c t s
the y t ak e
s o m e tim e s s a id t h a t
E ith e r Obj e c t is u s e d a s a s u bj e c t i the p a s s iv e fo m
a n d t h e o th e r Obj e c t i s r e t a i e d a ft e r th e v e b
T h e y a sk e d m e a q u e s tio n A qu e s tio n w a s a s k e d
m e ; o r I w a s a sk e d a qu e s t io n
The
n
v er
r
n
r
,
n
n
r
r
,
r
.
n
r
n
r
,
.
.
We
or,
G
.
,
t a u gh t
r a m m ar
H e w a s t a ug ht g r a m m a r ;
h im gr a m m a r
wa s t a ugh t h im
.
.
r in ci a l d iffer e n c e s b e t we en t h e
T
h
e
l
0
7
.
p
p
§
The
a ct iv e a n d t he p a ss iv e fo r m s a r e t hese
.
form giv e s p r om in en c e t o t he su bject ; the
a s s iv e fo r m m a k e s p ro m in en t the fa c t o f co mp le
p
i
a ct v e
tion
.
The
;
of a
tr a n sitiv e
the p a ssiv e ,
bs
v er
The
for m
co m p le m en t s
u ir es
q
the
a ctive
t
p
e x ce
i
ven a b o v e , d oe s n o t
g
c o m l e m en t o f a v er b m a y b e
p
a cl a u se , o r a
v er
b
re
w ith
.
h
ra s e ;
p
as
a s en ten c e,
in the follo w in g :
1 60
E
NGLISH GRAMMAR
.
”
You m u st do it
We hear d tha t you ha d been ill
Without ra ising his hea d , he said , To the
H is
o n ly an s wer
wa s ,
.
.
§
as
l7l.
the
An a brid ge d
cl a u se
l
e m en t
p
a
com
of
is
v e rb
som e tim e s u s e
;
ch iefl
y
d
wit h
b s d en o tin g thought a n d sen sa tion
An a bridge d cl a use wh e n use d a s a c om
or d
o m its the con n ec tin
w
l
e m e n t or Obj ect
g
p
r o n ou n
h
t
i
t
o
t
c ha n es
h
s ubj ec t
f
a
e
e
p
g
ob ective or m a n d cha n e s th e a s ser tive form o f
j
g
f
the v e r b t o t he infin itive or s om etim es t o t he
ver
.
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
un d.
r
e
g
OB J ECT CLAUSES UNABRIDGED
I b e li
eve
T he y
th a t
s he
.
is tr u thf u l
.
k n e w th a t h e w a s
I ta lia n
an
.
S h e fe l t th a t th es e w o r ds w er e tr u e
.
All
s h o u ld
m e n w is h e d th a t th e wor k
T he y
h e a r d h im tha t h e
go
T
hi
s
(
s a ng.
on .
e
xp r e s sion
is
Ob s ole te )
.
OB J ECT CLAUSES A B RIDGE D
Ib
e l ie v e
her
T he y k n e w
.
to be tr u thf u l.
h im to be
an
I ta lia n
S he fe lt th es e w o r ds to be tr u e
.
.
All m e n
w is h e d the wor k to g o o n
Th e y h e a r d h im s in g , o r , T h e y h e a r d him
I n m an y
c om e o
a s,
.
xp
th e a b
c om m o n
b s o le t e
,
and
e
re s s
r id
g.
io n s th e full fo r m h a s b e
d
e
g
The y m a d e him tr em ble
s in gin
.
is th e
I
saw
o nl
p
ro p e r
y
h im d o it
.
fo r m ;
H ea r
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 62
j
M an y
a d un c t s ,
a s s e rt io n
Of
a s,
;
lik e m o d al
a dver
bs
h e w ill go
c o u r s e,
.
m o d ify th e w h ol e
,
I Vith o u t
.
d o u bt,
a
suc c e e d .
h e w ill
j
it s m o d ifi e r s ;
“
I n th e b e gin n in g , G o d c r e a t e d t h e
a s in t h e s e n t e n c e ,
”
h e a v e n s a n d th e e a r t h
Th e a dj u n c t i n the beg in n i n g
An
O fte n
a d un c t
m o d ifi e s
a
v er
b
an d
.
m o d ifi e s
Obj e c t
its
b egi
a
God
.
i g
nn n
§
l73
th e v e r
cr ea ted
th e
b
c r ea ted ,
h ea ven s
b u t the
and
v er
.
.
b y the gen er al
d
a dv er
b
O fte n
is
e
n a m e a dv er bia
q u iv a le
to
nt
l
.
j
a d un c t
an
fo r w ith sp eed ; emp h a ti ca lly , fo r w i th
s oo n , fo r in a s h o r t tim e
;
b
m ay b e
n o un
and
u se d
o m p are
C
(
.
in t r a n s it iv e
va
ver
He
lue.
T his
b s t o e xp r e s s
a dv e r
an
as
t im e , q u a
r e m a in e d a
T h is
.
_
T his
a dve r
and
fo r m ,
bj e c tiv e
a
ha
m o d ifi e r
of a
used
w ith
t i t y , d ir e c t io n
fi
e ld
m e a su re s
c o s ts
n in e
ea s t.
d o lla r s
a
h o r s e w e igh s t w e l ve h u n d r e d p o u n d s
ia l m o d i e r o r igin a lly h a d t h e
e c t ive
.
b
fi
n o un
so
Obj
m ay b e
us e d
c a l le d a n a d v e r
b ia l
.
It m ay b e
a n a d ver b ?
a
emp
H e h a s go n e
.
.
n
Th e
ea r .
.
ba r r el
b ia l
m o d ifi c a t io n is
y
fi v e a cr es
W e a r e go ing ho m e
T his h app e n e d l a s t w eek Fl o u r
o
as,
;
.
A
v er
and
th e ea r th in th e
sp eed i ly ,
s is
b
The A d v e r b is ge n era lly u se d a s
o f t he v e r b
All m o d ifiers of a v er b
3
.
a r e calle
p ly
.
m o d ifie r
Th e
s im
n ot
k e d , wh y n o t c a ll a n o u n u s e d a d v e r b ia lly
W h y n o t c a ll a n o u n u s e d in a pp o s itio n a n
as
Th e
djec tive
p r in c ip a l
re a son
is t h a t
a
w o r d is
c la s s e d
o it s g en er a l u s e , a n d w h e n i ts c l a s s - n a m e is
t
g
u ts
e d , it is w e ll, w h e n it s u s e in t h e s e n t e n c e
a c c o r d in
o nc e
fix
it i n t o
t o it ,
we
sa
a n o t he r
c la s s ,
b o th
y
“
to
i
i
n t he n a m e
e
z
g
a n d it s sp ec ia l u s e
rec o
it s g en er a l u s e ,
An a d e c tive u s e d
j
n
.
as
a
n o un ,
”
we
p
a pp lie d
W hen
reco
i
z
e
g
n
COMMON SCHO OL C OURSE
th e gen er a l
s
p
Of
u se
wo r d
th e
as
1 63
.
j
a d e c t iv e , a n d
an
its
ecia l u s e a s a n o u n .
§
l74.
nc
ip a lly
'
p ri
1
hear
l,
ora
us
d u c e s th e
c la u s e
S
ve r b s
Of
ar e
d e n o t e t im e
a d v er
b
of
Th e y
.
t im e ;
H e w ill
a s,
p e p o s it io
o m e tim e s a
r
are
in tr o
n
C h a r le s w a it e d ti l l h e h e a r d th e
as ,
;
as
an
.
m o d ifi e r s
Cla s s e s
s uc h
or
in t r o d u c e d b y
wh en w e p r a y
u s u ally
as
th e fo llo win g
Of
Tem p
.
u sed
C l a u se s
b ell
.
2
C a u sa l ,
.
T he y
a ss e r tio n .
j
c o n u n c t io n s
he
c a n n ot
3
I
.
n
h el p it
Th en
we
5
j
c o n u n c tio n
r in c
th e
c a u s al
it, bec a u s e
c on c l u s io n
a
e lie v e d ,
o r s uc h a s
s o,
it w a s
le t
b
th er efor e
fr o m
ha ve
a
I
in in fe r e n
u se d
.
p
or su
-
use d
n e r a ll
e
g
y
in
.
c o n d it io n al
m o d ify
d
a
p
and
c la us e s.
r op os i tio n
p
Y et
as
an
is m a d e ; a s , Tho u gh
The c o n c e s s iv e c la u s e is
.
a s,
w hile
s t a te m e n t
I
s e n te n c e
a re
.
r
i
s
i
u
s
h
s
a
d
m
o
m
e
h
n
c
o
a
t
t
,
g,
th a t ;
pp o si
i
f
ul t
w
a
I
e
g
f
k n o w to m o r r o w
If
r e vo u s
a
w ill go o n
im e r a t ive who s e
m e,
ro ve
ip a l
us
d e n o t e d o ub t,
.
e , o r c o n tr a s t e
s o m e tim e s a n
p
;
c la u s e s
c e s s iv e
opp os e
d o e s it
I b
a s,
m o s t fr e q ue n tly
th a n a v e r
Opp o sit
u
o
y
whic h d e n o t e
m u st
ou
ar e
Con
.
f
or
in t r o d u c e d b y
s, He d oe s
a
;
T e ll
a s,
C o n d itio n a l
r a th e r
and
of s o m e
r e a s on
.
to d o i t, y
w heth er
g
the
r e ss
a n d n o w a r e s o m e ti m e s
If i t wer e
t io n ;
xp
.
C o n d it io n a l ,
.
e
m
e
t
h
e
n
h
u
m
a
n to d o
t
o
e
a
w
,
,
;
y
a re s a tis fi e d t h a t th is is a n a b s u r d ity
c l a us e s
4
as
e n e r ally
beca us e
s e n te n c e
n.
lw
ar e
fe r e n t ia l ,
p r e v io u s
s p ok e
t ia l
s u ch
or
G
b
is fo llo we d b y t h e
r a n t t h a t t his s to r
i
s tr u e , w h a t
y
ve r
a n d s ti l l a r e
c o r re l a t iv e s
fr e
to
qu e
n tl
u se d
in t h e
y
th o ug h in t h e
c on
c e s s iv e c l a u s e .
6
.
F in a l ,
or
th o s e wh ich
e
xp re s s p urp os e ;
a s,
I t is
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 64
m y in t e n tio n th a t
.
be m a in ta in ed
o r d er
Th a t
.
an d
les t
fi al c la u s e s Th e infi n itive
e xp e s s p u p o s e
I n c o n d itio n a l c o n c e s s iv e a n d fi n al c l a us e s th e s ub
j u c tiv e m o d e 1 1 3 ) is s till e m pl oye d p a r tic ul arly t he
m o s t ge n e r a lly in tr o d uc e
is v e r y o fte n e m p l o y e d t o
n
.
r
r
.
'
,
,
n
for m s
of
th e v er b be
.
Te m p o r al
17 5 .
a
b r id g e d
a s s e r t iv e
fi
an d
b y d r o p pin g th e
of
fo r m
the
v er
c a u s al
c l au s e s
c o n n e c t iv e , a n d c h a n
b
t o th e
o fte n
ar e
p a r tic ip l e ;
i
n
h
t
e
g g
H a vin g
a s,
i
n is h ed h is w o rk ;
f
h a vin g cr ossed th e r ive r , fo r ,
r iv e r
i h ed his w o r k , fo r w h en h e h a d
n s
Cr oss in g th e
r i ver ,
wh en h e h a d
In
is t h e
p artic iple
a s s e r tio n
W he n
of
s am e a s
is th e n
su
Wh en
b ov e
,
th e
t h a t o f t he l e a d in g
s a id
f
to
s e n te n c e ,
r e m a in s ,
for m ; a s ,
th e w a r w a s
Th e wa r bein g
Th e
th e a
r e er
to the
su
bj e c t
Th e
s e n te n c e .
su
bj e c t
th e
Of
an d
,
an
.
bj e c t
a s s e r t iv e
.
is imp l ied , b ut n o t d ir e c tly m a d e
t h e s u bj e c t Of th e c l a u s e is n o t th e
th e l e a d in g
th e
th e
cr os s ed
c o n t r a c tio n s a s
s uc h
cl a u s e
or ,
in
n o un
o ver ,
th e
o ver ,
such
p a r tic ip le
a
th e
p r is o n e r s
c la u s e s
is
in s te a d
p r is on e r s
s a id
w ere
we r e
th a t
o m itt e d , a n d
t h e c o n n e c t iv e is
w ith
sam e a s
Of
t he
r el e a s e d .
r e le a s e d .
to b e
a
b
so
l u te ,
or
W h e n a p r on o u n
w ith o ut gr a m m a tic al r e l a t io n
is t h e s ubj e c t Of s u c h a c l a u s e it r e t a in s t he fo r m o f the
use d
su
.
bj e c t ;
H e h a vin g been
as,
d im in is h e d , in s t e a d
of
wh en h e w a s
An in d e p e n d e n t m e m b e r
s o m e ti m e s
in g
a
la mp
Ik
l a mp
s
,
a nd o
ne
hor te n e d in to
he
pe
o
ne
p en ed
s o ld ier , o r , o
f
a
th e
.
of a c o m
a s o l d ier .
h is h a vin g been
I
pp o s ition
p o un d
p art ic ip ia l
Ta k in g
o
wa s
elec ted .
s e n te n c e
c l a us e
t h e d o o r , in s t e a d
d th e d o o r
w th a t h e w a s
e lec ted ,
o f,
r e fe r s
kn ew
a s o ld ier .
f
o
;
as,
He
is
Ta k
to ok a
to he
.
h is bein g
a
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
166
6
As th e
.
Obj e c t
j
AS
-
.
fo r m
A p
used
so
bb re via te d
h a s th e
oh
p r e d ic a te witho u t a y g a m m a tic a l
T his s ub s t a n tiv e c om p le m e n t is e m pl oye d
i tra n s itiv e v e rb s a n d e s p e c ia lly a fte r t he
o n ly a fte r
b be
Ex
ro n o un
an a
.
p a rt
a
r e l a tio n .
ver
i n fi n i t iv e in
Of a n
c lau s e
e c t iv e
7
bj e c t
su
.
of a
n
,
n
r
,
.
.
fe ll
I
v ic tim .
a
is I
H e wa s a
—
s a il or .
