UNITED ACADEMY
MODEL UNITED NATIONS
-“prosperity through unity”-
COMMITTEE: Disarmament and
International Security Committee
AGENDA: Measures to Counter State-Sponsored Conflict
Message from the Executive Board
Dear Esteemed Delegates of DISEC,
Dear Esteemed Delegates,
We trust this message finds you well as we gather for the ongoing session of the Disarmament and
International Security Committee (DISEC). The Executive Board of DISEC wishes to highlight the
paramount importance of our current agenda: "Measures to Counter State-Sponsored Conflict."
Recognizing the gravity of this issue, we underscore the urgency of finding comprehensive and effective
solutions to address state-sponsored conflict. The consequences of such conflicts extend beyond the
directly involved parties, affecting the stability and peace of the entire international community.
In light of the complexity of state-sponsored conflict, the Executive Board encourages all delegates to
approach this agenda item with a collaborative and innovative mindset. It is crucial that we work together
to formulate measures that respond to existing conflicts and prevent future instances of state-sponsored
aggression.
As Chairperson and Vice Chairperson of DISEC, we look forward to facilitating substantive debates and
discussions during this session. We trust in the capabilities of each delegate to contribute meaningfully to
the formulation of effective measures against state-sponsored conflict.
We emphasize the importance of fostering an atmosphere of cooperation and diplomacy throughout our
deliberations. Let us remain committed to our shared goal of promoting global peace and security.
We appreciate your dedication to the work of DISEC and look forward to a productive session with the
development of concrete proposals that will contribute to a safer and more secure world for all.
Best regards,
Rajat Bishwokarma
Chairperson, DISEC
Namyaks Thapa
Vice Chairperson, DISEC
Introduction to DISEC: The Disarmament and International Security Committee
The Disarmament and Security Council (DISEC) is the First Committee of the United Nations
General Assembly, established as such with the creation of the United Nations in 1945. DISEC
contains two main bodies that report to it: the Disarmament Commission (UNDC) and the
Conference on Disarmament (CD). Although the CD is not technically a part of the UN, it still
reports to DISEC and its budget is included in that of the UN. DISEC mainly deals with the
broad issues of nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction, outer space,
conventional weapons, regional disarmament and security, other disarmament measures and
international security, and disarmament and security. DISEC has had a few landmark resolutions,
including the very first General Assembly resolution “Establishment of a Commission to Deal
with the Problems Raised by the Discovery of Atomic Energy” in 1946. In addition, DISEC has
passed the very first General Assembly resolution that was cosponsored by all the Member States
of the time. This resolution, adopted in 2001, reaffirmed all resolutions on the situation in
Afghanistan and confirmed that the United Nations would play an important role in the country.
It also called for the establishment of a transitional administration leading to the formation of a
new government. Keep in mind that all resolutions passed by this committee are non-binding
resolutions and must be formatted as recommendations to the 193 nations in the committee.
Furthermore, given its direct association with the United Nations General Assembly (being a
subsidiary organ as authorised under Article 22), it retains the powers and responsibilities of the
General Assembly as outlined in Chapter IV of the Charter of the United Nations, including:
● Article 10 “mak[ing] recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the
Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.”
● Article 11(2) “discuss[ing] any questions relating to the maintenance of international peace
and security brought before it...”
● Article 11(3) “call[ing] the attention of the Security Council to situations which are likely to
endanger international peace and security.”
● Article 14 “recommend[ing] measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation...”
As delegates at UAMUN 2023, you should keep in mind these values of international
cooperation and the promotion of world peace as you work to craft solutions to this issue, which
is extremely important to the promotion of international security.
Some Key-Definitions
1. State-Sponsored Conflict: State-sponsored conflict refers to situations where a sovereign
state actively supports, initiates, or participates in violent actions, insurgency, or
aggression either within its own borders or in other nations. The involvement of a state in
such conflicts can take various forms, including financial support, military aid, or direct
engagement in hostilities.