T h ey b e c am e
w a lk
u een .
a
q
m er ch a n ts
H e d ie d
a
He
.
m a r ty r
It
.
I t is we
.
.
A
p le m e n t of a n i tr a n s itive
a nd a p r o n o u n s o u s e d h a s
v e r b h a s th e g e n e r a l fo r m
I n a a lyz in g s a y th t
th e
o m i a t iv e o r s u bj e c t fo r m
th e s u b s t a n tiv e is a p a r t o f th e a s s e rt io n o r p e d ic a te
8 T his s a m e c o s t u c t io is u s e d in a b r id g e d p r e p o s i
t io s b o th a ft e r t h e in fi it iv e a n d t h e p a r tic ip le ; a s To
u se d
n ou n
c om
th e
as
n
,
n
n
n
.
,
r
,
n
.
n
be
r
a
,
.
n
n
,
,
Ro m a n w a s g re a te r
a
le
r e v e n te
d h is
Ob ta in i
a
k in g
H is bein g
.
a
p la c e Th e s ubj e c t
in e ithe r o f t he s e s e n t e n c e s is t h e a b id g e d c l a u s e
R o m a n a n d c r ipp le a r e a p a t o f t h e im p lie d p r e d ic a te
A n o u n s o u s e d is O fte c a lle d th e p r e dic a te No m in a
o m i a t ive
or g e e a l fo r m
t iv e b e c a u s e it h a s t h e
T his fo m o f th e a b id ge d c l a u s e m a y b e th e s u b s e qu e t
Th e a t r o c io u s c rim e o f bein g a
as
O f a p e p o s itio n ;
c r ip p
p
th a n
n
h
e
t
g
.
r
.
r
.
n
,
r
u
ng
o
y
man
p
8
b s ta
9
.
an
a
b
w it h
of
ar t
As
c la u s e.
su
in
n
bj e c t
s u bj e c t b e fo
id g e d
a
th e
a
b
so
p
T his
l u te ,
use
i
n t ve s o u s e
As
r
a
b
n o r e l a t io n
so
.
Y
w ith
p
a
in fi n itiv e to
ron ou n
o b ec t i ve
j
f
i
j
r e l a t io n ,
s ub e c t
j
s ub e c t
fo r m
a d d re s s ,
s e n te n c e , a n d
a s,
.
in
an
wh ic h
or m
l
e,
p
rt c i
imp l ies t h e
d h a s th e
th e
k n e w it to b e m e
pa
a
it,
re
h a s th e
ou
l u t e , in d ir e c t
to t h e
c la u s e ,
o
r e d ic a t e
i t t o b e h im
e lie v e
.
.
.
use d
fo r m s
r
,
W he n
be is
n
,
r
r
I b
n
n
a
b
r
id ge d
and
a
.
wh e n t h e
n o un
h a s th e g e n e r a l fo r m
ha s
.
CO MMON SC HOOL COURSE
10
As
.
an
a
d ve r b
T im e Q u a n tity
d e n o tin g
,
1 7 7 . Th e
1
.
2
.
T O m od ify
or
T 0 form
re
a dj e c t v e
e n e r a ll
g
the
su
s a id
Nu m
c or r e s
and
n
V
a nd
ver
alue
bs
1 65 ,
distin ct Offic es
.
n o un s .
d ica te
th e
with in tr an sitiv e
n oun.
v erb s .
l im itin g
or
n o un
a
I t m ay b e a p art of
a n in fi n it iv e ,
an
or
y
p o o un
is e m p l o y e d a s t he s u bj e c t
I t is
th e s u bj e c t
fe w p o o m i a l a dj e c tiv e s c o t a in
a
r
n
,
.
r
a
Of n u m b e r , a n d
po
and
.
to
r e er
e r a ls
th e id e a
ra s e
f
to
lim it
b efo r e
wh e n
b st an tiv e p h
D ir e c t io n
,
w h e n m o d ifyin g
st a n d s
y
p r e d ic a te
the n
p
i
Th e
a d e c t iv e s
dj e c t i v e ha s t wo
a
a
j
m o d ifyin g
,
167
.
d t o th e m
n
n
b er
w it h
use d
m ust b e
In num
n
N
.
n oun s
w hic h
w h ic h h a v e t h e
o un s
b o th u m b e s m a v b e m o d ifi e d b y S i gul a r
o r b y p l u al a dj e t iv e s ; a
thr ee p a i
F ive
on e p a i ;
k
n
h
o
e Of o x e n
I
t
e
e xp e s s io n th is ten y ea rs th is is
y
i
ula
s im p lie d
si
b
e c a us e o n e
er
i
o
d
g
p
s am e
fo r m in
n
r
s,
c
r.
r
r
.
n
n
r
,
r,
§
l78
.
Th e
.
V b
er
in th e
e n d in gs
h as
sec on d
an d
p e s o s S i g u l a r o f t h e p e s e t t e s e a d i t he
s e c o d S i g ul a r O f t h e p a s t t e s e t o S h o w t h e p e s o
I th e s e fo m s t h e v e b is
um be
o f t h e s u bj e c t
a d
f ms
s a id t o a g ee with it s s u bj e c t a d t h e s i g u l a
a p lu a l
o
s h ul d
e ve
b e u d w it h a p l u a l s u bj e c t
fo m w ith a S i g u la s u bj e c t O b s e v e t h a t a w o d m a y
i
d
a a d th a t a c o l
i
u t plu al i
ul a
n fo m
b
b
Si
g
l e c t iv e o u (g8 6 ) m a y t a k e a v b i e ith e f m
th ir d
r
n
n
r
r
r
n
e
n
fo r m s
n
n
,
er
a re
a re u s e d .
fo u r
Th e
T wo
.
Si
(F or a full d iscuss ion O f th is
G r am m a r o f G ra m m a r s ; p p 58 7
n
g
ul a r
n
r
or
r
n
r
r
r
r
r
n
,
,
.
n
T w o t im e s t w o
B o th
r
r
r
n
r
n
r
n
se
,
,
,
r
n
n
n
.
r
o
n
n
n
n
n
n
r
e
n
,
n
r
t im e s
t wo
fo r m is
e x p r e s s io n ,
se e
p
or
.
is fo u r
r e fe r a
bl
.
e.
G o old - B r o wn
’
s
.
Up w a r ds
Over
a
f
o
a
m i ll io n b us h els h a ve
th ou s a n d d o lla r s h a ve
be
b
een
e n c o lle c t e d .
r e c e iv e d .
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
16 8
S om
b in th e ab ov e an d c on sid e r
l o gic al s u bj e c t a s a n e xp r e s s io n fo r a s u m o r a
t ity
B u s h e ls is th e s u bj e c t o f th e fi r s t s e n te n c e
B u s h els up wa r ds
m i ll io n is t h e s u b s e qu e n t o f of
th e
th e
e use
Si
n
,
,
n
and
.
,
.
a
m i llion is t h e
§
l 7 9 . Th e
f
ul a r v e r
g
-
qua
o
.
E x pt i I
n
ce
w h e n th e
an d
E
v er
n te r r o
g
As k
a tiv e
st an d s
Im p
e r a tiv e
Eph
w a tc h
o ur
e s ia n s
blig h ted w a s t h e c o r n
x c ep t al s o c on d itio n a l
u
its
a ft e r
su
bj ect
.
s e n te n c e s , a n d
em
H a ve we
wh y ?
ou
th e
an d
s en s e.
is t r a n s p o s e d fo r
y
B r ea k w e
Of
t he
b p r ope rly
s e n te n c e
m e te r ; a s ,
u kn o w
o
y
i s D ia n a
ord e r of
p h a s is
c h a n ge d
G o th o u
or
,
fo r
D id
?
Gr ea t
p
P a r ched wa s t he gr a s s ,
!
.
.
.
cl au s e s ,
wh e n th e
j
c o n u n c tion
r e it SO in s te a d o f
W
e
i
t
w
er
e
o
s
;
if
W h e n th e s u bj e c t is p r o p e rly a c la u s e s t a n d ing a fte r
th e v e r b i t O fte n s t a n d s b e fo r e th e v er b a s a n a pp a r e n t
s ubj e c t
Th e v e r b s la ck n eed a n d wa n t a r e s o m e tim e s u s e d in
th e s im p le fo r m in s t e a d o f th e c o m p o un d ; a s T h e r e
is
o m it t e d
a s,
.
,
,
.
,
,
n eed s
T he r e
l a c ked
la ck i n g
s on
Si
n
Th e
g
n ot
N eed
.
ul a r
is to
in s t e a d
m en
He
nee
fo r m is
d
of
no
evi d en ce
d a r i n g , in s t e a d
of
o ft e n o m it s
a s,
;
a c tiv e
p a s s iv e ;
one
e v id e n c e ,
no
the
n ot
e n d in
g
Of
n eed ed .
is
Of
w er e
th e t h ir d
n ot
r
e
p
o
.
g
s o m e t im e s
W he a t s ells r e a d ily
bla m e (t o b e b l a m e d )
a s,
,
u se d
in s te a d
in s t e a d
O f is
Of
s o ld .
t he
No
.
h
h
W
en
t
e
s u bj e c t is c o m p ou n d
a n d the
§
i
r e c o n n e c te d b
r n or
s u b s t a n t iv e s c o m p o s in
a
t
o
r
o
g
y
t h e v e r b a g r e e s w ith th e n ea r er s u bj e c t in p e r s o n a n d
n u m b e r ; a s Y o u o r I a m m is t a k e n
B
e tt e r Y o u a r e
(
18 0 .
,
,
,
.
,
m is t a k e n ,
or
i
l
e
h
m
a
s
e
s
p
.
I
am .
N
)
e ith e r
th e
,
,
c it iz e n s , n o r
the
c it
y
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 70
.
j
the gre a t m a o r ity
r e a r d e d a s t h e t r u e in
g
u s e d a fte r
fi
to b e
t io n
r e t a in e d
was
An d
d
p
w e fi n d to ,
e a re
.
j
18 2
1
Fr o m
.
w h ic h
is
2
.
th e in
f
to
fi
.
Fr o m
no
and
r
as
s u bs e
a
fo r m
the
o
c a se s,
p
fo r m is
n
r
b
n
,
§
fi itiv
n
1
.
e
,
n
a
th e
.
to ea t, t h a t. is ,
use d
as
.
.
.
th e
bo u t t o g o
p r e p o s itio n to
su
th e v e r
a re
of a
u se d
p
as
a
d ic a t e ;
to f org ive d iv in e
re
.
nt
o f a n o the r
s h o u ld
e ve r
g
fo llo w in g in fi n i
th e
d is in c o r r e c t
b
th e
m is
o thin
and
co m p r eh en
r
b s e q ue
N
.
Th e follo win g
l
a d to
g
d b y to , fr o m a m ist ak e n
is a p a r t o f t h e fo r m
In
to er r is h u m a n ,
y
e ve n
,
o od
as,
n
,
s h o u l d s t a n d a ft e r
18 3
in
n n
To th o r o u g h ly
a d ve r
,
n
t o o l a te to see h i m
p e p o s it io n
o be
as
n
.
an
bj e c t fo r m a fte r th e p r e p
t h e p e p o s it io n s t ill t a k e s
u en t
r
p p o s itio ;
s ta d b e t w e e
t iv e
o ur
r
re c e d e
n
,
re
in
fo r m in
g
q
to le t, th a t is , f or le ttin g ;
ho us e
t he
to h ea r is to
T his
x is ts
,
t he a r in g ;
a
,
a s,
e
.
r
in d ir e c t
Ol d
a
th at
n
w
Obj e c tiv e
i s s e s e to h a s o m e a i g T h is fo
s u bj e c t a s a d i e c t o bj e c t a d a s p a r t
th
,
s ou rc e s.
r
n
n itive
n o tio n
it
as
a
I n m an y
.
h ea r , th a t is ,
3
bj e c t
t h e in d ir ec t
r
r
th e
ea tin g
or
as su
u s s ee.
Fr o m
o s itio n
d
e
d is a p
p r e p o s itio n b e fo e it T his i fi n itiv e
d i e c t o bj e c t o f a v e b a d s o m e t im s in
s
a b id e d c l a u s e ;
o
of a
a
d
m
a
o
g
g
y
th e
le t
s en d
fr o m t hr e e
had
p r e d ic a t e
th e
e n t ir e l y
n
r
a n Ol d n o m in a t iv e
n ever
used a s
n
p r e p o si
.
com es
l a n g ua g e ,
The
.
fi itiv e is u s
a pp o p ia t e t o
The in fi n it iv e , t he n ,
.
,
in tim e
an d c am e
itiv e fo r m
n
w h e n t h e in
p r e p o s itio
b e for e it
th e
bs
it s m e a n in g h ad
a ft e r
eve n
o b ec t, s t a n d in g
§
of ve r
.
Th e
.
p
r in c
ip a l
u s es of
th e
e.
To
e
xp
re s s
th a t is , fo r t h e
p
u r p o se
p u pose
r
of
a s,
;
pl
a
Do
i
n
y g
.
n ot
I
s to
fl ee
p
to p la y
u n to
the e
,
to
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
h i de m e
th a t is , fo r th e
Q uin c y
to
2
To
.
to bu y g r a in
e
xp
p a in e d
are
3
As
.
im p e rfe c t
com in g
p ar tic ip l e ;
.
e r a s,
h im s e lf ;
th a t
.
W ho
is so W i s e
As
5.
is
dju n
qu iv ale
bj e c t
us e d
t r ut h ,
m on
Th e
-
I
Th e
in
to
th e v e r
of
V o ic e
b
H
.
a
g
e nc e ,
.
p
su
h im
r o ve
bj e c t s
to
of
do
fi
n
b le
I fi
n
su
,
in
le
To
bj e c t
n it ive
E ve
.
ph
re
p
ra s e s ,
t he r e is
a
s
to
r
p ic
th u s ,
p e ak
y
o ur
any
c om
v is io n .
and
th e
th u s .
th e
re se nt
w ith o u t
b rid ge d
To tel l t he
.
d id it
m ight
a
r etu r n
sp ea k in g
on e
s e n se ,
in t he
is , wh ich
sp ea k , a s t e r e o s c o
ite
d ep lo r
or a
c h a r a c te r
as,
I
It
d e s c r ip
a
th a t
a r t ic ip
o ur
m ean s
e n e ra l
to
.
a c t io n
d is tin c tio n
h o u s e to let, t he
n o n e c e s s it
f
r
o
y
u s in
g
.
The
a n d,
y
d m ir e
bj e c t ;
to
to
ea k
th e
a nd
in
r
e n d in g
a
th e p
su
p ic t ur e w h ic h is p a in ting
a p a s s iv e fo m
§
s u rp a ss
m e an in gs
to be d ep lor ed ,
to
of
so
p
e c t is in d e
e run d
of
s
of
a r e l a t iv e c l a us e , o r
t o t he
to
so
bj
su
18 4
.
.
r e a t v a r ie t
g
a
pl ac e
m a n ha s ,
rase
G
to
as
c o m m a n d m e n ts
th e
Tellin g t he t r u th ,
.
se nse
im p lie d
is , f u tu r e k in gs
.
r etu r n i n g
d id it
ph
t h a t is ,
c om e
S o gr e a t
lt .
th e
to be ca u g h t
c h a r a c te r
in
th a t is ,
,
We
.
s e n se of
to kn ow a r e t h e
a s , a n e ve nt
c l a u s e s , r e fe r r in g
a
in the
or
t ha t
a d m ir ed , o r , a n a d m ir a
be
I t is
.
and
ct,
nt
A
e v e n t.
s h ou l d
g
.
in t h e t im e to
re s s r e s u
O ld
to o
j
a ble
t
l
a
d
t
n o w it
o
k
g
m o d ifi e r ,
Re m e m b e r
s.
a d e c tiv e
t iv e
6
e
xp
i
n
o
g
am
p
b )
an a
o ft e n
c o n d uc
a s,
s u rp a ss
H e is
.
am
t h e k n o win g th e s e t hin g s wo uld
as
o m it t e d v e r
them
e
I
.
‘
T
o
(
to b e ?
to
h id in g
is , gr e a t a s t h e s u r a s s in g o f h im s e lf
wis e a s to kn ow t h e s e t h in gs 2 T h a t is , W h o
SO
is
I
as ,
O ur kin gs to be
tim e
Aft
4
;
Of his
d je c t iv e
a
p o se of
.
r e s s c a u se
to h ea r
an
p
ur
.
Im p
e r fe c t
P a r tic ip l e in
S x
a
on
h a d t he
wh ic h d is t in g u is h e d it fro m the G e r u n d ;
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 72
b o th e
b ut
n
din gs in t im e
b ec am e
in g
.
Th e
.
b al
v er
fo r m
in in g h a s t hre e d is tin c t u s e s , w h ic h m a y n o w b e
d is tin g uis h e d b y t hr e e d is tin c t n a m e s
1 I t s t a n d s b e fo r e a n o u n a s a m o d ifi e r ; a s , a thr es h
e n d in g
.
.
in g m a c hin e ,
th e n
I t is
2.
c om
c al l e d a
r u n n in g
Ver b
u sed
ple m e n t
,
.
S ub
an
e av e
I t is
a r m y.
s ta n d in g
a
Ad je c t iv e
l
as a
or
L
l o ok s w e l l
a
w a t e r,
.
s t a n tiv e , e ith e r
as
a
su
bj e c t
,
a
j
m o d ifi e r ; a s , Y o u r wr itin g
wr in g in g o f y o u r h a n d s
a m d o in g
a d unc t
.
I
w h a t y o u t o ld m e t o d o My b r o t h e r is g o in g a h u n tin g
h
s a w h im r u n n in g , th a t is , in t h e a c t o f r un n in
T
e
g
-
.
.
I
.
w a t e r is bo il in g
G
erun
3
.
or
u se d
w ith
a n o un
bj
,
c alle d
a
n
r n
I t is t he n
.
,
,
c a lle d a
P
,
a r ti
le .
E X AMPLES
.
W ith
a su
b sta
i
n t ve a
T he
Was
N
e ne m
n
h
a
v
i
g
y
.
in t r iu m p h
t h e y r e tu r n e d
r ece i ved
r e i n fo r c e m e n t s ,
.
th e s ie g e
r a is e d .
o t w ith s t a n d in g
H is m is s io n
C a rt ha ge
.
.
bs o lu te
T h is h a v in g been d o n e,
2
I t is th e n
n
fi
1
.
p ly A s s e rtio n i ab ridge d c l a u s e s
a b s o l ut e i
t h e s a m e c l a u s e o r r e fe r
o r o bj e c t o f th e p i c ip a l s e n t e n c e
t o im
o th e s u
ect
t
g
t o s o m e in d e n ite w o r d
c ip
)
bein g bo iled
.
I t is
e ith e r
r in
d
(
n ot
his
b
l
e s , h e wa s
u
n d fa s t
o
gg
h a vin g been f u lfilled , h e r e tu rn e d
s tr u
.
to
.
Re fe r r in g
t o the
su
bj e c t
or o
bj e c t
of
th e
p
i
r nc
ip a l
s e n te n c e.
N
o un s
en d in g
hi
ch
w
(
end
)
in
et a r e
g
e n e r a ll
n
i
m
i
D
y
u t iv e s .
H a vin g
a
l ittl e l e is u r e ,
F in din g t h a t th e
a c h a rg e .
Iw
en e m y
r it e
t o y o u.
we r e givin g w a y, h e
or d e r e d
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 74
‘
.
LE SS ON XXX IX
TRAN S P OS I TI ON
18 6
.
b een
ha s
i
v en
g
The
.
ANALYSIS
.
.
The p ro p er ord er of word s in E n glish
a l r e a dy in dica t e d , b u t a b rief re vie w is
.
s ub ect a n d
j
s e n t en ce ,
t he
p
v er
re
p
th e
b
l a st
osition
p
v er
b
its m od ifiers s tan d fir st in the
n ext , a n
d t he
The in dire ct
.
r ec e
t he
d es
D esc rip tiv e , d efin itiv e ,
co mp
Obj ect
dire ct
lem en ts
of
witho ut
a
.
a n d n u m er a l a
dj ectiv es
.
d b efore the n oun E xcep t wh en them s elv es
m o difie d b y a n a dj un ct w hich s tan d s afte r the m
The a dj u n c t gen era lly sta n d s a fte r the wor d
which it m o d ifie s
The a p p os itiv e sta n d s a ft e r the n ou n whi ch it
m odifie s ; th e p os sessiv e b efor e
A d ve rb s m odifyin g adj ec tives p rec ed e them
Adj ectiv e clau ses s ta n d dir e ctly a fte r the n o un s
which t h ey m o d ify
C on dition al t em p o ral a n d c on ces siv e cl au ses
Al s o a d
s ta n d b efor e th e p rincip a l sen t en ce
j u n ots d e n otin g tim e
The m od a l a d v erb s tan d s b efore t he sen te n ce
st a n
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
or
b e t w e en
m en t
the
T hey
v er b
dare
and
no t
its in fin itiv e
.
o
l
e
p
D ou btless he will
g
s u ccee d
Cer ta in ly it is there
The ord er of s ubj e ct a n d p r edica te is
a s,
c om
.
.
re
ula rl
g
y
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
in v er te d ih
ten ces
or
d er
h
a sis , for
p
for rhym e
eu
of
the
an
d Im p era ti ve
and
b le t o
a rr a n
is
s en t e n c e
s en
m e tr e
.
ch a n
e
d
for
.
a n al
i
y
g
z n
it is d e
se n t en c e ,
a
i
t
s
a rt s in th eir l o ic al
p
g
g
e
to tr a n sp ose w or d s
E X AMPLE S
em
g
v a r iet , a n d in
oe t r
y
p
h
o n , for
p
y
1 8 7 . B e for e
§
or ,
In terr oga tiv e
.
The
s ir a
'
1 75
.
or
d er ,
.
T RAN S P O S I T I ON
OF
H igh with th e la st lin e
.
d her v oic e a n d thi s
All in a fiery d a w n in g wil d with win d
T hat S hook her to w er the b r ot hers he ar d
H er v oice s caled high with the
Tr a n sp osed
la st lin e a n d h er b rothers he ar d this in a fiery
d a wn in g a ll wil d with win d tha t S ho ok her
s c a le
,
’
.
,
,
t o wer
In
.
t he c o stly ca n op y o e r
’
Bla ze d t he la st
Tr a n sp a c d
hi m
in t he
n a m el e ss
th e
c o stl
y
of
ca n o
the
py
kin g
.
n am e
s et
’
o er
.
MODELS
A
of
s et
The la st dia m on d
.
kin g blaz ed
l ess
d ia m o n d
him
comp
Me
F OR
ANALY SIS
.
an al y s is s h oul d e m b ra ce e v er y
wo rd
giv e i ts
r el a t io n s t o o th e r w o r d s a n d t o th e s e n te n ce
Wr itten a n a ly s es
T h ey s e r ve a s c o m p os i
o f s e n te n ce s s h o uld b e r eq u ir e d O fte n
tion , p un c t u a tio n a n d s p e llin g e e r c is e s , a n d a r e t oo im p o r ta n t
t o b e o m it ted
P u p il s s h o uld b e ta ugh t to a b b r e v ia te th e ir w o rk ,
Wr itte n a n al y se s
s o a s t o s a ve t im e i n w r itin g a n d c o r re c tin g
m ay b e e c h an ged b y th e p up il s in cla s s ; o n e p u p il m a y r e ad ,
.
x
.
.
x
.
,
an d
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 76
.
Wh en
th e p u p il s
a r e r eason a b ly fa m il iar w ith a n al y s is , t h e s im p l e r m od ifi ca t io n s
m a y e ith e r b e o m itted or b riefl y in d ica ted , a n d th e a t ten tion
d ir ec ted to ob sc u r e r p oin ts
an d
th e
m ay
r es t
c r iticis e a n d c o r re c t e r r o rs .
.
§
in e q u ality ,
Th e
s is t in g
a
al m o st
S o ciet y h a s
1 88 .
an
b o ve
of
is
t wo
al wa
y
d its ten d en cy is to war d s
com
a
p o u nd
s it io
p
o
p
ro
d e c l a r a tiv e
c o n n e c te d
ns,
in
b egun
s
e
q
u al it
y
.
s e n te n c e , c o n
j
b y th e
c o n un c
fi r s t s ubj e c t; it is u n m o d ifi e d ;
h a s beg u n is th e s im p l e p r e d ic a te ; h a s a lm os t a lwa y s
H a s begu n
beg u n i n i n eq u a lity is t h e l o g 1e a l p r e d ic a t e
is m o d ifi e d b y t h e t e m p o r al a d v e r b a lw a y s a n d b y th e
d e n o tin g p la ce w her e
Alwa ys
a dj u c t i n i eq u a li ty
is m o d ifi e d b y t h e r e s t ic tiv e a d v e r b a lm os t
Th e
s e c o n d s ubj e c t is ten d en c
w
a
s
e
u
t
i
s th e
r
i
s
t
o
d
a
l
i
y
q
y
p e d ic a te The s ubj e c t is m o d ifi e d b y th e p o s s e s s ive
I s is th e s im p le p r e d ic a te it r e q u ir e s a c o m p le m e t
i ts
Th e p r e s e n t
w hic h is t he a dj u c t to wa r d s eq u a lity
The a dj u c t fo rm s a
t en s e d e n o te s a g e n e r al t u th
p a t Of t h e p e d ic a t e a d d o e s n o t m o d ify a n y thin g
t io n a n d
S oc iety is
.
th e
.
,
n
n
.
,
r
r
.
.
.
n
,
n
.
r
r
r
18 9
,
P ARSING
,
S o ciety ,
,
n
.
n
.
OR V ERBAL ANALYSIS
c o m m on n o un ,
3 rd
s in
b p
s in
ul a r ,
THE SAM E
OF
bj
ul a r , s u
g
of
th e
j
d rop s
.
.
sen
te n c e.
H a s,
b
v er
th e
e fo r e
,
r e s e n t,
e n d in g
3,
3 rd
t ake n
w e ak
g
w ith it s
c om
c on
.
,
p le m e n t
v
beg u n
p r e s p e rfe c t t e n s e
A lm os t a n a d v e b o f d eg r e e m o d ifi e s a lwa ys
Alw a y s a a d v e r b o f t im e r e p e a t e d m o d ifi e s beg u n
B eg u n p a s t p a r t o f s t on g ve r b beg in a dj c o m p le
fo r m s
.
.
r
,
,
n
,
.
,
m ent
of
ha s
.
,
r
a
.
,
.
p e p o s itio n b a s e of th e a dj u c t
I nequ a lity a b s tr a c t n o un s ub s e q u e n t o f in
it m o d ifi e s begu n
I n,
.
r
n
,
,
,
.
.
,
and
with
GLIS H GRAMMAR
EN
1 78
S elfi
Tim e
d e sc
sh,
-
an d ver
b al
j
ad
,
fr o m
p
c om m . n . ,
b er s
c om
is
m
d
o
i
p
lf ,
a dj , m a d e
n . se
d e sc
.
s er vin g ,
.
s e n te n c e
t wo m e m
.
com
ser vin g ,
P o li tic ia n ,
Th e
j
ad
.
.
.
.
.
m o d p o li ti c ia n
p a rt of p r e d
.
o liti cia n .
u
tim e,
of n.
p
.
.
p ou
c o n t a in in g
n
p le x ;
a n d c om
d
a
an
b
r
e a ch o f
c l a u se a s
id g e d
an
th e
ob
j
e c t.
A figu
1 9 1.
o ut
p a r ts
th e
x e r c is e s ;
a b o v e th e
b er ed in
6
4
som e
,
is
c o n v e n ie n t
e
fo r
x a m p le
p ar t s
p ly p oin tin g
b r ie f w r itte n
Th e n u m b e r s
s im
a n a ly s is ,
.
of s
p eech
5
6
4
S a in t N ich ola s
1
4
2
1
1
o f ol d
s o a r ed u p wa r d
1
6
h u ge p iec e
of
4
1
N a tu r e
’
s
d iffe r e n t
p up il s
to
b e il lu s tr
t o th e sk ies,
ten
re
1
6
1
m ak e , th e gr o wth
i
o f c en tur e s .
of
e
e
by
y
a d op t
.
n o un s,
Offi c e s Of the in fi nitiv e e tc is to r e q uire th e
is t o
c o m p o s e o r s e l e c t e x a m p le s o f w h a t e v e
ate d
a d t o p e s e t th e m i
w r iti g fo r th e
.