2. Diplomatic Engagement: Diplomatic engagement involves the use of diplomatic tools,
such as negotiation, dialogue, and mediation, to address and resolve conflicts. It
emphasizes communication and negotiation as means to reach agreements, reduce
tensions, and promote peaceful resolutions between conflicting parties.
3. Multilateral Cooperation: Multilateral cooperation refers to collaborative efforts
involving multiple states or international organizations working together to address
common challenges. In the context of state-sponsored conflicts, multilateral cooperation
implies joint diplomatic, political, or military actions taken by a coalition of nations to
counteract the influence or aggression of a state involved in conflict.
4. Sanctions: Sanctions are measures imposed by one or more states, or an international
organization, to exert pressure on a targeted state or entity. These measures can include
economic restrictions, trade limitations, or other punitive actions with the aim of
discouraging undesirable behavior, such as state-sponsored aggression.
5. Accountability Mechanisms: Accountability mechanisms are structures, processes, or
institutions designed to hold individuals, governments, or entities responsible for their
actions. In the context of state-sponsored conflicts, accountability mechanisms may
include international courts, tribunals, or other legal frameworks to ensure that those
responsible for aggression are held accountable for their actions.
6. Early Warning Systems: Early warning systems are mechanisms designed to detect and
anticipate potential conflicts or crises before they escalate. These systems utilize various
indicators, such as political, economic, or social factors, to provide timely information to
decision-makers, enabling preventive action to be taken.
7. Humanitarian Assistance: Humanitarian assistance involves the provision of aid, relief,
and support to affected populations in conflict zones or crisis situations. It aims to
address the immediate needs of civilians, such as food, shelter, and medical care, and
alleviate the humanitarian impact of state-sponsored conflicts.
8. Economic Sanctions: Economic sanctions are measures that restrict or prohibit economic
interactions with a targeted state or entity. These measures can include trade restrictions,
asset freezes, or other economic penalties with the goal of influencing the behavior of the
targeted entity, particularly in the context of state-sponsored conflicts.
9. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
involve the deployment of international military and civilian personnel to conflict zones
with the aim of maintaining peace, protecting civilians, and facilitating the resolution of
conflicts. Peacekeeping missions operate under UN mandates to contribute to stability
and prevent the escalation of violence.
10. Arms Control and Disarmament: Arms control and disarmament refer to international
efforts to regulate, limit, or reduce the production, possession, and use of weapons. In the
context of state-sponsored conflicts, arms control and disarmament initiatives aim to
prevent the proliferation of weapons and reduce the availability of arms that could fuel
conflict.
11. Regional Cooperation: Regional cooperation involves collaboration and coordination
among neighboring states or within a specific geographical region to address shared
challenges, including conflicts. In the context of state-sponsored conflicts, regional
cooperation aims to promote regional stability and contribute to conflict resolution.
12. Public Diplomacy: Public diplomacy involves the use of communication strategies and
initiatives to influence public opinion, build understanding, and foster positive relations
between nations. In the context of state-sponsored conflicts, public diplomacy campaigns
aim to shape public perceptions and garner support for diplomatic efforts.
Introduction to Agenda
State-sponsored conflict refers to a situation in which a government actively supports, facilitates,
or participates in acts of aggression or hostilities, often against another state or group. In such
conflicts, a government provides resources, including financial, military, or logistical support, to
groups or individuals engaged in violence or warfare. This support can take various forms, such
as funding rebel groups, supplying weapons, or offering military assistance.
State-sponsored conflicts can arise for a variety of reasons, including geopolitical interests,
territorial disputes, ideological differences, or attempts to influence regional or global power
dynamics. The involvement of a state in sponsoring conflict adds a layer of complexity to the
situation, as it may have broader implications for international relations and the stability of the
affected region.
It's important to note that state-sponsored conflicts can have serious humanitarian consequences,
leading to displacement of populations, loss of lives, and long-term social and economic
disruptions. The international community often condemns such actions and may impose
sanctions or take diplomatic measures to address and resolve the conflicts.