,
,
r
,
,
c r it ic is m O f
m ay
1
4
w o r d s m a y al s o b e fi g ur e d t o th e
a n y m e t h o d w hic h th e t e a c h e r m a y c h o o s e t o
Th e b e s t w a y o f fix in g th e d iffe re n t r e la tio n s of
Rel a tio n s
n um
as
.
6
Th e to wer
Lik e
peech
b al
w o r d s in d ic a t e t h e
1
4
v er
in th e fo ll o win g
as
e
4
of s
r ed
qui
n
r
th e t e a c h e r
re as
th e
and
le s s o n
c o n s t r u c t io n s o f
th e
n
n
the
of
c la s s .
th e
n o un a n d
n
Thu s
e a ch
d a y, t h a t
p
com
of
1 7 6)
ro n o un
b e ill u s tr a t e d b y t w o e x a m p l e s , e ith e r
p up ils , o r s el e c te d fr o m s o m e a u th o r
the te a c her
p os e d
th e
s h a ll
b y t he
.
I t is
n ot r ecom m en d ed , a t
th is s ta ge, to r e q u ir e o f th e p up il th e
r e a s on o f e ve r y a s ser tion
T im e is r ea l ly fr it te r ed a wa y w h e n a
i
l
u
p p w h o p oss es s es or d in a r y in t el l igen c e , a n d h a s b ee n s tudy in g
l a n g u age fo r y ea rs , is r eq uired to tell th e r ea s on w h y h e ca ll s t h e
m ost fa m ilia r n a m e a n o u n
T h is m in u te c o m m o n p l a c e a n a ly s is
b el on gs t o t h e el em e n ta r y w o r k , a n d is t h en in p la c e, a n d i m
or
ta n t
Th e t ea c h er S h o u ld n o w a im to p r es en t t o th e p up il th e
p
p o m ts wh ich in vol ve m ost d iffi c ul ty
.
-
.
.
.
COMMON S C HO OL COURSE
§
l 92
.
A
p a s s a ge s
m o s t im p o t a
fe w
d e v elo p in g th e
I
r
s om e tim es
p
o in t s .
h ol d it half
i
a s n
To p u t in w or d s th e gri ef I fe el
s ta n d
F o r w h a t d o e s it
W h at
h a lf ?
v er
b
C o n s tr u c tio n
used
p
in
ro s e
pl s a
e
i n to
.
n
po
n
d s to h a lf,
C o n s t r u c t io n
fo r m e d
is it
c o rr e s
of
to p u t ?
W o uld
p a s s a ge
Illu
s h o ul d
d d e t e r m in e wh e n i n
W ha t
is
ing t o g r ief ?
o m it t e d
Is
f
ee l
a ft e r
s tra t e
f
r
i
e
g
t r a n s itiv e ,
or
be
s
p ee ch
of
r
s in
b s e q ue nt
by
e
c orr e s
,
?
or
u se d
in to b e
u se d , a n d
Ve b
is
h o w is it
and
th e ir u s e
?
or
of
a su
in
.
and
h alf
of
D o e s to h a v e
w it h o u t m e a n in g ?
in this
p ar t
O f wh a t
?
ques tion s
i
i
v
en
h
w
t
g
a re
nt
1 79
.
x am
wh e n
p on d
in t r a n s itiv e ?
GO ! le a v e m e , p ries t ; m y soul w oul d b e
Alon e with the con soler , Dea th :
”
Fa r
sa
dd er
T his
‘
e
cru m
y
es
tha n th in e w ill
b lin g cla y yie l d
u
see
i
t
s b r ea th
p
.
b o v e H o w m a n y im
ri
a l p a r t s o f g o ? o f lea ve ?
P
ip
e a tive s e n t e c e s ?
p
C o n s tr uc tio n o f p r ies t ? W hy is wo u ld u se d in th e p a st
t e n s e w h e n t h e s p e a k e r is c o n t e m p l a ti g s o m e thin g in
D o e s a lo n e e v e r s t a n d b e fo r e a
t h e fu tu e ?
W hy c o m m e n c e d w ith
C o n s t u c tio n o f D ea th
n ou ?
Wh e is thin e u s e d in s te a d o f thy ? W hy
a c a p it a l ?
W h at d o e s thin e
is th in e e m p l o y e d in s te a d o f y ou r s ?
I s s ee a n a s s e r
lim it ? Obj e c t Of wi ll ? O bj e c t o f s ee
C o n s tr uc tion o f c la y ? Of
t iv e o r a n in fi n itiv e fo r m ?
h
f
a t p a r t o f s p e e c h is u
h
r
l
O
w
W
a
t
i
e
d
?
?
e
b
v
p
y
c o r r e s p o n d s t o br ea th
Ho w m a ny
s e n te n c e s
a
nc
n
r
in t h e
n
r
n
r
n
,
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 80
.
LESS ON X L
.
FIGURES O F SPEECH
19 3
A
.
F i gu r e
m ea n in g
con str u ct io n , o r
S p eech
y,
T he y
b ea u t y
or
are
§
19 4 .
of a n
of a
w or d
p e llin g
Ob s o le te
of a
ky ng e fo r k in g ; k a up h é fo r
s tr o o k fo r s tr u c k
Fo r m a n y
.
Li
,
s ee
J e a n I n ge l o w s
’
n c o l n s h ir e .
t io n b y fa ls e
s
ns
S
Von
s ion s ,
din a ry
z
of
de
of
.
in ten
an
wo r d
a ft e r
Of
c o ffe e
e
th e
x a m p le s
e
b e gi n
fo r beg a n
fo r m ,
'
t h e m o d e rn
sp a k e
;
ol d
in
on
Sp ok e ;
fo r
a
m o d e rn
th e C o as t
o f an
of
p r on un c ia
in c o rr e c t
ha t
a v los hi ed e,
p
n ewes t
k in t
.
E tym ology
a re
ha n ges in
c
of
wor d s b y a d di tion s ,
a n d b y s e p a r a tio n o f p a rt s
form s
o m is
!
.
Ap h ae r e s i s is
th e
h
p y,
as,
c h n it e r
1 9 5 . Figur e s
or
Is
ra
.
H igh T id
m im ic k in g
p e llin g ;
Ha
th e
o f O rt h o
”
M i m e s i s is t he
§
em p h a sis , c le a rn es s ,
fo r m in s t e a d
a s,
p oem
.
A figur e of O r thogra p hy
s
,
g
a n d o f Rhet or ic
Syn ta x ,
of
Ar c h a i s m is th e
th e u s e
of
,
.
t ion al m is sp ellin g
or
din a ry fo rm ord er
wor d s
Figur es of
d ivid e d in t o Figur es
E tym ol o g y ,
of
in te n
an
or
in t e n d e d t o giv e
are
v a rie t
Sp e e c h is
of
fro m th e
d ep a rtur e
tic h a l
.
n in
th e
of a
g
’
tis fo r
of one
or
i
ns
a
t
g
for
o m is s io n
wor d ;
i t is
.
a s,
’
m o r e l e tte rs
a g a ins t
;
’
at
n
a
g
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
182
o m is s io n o f
E l l i p s i s is th e
th e
of
tur e
l
h
e
t
p y
to b e
p la c e
-
An y
.
t he v e r
‘
e ve n
p s is
e lli
q uent ;
a s,
re
qu irin g
c h a n ge
th e
.
n it iv e a n
ond on.
ip l e
of
r e t ur n e d .
I
r tic
be is fr e
c o n s id e r
.
w ith t h e
b s e que t ;
E ith er e xp r e s s
su
is t h e
a s,
n
use of s u
I
pp o s itio n
th e
s a m e c o n n e c t io n a r e o ft e n
.
m ay b e
m o th e r ,
m om ent
th e
p e p o s iti
on
r
H e d id
not
in fi n itiv e ,
or
a n d n o t a c c o r d in
a
a
p le o
p e fluo us
wo rd s ; a s , Joh n
k n o w th ee w h o t h o u a r t
r
.
w o r d is
a
m
A
n as
.
k in d
of
p le o n a s m
s e r ie s o f n o u n s
.
in
sum m e d u
c hild r e n , s e r v a n ts ,
n on e word ;
i
p
a ll we r e s we p t t o
.
S y l l e p s i s is t h e
it
pa
d
d o n e , th e y
a
a
L
.
An
in
m ay b e
s e nte n c e
I ll ( g o ) h e n c e t o
The
r u in
th e
’
w o ul d go
e m p h a t ic r e p e t itio n o f
,
of
I (um )
th a t h e
F a t he r
Sp e e c h th a n
s p e a k e r s up
o r d e r.
P l e o n a sm
a s,
the
s tr u c
“
.
b er
a s,
in fi n it iv e
an
b ut h e t r ie d to
s a id
fi
in
t o th e
l o r d s o m it t e d a r e s a id
e n d a s e n te n c e
e sc a pe ,
he
m em
h o n e st m a n
an
I t is in e l e g a n t t o
to ,
in
th e
T h is (b e in g)
(to b e )
h im
of
wo r d s
b;
fa t h e r is wis e r t h a n
Th e
s t ur e s o f
e
g
an d
o f o m it t e d
d er s to o d
un
o m it t e d ,
My
t h e l o ok s
as
e s s e n tial
c om m on
I t is m o r e
s e n te n c e .
in wr itin g ,
w or d s
.
word
u se o f a
h
t
o
t
e
g
f
or m
a c c o r din
h
e
t
o
t
g
s ens e,
w o r d t o wh ic h
of s om e
r e fe r s .
P hilip w e nt d o wn
u nto
th em
to
S am
S a m a r ia fo r t h e
u s e d a c c o r d in
p r e ac he d
C hris t
g
p e o p le
S
Of
t o th e s e n s e ,
a m a r ia .
n ot
fi gu a tive u s e
Th e p r o n o u n is
fo r t h e
n ot
t h e fo r m .
r
Th e
use of
b w ith a c o lle c tiv e n o u n in the
S i gula is a kin d o f s ylle p s is
E n a l l a g e is t h e u s e O f o e p a t o f Sp
c h fo r a n o t h e r
o r o f o e fo r m f
a
Th e u s e O f th e p l u a l y o u
th e
fo r t h e s i g u la r th o u is a c o m m o
e x a m p l e ; a l s o o f we
a
p lu
and
.
Th em w o u ld b e i t, w e r e it
of
a ria
n
ra
l fo r m
Of
the v e r
r
.
n
n
or
n
no
r
r.
ee
,
r
n
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
fo r I
O fte
p o e tr y
In
.
in t e r c h a n ge d
n
th e
u nder
W ho m
A dj
th e
,
Th e
.
fi g ur e ;
sam e
I f t h o u th ou es t him
u s e of a
p
Adv b
th e
and
ro n o u n
er
fo r
a re
a ve r
b
is
as,
S
tho u es t th o u ,
e c t iv e
183
.
c ot
som e
H y p e r b a t o n , o r T r a n sp
u s u al o r d e r o f w o r d s
?
th r ic e , it
o sit i o n ,
s h a ll n o t
is
chan
a
be
a m is s .
e
in t h e
g
.
“
Do
th e y
th e y th e r e
fo rg e tfuln e s s
c a ll
Wa n d er
wid e w o rl d
th e r e
v ir tu e
c al l
fo r g e tful n e s s ?
v ir tu e
t h e wid e w o rl d
o ver ,
”
fo r , D o
?
”
fo r , w a n d e r
o ve r
th e
“
§
Figur es
19 7 .
Tr o p
in g
.
e s,
of
A
is
S im il e
w ay
Of e
dev iation s
are
w or d s
Rhetoric,
of
fr om the
l
or
a
dir e c t
p ar is o o f
e m b e llis h m e
c om
d in ary m ea n
of
n , or
t wo
n
n t r o d u c e d b y like, a s , o r s o , w ith
i
y
th e s e c o n d m e m b e r o f t h e c o m p a r is o n
a
as
In
c hild r e n ,
t he
so
L OR D
.
a c l o ve n
s un
n set
is
Up o n t h e
p
H im
th a t fe a r
h is
k in g
.
Su
A
p itie th
fa th e r
is d yin g l ik e
h is o wn b lo o d
Th e
,
by
o ft e n o m it t e d .
a
p itie th the m
bj e c ts
The in tr o d u c
.
e
o
I t is g e n e r
c o r r e l a t iv e in
n t.
a ll
Lik
d
.
x pla n a tio
t o r y w o r d is
c a ll e
a so
b ur
i g l ik e th e
c lo s e o f d a y
d ;
s t r e n g th
as,
s e al of
Go d
.
Me ta p h o r
re ss e
n n
is
a
G o d is
co m
a
p a ris on
r ock .
H is
im p l ie d , b u t
name
is
a
n ot
tower
ex
of
.
Ag
A mo
ity l yin g in it s s m o k e ,
n s ter s le e p in g in it s o w n t hic k
re at c
A
Al l e g o r y is
o r al
tr u th , c o n t a in in g a
n
m
a
b
r e a th .
d
e s i n e d t o il lu s t r a t e
g
y
c o n t in u e d m e t a p h o r
s to r
.
s om e
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
18 t
B un y a n
’
P ilgr im
s
a n a lle g o r y c a rr ie d
S
the
‘
s
a re
r
n am e
fo r
e ffe c t
is
a su
b stitu tio n
;
a
c a us e
c o n t a in e r
th e
;
t h e p a lm
house
b e yo
n
pa
a
le
erb o
rt
a re
p u tt in g
as, a sa
;
it s d r e g s
b le
lim it s
of
it ; a s ,
d e s e rv e
Of a
il fo r
He
.
fo r it s
c a rr ie d
H e d r e w his
.
pa
rt
fo r
p;
a s hi
a
s teel .
wh o l e ,
f
r oo
a
r
e
a
y
a
a n o th e r
plac e
a
r
f
r
e
a
o
f
o
b
d
od
;
is e x t r a v a g a n t m e t a p h o r o r a
a ll r e a s o n a
d
fo r
ni
Rom e
m e,
ear
is t h e
w in ter fo r
a
Hy p
H
.
o ch e
w h o le fo r
a
fo r
G r a y h a ir s
.
d
fa b le s
e
for h is w o rk s ;
t h e t hin g c o n
fie d ;
si
fo r t h e thin g
n
.
ec
S om
.
o f o n e n am e
W e a r e r e a d in g S h a kesp ea r e
H e d r a n k t h e c up t o
r e sp e c t
S yn
of
.
g
g
t h e m a t e r ia l fo r t h e th in g m a d e
in h a b it a n t s ;
a wa y
M an y
n a m e o f a n a u th o r
th e
as
Si
th e
t a in e d ;
m e ta ph or s
of
w ork
e n t ir e
an
b e st e x a m pl e
.
Me to n y m y
r e la te d
P r o gr e s s is th e
th r o ug h
p t u re p a a b le s
c ri
m e t a p ho r s
an
’
.
or
fo r
a
.
Co ld
.
com
p a ris o n
Gr een la n d fo r
as
a
w in t e r d a y ; lig h t a s d a y , fo r a c le a r m o o n l ig ht
n igh t ; w a v e s m o u n ta in h ig h ;
a wf u l , fo r v e ry ; s le n
p
d id , fo r g o o d o r e c e ll e n t, a r e c o m m o n e a m le s o f
s e v e re
x
h y p e r b o le
Ap
to
in
“
th e
g
p h e is
F a ll
P
o
e r so n
bj e c t
as,
“
L zy
a
it s h a n d s
J u s tic e
I
ro n
sl e
b
pt
H
.
is
y is
e av e n
turn s
; as
a wa
f
ro m
y
!
ere
Fr e e d o m
fo u n d
a
p
”
is
n
as
e
the
re
p
r e s e n tin
g
e n d o we d w ith h u m a n
x c la im e d
I f yo u
n o t.
a
c h ar a c te r
g
rave
th e s w o r d , o m n i o t e n t t o s a v e
r ut e
wir e !
“
o r d e r o f n ar
,
ifi c a t i o
or a
,
i m a gin a r y
W a r s a w t h e a ut h o r
with t his a p o s tr o p h e
of
h
us
t
o
e
g
W h e re
s o m e r e al o r
fr o m th e
”
ri
O
t u r n in g a s id e
a
a d d re s s
n a r r a t iv e
h is
p
.
o st r o
r a t io n
x
a r e s a tis
the
fie d
”
p l a yful
I n a i m a te
a t tr ib u te s
;
n
d ia l p la te , h o ld in g
-
”
,
an
re
p lie d
t he
u
m o n k ey ,
o r s a r c a s tic s t a t e m e n t o f s o m e th in
in t e n d e d t o b e t a k e n in
a s e n se e
p
x a c tly opp o s ite ;
g
as o n e
1 86
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
t r a n s itive ; giv e s
e m p h a sI S
.
t o tr a n s itive v e rb s ; a n d is
xp le tiv e
2 B e thi k b e lie
E x 1 B e c lo u d b e d im
3 Be
4 B eg i d b lo v e d
d e c k b e p a is e
M i s s ig ifi e s wr o n g i ll o r is s im p ly n e g a tiv e Mis
m is tr u s t
m is S h a p e
t a ke
I t is u s e d w ith m a y a dj e c tiv e s
U n d e n o t e s e g a tio n
a n d v e b s a d a l w a y s b e f r e p a t ic ip l e s w hic h a d m it a
s o m e t im e s e
.
.
.
r
,
.
,
.
r
.
n
n,
,
ne
g
a tiv e
W
fo r m
G
(
ith
.
.
n
.
o
Un kin d ,
.
r
u n m a n , u n k n o w in g , u n wep
w id e r ) d e n o te s
erm an
w i ths ta n d , w i th h o l d , w i th d r a w
w ith t h e
p r e p o s itio n
of
t he
It has
.
Sp ellin g
sam e
b
b
m e an s
f
f
a g a in s t,
LATIN PREFI X ES
1 9 9 . A,
.
,
n
,
.
,
.
n
r
e
,
n,
-
n
.
r om
t
.
a s,
;
c o n n e c tio n
no
.
.
r o m , a wa
y ; a s a ver t,
t u r n a w a y ; a bd u c t, l e a d a w a y ; a bs tr a ct, d r a w a w a y
Ad ( c h a n g in g d in t o c , f, l, n , p , a n d s b e fo re t ho s e
a
r
a
o
,
s
.
c o n s o n a n ts
b
r in
res
p e c tiv e ly )
t o ; a c c ed e,
g
to ;
a n n ex ,
to ;
a
t ie t o
d e lug e
a
b ou t
Com
a dd u ce,
a s,
a n ted ilu vi a n ,
a s,
(
c on o in
b e fo re
th e
or
a
bo u t ;
as,
c ir c u m a cen t,
j
.
!,
co
p
-
c o r r el a
C o n tr a ;
a r ou n d
m e an s
co , co
c o m m in g le
j
t;
.
C ir c u m
l y in g
a
.
b e for e ;
m ean s
or
l
i
d
o ; a
f
s te n t o
e
t
w
a
b
a
ll
i
n
d
,
fi
;
y
y,
u
i
i
n
tt
n
a
os
t
i
o
o ; a s s u m e, t a k e
p
t
,
; pp
g
ttr a c t, d r a w t o
An t e
m e a n s to
con
co n , c o r
)
a r tn er
c o l lo q u y ,
;
m e a n s wi th
or
tog eth er ;
t a lk in g
a s,
t o g e th e r ;
tive.
r en c h
F
(
tr o
co un
te r
)
m ea n s
a g a in s t ;
a s , co u n ter a c t.
D e m e a n s fr om
D is
a s id e .
o r ( ii
or
im p lie s
d own ;
se
a s,
p a r a tion ;
d ep
a r t,
a s,
d isjoin , d iver t, turn
d es cen d
.
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
E
d r iv e
(
ef a ce
ex
or
o ut
e
;
m ean s
E xt r a
il
i
m
,
(
In
wit h
f ) m e a n s ou t ;
n oun s
,
,
o ver ,
bey on d ;
bs
j
a s, e
n
it is
a d e c tiv e s
m e an s between
te r
exp el
;
xtr aor d in a ry
.
m e a n s in , in to ,
,
u s u all
d en t, i l lu m in e, im m erse, ir r a d ia te
I
c a s t o ut
r ub o ut .
i r ) w ith v e r
or
j
c
t
e
,
e
a s,
7
.
ne
y
or
i
a
t
v
e
g
up o n
as
;
;
in
i nju s tice, i m m or a l,
o r a m on g
;
a s,
i n ter m iw, in ter
medd le
.
(
oh
c c,
t
r to
d
i
n
s
o
s
t
u
a
a
o
b
r
d
e
)
g
;
o cc u r r u n a g a in s t ; of er b r in g t o ; Op p os e
f,
o
p u sh a gain s t ;
o
m e an s
p
,
,
,
,
u
t
a g a in s t.
p
P
p
er
m e a n s th r ou gh
er c h a n ce,
P
p
by;
a s,
p
er m ea te,
fl o w t hr o ugh ;
er hap s .
m e an s
o st
or
r
t
e
f ;
a
os tp on e,
as,
u t a ft e r .
p
p
x
P r e m e a n s b e fo r e ; p r em ed ita te, p r e
fi
P r o m e a n s f or , f o r th , f or w a r d ; a s , p r o con s u l; p r o
s e, p u t fo rt h ; p r op el, t o p u s h fo r w a r d
o
p
R e m e a n s ba ck o r a g a in ; a s , r eca l l, r e es ta blis h
.
.
-
S c m e an s
a w a y o r a s id e
a s , s ed u ce,
le a d
.
a wa
y;
s eced e,
With d r a w
.
(
t er r a n ea n
u nder
su g ,
s u c c or ,
s u gg es t,
su p ,
lit e r ally
ut u n d e r
p
s u sp ec t, l o o k u n d e r
S u p e r is th e o pp o s it e
;
d em i
'
s u c , s u f,
Sub
F re n c h
r e ek h e m i ,
G
(
Semi
;
su s
)
)
m e a n s h a lf ;
m e an s
r u n n in g u n d er ;
s up
p
os i tio n
,
as ,
u n d er ;
f
su
er ,
p l ac ing
a s,
su b
la b or
u nd er
;
.
n a tu r a
.
o ver ,
a cr oss ,
bey o n d ,
or
thr o ug h ;
as,
; tr a n wor t, c a r r y a c r o s s ; tr a ns g r es s ,
e o n d ; tra n s lu cen t, s h in in g th r o ugh
y
tr a n sfer ,
b
a s, s up er hu m a n , s up er
l
T r a n s m e an s
o
g
o f su b ;
c a rr y o v e r
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
188
GREEK PREFI X E S
§
e
.
.
W or d s w hic h c o n tain ch h a r d
t h e b e gin n in g o r e n d a r e u s u ally
2 00.
xc ep t
o r ig in
A
at
,
;
a s,
or
a n
le ss ;
m o n a r ch , p hy s io, s y n on y m
h a s a n e gat iv e fo r c e ; a s , a cep h a lou s , h e a d
.
with o u t
a n a r chy ,
A
n
ti m e an s
Ap o
or
ap o s tr op
h
or
,
p
y
o f Gr e ek
,
a
g
L
(
ph
a
a in s t
r ul e .
s
n
i
a
a ,
t s la v e r
;
a tin
he, t u rn in g
ab
awa
D i a m e a n s thr o u g h ;
E p i o r e p h m e a n s up
L
)
ap
y
r om ,
or
h oer es is , t a k in g
a wa y ;
awa
y
as ,
.
d ia m eter , m e a s ur e t h r o u gh
as,
;
on
f
m ean s
y
.
i tap h ,
a s , ep
u
p on
a
to m
b
p
H y p e r ( a t in s u e r ) m e a n s a bo ve, o ver ; a s , hyp
c r i ti c a l , o v e r c r itic a l ; hyp er bo l e, o v e r s h o o tin g
-
H yp
o
.
.
er
.
L
ati
(
n sub
)
m eans
u n d er ;
as,
hyp
o th es is ,
u
p t
tin g u n d e r .
Me ta m eans
bey on d;
o ver ,
a s,
m eta m orp hose,
chan
e
g
o v e r.
P
eri
S yn
,
m eans
sy m
sy l ,
t o ge t h e r ;
s
y
L
(
n
ta x,
as,
er im e ter ,
t og e th e r ;
p utti
n
s
c a ll
D
D
.
’
to
e
n
g
to G o d ;
.
a la r m
(a
l
’
ar m e
)
,
to
ar m s .
or
d
’
e tr o i t, o f
E
s o u n d in
o e th e r.
t
g
g
a s , a d ieu ,
to ;
ar o un d.
toge ther ;
or
m
h
n ,
o
y p
y
FREN C H P REFI X ES
A m e an s
m e a s ur e
p
c o m ) m e a n s w i th ,
a t in
t a k in g
s y lla ble,
a s,
a r ou n d ;
m e an s
th e
or c m
f
o
or
f
r om
;
a s,
s tr a it.
is th e
L a ti
n
in ;
su r
is th e
ENGLISH SUFFI X ES
2 0 1 . D o m , in
c on d i ti o n , o r
d eliver , fr e e fr o m ;
L atin s up er
.
in d ic a t e s th e qu a li ty , s ta te,
o f th e p r im itiv e
s
a
r eedom ,
;
f
a n o un ,
u r is d i c ti o n
.
j
m a r ty r d om , wi sd om , d u ked om , Chr is ten d om
.
P RO S O D Y
‘
§
2 03
l
l
a ble s for
y
h
a tic id ea ,
p
s
the
s t r e s s o f v oic e
a
b
p
c om
p o un d
b e c a u s e th e
s te a m b o a t
'
,
n oun
ccent
d is tin gu is h e s
th e ir
s
p h atic
w boat
.
eu
p ho
is
b
on
'
s uc
as ,
th e
on
fi rst p art
th e fi r s t ; a s
th e
,
i s d ist in g u is he d fr o m
ac c ent
a e
p
( g
fo r wa r d
i
s c o m m o n in p ro s e ,
y
u
n o s ll a b l e s
f
m
s,
o
o
a
p
y
is m a d e
g
ul a r
s t a rs
is in
d is tin c tio n
ver
re
fo rc e ,
p r o se ;
fr o m
w a s l ik e
accent
Th e
'
'
sam e
.
ve r s e
p e ars
wo r d s t h e
em
ro
of
b y thr o wm g t h e
fo r
s e n te n c e
'
s he e n
th e
on c erta in
.
b
In
A
p
ll
a le s w e r e
r o n o u n c e d w ith th e
y
m o n o t o n y w o ul d b e in to l e r a l e
Th e
al l s
An d
the
u
h
on y , fo r
oin tin
ou t th e em
p
p
g
a n d t o distin uish d if
f
r e n t u s e s of
e
g
c e s s io n o f a c c e n t s
“
la id
eu
w or d
sam e
If
V e r si
.
Ac c e n t is
‘
.
Pr o s o d y tr ea ts of Ac c e n t ,
an d Pu n c t u a t i o n
.
fi c a ti o n
th e
LE SS ON XLII
n
wh e n
e ve n
G iv
e
'
a
m e th e
b o ok fi
E
v e ry
w o rd
P o ly s yllab le s
’
si
m a y h a v e t wo
’
-
'
one s
or
l
l
a b le h a s
y
m or e
a c c e n ts
;
a n a c c e n t.
a s, e x
'
-
p
o
’
tio n , u n - in - te l li g i b il - i-ty.
-
§
of
m or e tha n
of
-
2 04. E m ph
for m ,
or of
p
-
o s ition
sp ecia l a tten tio n
is
is tha t
a si s
in t he
c a ll e
d
to
v a r ia t ion of
s e n ten c e ,
an
w
o rd
y
.
t o n e,
b y which
COMMON SCHOOL C OURSE
1 91
.
I t is ge n e r ally e xp r e s s e d b y c o n t r a st ; a l o u d e r t o n e
is c o n tr a s te d w ith t he o r d in a r v l e v e l o f th e v o ic e ; in
p a s s a ge s
lou d
v o ic e
and
;
p ause
to
,
g
it is
,
e n e r a ll
y
e
g
d
s ou n
is
e
p
w ith
s ile n c e .
ul ar s u c c essio n of a cc e n t s .
g
up
d
a corr e s
with
—
of se n t en c e s
rh
a
p
on
d en c e
diffe ren ce
of
t
h
m
i
c
a ll
y
y
t wo w or d s in
in in itial
Atla n tic giga n tic
l
a in , m a in
p
Im
p h a t ic
d b y d r op p in g th e
w o r d is fo llo
we d b y a
r e sse
.