Throughout history, governments have often played a direct or indirect role in conflicts,
supporting or participating in them. These state-sponsored conflicts arise from diverse factors
such as power struggles, ideological differences, and territorial disputes. Understanding their
historical context provides valuable insights into the complexities of these conflicts.
Cold War Era (1947-1991): The rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union
was marked by conflicts where both superpowers supported different groups. Examples
include the Vietnam War, a proxy conflict, and the Soviet-Afghan War, where external
powers backed opposing factions.
Middle East: This region has been a focal point for conflicts influenced by historical
grievances, religious disparities, and global interests. The Arab-Israeli conflicts witnessed
external powers like the U.S. supporting Israel and the Soviet Union supporting Arab
states. The Iran-Iraq War involved various nations supporting either Iran or Iraq.
African Conflicts: During the Cold War, external powers supported factions in African
conflicts, such as those in Angola and Mozambique. Contemporary conflicts in Sudan,
South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo also involve external actors
supporting different groups.
Post-Cold War Conflicts: The end of the Cold War did not bring an end to
state-sponsored conflicts. The breakup of Yugoslavia resulted in conflicts in Bosnia and
Kosovo, with external powers supporting different ethnic or nationalist groups. These
conflicts demonstrated the challenges of managing post-Cold War geopolitical dynamics.
Contemporary Conflicts: In the 21st century, state-sponsored conflicts continue to shape
global geopolitics. The Syrian Civil War is a notable example, with various external
actors supporting different factions. The involvement of regional and global powers adds
complexity, resulting in significant humanitarian consequences.
These instances of state-sponsored conflicts underline the importance of international
cooperation, diplomacy, and conflict resolution efforts. Addressing the root causes of these
conflicts is essential for mitigating the human suffering and instability they cause. Organizations
like the United Nations play a pivotal role in managing and resolving state-sponsored conflicts
on the global stage.
The global impact of state-sponsored conflicts is profound, affecting not only the directly
involved nations but also reverberating across regions and international relations. Addressing this
issue within the committee is of utmost significance due to its wide-ranging consequences:
Humanitarian Consequences: State-sponsored conflicts often result in severe
humanitarian crises. Civilian populations become displaced, and basic necessities such as
food, water, and medical care become scarce. This leads to widespread suffering and loss
of life.
Refugee Crisis: State-sponsored conflicts contribute significantly to the global refugee
crisis. Displaced individuals seek asylum in neighboring countries, straining resources
and creating challenges for the international community to manage and address the needs
of these vulnerable populations.
Economic Impacts: The economic repercussions of state-sponsored conflicts extend
beyond the directly involved nations. Global markets may experience disruptions due to
the instability, impacting trade, investment, and economic growth on an international
scale.
Political Instability: State-sponsored conflicts can lead to political instability not only
within the affected countries but also in neighboring regions. The spill-over effects may
include the rise of extremist ideologies, cross-border tensions, and challenges to regional
stability.
International Relations: The actions of states in sponsoring conflicts can strain diplomatic
relations between nations. It may lead to a breakdown in trust, increased geopolitical
tensions, and a negative impact on international cooperation in addressing other global
challenges.
Security Concerns: State-sponsored conflicts often contribute to a broader sense of
insecurity. The proliferation of weapons, the potential for the spread of radical ideologies,
and the destabilization of regions can have lasting implications for global security.
Diplomatic Challenges: The complexity of state-sponsored conflicts poses diplomatic
challenges for the international community. Resolving such conflicts requires nuanced
and collaborative approaches, necessitating effective communication and negotiation
among nations.
Precedent for Future Conflicts: The handling of state-sponsored conflicts sets precedents
for how the international community responds to similar situations in the future. Effective
resolution strategies contribute to the development of a more stable and cooperative
global order.
In addressing state-sponsored conflicts within the committee, delegates have the opportunity to
contribute to the mitigation of these global impacts. Crafting comprehensive and sustainable
solutions requires a cooperative and diplomatic approach that considers the diverse interests and
concerns of the international community. The significance of this issue lies in the committee's
ability to shape responses that promote peace, stability, and the well-being of people affected by
state-sponsored conflicts worldwide.