Rh ym
fin al
an em
a re
V e r s e is m a d e
a rr an
e
c o n tr a s t a s o u n d
R h y t h m is
xp
o ft e n
It
u su a l l
y
o cc u r s
ds ;
as
un for tu n a te,
,
or tu n a te.
sou n
t he
at
en d
of
v er se s .
205.
or
d er
A
V e r s e is
a S in
l
e lin e in
g
r
hyt hm i c
.
Po e t r y isthe lan gu a ge of str on g im a gin a tion
I t is
a no
bler
tion t a ble
t e r m t ha n
v er se.
b e p ut in to
can
.
The m ul tip lica
v er s e ,
b ut
n ot
in to
i
m
l
d
oe s n ot n e c e ss aril
rh m e
y
p y
y
y
p
o r r h thm ,b u t ge n er a lly in cl u d es r hy th m
y
Un rhym e d p o etry is ca lle d b l a n k v e r s e
A C a n t o is a p rin cip al div is ion of a lon g
o e tr
.
Po etry
.
.
p
oem .
A S t a n z a is
m a de
in
96
a 0 8 7R
t
re
ul a r
g
of a u n ifor m n u m
p
r e u la r
g
u
a
or
de r
.
I t is
d ivision
ber
o ft e n
of a
p
oe m ,
d
p
e r r o n eo u sl
ca lle d
y
o f v er s e s , r e
e a te
0
2 05
.
A
F o o t is
a
co m
b in a tion
of a n
ac
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
l 92
ce n te d
sylla
s
bles
l
l
ab le with
y
The follo win g
.
in E n glish v e r s e :
1 The T r o c h e e ;
u se
a re
u n a ccen t e
d
the fo ur fee t m o st
d
lo win g
a n u n acc en t e
S
2
’
of s at
a n a c c en t e
Thy s h o r e s
’
d;
of
’
p ir e s
C a m pb e ll,
of c e
'
d ar
.
sylla b le
d
c h a n ge d
c om m o n
p o em s
l o n ge r
th e
’
a n a ccen te
The ia m b u s is th e m o s t
M o st
ll
a b le fol
y
follow
a s,
em
a re
s
as,
in , m a s t
The I a m b u s ;
.
in g
a il
'
d;
d
a c ce nte
an
.
“
m or e
or
on e
.
a ll
In
’
E
fo o t in
n
l
i
sh
g
M ilton P op e
of
th e e
s av e
,
,
v e rs e.
Y o u n g,
b le d ia m b ic lin e s
S c o tt u s e d m o s tly the e igh t s yll ab le d ia m b ic lin e
3 The D a c t y l is a fo ot c o m p os e d of a n ao
ce n te d s l la ble fo ll o w e d b y t w o u n a c ce n te d ; a s
y
l a n d o n t h e s h o r e s o f t he b a s in o f
th e A c a d ia
I
and
B yr o n
are
in t e n
-
s yll a
.
-
.
.
.
,
n
’
’
Mi n a s
n
”
’
'
’
,
T
h
e l a s t fo o t is
(
.
’
The An a p
a
tr o c h e e
.
)
d a ct yl r e v erse d ; two
u n a c ce n t e d Sylla bles follo we d b y a n a ccen t e d ; a s
A d h is o h o t s w e r e gle a m in g in p ur p le a n d
Th e fo ll o w i g li e s m a y h e lp t o fix th e fe e t i m e m o ry
Th e Sp o d ee whic h a c c e n t s e v e ry s yll a b le is r a r e ly
4
.
is the
e st
,
n
’
c
r
n
n
n
E
fo u n d in
'
'
n
,
,
n
.
l
i
sh
g
F o r lo n g
ve r s e .
a n d s hor t, u n d e rs t a n d
a c c en ted a n d u n a c cen ted .
T ro c he e
’
Fr o m
ps
tr i
Sl w Sp d
E v t om
I m bi m
’
a
er
'
W ith
’
fr o m l o n g t o
l o n g t o l o n g, in
'
o
’
on
o c
cs
a
’
ee
’
s t a lk s
Sho rt
'
;
s ol e m n s o r t ,
’
,
s tr o n g
'
fo o t
'
,
e
y t
ill
a
b le
b
l
h
D
r is l l a l e
i
a
c
t
t
w
t
p
y
;
y
’
’
a r c h fr o m S h o r t t o l o n g ;
le a p
’
e
'
’
u
and a
b ou
n
’
d th e
’
s wift
A
'
n a
p e s ts th ro
n
g
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 94
.
p
(
73)
.
Of
in s t e a d
a ls o u s e d
I t is
N o w r it e r
a s,
H om e r
w he n
c an e
s o m e tim e s
xp e c t
a l wa y s
d r o ws e s
IS
are
in
fo r m ,
Ih
c on
fi
d b y a d ozen
w is h e d th a t
I
e
.
h
e n t he
w
y
y
;
s o m e o th e r s e n t e n c e , o r
to
rl
wh ic h
s e n te n c e s
e t s t a n d c o n n e c te d
y
an d
,
p a r tic ul a
rm e
a v e o ft e n
w o rd ;
b e s t : go od
wr it e hi s
s e n te n c e s a r e
d i v id e d b y t h e c o m m a ; a s ,
W e m u st n o t t ak e this fo r th e in ve n tio n
fa c t is
p r e vio u s
a
c o n n e c t in g
b et we e n
used
s im il a r r e l a t io n
sam e
h a v e th e
to
a
to
.
in d e p e n d e n t in m e a n in g
whic h
a dd e d
is
a s e n te n c e
Th e S e m i -c o l o n
a re
l e tt e r
a
s e m i- c ol o n .
th e
ill u s tr a t io n , w ith o u t
s en te n c e a s a n
of
a d d r es s
th e
aft e r
used
s o m e tim e s
I t is
of
fa n c y ; th e
e - w it n e s s e s
,
m y m in d
c o ul d c o n c e n tr a t e
p u p o s e ; t h a t I c o u l d d i e c t t h e e e gy o f m y
l ife t o o e p u s u it ; th a t I c o u ld c o n q u e r m y h a b it o f
d r e a m n a b o ut th e fut u e
a d c o u l d w o r k in t he p r e s
o pp o r t u it
e n t tim e a s m y o ly c e t ai
y
A p r o fe s s e d C a t holic h e im p is o e d the p op e ; th e
o f S t L o u is h e b e c a m e t h e a d o p t e d c hil d o f t h e
o rph a
Re p u b lic ; i th e n a m e o f B r u tu s h e g r a s p e d w ith o ut
u
po
r
n one
r
n
n
r
n
n
n
r
,
n
.
a nd
§
ph
.
n
,
n
C ae s a r s
r
r
r
sh a m e ,
n
,
wo r e w ith o u t
r e m o rs e ,
th e
d ia d e m
of
t he
.
2 1 0 . The C o m m a
r a s e s , s e n te n c e s a n
n e c te d , a n d a r e
in th e
d
c la use s
w hic h
s a m e r e l a t io n
Wo r ds p hr a s es s en ten ces a n d
j c e t r e la tio n to s ep a a te a
,
u se d
18
,
r
n
,
to
se
p a r a te
s ta n d
a s, I n
c l a u s es a r e
d
are
se
wo rd s ,
c lo s e l
t his
a ll
y
con
s e n te n c e ,
in t he
p a ra te d
Oh
b y th e
c om m a .
W he n
ju
n c tio n
tw o
of a
or a s,
o nl y
is
e
t wo t e r m s
xp
ressed
s e r ie s ,
H e is wis e
no
and
a r e u s e d , a n d a c o - o r d in a t e c o n
b e t we e n
com m a
br a ve
.
is
th e m ,
Or
n ee d e d ,
b e t we e n
as
T h e y l a ug h e d
in th e
t he
a
las t
b o ve
,
a n d s h o ute d .
COMMON SCHOOL COURSE
If
of
on e
s ta n ds
e a rn s
te r m s h as
it wh ic h d o e s
a fte r
a
m o difie r wh ic h
m o d ify th e
n ot
b et we e n ;
u se d
m us t b e
c om m a
h a s te ,
S i m l la r
two
1 95
.
He
as,
o ther ,
in gr e a t
ha rd , a n d
came
H e wo rk s
w a s gr e a tly fr igh t e n e d
o o d w a es
I
f
a n o r d in a r
n n e c t iv e is
c
o
g
g
y
and
a
.
o m it
.
p lac e ; a s H is life is d ark d e s o
l ate
W h e n w or d s a r e j o i e d in p airs b y c o j u n c tio n s
a c o m m a s e p ar a t e s t h e p a ir s ; a s H e m a
b
e p r in c e o r
y
p e a s a n t fo o l or p hil o so p h e r r ic h or p o or b ut he sh al l
ted,
comm a
a
t a k e s it s
,
,
n
.
n
,
,
,
,
a s h e lt e r .
h ave
N ou
a s,
“
as,
ns
a
b s olute
a dd r e s s
by
Ro m a n s , frie n d s ,
s e t of
f
a re
by
c o m m as
le n d m e y o ur e a r s
n o u n , w ith a n
m
i
o
d
y
c o u n t ry m e n ,
.
pp o s itiv e s ta n d i g aft e r it s
e x c e p t t h e a r ti c le is g e n e r ally s e t off b y th e c o m m a ;
Fr a n klin t he A m er ic a n p hilo s o p her
Ro m e th e
An
fie r
,
n
a
,
.
,
m is tr e s s
An
of
th e w o rl d
,
.
b ridge d p a r tic ip ial cla u s e is s e t o ff b y the c o m m a ;
Ale x
a s H a v in g fo u n d o ur f ie n d we s e t o ut fo r h o m e
h a v in g c o n qu e r e d th e w or ld w e p t fo r m o r e
a nder
w or l d s t o c o n q u e r
A lo n g s ubj e c t c o n ta in in g a c l au s e a s m o d ifi er is gen
as
e r a lly s e p a ra t e d fr o m th e p e d ic a t e b y a c o m m a ;
W ellin gto wh o d efe a te d N ap ole on at W a te rloo wa s
b or n in 1 7 6 9
A dj u n ct s m o d ifying the p re d ic ate a re s e t o ff b y the
A s ho t a d
c o m m a wh e n t he y p r e c e d e t he s ubj e c t
u n c t o f tim e is s o m e t im e s e x c e p te d
j
E x I n 1 8 5 3 in th e villa ge of B a rton a s ingul ar
I w in t e r we S lid e a n d
I
h
e n o m e o n w a s Ob s e r v e d
p
a
r
,
.
,
,
,
.
r
,
n,
,
.
r
.
.
.
—
,
,
n
.
I
sk a t e .
W he n a word is r e p e a te d fo r
s e p a r a t e s th e r e p e a te d w o r d fr o m
N o w,
A
no
w is th e t im e
m od al
.
a d ver
b
,
Y
.
j
es,
a d u nc t ,
p h a s is a c om m a
th e p r e c e d in g ; a s
em
,
,
s
.
e
y
o r c la u se ,
is ge n e r a lly
se
p
a
'
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
1 96
c om m a
r a te d
b y th e
p le a s u
r e.
it
b e m ove d
c an
Of
A c a r eful
I
C e r t a in ly,
as ,
;
.
will d o it w ith
b
I f y o u wish ,
th is m a d e tr o u l e .
c our s e ,
.
th e p u n c tua tion e m p l oy ed b y g oo d w r ite rs
is r eco m m e n d ed a s t h e b est gu id e fo r c o m m on u se . Au th o r ities
d iffe r w id el y , p a r tic ul ar ly i n th e r ul es for t h e u s e o f th e c o m m a
A l o n g se n ten ce
C lo se c o n n ec tion in s en s e for b id s a n y p oin t
d oes n o t r eq u ir e a p o in t w ith in it S im p ly b ec a use it is l on g
stu d y o f
.
.
.
Rea d in g p auses
a r e n o s u re
gu id e
Th e
.
2 11 . The I n t e r r o g a t i o n P o i n t
p lac e d
in ver ted ) is
q ue s tio n
qu e s tio n
m eans
is in d ir e c t,
Ex
.
and
whic h
one
q u ot e d
is
a ft e r e v e r y
s a id ,
He
a sk e d
n ot
Al
re
W ill y o u
m e if
Th e E x c l a m a t i o n
c la m a to r y
d ir e c t
qu ir e s
with th e fo r m
d oe s
He
re
I
P
o
of
the
que s tion
t he v e r
A
.
ch an
D
i
re c t
(
I
(
v e n tu r e.
s ta n d s
m o st
'
e
d ir ec t
I f th e
e
d
g ,
th e in t e rr og a tio n
in t
a ft e r
b
it
p oin t
.
)
n d ir e c t.
a ft e r
)
th e
x cla m ation s ;
! wh a t folly ! P s h a w ! h o w a b s ur d !
d e n o t e s the o m is s ion
Th e Ap o s t r o p h e
.
s em i-c o lon
a n s wer.
an
v e n tu r e
w o ul d
and
s e n ten c e ,
q uir e
deter m in es
sen se a l on e
ex
a s,
as
’
a s, e e r
Q
uo
fo r
of a
le tte r ;
e v e r.
t a t io n
P
o in
are u se d
ts
t o in c l o s e
a
p a s s a ge
Sp e a k e r ; a s S olo m on h a th
”
H e th a t h a t e th s u e ty s hip is s ure
w e ll s a id
S i n g l e q u o t a tio n p o in t s a r e u s e d wh e n a q u o ta tio n
s t a n d s in a q u o ta t io n ; a s
W h at h a s te ha st th o u ? Rid e s oftly ! t ak e thy b r e ath
W h at b i g st th o u h e r e ? H e a n s wer e d W a r a n d
t ak e n fr o m
a n o t h e r a u th o r o r
,
r
,
.
,
‘
r n
d e a th
,
’
.
Th e H y p h e n
p ou n d w o r d ; a s ,
I t is
use d
at
is
ant
th e
used
b e twe e n
hill ,
red
e nd
of
-
-
th e
h o t, will
-
O
p art s
’-
th e -WI s p .
th e lin e wh e n
a
7
w or d is
the s is
.
c a r r ie d
Th e
s
ov e r
b
l
l
a le
y
p a rt
t o th e follo win g lin e ;
s h o uld n e v e r
of a c om
b e d ivid e d
as,
.
of
th e
p are n
APPENDIX
OF CAPITALS
U SE
2 12
i
nn
g
2
1
in
Co m m on
.
ca
in
g
Sh o u l d
p r op e r
p e r s o ifi e d
n
D e ity, wh e t he r
th e
be
u se d
p it al
p r o n ou n
ca
p it a l
6
.
A
j
n o u n o r a d e c t iv e .
n,
7
.
I
r
a nd
qu o ta tio n
P e r s o n al p o o u s
d ir e c t
r
r e fe r r in g
w ith
a n d a ll
or v er
b
.
w ith
a
.
Th e
.
ad e c
in c l u d e d ,
r
.
j
a nd
n oun
are
n
,
th e b e
at
s e n te n c e .
of e ac h
n ou n s
.
b e gin n i g o f e a c h n o u a dj e c tiv e
t itle ; a s o f a b o o k o o f a s o c ie t y
E v e ry lin e in p o e t y s h ould c o m m e n c e
a
5
of
n in
At t h e
.
4
in d e p en d e n t
b e gin
pp e lla tio n s
3
C a p it al l e t t e r s
.
of e a c h
At t he
.
t iv e
a
i ng
.
.
a ca
th e
to
p it a l
.
n
n
th e
x c l a m a tio n
c om m en c es
of
th e
Alm igh ty
T his
e
ar e
us age
w ith
0
ar e
a l wa y s
p ital
thi d p e
a ca
s e c on d a n d
.
r
s o m e ti m e s
rs o n s
c om m e nc e d
is g a in in g fa v o r , b u t is
n ot
u n iv e rs a l.
8
em
C a p ital s
.
p h a tic
it a lic s
9
.
th e
ca
e a d in g s o f c h a
p al
r in c i
p itals
.
In
d e s ig n e d t o
us ed .
of
p u tting
p te r s
r u n n in
w o r d , in s t e a d
th e
b
e
i
n n in
g
g
th e wh o le
of a n
w o r d in t o
.
H
p
a r e s o m e t im e s u s e d a t
d iv is io n s
of
a d v e r tis e m e n
a ttr a c t
s
,
i
l
s
t
t
e
g
b o ok s a r e p
ts p o s t s a
p e c ial
,
er
of
b o ok s
r in t e d
nd
a tt e n t io n , c a
a nd
w h o lly in
o th e r
p ita ls
,
a re
m a tt e r
fr e e ly
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
2 00
R ULES
2 13
I
.
F in al
.
p
SPELLING
F OR
.
d o u b le d in m on o s yl
a n d s ar e
f, l ,
.
ll
a
s
s
s
s
t
b
a
l
a
e
o
v
a
w
b
e
d
d
,
l a b le s
,
p
;
ifi,
y
x c ep t if, c l e f, o f, a s , g a s , h a s , h is , is , p u s , th is , th u s ,
i
n
h
h
e
d
r
s
c
f
e
w
l
r
o
v
n
u
a
i
s
r
d
b
h
i
h
e
t
n
d
t
s
a
s
e
us, wa , y
g
,
in s ile n t C
e
i
n
l
c
t
n
e
i
m
a
r
n
s
e
n
a
t
fi
S
x
p
n
s
o
n
l
o
a
c
r
h
e
Ot
g
w he n
'
rece
.
E
.
II
odd,
ad d,
eb b ,
III
A,
.
d o ub l e d
IV
E
.
.
h
eg
k
j,
i,
,
n
n
i
,
g,
q
,
err ,
,
,
W
v,
u,
,
b urr b utt b uzz
x
,
an d
.
.
n e ve r
ar e
y
11
b
d
l
f
l
o
e
w
s
o
s
l
w
i
a
a
y
Q
y
M on os yll a b le s a n d w o r d s a c c e n te d
fuzz
,
.
.
b
th e
on
p
r ec ed ed
l
l
a le , w hic h e n d in a s in gl e c o n s o n a n t
y
s in gl e v o w e l , d o u b l e t h e fi n a l c o n s o n a n t o n
s
in g
w h ic h
a n e n d in g
d in g,
w ith
bb e d w itt e n c o m m itte e
d o u b l e d c o n s o n a n t i d ic a te s
ru
Th e
the
co m m en c es
r
,
v o w e l.
n
b ud
a
;
.
,
n
prec edi
a vo wel
c e iv
T hu s
th e s h or t 8
h op p in g is d is tin g
s he d
g
fro m h op in g b y t h e d o u b l e d c o n s o n a n t
U s a ge v a r ie s in r e g a r d t o w o r d s e n din g in cl,
W e b s te r follo ws th e ab ov e r ule
fe w o th e r s
.
.
.
c e s te r
V
.
d o u b l e s t h e 1 ; a s in tr a vel ler
F in a l e m u t e is d r o pp e d b e for e
.
w ith
c o m m en c es
c
an d
g to
p
a v o wel
r e s e rv e
t h e s o ft
t o d is tin gu is h t h e m fr o m
e n d in g
in
VI E
.
b e gin s
t r u ly ,
cc
an d
fi
m ute
w ith
a w ful ,
a
oe
n al
;
is
.
e n d in g
E xc e p
s o u n d , s in ein
a
n
d
g
g
s in g in g a n d
dy ein g
and
dy in g ,
w or d s
a s , a g r eea ble, s ho ein g .
b e fo
r e t a in e d
c o n s o n an t
w h o lly,
fo r c (e ) ib l e
as,
;
an
;
a s,
j u d gm e n t
re
an
E
f
ca r e u l.
,
a
e n d in
h
i
c
h
w
g
x c e p t d uly,
b r id g m e n t
,
a c k n o wl
e d gm e n t.
VII
.
F in al
r e c e iv in g
an
x c ep t i
as,
e
y
p re c e d e d
by
a c on son a n t
b ec om e s
i
h
h
m
m
n c e s with
c
c
o
e
w
g
m err im en t, p i tiless , p ity ing
e n d in
.
an y
1
on
le tter
G S
1
P
.
a
tr o n y m ic s
;
fa th e r ,
of a
an
s on ,
c o rr e s
Ex
p
—
.
e v er
p
Ad
a c orru
’
dr e w
n
in
i k
p t io
r
n of
th e
a s,
,
in g w ith t h e fo llo win g
c o m m e n c in g
2
:
Ex
.
p r e fix Ma c o r Me; a s
I is h p e fix is 0 s a id t o
p r fix th e p r e p o s itio n ap
Th e
.
,
r
r
s m ite
S
o
f O cc up
bs ,
)
i
com
of
a
t io n
,
(
po u
n
in
O b s ol e te
—
LS T
ds
t his
a t in .
.
p,
s e v e r a l p a t ro n m
y
fo r
M an y
F o wl e r
J e i n e r) ,
H owel l ;
ap
of
t hes e
a re
,
CI O c k e r
Pot
or
M a s o n S m ith (fro m
“
,
.
in m a n ;
e nd
c la s s
s u rn a m e s o f o c c u
p
a t io n
S
as,
e a m an,
w e r e fo r m e d in
B r e w s t e r S p in s te r
of V
Ve b b e r W e a v e r
p
,
z
r o fe s s io n s
le t c h e r ,
L
(
c o n tr a c t
.
fe m in in e
m er
an d a
er .
C o op e r
t ha t
1 11 e 1
o m e n am es
s m itt
,
,
B a x t e r z B a k e s te r ,
t he
us
,
P o w e ll
a s,
an d e n d
ver
Je
F e m in in e
L
es
it s
and
W ater m a n
a s,
P;
,
,
i
es
v
g
n am e ,
w ith
B a k e 1 B r e we r
M il le 1
t er ,
.
,
.
d e r iv e d fr o m
-
a
,
R ice
ap
Su rn a m
.
Ric h a r d s o n ,
F r e n c h fi ls s o n is u s e d a s
F itz J a m e s F itz M a u ric e
.
fo r
h a s it s
n am e
D ix o n
or
e
Th e W e ls h
m e a n gr a n ds on
m e a n in g of , t o t h e n a m e o f t h e fa t h e r ,
P r ic e ,
in
h a v e th e
n
Mc C le lla n M a c gr e g o r
ic s
-
en d
s so n.
n
a r
p a tr o n y m ic s
n a m e or n c
D ic k s o n
,
i
p
m
cs ;
o
t
y
fi
S c o tc h p at o y m ic s
re x
n g l is h
n am e
D a v id s o n , J o h n s o n , P e t e r s o n , J a c k s o n ,
W ill ia m s o n
A
d e r iv e d fr o m th e
.
a m son ,
d e rson
F itz ,
p
fi
r st
f
a m ilia r
d
y
a t r o n m ic
o n d in g
y
W ils o n
n
E
a n c e s to r .
or
.
n am e s
or
’
A
GRAMMAR
E N LI H
2 02
a tin e r ,
,
.
i
e
v
g
us
s uch
n a m es
B o wy e r L o r im e r ( b r id le
th a t
;
W eb s t e r
and
,
s ter
,
is , i n terp
r eter
;
o ne
-
as
A
m a k e r ),
wh o
rr o w
L
’
can
a ti
t a lk
)
T it l e s
D uk e , E a r l Kn igh t S q u ire s ,
B is h o p , D e a n P a r s o n s C l a r s
le r k S e x t o n
S a xto n ,
P r ie s t B a ile y B a iliff P o p e
S o m e o f th e s e n a m e s ,
s u c h a s Kin
n d Pop e m a
a
b
h
e
e
n
i
i
a
v
e
en
s
n
c
k
v
a
,
g
y
g
3
.
O ffi c i a l
‘
.
,
,
,
n am es .
z
,
,
,
,
.
z
PPEN D I X
A
Su rn a m es
4
.
H
r e s id e n c e .
o
.
L o c a l i t y , d e r iv e d
f
n a m es o f
l o c al itie s
n a t u r a ll
b e c om i
p lac e
fro m
l
an d
g
s u r n am e
so m e
i
n a te d
g
E
in
v il la g e
a r d ly a
n ot o ri
w h ic h h a s
20 3
‘
n
N
or
orm an d
B e s id e s
.
o f e ve r
of
y
th e s e ,
i
nd
k
T
wo m e n
y
o f t h e s a m e o c c u p a t io n a n d fi r s t n a m e , w o uld r e a d il
b
e
y
d is t in gu is h e d a s J a m e s fr o m th e h ill, a n d J a m e s fr o m
th er e
are
d al e ,
t he
D a le
y
M e ad o w s F o r d P a r k
,
,
w it h
t h e ir
,
W o od
a nd
,
T o w n e r W e ll e r W e l lm a n
,
,
S
Na m e s
.
Ex Bl
k) A m t
u ic
q
(
nel
l
I
a el o r
.
Na m
Most
i
n
v
e
g
D oe,
es
n
N ighti g
H i g
n
d,
al e ,
ble m s
,
,
E
.
,
or
,
,
n
or
li
s h,
g
E gl
S wit
,
,
D e n is ,
Fre n ch ,
and,
n
W al s h
G
ze r,
e rm a n ,
W e lc h F la n d e r s
,
fa m ili ar t o
,
ar t,
bi d s
W r en
r
,
St
H
we h a ve
m
L
L
b
gg
y
H wk R b i
Of fi h
P
S
a
on ,
,
e ron ,
.
,
a
a
s
es,
bj
e c ts
Kid d ,
,
ha ve
B uc k
H
o
,
gg ,
J a y , P ig e o n ,
a lm o n , C h ubb ,
n,
o
,
c o a ts o f a r m s .
a n c e s to r s
our
q u a d r up e d s
fa m ilia r
o
a rr,
l ik e ly t o
Mo o n S ta rr
,
,
us e d
be
as
Ro c k , Ro s e , O a k e s ,
e a r.
o t h e r s o u rc e s ,
th e
p u p ils
b u t th e
ar e o f
,
Z ie gl e r z
b o ve
ar e
th e
i
p
r in c i
it ie s , it is
n at ona l
c o rr e s
po
n d in
g
n am e s
T h u s S c h n e id e r Ta ylo r
Tyl e r Mc G o wa n = C a r p e n ter
t h r o u gh d iffe r e n t l a n g u a g e s
Mulle r Mille r
a
d iffe r e n t
t he
in t e r e s tin g t o t r a c e
z
ds ;
.
a s , of
w e h a ve S un ,
T h e re a r e
h
en
al
W
p
o ft e n
H
mes ;
o th e r
S w rd s S p
.
n
.
From
o
pou
Q u a l itie s,
,
W a llis
a n im a ls
th e
Of
.
l
e r so n a
,
D ane
c o tt ,
P
f E m b l e m s , d e r iv e d fr o m
o
s u rn a
Hi
e rr n
S
com
n um e r o u s
,
ale .
of
us
W o lfe
em
Na m e s
W a le s
G
g,
Re d
z
B a nks
B r id g e z B r igg s ,
B r o w n W hit e L ittle L on g
H a r d y D o o lit tle T o og o o d
a c k,
s ron
Ro ss
and
re la n d ,
D utc h e r,
7
r
N a t io n a l
.
r is h ,
G
.
,
Ro y , Re e d
I
J am e s
and
.
fr o m
e r iv e d
d
e c u l ia r i t i e s .
6
g
—
.
F ie ld
P
J a m e s H ill
.
Ex
5
n
.
.
,
,
z
,
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
2 04
SYNONYMS
A
2 15 .
w or d
s o m e o t he r
in g t o
is
S y n o n ym
un c om
a re
o n c e a gr e e d u
is
n ot n e ede d
in t o
and
e
su
an
.
n
sam e
s
x ac t
s
y
non
pp
p o et
m
s
y
H yp
.
L
fro m th e
o s i ti o n
m e an
a r e c a l le d ex a c t s n o n m s.
y
y
id e a
S till
.
,
l a n gu a g e w o r d s fr o m d iffe r e n t
o ur
fe w
a
qu iv a le n t in
l
ua e
h
an
e n a wo r d
W
y
g g
s i n o f a n id e a , a n o th e r w o r d
g
m o n in
p o a s th e
t o e xp r e s t h e
is
e
.