Evolution of State Sponsored Conflict
The evolution of state-sponsored conflicts has undergone significant transformations since the
end of World War II. Despite a decline in the absolute number of war deaths globally since 1946,
conflict and violence have taken on new dimensions, with a rise in conflicts involving non-state
actors, such as political militias, criminal groups, and international terrorist organizations.
In recent times, the nature of conflicts has become more complex, driven by various factors.
Unresolved regional tensions, a breakdown in the rule of law, absent or co-opted state
institutions, illicit economic gain, and resource scarcity exacerbated by climate change have
become dominant drivers of contemporary conflicts. This multifaceted landscape has given rise
to conflicts that are not only more numerous but also more fragmented.
Notably, in 2016, a peak in the number of countries experiencing violent conflict was observed,
marking the highest point in almost 30 years. This period also witnessed an increase in the
fragmentation of conflicts. The Syrian civil war serves as an illustrative example, with the
number of armed groups involved escalating from eight to several thousand since the conflict's
outbreak.
Additionally,
conflicts
are
becoming
regionalized,
intertwining
political,
socio-economic, and military issues across borders, resulting in conflicts that are more protracted
and less responsive to traditional forms of resolution.
Conflict continues to be a primary driver of terrorism, with over 99 percent of all terrorist-related
deaths occurring in countries involved in violent conflicts or experiencing high levels of political
terror. The Middle East, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa bear the heaviest burden, with
countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Somalia, and Syria witnessing the majority of
deadly attacks.
Technological advances further contribute to the changing nature of conflict. Concerns arise
regarding the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to enhance cyber,
physical, and biological attacks. These technologies may make attacks more finely targeted,
harder to attribute, and easier for small groups, including 'lone wolves,' to carry out.
Emerging technologies also lower barriers to the acquisition of biological weapons, as AI and 3D
printing could automate the development and production of these weapons. There is mounting
international concern over the development of lethal autonomous weapons (LAWs), which could
identify and engage specific targets without human guidance, transferring responsibility over life
and death from human moral systems to complex data systems devoid of an ethical compass.
In conclusion, the evolution of state-sponsored conflicts reflects a complex interplay of
historical, geopolitical, and technological factors, presenting new challenges that demand
innovative approaches and international cooperation for effective resolution and prevention.
Current Global Scenario
The number of “internationalised intrastate” conflicts has grown significantly over the past two
decades. Internationalised conflicts have increased nine-fold since 2004 to 27. In fact,
internationalised intrastate conflicts are now just as common as intrastate conflicts, reflecting a trend
where over 80% of intrastate conflicts from 1975-2017 saw external support. This increased
engagement often aligns with their broader geopolitical ambitions, evident in situations like Russia’s
increased involvement in Mali and Myanmar. Furthermore, conflict zones like Syria, Libya, and
Ukraine have become flashpoints, with multiple external states endorsing opposing factions, thereby
amplifying and extending the confrontations. As geopolitical competition intensifies, the distinction
between intrastate and internationalised intrastate conflicts becomes increasingly nuanced. It is vital
to recognise and address the complexities of these evolving conflict types in a bid to promote global
peace and stability.
Transitioning to the broader stage, with the escalating US-China rivalry and the consequent shifts in
regional influences, the landscape of global geopolitics is bracing for profound transformations in
upcoming decades. China’s heightened activities in the South China Sea region signify its desire to
project dominance and protect its territorial claims. This assertiveness is further underscored by
intensified aerial operations near Taiwan, a strategic focal point in the Pacific region. Conversely, in
the aftermath of the Cold War, the United States has maintained a vast network of strategic military
bases spread across various regions. Ranging from the Middle East to South and Central America,
these bases serve as a testament to the U.S.’s longstanding strategy to maintain a global military
presence. Moreover, this extensive deployment supports the U.S.’s ability to respond to crises swiftly,
as seen with its support during the Russia-Ukraine war and potential threats from China’s
militarisation in the Pacific.