W o r d s p r e c is e ly e q uiv a le n t
The s e
.
w ord
a
.
o th es is
w e h a ve
s o ur c e s ,
fr om
l a n gu age
a t in
in t a k in g
G
th e
a re e
re e
k,
x a m p le s
.
f
o r r h m e a n d fo r m e t e r , a n d in a ll w r itin
y
y
g
fo r v a r ie ty o f e xp r e s s io n , it is c o n v e n ie n t t o h a v e t e r m s
fe r e n t s o u n d , d iffe r e n t a c c e n t , a n d o f d iffe r e n t
o f d if
B u t in
l e n g th
r
T hu s f a lchion
.
bla d e, g la ive, s a ber ,
o f s wor d;
e t th e s e n a m e s a r e
y
,
s c im eta r , a r e
s
non
m
s
y
br a n d ,
,
y
e q u iv a le n t
n o t e x a c tl
y
fa l c h io n is a c ro o k e d
.
A
is
a
pa
rt
h or s e m a n
p
ut
M uc h
u
pon
s s w o r d , c ur v e d
fo r th e W h o l e ,
of
th e
w hic h
’
xac t
’
s
a
,
g
b ility
an d
at
rac e
to
n ot
e
t
y
e
xp r e s s
too
fa m ilia r t r u th m a y s e e m fr e s h
e xp r e s s e d in b e t t e r w o r d s t h a n
r a c t ic e
w rit e r in
t o a tt e m
pt
o ur o w n
word s
to
re
p
ro
in g
L
a
of e
xp r e s s io n
pp x im a te
ro
o ok ,
s t a re ,
v ie w ,
w a tc h,
s
n on
y
s u r ve
y
,
p oin t
,
a
)
a sa
,
ber
bla d e is
a
p o s itio n
id e a in t e r m s
'
an
c om m on-
and
d epends
pla c e
Ev
.
en
in t e r e s ting wh e n
u s u a l.
I t is
e
x c elle n t
of a
g
ood
.
T un s
.
s ic k l e
d u c e the id e a s
Th e m o s t fa m ilia r id e a s h a v e
fo r m s
th e
of c o m
a
p
f
a lx z
(
e tc .
th e e a s e a n d
w r it e r
a re e
s wor d
u s u all
t he v e r
b
th e
r e a te s t
y
g
s ee h a s t h e fo llo w
m
s
y
e ye ,
z
b e ho l d
s c a n , s c r u t in i e .
,
d e s c ry ,
T he r e
are
es
py
o th e r s
,
z
a
e
,
g
whic h
p up il will d o w e ll t o s e a rc h o ut a d c o m p a r e
Th e a b o v e m ight b e s e p a r a te d fi r s t in to tr a n s itiv e a n d
the
n
.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
2 06
a s s e r t, e
xp r e s s
,
wr it e
Al
ity is
p
ue
o ft e n o f n o v a l
xac t m e ani
ro
G iv e
.
s yn o n
c o n t a in
s ele c t
so
ill u s t r a t in g t h e
a u th o r s ,
m an y
as
w h ic h
s e n te n c e s
c o r r e c tl y.
us e d
ad d
of e a c h ,
m e a n in g
an d
d is c o u r s e , h a r a n g u e
.
m
s
y
t he
as
fr o m
s
r
s ta n d a r d
Ne w p p
r use.
e
p
,
s e ve r
s e n te n c e s
p r e c is e
p o s s ibl e
al ve bs
t he
a
e r a u th o r
.
h
t
g
b e in
w
o r d s m u s t g e n e r a lly b e
g
fo r in U na br idg ed D ic t io n a r ie s , w hic h s h o uld
e v e r y Sc h o o l r o o m
T he
e
of
n
s ou
.
M a ny
w o r d s fin d t h e ir
t he s e
and
c la u s e s ,
s
y
a d m it o f
non
p hr a s e s
m
s in
y
T hus
v a r ie ty .
e n dl e s s
,
in
or
a
h is tor ia n m a y b e a w r i ter of his to r y , a h is tor ica l w r iter ,
o n e wh o w r i tes h is to r y , th e a u th o r of a h is to r y
.
P up ils m a y wi th
p ofi t p
'
a s the y r e a d ,
n ot
to b e
su
p rove up o
t h e ir
a u th o r s
b y the
e
the
i
n
g g
of
words,
g
es
will
a l wa
s
im
y
b u t t h e y m a y im p r o v e
.
fr o m C ic e r o is giv e n b el o w , a n d th e
c h a n g e d b y t h e s u b s t it u t io n o f s y n o n m s
y
s am e
.
Had
I
b y d e e p ly
n ot,
p h ilo s o p hy a n d th e
p o e t im b u e d m y m i
,
—
c o n v ic t io n
I
n o t,
w ith
n
d e r in g
of
t he
an
e a rl
by
p
t he
re c e
h is t o r ia n
y
and
n o thi n
th a t
b ut ho n o r
Had
po
le s s o n s
nd
,
p ur s uit
wo r d s
I t is
u se of s n on m s.
y
y
chan
x e r c is e
c ha n
a s s a ge
p a s s a ge
“
ad y
th a t t h e ir
’
th e
n
i
r ac t c e
s e c ure a re
pp o s e d
o w n s t yl e
Ap
“
to
r
n life is w o r th
i
g
y
”
a n d r e n o wn ,
e tc
an
of
p ts
and
of
t he
in tim a t e
s tr e n u o u s
.
c a r e ful
m e d it a t io n
u
po
n
t h e t e a c h in g s
p h il o s o p h e r s a d t he i s t uc t io n s o f a u th o rs o f his
t o r y a n d p o e t y e a ly p e r u a d e d m y r e a s o n t o t h e full
b e lie f th a t n o o bj e c t in e x is t e n c e is d e s e vi g o f v igo r
of
n
,
r
,
n
r
r
s
r
n
”
o u s e n d e a v o r , u n le s s
it b e g lo r y o r fa m e , e t c
im il a r e e r c is e s c a r e fully r e a r e d a n d s h a r ly c r iti
h
c iz e d b
e c la s s , a n d b
h
r , a re ver
t
t
e
e
a
h
t
c
e
u
f
s
u
l
e
y
y
y
S
x
.
p p
p
.
APPEN D I X
2 07
.
E X ERCISE IN SYNONYMS
D iffe re n c e
b etw e e n
l o ve
an d
like ?
.
B e t w e e n i d le a n d
B e t w e e n g en er o u s
B e t w e e n p l u n g e a n d d iv e ?
?
i
n
l
e
e
n
a
t
n
d
Be
B et w
ed u c
o
a
l ea r n in g
a n d li ber a ?
B e tw e e n br in g a n d f etch ?
t we e n sp o t a n d b lem is h ?
l a zy ?
B
ea r a n d ca r r y
Un d er s ta n d
?
a n d c o mp r eh en d ?
To m b
Ca la m i ty a n d c a ta s
p r efer ?
tr op h e ?
Wom a n ly a n d wo m a n is h ?
Civi l a n d p o li te ?
Co n s cien tio us a n d s cr up u lo u s ? F r u g a l a n d econ o m ic a l ?
and
g r a ve
H op
e an d
is m
Ch oos e
exp ec t
H in d er
?
an d
and
Co u r a g e, br a ver y ,
deter
f
o r t it u d e,
h er o
I NDE X
2 10
Meton ym y
184
1 19, 1 58
E u p h on y , 89
E cl a m a t ion s , 50, 145
E cla m a to ry sen ten c es , 46
E p le tives , 1 39
.
x
x
x
.
.
,
llfethin k s ,
Mod a l ad verb s , 1 3 9
Mod ify d efin ed , 29
Mod ifi er s , 29, 1 47
o f n o un s , 149
o f p r on ou n s, 1 52
o f ad ec tives , 152
o f ve rb s , 1 56
Mo de, s u b un c tive, 1 17 , 164
Mul tip l ica tives, 1 32
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
i i
F em n n e en d in gs, 100
F igures o f s p e e c h , 1 80
f
l
r
l
o
98
u
a
,
p
F oo t d efi n e d , 1 91
F r en ch p r e fi es, 171
.
.
.
j
.
.
x
.
.
.
j
.
.
.
G en de r , 99
G er u n d , 104, 1 72
G r a m m a r d efi n ed , 85
G r eek p r efi es , 188
.
N o mi n a tive , 1 01
N o un s d efi n ed , 27 , 92
.
.
.
x
c las se s o f,
.
95
in fl e c tio n o f, 102
p l ur a l , 52 , 97
p os s es sive, 54, 1 02
m od ifi ca tio n o f, 149
c on s tr uc tion o f, 1 65
N um b er, 96
.
.
.
H y p e rb a ton , 183
H y p e r b ol e , 1 8 4
H y p h en , 1 96
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I a m b us, 1 92
I m p er a t ive sen ten c es , 64
I m p er fe ct p a r tic ip l e, 1 04, 1 72
I n fi n itive , 6 1 . 1 03
o f, 1 69
s y n ta
u s es o f, 1 7 0
in a b r id ged c la uses, 1 60
I n fl ec tio n , 52 , 93
I n ter r oga t io n p o m t, 1 96
I n te r r oga tive se n te n c es 54
p r o n o u n s , 45, 1 2 7
I r o n y , 1 84
I r r eg u l a r v e rb s , 1 07
I t, s p ec ia l use s o f, 1 2 6
.
.
.
.
x
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Objec t d e fi n ed, 93
in d ir ec t, 1 57
Ob ect c la u ses , ab ridged , 1 60
Ob sol e te w o r d s , 93
O n om a to p ce ia , 155
Or d in al n u m e r a l s , 1 3 2
Or th ogra p h y , 8 6
r u l e s o f, 200
.
.
j
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
P a ra d ig m , 1 02
P a r agoge, 1 8 1
P a re n th es is, 197
P a rs in g, 149
P a r tic ip le s , 59, 103
in a b r id ged c la u se s, 164
u s es o f 1 7 1 , 1 7 3
P a r ts of S p ee c h , 2 6, 92
P a s s ive vo ice, 11 5, 159
P er iod , 1 93
P e rson d efi n ed, 43
P e rson al p r on o u n s, 43 , 124.
c o m p o u n d , 44, 12 6
d ecl en s ion o f, 12 5
P e r s on ifi ca tio n , 1 84
P h o n ic s p e llin g, 8 9
P h rase d efi n ed , 3 7
Pleon a sm , 1 8 2
P l ur a l , for m a tion of, 53 .
.
.
.
.
Lab ial s , 8 8
La n g uage d efi n ed , 8 4
La tin p re fi es 1 8 6
Le tt er w r itin g, 7 1
s uffi es , 1 8 9
d a te o f, 72
a dd r e ss , 73
co n c l us io n , 74
d ir ec tio n , 7 5
m od e ls o f 76, 78
Letter s d efi n ed , 8 6
c l as sifi ed , 87, 8 8
Liq u id s , 8 8
.
.
x
.
.
x
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
Meta p h or
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
1 83
.
IN DE X
P oetr y defin ed, 191
P os itive degr ee, 61 , 13 3
’
l o s s es sion s , 54, 1 02
P red ica te, 2 3 , 146
P r efi es , An gl o S a on , 1 85
La tin , 1 86
G r eek , 188
F r en ch , 1 88
P r ep o s itio n s, 46, 1 40
l is t of, 47, 1 40
com p ou n d ed with ve rb , 141
P r im itive wor d s , 52, 90
P r ogr ess ive for m o f ver bs , 1 14
P r on om in al a d ec tives , 13 0
P r o n ou n s, 42 , 92 , 124
class e s o f, 1 24
d eclen sio n , 125
r e la tive , 44, 1 2 7
in ter r oga tive , 45 , 127
r ec ip r o ca l, 13 1
P r op os ition , 1 47
P r osody , 1 90
P un c tua tio n , 1 93
.
.
.
.
x
x
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
j
.
ll
.
j
j
S ub ect, 23 , 1 46
S ub u n c tive m od e , 1 17
S ub seq u en t, 140
S ub s ta n tive , 2 7
u fli xe s, E n glish , 188
La tin a n d F r en c h , 18 9
S up er la tive d egr e e, 1 3 3
u r n a m e s , d e r iva tio n o f, 201
y ll ab les, 8 9
l
s
i
l
e
s, 182
p
y
yn c 0 p e , 1 8 1
S y n ecd och e, 184
S y n on y m s 204
S y n ta , 145
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
x
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
T en se , 58 , 1 05
Tha t, wh en p r efe rr ed
as r elativ e , 1 53
T itl e, wh en p l ur al i ed , 99
T m esis , 1 8 1
T ran s itive ve r b s , 108
T ra n s p o s ition , 1 8 3
e am p l e s o f, 175
T r och ee, 1 92
T r op es, 1 97.
.
.
z
.
.
.
.
x
.
.
p oints , 1 97
uota tion
Q
.
Redu n da n t ver b s, 1 22
Rela tive p r on o un s, 44, 12 7
Ro ot of a w or d, 91
Rhy m e 1 7 1
Rhy th m 191
Rule defi ne d 8 5
Rules o f sp ellin g 200
Ve rb s 2 7 1 03
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
for
cap itals,
199
,
.
au
,
xil i
.
ary ,
1 12
.
1 61
c o n uga tion , 1 04
d efec tive, 1 1 1 , 1 18
d e r iva tio n , 1 22
em p h a tic for m , 1 14
irr eg ul a r , 1 1 1
l is ts o f s tr on g, 1 1 9
n c ip al p a r ts, 1 08
r
i
p
p rogr es s ive fo r m , 1 14
r
i
i
ro
e
ss
e
as
s
v
ve , 116
p
p g
r ed u n d a n t, 1 22
voic e , 1 15
Vers e, 1 91
Vo wel s, 8 7
Wha t, use of, 128
Word s , 8 5
Wea k conj ugation , 1 07
c a u sa ti ve se n s e ,
j
.
.
.
.
.
.
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S em i c ol on , 1 94
S en ten ce d efi n e d, 23 , 146
cla sses o f, 64, 147
a n aly s is o f, 2 5
fo r a n aly s is , 7 0
a n a ly ed , 6 7 , 1 76
S im ile , 1 83
S p ellin g d e fin ed , 89
r ule s o f, 200
S p on d e e , 1 8 1
S tr on g c on uga tion , 107
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a nnon ,
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G OODMAN
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DONNE LLE Y , Pa m r s as AND Sr s n s or vr s s s , Ow ow o.