International Laws, Treaties, and Frameworks to Counter State-Sponsored Conflict
1. United Nations Charter (1945): The UN Charter is the foundational document of
international law, emphasizing the principles of sovereign equality, non-intervention, and
the peaceful settlement of disputes. It restricts the use of force, permitting it only in
self-defense or with UNSC authorization. The Charter establishes the UN's role in
maintaining international peace and security.
2. International Court of Justice (ICJ): As the principal judicial organ of the UN, the ICJ
settles legal disputes between states. It provides a peaceful avenue for resolving conflicts
through adjudication, contributing to the rule of law in international relations.
3. Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols (1949, 1977): These treaties establish
humanitarian standards in armed conflicts, safeguarding the rights of civilians, prisoners
of war, and the wounded. They regulate the conduct of hostilities, aiming to mitigate the
impact of armed conflicts on vulnerable populations.
4. Chemical Weapons Convention (1997): The CWC prohibits the development, production,
and use of chemical weapons. It establishes a verification regime to monitor compliance
and ensures the destruction of declared chemical weapon stockpiles.
5. Biological Weapons Convention (1972): The BWC bans the development, acquisition,
and use of biological weapons. It encourages international cooperation in the peaceful use
of biological sciences and mandates confidence-building measures to prevent the misuse
of biotechnology.
6. Arms Trade Treaty (2014): The ATT regulates the international trade in conventional
arms to prevent their diversion to illicit markets. It promotes transparency, responsible
arms transfers, and accountability, contributing to conflict prevention and regional
stability.
7. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998): The ICC is a permanent court
prosecuting individuals for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime
of aggression. It serves as a deterrent and provides a mechanism for justice when national
authorities are unwilling or unable to prosecute.
8. United Nations Security Council Resolutions: UNSC resolutions play a pivotal role in
addressing state-sponsored conflicts. They can authorize the use of force, impose
sanctions, or mandate peacekeeping operations, providing a legal framework for
international responses to crises.
9. Regional Security Frameworks: Regional organizations, like the OSCE and AU, develop
frameworks and mechanisms tailored to regional challenges. These initiatives
complement global efforts, fostering cooperation among neighboring states and
addressing specific regional nuances.
10. Cybersecurity Norms and Treaties: Recognizing the evolving nature of conflicts,
international efforts are underway to establish norms in cyberspace. Initiatives like the
Tallinn Manual and ongoing discussions aim to define responsible state behavior in the
digital realm, preventing state-sponsored cyber threats.
Questions a Resolution Must Answer (QARMA)
● How can the committee define and identify state-sponsored conflicts to establish a
common understanding among member states?
● What international legal frameworks and conventions can be invoked to provide a robust
basis for countering state-sponsored conflicts and what changes should be brought in
those legal frameworks?
● What preventive measures can the international community implement to discourage
states from engaging in or supporting state-sponsored conflicts?
● How can the committee strengthen and enhance UN peacekeeping strategies to
effectively respond to state-sponsored conflicts and protect civilian populations?
● How can the committee strengthen and enhance UN peacekeeping strategies to
effectively respond to state-sponsored conflicts and protect civilian populations?
● How can the international community ensure the protection of civilians in conflict zones
affected by state-sponsored conflicts, and what role should humanitarian organizations
play?
● In what ways can the committee encourage regional cooperation and collaboration to
address state-sponsored conflicts, acknowledging regional dynamics and interests?
● What cybersecurity measures and norms can be established to counter state-sponsored
cyber activities contributing to conflicts?
● How can diplomatic dialogue be promoted among states involved in state-sponsored
conflicts, and what role can the committee play in facilitating such discussions?
● What disarmament initiatives and arms control measures can be proposed to reduce the
likelihood of state-sponsored conflicts and limit the impact of such conflicts on civilians?
Bibliography
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(n.d.). the United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/ga/first/index.shtml
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https://www.un.org/en/un75/new-era-conflict-and-violence
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